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Punctuation marks in bsp table with examples. XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence. BSP with dash

In a non-union complex sentence, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, semicolon, colon, dash.

§ 43. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence

§ 43.1

A comma is placed between the predicative parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence if these parts are close in meaning: The snowstorm did not subside, the sky did not clear(P.); Pale cheeks sunken, eyes became big, big, lips were burning(L.); The day was gray, the sky hung low, a damp breeze stirred the tops of the grass(T.); The wide Circassian coat was torn here and there, the hat was bent back, Chechen style, the leggings were pulled down below the knees(L.T.); He is all in tears, his head is drooping, his face is pale, his hands are folded on his chest, his lips are whispering.(S.-Sch.); The train left quickly, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute the noise was no longer heard(Ch.); Nikolai's pockmarked face was covered with red spots, his small gray eyes gazed at the officer without stopping.(M.G.); The white blanket has been thrown to the floor, the house is empty, Vera Nikandrovna is alone(Fed.).

Parts in sentences of the following type (pronounced at a fast pace) are not non-union complex sentences and are not separated by commas: Look, you'll get it; And look how important he is!; Make sure you don't make a mistake- there is a word in them Look acts as a particle. The same in sentences like: If you want, I'll show you; If you want, I'll bring it. But: Do you want me to bring it?- with disjointed pronunciation and interrogative intonation.

§ 43.2

If two simple sentences with a conjunction And between them are connected by a non-union connection with the previous sentence, then they are equated to homogeneous subordinate clauses and a comma is not placed between them (see § 30): It seems the weather is getting better and warming will soon come - if we consider the word Seems as an introductory, then a comma before And is also not put in order to show the relevance of the introductory word to both parts of the complex sentence.

In connection with the possibility of different interpretations of the syntactic role of the word noted here Seems, double punctuation is observed in complex sentences in which before Seems worth the union And, namely:

2) if we consider Seems as the first part of a subsequent non-union complex sentence connected to the previous sentence by a conjunction And, then for the fifth after And need not: The task seems simple, and it seems to be so in reality.

§ 43.3

If there is an introductory word between two parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence, then sometimes it is put as an additional sign dash, to show which part of a complex sentence the introductory word belongs to, or to emphasize the additional, explanatory nature of the second part (cf. § 25, paragraph 10): An engine is knocking somewhere, apparently there is a workshop nearby(Bab); Angry dogs barked in the backyards, not daring to run out towards the chaise; passing soldiers must have weaned them out of this habit.(Sayan.).

§ 43.4

A semicolon is placed in a non-union complex sentence in the following cases:

1) if the predicative parts are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly widespread and have commas inside them: At the gate I saw an old cast-iron cannon; the streets were cramped and crooked; the huts are low and mostly covered with thatch(P.); To the left was a deep gorge; behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn on the pale horizon, still retaining the last glow of dawn(L.); It was already evening; the sun disappeared behind a small pine grove that lay half a mile from the garden; her shadow stretched endlessly across the motionless fields(T.); Birches, poplars, and bird cherry blossomed their sticky and fragrant leaves; linden trees inflated bursting buds(L.T.); Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, having raised its golden head, it lies and guards them(M.G.);

2) if a non-conjunctive complex sentence breaks up into parts (groups of sentences), in turn forming non-conjunctive complex sentences: The pale gray sky became lighter, colder, and bluer; the stars blinked with faint light and then disappeared; the ground became damp, the leaves began to fog up, in some places living sounds and voices began to be heard(T.); Light dust rises in a yellow column and rushes along the road; A friendly stomp can be heard far away, the horses run with their ears pricked up(T.); The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty; only one strip is not compressed(N.);

3) if a non-union connection of parts of a sentence is combined with a union (often between parts connected without conjunctions, it is placed semicolon, and between the parts connected by an alliance - comma): The wind could not rage here; the road was smooth, the horse was encouraged, and Vladimir calmed down(P.); For a long time, in the light of the moon, a white sail flashed between the dark waves; The blind man kept sitting on the shore, and then I heard something similar to a sob(L.); The trouble has passed; the peasant stood up, and he scolded the farm laborer(Kr.); Lunch is over; the big ones went into the office to drink coffee, and we ran into the garden to shuffle our feet along the paths covered with fallen yellow leaves and talk(L.T.); It was grey, dull, cheerless, even if you lit a fire; everyone complained about the cold and the rain was knocking on the windows(Ch.).

§ 44. Colon in a non-union complex sentence

Colon in a non-union complex sentence it is placed in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part in a complex sentence) is contained in the first part of the complex sentence, and the second part contains an explanation, disclosure of content, indication of the reason, etc. (this part semantically close to a subordinate clause or an explanatory sentence).

§ 44.1

Colon is put if the second part (one or more sentences) reveals the content of the first part (words can be inserted between both parts namely): The weather was terrible: the wind howled, wet snow fell in flakes(P.); A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined it in the hands of robbers(P.); Dubrovsky set the fuse, the shot was successful: one had his head blown off, two were wounded(P.); In fact, Akakiy Akakievich’s overcoat had some strange structure: its collar became smaller and smaller every year, because it served to undermine other parts(G.); He noticed some special disrepair in all the village buildings: the logs on the huts were dark and old; many roofs were leaky like a sieve; on others there was only the ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs(G.); I ask you one thing: shoot quickly(L.); Here are my conditions: you will now publicly renounce the slander and ask me for an apology(L.); From early youth, Tatyana was kept in a black body: she worked for two, but never saw any kindness(T.); It’s pleasant after a long walk and deep sleep to lie motionless on the hay: the body is luxuriating and languishing, the face is glowing with a slight heat, sweet laziness closes the eyes(T.); Throughout the morning and mid-day, Olenin was completely immersed in arithmetic calculations: how many miles had he traveled, how many remained to the first station, how far to the first city, to lunch, to tea, to Stavropol, and what part of the entire road was covered?(L.T.); The silence in the house was gradually broken: somewhere a door creaked; someone's footsteps were heard; someone sneezed in the hayloft(Gonch.); In the whole village there were only two decent houses: in one the volost administration was located, in the other lived Tsybukin, an Epifan tradesman(Ch.); The old man's excitement had passed, and now fatigue was taking its toll: his tongue was slurred, his head was shaking, his eyes were watering.(Cor.); He felt unwell: his body was weak, there was a dull pain in his eyes(Cupr.); The dark forest is good on a bright sunny day: there is coolness and miracles of light(Priv.); Then a thought struck him: the partisans must be somewhere here, nearby.(Floor.); Everyone assessed Nagulnov’s behavior differently: some approved, others condemned, some kept a reserved silence(Sh.).

§ 44.2

A colon is required if the first part of a non-union complex sentence contains the words so, so, so, one etc., the specific content of which is revealed in the second part: My custom is this: it’s signed, off your shoulders(Gr.); Like all Moscow people, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks(Gr.); One thing was certain: he won't come back(T.); I'll do it like this: I’ll dig a big hole right next to the stone...(L.T.); The question for Kutuzov now was only: Was it really he who allowed Napoleon into Moscow (L.T.).

§ 44.3

Colon is placed between parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence, if in the first of them by means of verbs see, watch, hear, know, understand, feel etc. a warning is given that what will follow is a statement of some fact or some description (in these cases, a conjunction can be inserted between the parts What): With anxiety, I jumped out of the wagon and saw: mother meets me on the porch with an air of deep grief(P.); I felt: all my blood rushed to my face(P.); I crawled through the thick grass along the ravine and looked: the forest ends, several Cossacks leave it for a clearing(L.); A few moments later I get up and see: my Karagyoz flies, his mane fluttering(L.); You yourself noticed: day by day I fade(L.); Suddenly I feel: someone takes me by the shoulder and pushes me(T.); I speak: I won't give up(L.T.); I also remember: she loved to dress well and spray herself with perfume(Ch.); I understand: It’s hard for you to say now about the goals that literature pursues(M.G.); Evreinov argued so well to me: universities need guys like me(M.G.), In the morning, waking up, Geyser felt: right eye closed(Fed.); I'll definitely tell you: you have have talent(F.); He believes: for his soldiers, the long way forward is shorter than the short way back(Sim.); People knew: somewhere, very far from them, there is a war going on(Already); Fyodor understood: speech was about communication(Furm.); He saw: the land rose from the ashes, the unconquered land(Hump.); Alexey decided: quite a pull(Floor.).

§ 44.4

Colon placed between parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence if the first part contains verbs look out, look around, listen etc., as well as expressions like raise your eyes, raise your head, warnings about further presentation; in these cases, the words can be inserted between the parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence and saw (heard, felt) that and so on.: I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind(P.); I looked up: there was a girl standing on the roof of my hut(L.); I turn around: Grushnitsky!(L.); Oblomov looked around: in front of him in reality... stood the real, real Stolz(Gonch.); I looked around: the night stood solemnly and regal(T.); I woke up: dawn was already breaking(T.); I raised my head: in front of the fire, on an overturned tub, sat the miller's wife (T.); Varvara listened: heard the sound of the evening train(Ch.); He thought and sniffed: smells like honey(Ch.); I looked out the window: stars were shining in the cloudless sky(M.G.); Magpie raised his head: above, through the thin vapor of frost, the golden bear glittered(Ser.); Lukashin stopped and looked: water accumulated in the ditch(Pan.); I stood and listened to the sounds: train.

In these cases, a dash is also used instead of a colon to convey various additional shades of meaning: I looked at the hole - the water was dozing(Bump.) (cf.: ...and there the water was dozing); He looked out of the room - not a single light in the windows(Pan.) (cf.: ...but not a single light in the windows); I turn around - man in a German helmet(Med.) (cf.: ..and there is a man in a German helmet). See § 72, paragraph 3.

§ 44.5

Colon is posed to a direct question included in a non-union complex sentence (see § 2, paragraph 5): The question now is: what has our society been doing in the last 20-30 years?(Voluntary); There’s only one thing I don’t understand: how could she bite you?(Ch.); It still remains surprising and unsolved: who took the divisional school off guard on that fateful night?? (Furm.); I walked to the gate through the wet grass, feeling anxious: who would look at the first tractor in such an impenetrable fog?(Primary) Compare: Maybe nature tells us: use beauty, accept it(Gran.) - a kind of equivalent of direct speech.

§ 44.6

Colon is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the second part indicates the basis or reason for what is said in the first part (causal conjunctions can be inserted between both parts because, since, since and so on.): However, it's time to get up: it's already a quarter to six(P.); I'm sad: I don't have a friend with me(P.); He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man(L.); I don’t melt, I became scared: I was lying on the edge of a threatening abyss(L.); I couldn’t sleep: a boy with white eyes kept spinning in front of me in the darkness.(L.); It was scary to touch cloth, canvas and household materials: they turned to dust(G.); In vain you look around in all directions: there is no way out of the endless tundras(Gonch.); It’s good that Lemm didn’t hear us: he would have fainted(T.); The moon was not in the sky: it rose late at that time(T.); However, not everyone dared to mock Gerasim: he didn’t like to joke(T.); The birds were not heard: they do not sing during the hot hours(T.); And Zhilin became depressed: he saw that things were bad(L.T.); Only at the mill the river is angry: there is no space for it, the bondage is bitter(N.); He was even scared: it was so dark, cramped and unclean(Ch.); Science must be loved: people have no more powerful and victorious force than science(M.G.); They praised the land: good; scolded the climate: uneven, dry(Leather); In Mexico, you can’t praise something in someone else’s house: they wrap it in a piece of paper for you(M); Sometimes the horses sank up to their bellies: the soil was very viscous(F.); The windows in the barracks were lit up and then went out: someone was striking matches(F.); Seryozhka was silent: he did not like verbal vows and assurances(F.); Stepan was afraid to approach the shore: it was slippery(Shishk.); Paul did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical torment(BUT.); Saburov was nervous: he wanted to take Protsenko down somewhere(Sim.); In general, I have a negative attitude towards any staging: success is rare here(Ov.).

§ 44.7

Special case of staging colons we find in newspaper headlines like: Space: to fly or not; Bazhov: reader and book lover.(See section 16.)

§ 44.8

Occasionally, in a non-union complex sentence consisting of three parts, two colons are used (on different bases or with the same base): Well, yes, it goes without saying: the soul is not an apple: you cannot divide it(T.); You kept pestering me: teach us music and the French dialect: here you have a Frenchman who plays the piano(T.); Her passion for cleanliness drove her to self-forgetfulness: she could spend the whole day cleaning, putting away, washing, dusting and tidying up the hut with unexpected skill: she would hang towels with a display on the window jambs, or in the winter she would place golden wreaths of wood above the pictures and on the mirror. straw, and in the summer - bunches of flowers, which he casually collects on the estate(Ch.); There’s no need to talk about spring: the bird cherry blossoms together, white and white, you’ll feel a little dizzy, and you’ll be confused for a moment: how can this be?(Sol.); However, this did not console me at all: the thought, once it came to mind, will not go far and, when necessary, will certainly return, but the capercaillie flew away, and the face of this day, which will never return like that, was determined: I missed the capercaillie(Priv.); And in the cell it was no longer as dark as in the first minute, when the smokehouse went out and the match broke: the outlines of a couch, a pillow on the bed and a tub of water became dimly visible: then the semicircular windows, miraculously brightening, poured snow, moonlight, and sad light into the cell deep winter light(Berg.)

Usually in these cases, in order to avoid a cluster of colons in a sentence, one of them is replaced with a dash: There is no “mass of readers”, even if a book has a massive circulation: readers read in different ways - there are books in which one thing is accessible to everyone, another only to some(Er.); There is one peculiarity in this book - you immediately feel that it was written by a painter: the reader sees landscapes, scenes, people(Er.); The command confidently entrusted Vorobyov with the most important combat tasks: in a short time it became obvious that this lieutenant, who seemed to be still a teenager, had recently graduated from college, had become a strong-willed, resourceful and, most importantly, quite experienced commander; I listened to him carefully: I remember the old rule - it is better to listen to everything to the end, and then only raise questions or object.

§ 45. Dash in a non-union complex sentence

Dash in a non-union complex sentence it is usually placed in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part in a complex sentence) is contained in the second part of the complex sentence, and the first part (corresponding to the subordinate part) has a subordinate meaning, indicating the time or condition of the action , which is discussed in the second part, sometimes a reason, a concession, etc. (see the conditions for placing a colon in a non-union complex sentence, § 44). Wed. sentences given in pairs:

It’s impossible to go out: it’s pouring rain outside(the main content is contained in the first part, the reason is indicated in the second). - It's pouring rain outside - it's impossible to go out(the reason is indicated in the first part, the consequence, the conclusion is given in the second, which forms the basis of the statement);

The youth left: the evening became boring(left because I got bored). - The youth left - the evening became boring(I left, so it became boring).

With equal semantic relations between both parts, they have the meaning of comparison, opposition, etc.

§ 45.1

Dash is put in a non-union complex sentence, splitting into two parts, if the second of them contains an unexpected addition, indicating a rapid change of events: A week passed, then another - suddenly a stroller entered my yard.(P.); The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it(Kr.); Ivan Ivanovich approached the gate, rattled the latch - a dog barked from inside(G.); Just give him a knife and let him go on the highway - he’ll kill you, he’ll kill you for a penny(G.); You pass by a tree - it doesn’t move, it luxuriates(T.); Suddenly men with axes appeared - the forest rang, groaned, crackled(N.); Ignat pulled the trigger - the gun misfired(Ch.); A ray of sun will fall on the grass - the grass will flash with emerald and pearls(M.G.); The wind blew - everything trembled, came to life and laughed(M.G.); Snowstorm was already very close to the fire - suddenly a horse neighing was heard in the darkness(F.); Walk down a dead street at noon and you won’t see a person(Sh.); Before the sun had time to warm the earth, the whole sky began to hum(Bub.) [cf. with a conjunction sentence: Before I had time to pay my old coachman, Dunya returned with a samovar(P.)].

§ 45.2

Dash is put if in the second part of a non-union complex sentence opposition is expressed in relation to the content of the first part (a conjunction can be inserted between the parts But or a): I would be glad to serve - it’s sickening to be served(Gr.); The rank followed him - he suddenly left the service(Gr.); He sits down to sew but doesn’t know how to pick up a needle; They scold her - she remains silent(P.); A week, a month passed - he did not return to his home(P.); I grab the belt - there is no gun(L.); I began to call the owner - they were silent; I knock - they are silent(L.); Until ten o'clock we wandered through the reeds and through the forest- n no beast(L.); The oak tree holds on - the reed has fallen to the ground(Kr.); He ran his eyes painfully across the ceiling, wanted to leave his place, to run - his legs did not obey(Gonch.); At that time, you already meet in France a class of people who, with a general loss, gain: the nobility is deprived of its rights - they aggravate theirs; people are dying of hunger - they are full; the people arm themselves and go to smash their enemies - they profitably supply cloth and provisions(Hertz.); I have been serving for sixteen years - this has never happened to me(L.T.); They mowed a mile - they mowed a penny(M.G.); The Falcon flies high - it huddles to the ground(M.G.); Pika took up the sewing - the threads got tangled and torn; sat down to play checkers - lost(F.); In Andersen's fairy tales, not only flowers, winds, and trees gain the power of speech - the home world of things and toys also comes to life in them(Paust.); It wasn’t Mishka’s bag that was stolen, it was his last hope that was stolen.(Nev.); This was not a tired, sick soldier walking from the front - it was a construction worker.(Hump.); He is the guest - I am the host(Bagr.); The battle was not started by our will - we will finish it with our glory(Ac.); It was not the wounds, nor the diseased lung that tormented him - it was the consciousness of uselessness that irritated him.(Paul.); I am for a candle - a candle in the stove(Chuk.); The brave win - the cowardly perish(last); Summer stores - winter eats(last); I was not there - I’ll go; Knock, don’t knock, they won’t open; Don't cry - you can't bring back what's lost; If I die, I won’t tell.

§ 45.3

Dash is put if the second part of a non-conjunctive complex sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion from what is said in the first part (the words can be inserted between the parts therefore, then and so on.): I'm dying - I have no reason to lie(T.); You will part the wet bush and you will be showered with the accumulated warm smell of the night.(T.); There was no way to leave unnoticed - he came out openly, as if he was going into the yard, and slipped into the garden(F.); I would become a pilot - let them teach me(M.); Taking out both matches and a lighter from his pocket, Krainev lit the cords - they burst into flames(Pop.); Our home is ours to take care of; They put the samovar in the senets - the smell of smoke spreads around; Everyone has rested during the night - you can start the interrupted work again; The key is lost - break the door.

§ 45.4

Dash is put if the first part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the time of the action mentioned in the second part (at the beginning of the first part you can add a conjunction When): If we win, we'll build a stone house(A.T.); I was driving here - the rye was starting to turn yellow. Now I’m leaving back - people eat this rye(Priv.); The elder walked ahead, gave the command with a careful movement of his hand: raise his hand above his head- V They all immediately stopped and froze; stretches his arm to the side with an inclination towards the ground - everyone at the same second quickly and silently lay down; waves his hand forward - everyone moved forward; will show back - everyone slowly backed away(Cat.); They plow the arable land - they don’t wave their hands(last).

§ 45.5

Dash is put if the first part of a non-union complex sentence denotes the condition for performing the action mentioned in the second part (at the beginning of the first part you can add the conjunction If): If it rains, there will be fungi; there will be fungi - there will be a body(P.); When a young man passes, he becomes poised; when a girl passes, she becomes sad; and when the guslars pass, they sing a song.(L.) - the values of the condition and time are combined; Tell Pavel or Tatyana what you need(T.); Invented- With done(T.); If you disappear completely, we won’t cry for you(Ch.); ... If a sin happens, don't ask for mercy(Ch.); If you believe it by eye, you will measure it crookedly(M.G.); If they don't give it away, steal it!(M.G.);

…The less you know the better you sleep(M.G.); They will swear - don’t be afraid(Ch.); If you like to draw, draw for your health, no one forbids you(Pan.); Ordered - you'll take it(A.T.). Wed. in proverbs: Gruzdev called himself get in the body; If you love to ride, you also love to carry a sled; If you let the fire go, you won’t be able to put it out; I picked up the tug - don’t say it’s not strong; If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest; If you feel sorry for the strap, you’ll give away the strap; Plow deeper - you will see more bread; To be afraid of death is not to live in the world and etc.

§ 45.6

Dash is put if the second part of a unionless complex sentence contains a comparison with what is said in the first part (you can add a conjunction before the second part as if or as if): ...He’ll look and give him a ruble(N.).

§ 45.7

Dash is placed if the second part of a non-union complex sentence (often an incomplete sentence) has an explanatory meaning (a conjunction can be inserted before it What), and the first part does not contain an intonation warning about the subsequent presentation of any fact (cf. § 44, paragraph 3): The sheep says she slept all night(Kr.); Sometimes I think I need to run away(M.G.); ...He hears a girl laughing behind the elderberry bushes(M.G.); The silence was so complete and gloomy, and the sky was so stuffy that it seemed to the boy that if there was just one sharp sound, something terrible would happen in nature.(Cat.); Yesterday at the neighboring winter hut they told me that honey killed a man(Arb.); I hear him moaning again(Pa-ust.); The movement is suspended, hopefully not for long; Someone was scratching, I thought it was a mouse; But I see that she doesn’t listen to me; They write to tell us to come - they will meet us; They knew there would be a storm; Leave me alone, can't you see - I'm busy.

§ 45.8

Dash is placed before pronominal words so, so, so, so beginning as a connecting clause that is part of a non-union complex sentence: An order is an order - that’s how the front raised him(Thief.); To go forward or die - that was the question facing the partisan detachment; Crooked streets, small wooden houses - such was a significant part of Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century.

These sentences express judgments, the subject of which is named in the first part, and the predicate forms the second part. If the logical relations between both parts are of a different nature, then between them there are comma and dash: Environmental pollution threatens life on Earth - this cannot continue(gas) (see § 46, paragraph 2).

§ 45.9

Dash is put if the second part of the non-conjunctive complex sentence is a connecting clause (the word can be inserted before it This, which is sometimes included in the sentence itself): Not a single image on the wall is a bad sign(L.); You have no soul, you have pride instead of a soul - that’s what I’ll tell you(Already); Inga was excited, Levshin was watching her too closely - this caught Klebe’s eyes(Fed.); Big water is coming - this is the most interesting thing(Hump.); He always loved to chat - I knew that very well(Kav.); They will part, they have already parted - this thought stunned both(Gran.) .

§ 46. Comma and dash in a non-union complex sentence

The current rules provide for the use comma and dash as a single punctuation mark in three cases:

1) before the main part of a complex sentence, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate clauses, to emphasize the breakdown of a single whole into two parts;

2) before a word that is repeated in order to connect with it a further part of the same sentence;

3) in the period to indicate the transition from increase to decrease.

However, in practice, the use of a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark is not limited to these cases (some examples were given in § 40).

§ 46.1

Comma and dash often placed before a non-conjunctive clause beginning with a pronominal word this: The Russian intelligentsia grew and developed in absolutely brutal conditions - this is undeniable(M.G.); Edgar Allan Poe is considered an excellent master of form, an original artist, this is indisputable(M.G.); A cultured person is created slowly, with great difficulty, - about it The whole difficult history... of culture tells us convincingly(M.G.); If writing is disgusting and boring for you, don’t write - it will still turn out bad, false(A.T.); At such a time we need to speak rudely and directly - this is smarter and more honest in front of our children(Leon.); The wide entrance was completely empty - it seemed strange to me(Kav.); They not only do not want him to leave, but, on the contrary, they would be very upset at being separated from him - this is completely obvious; Some people believe that in order to become a good singer, it is enough to have natural abilities - this is a fatal mistake; He was talking about some secret - this was a bad omen for me.

The same before the word here: A woman will throw herself into the pool headlong from love - here is the actress(Sharp).

§ 46.2

Comma and dash are placed between two parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence, of which the second is of an adjunctive nature with various additional shades of meaning (explanatory, temporary, conditionally consequential, etc.); often this part begins with pronominal words that, so, so and so on. : But let me go out into the field with you - you would soon ask me for a drink(TV); Sitanov treats me friendly, -thisI owe it to my thick notebook in which the poems are written(M.G.); The bottom board was coated with cow dung and watered three times in the cold, -after thatit was made like a mirror(A.T.); She was sitting nearby on a bench under a rickety wooden mushroom, - suchmade in sentry camps(Paust.); This means that it was not Rodion - he from any abyss would have responded to her(Leon.); All the objects around were distinct and exaggeratedly real - this is what happens when you don't sleep all night(Sh.).

§ 46.3

Comma and dash are placed to indicate a “break” in the original construction, to indicate, “on the one hand, the dismemberment of the sentence, and on the other, that the part of it that follows this punctuation mark makes a structural turn from the previous part under some, greater or a smaller “angle”: The room was filled with the noise of chairs being pushed back, a match light flashed in the corner, illuminating a hand with long fingers, some young lady clucked like a frightened chicken - Samghin was pleased by the confusion caused by his words(M.G.); Marya sat down on the grass, put Mishka’s head on her lap - his head was hanging, he was so thin(A.T.); At least I know that Volodya Osmukhin and Tolya Orlov remain in Krasnodon - will they sit idly by?(F.); This solidly furnished long room, lined with oak panels, so calm, welcoming, a room where he spent more than half of his working life - why did he forget about it?; Something extraordinary is constantly happening to him: either he gets into a street accident, or almost drowns in a shallow river, or almost dies of a heart attack - which is unimportant; I couldn’t help him in any way - why did I come?; It seemed to me that I already understood everything, I know - nothing like that!; Be that as it may, he could not resist the temptation - which of us is without sin?

Wed. also non-conjunctive complex sentences in which it is possible to place between parts colons: This feeling was accompanied by sad envy, - (:) how nice it would be to have Kutuzov’s rough audacity, to say to people’s faces what you think about them(M.G.); He groaned, but much easier than the first time, and soon nature took its toll, - (:) the next day he went for a walk as if nothing had happened and began going to the theaters(Tyn.); Take my advice, the advice of an old friend, - (:) do not go there.

Unconjunct sentences are those complex sentences in which the parts are connected only by intonation. The main feature of such complex structures is the absence of unions. Instead, punctuation marks are used in the BSP.

general characteristics

Between sentences in the BSP, semantic relationships are established that are similar to the relationships in allied sentences: compound and complex.

For example:

The night was falling, the forest was moving closer to the fire. IN sentences reveal semantic relations in the listing of simultaneously occurring events.
One fine day, the pickets, losing their legs from running, bring the news: the fortress is surrendering. In this sentence, semantic relations are similar to those in explanatory ones.
He told the truth - they didn’t believe him. The sentence combines temporary, concessive and adversative relations.

Depending on how the parts relate to each other in meaning, there are BSPs with different ones. The examples given above serve as proof of this. Depending on this, non-union complex sentences are divided into three groups.

BSP with comma and semicolon

There are several punctuation features associated with non-union sentences. In particular, there are two rules governing the use of commas and semicolons in a sentence.

In BSP. Table with examples

A comma is placed in the BSP if certain facts are listed; a conjunction can be used And. In this case, the intonation when reading will be enumerative, and before each comma it is necessary to take a short pause.	My head began to spin, stars danced in my eyes. My head is spinning And stars danced in his eyes.
If a sentence is common and has its own commas (homogeneous members, isolated members, introductory words and addresses), then it is separated from the other part by a semicolon.	Green frogs jump on the stones near the stream; On the largest stone lies a golden snake, basking in the sun.

Should I choose a comma or semicolon?

If the rule is well understood and mastered, then you can easily cope with the following exercises:

1.Explain the use of semicolons:

1) The sun rises, vigorous and radiant from the cold; the window is gilded with reflection.

2) All morning, the colors sparkled, clean and bright; For half a day frosty chrysanthemums glittered silver on the window.

2. What punctuation marks are missing in the BSP in brackets?

Happy irrevocable time - childhood! How can you not love the memories of her? They are so refreshing and uplifting to my soul.

You run to your heart’s content (...) you sit at the table on your chair (...) it’s already late (...) a cup of milk has long been drunk (...) sleep clouds your eyes (...) but you don’t move from your place (...) you still sit and listen. Mom is talking to someone (...) her voice is so sweet (...) so welcoming. The sound of my mother’s voice says so much to my heart, resonates so much in my soul!

With hazy eyes I look intently into her sweet face (...) suddenly she becomes all small - her face becomes no bigger than a button (...) but I still see it just as clearly. I love seeing her so tiny. I squint my eyes even more (...) she is now no more than those boys (...) that are in the pupils (...) when you look closely into the eyes (...) but then I moved - and the miracle disappeared (...) I narrow my eyes again (... ) I try in every possible way to renew the vision (...) but in vain.

BSP with dash

Punctuation marks in the BSP directly depend on the semantic relationships of its parts. To place a dash in non-union sentences, one of the conditions given in the table must be present.

Punctuation marks in BSP. Dash setting table with examples
Conditions for using dashes
	I am glad to understand you - understand me too. (I’m glad to understand you, but you should also understand me).
One sentence contains an indication of the time or condition of what is being said in another sentence. You can use a comma and the conjunctions IF and WHEN.	If it rains, we'll cancel the trip. (If it rains, we'll cancel the hike. When it rains, we'll cancel the hike).
The second sentence contains a conclusion or consequence of what is said in the first sentence. You can use a comma and the conjunctions THEREFORE or SO THAT.	There is a lot to do tomorrow - we need to get up early. (Tomorrow there is a lot to do, so we need to get up early).
If the sentence depicts a rapid change of events. You can put a comma and the conjunction I.	There was a loud stomp - everything fell silent. (There was a loud stomp and everything fell silent.)

Dash or no dash?

1. What punctuation marks are used in the BSP given below?

1) The teacher ordered a diary (...) I didn’t have a diary.

2) It’s terribly stuffy (...) there will be a thunderstorm by night.

3) She sat down in the wagon near the hussar (...) the driver whistled (...) the horses rushed off.

4) There was a shout (...) he started running.

5) You will chase after the big (...) you will lose the little.

2. The text contains BSP with different punctuation marks. With which?

A song was heard (...) the voices immediately fell silent (...) the urgings died down (...) and the entire convoy moved on in silence (...) only the clatter of wheels and the slurping of dirt under the horses' hooves could be heard at those moments (...) when the words of the sad song sounded.

3. Which sentence contains a dash?

1) The sun has already set, but it is still light in the forest (...) the air is so clean and transparent (...) the birds are chirping and whistling (...) the young grass shines like emerald.

2) My soul is cheerful and festive (...) it’s spring outside (...) and the air is so clean and transparent (...) the birds are chirping wildly and joyfully (...) young grass is sprouting.

BSP with colon

Intonation plays a huge role in determining the connection between parts in the BSP. If at the end of the first part it is necessary to raise the tone of voice, then it is probably necessary to add a colon. So it turns out that punctuation marks in BSP depend on intonation. But semantic relationships are also of utmost importance. Let's consider the conditions for placing a colon.

Punctuation marks in BSP. Table with examples of colon placement
Conditions for placing a colon
The second sentence states the reason for what is said in the first sentence. You can use a comma and the conjunction BECAUSE.	I didn't like rainy weather: it made me sad. (I didn’t like rainy weather because it made me sad).
One sentence serves to explain another, revealing its content. You can put a comma and the introductory word NAMELY, then the colon will appear after this word.	A riot of colors reigns in the field: among the bright green grass, chamomile bushes turn white with fragrant snowdrifts, small carnation stars turn red, and occasionally the shy eyes of a cornflower peek through. (A riot of colors reigns in the field, namely: among the bright green grass, chamomile bushes turn white with fragrant snowdrifts, small carnation stars turn red, and occasionally the shy eyes of a cornflower peek through).
The second sentence serves to complement the first. In this case, you can put a comma and the conjunction HOW, WHAT or SAW WHAT between the sentences.	I feel: carefully, as if fearing something, the fingers are slowly moving up towards the shoulder. (I feel how carefully, as if fearing something, the fingers are slowly moving up to the shoulder).

To colon or not to colon?

In this case, there are also rules.

1. Which ones are missing in the sentence?

Somehow it happened (...) that Vera left ahead of schedule (...) but now this did not frighten Sergei at all (...) he knew (...) that his father and everyone else would return in the evening.

2. Place punctuation marks in the BSP. Example sentences are given below.

1) The picture changed (...) already on the white tablecloth of the fields, black spots and stripes of thawed earth could be seen here and there.

2) I really liked listening to the girl (...) she described to me about a world unknown to me.

3) A little more (...) her eyes will come to life, a smile will bloom on her face.

4) I looked out the window (...) the stars were shining brightly in the cleared sky.

5) How many years have I been serving (...) this has never happened to me before.

Let's summarize what we've learned

BSPs are a complex system that includes four types of sentences, depending on the punctuation marks between the parts of a complex sentence - comma, semicolon, colon, dash.

Punctuation marks in BSP. Table with examples
	semicolon		colon
A shot popped, then a machine gun crackled.	Near the door I saw a boy, all blue from the cold; he was wearing wet clothes that stuck to his body; he was barefoot, and his small feet were covered in mud, like socks; a shiver ran through me from head to toe at the sight of him.	In summer, the trees merged into one green mass; in autumn, each one stood separately, on its own. Dawn began to break - we woke up and went outside. A life without joy is a day without sunshine. If you give, I won’t take.	Here's what I'll do: I'll come with a detachment at night, set fire to explosives and blow that house, that is, the research station, into the air. He thought to himself: the doctor needs to be called. The bird could not fly: its wing was broken.
BSP with punctuation marks. Rule
A comma is used for sentences with connecting relations.	A semicolon is used if sentences with connecting relations have their own commas inside them.	A dash is placed if there are sentences with contrastive, temporary, comparative, concessive, investigative relations.	A colon is placed if there are sentences with explanatory, additional, causal relationships.

What is the difference between punctuation marks in SSP, SPP, BSP

Between the parts of the BSP, relationships are established that are similar to the relationships found in conjunctive sentences: compound and complex.

Non-Union
In one corner a floorboard creaked and the door creaked.	In one corner the floorboard creaked and the door creaked (SSP).
It was already evening, the sun had disappeared behind the pine grove located behind the garden; her shadow stretched endlessly across the fields.	It was already evening, the sun had disappeared behind the pine grove located behind the garden, and its shadow stretched endlessly across the fields.
He felt ashamed to kill an unarmed man - he thought and lowered his gun.	He felt ashamed to kill an unarmed man, so he thought about it and lowered his gun.
I entered the hut: two benches along the walls and a large chest near the stove made up its entire furnishings.	I entered the hut and saw that two benches along the walls and a large chest near the stove made up its entire furnishings.

As can be seen from the table, the placement of punctuation marks in the BSP is much richer than in conjunction sentences, which only use commas. But in allied constructions, the semantic relationships of the parts are clear and understandable, thanks to the unions:

simultaneity, sequence - conjunction I;
reason - conjunction BECAUSE;
consequence - union THEREFORE;
comparison - conjunction HOW;
time - union WHEN;
conditions - union IF;
addition - conjunction THAT;
explanation - conjunction THAT IS;
opposition - conjunction A.

Punctuation marks in BSP are needed to express semantic relationships between sentences; they serve as conjunctions.

BSP examples

Examples illustrate BSP options:

with conditional relationships: If you stay here for a day, then you’ll find out.
with temporary relationships: If you can handle it, we’ll transfer you to management.
with the meaning of the consequence: The rain has stopped - you can move on.
with conditional relationships: The sun is shining - we are working, it is raining - we are resting.
with concessionary relationships: I would like a dog like this - I don’t need a cow.
with adversarial relationships: The city ones are beautiful - the countryside is dearer to me.

with connecting relationships: A man, sitting at a table, spoke on the phone; the child was still sleeping on the sofa.
with explanatory relationships: I advise you: do not pick up other people’s wallets.
with relations of consequences: The land was needed for crops: the gardens had to be plowed.
with explanatory relationships: Occasionally voices were heard: late pedestrians were returning home.
with relationships reasons: We must give him credit - he was very ardent, brave and persistent.
with comparison relations: It is not the wind that rustles in the open space, it is not the sea that rages in a storm - my heart yearns for the Motherland, there is no peace and happiness in it.

Example of an OGE task

Among the sentences you need to find complex ones with a non-union connection between parts:

1) The Holy Sea - this is what Baikal has been called for a long time. 2) We will not assure you that there is nothing better than Baikal in the world: everyone is free to love something of their own, and for an Eskimo, his tundra is the crown of creation. 3) From a young age, we love pictures of our native land, they define our very essence. 4) And it is not enough to consider that they are dear to us, they are part of us. 5) You cannot compare icy Greenland with the hot sands of the Sahara, the taiga of Siberia with the steppes of Central Russia, the Caspian Sea with Baikal, but you can convey your impressions of them.

6) But Nature still has her favorites, which she creates with special care and endows with special attractiveness. 7) Such a creature is undoubtedly Baikal.

8) Even if we don’t talk about its wealth, Baikal is famous for other things - for its wonderful strength, its timeless and reserved power.

9) I remember how my friend and I went far along the shore of our sea. 10) It was the beginning of August, a most fertile time, When the water has warmed up, the hills are raging with colors, when the sun makes the fallen snow on the distant Sayan Mountains shine, when Baikal, stocked with water from melted glaciers, lies well-fed and calm, gaining strength for the autumn storms, when the fish splash merrily to the cries of the seagulls.

L.A. AKSENOVA,
Lipetsk region

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence

Didactic material

I. Placement of commas and semicolons

Comma is placed in a non-union complex sentence to separate parts that are closely related to each other (a conjunction can be placed between them And ) and denoting simultaneously or sequentially occurring events.

Cannonballs are rolling, bullets are whistling, cold bayonets are hanging. (A. Pushkin)

Semicolon is placed in the case when the parts of a non-conjunct complex sentence are less connected with each other (in meaning and intonation they are close to independent sentences), as well as when the parts are already common (have commas) or are grouped according to meaning (in this case, the use of a comma between the parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentences is an insufficient sign).

The morning is magnificent; the air is cool; the sun is low.(I. Goncharov) The pale gray sky became lighter, colder, and bluer; the stars blinked with faint light and then disappeared; the ground became damp, the leaves began to fog up, in some places living sounds and voices began to be heard. (I. Turgenev)

Exercise 1. Read the text. Observe the intonation, stylistic features of non-conjunctive complex sentences, justify the use of commas and semicolons.

It's fun 2 to make your way 6 along the narrow 6 path 6 between two walls of high 3 rye. Ears of corn quietly hit 1 you in the face, cornflowers cling 6, 2 to your legs, quails scream all around, the horse runs at a lazy 2 trot. Here is the forest. Shadow and silence. Stately 5 aspens babble high 6 above you 3; the long hanging branches of the birches barely move 6; a mighty oak tree stands like a fighter next to a beautiful linden tree 4, 7.

(I. Turgenev)

Attention! Parts of a non-conjunct complex sentence separated by a semicolon are pronounced with a lower voice towards the end of the part (almost like a period) and significant pauses between parts. The rate of speech in such sentences is usually slow.

Taking this information into account, prepare an expressive reading of I. Turgenev’s text. Try to feel the mood that the author conveys.

Determine what linguistic means of expression are used in the last sentence.

Choose a synonym for the word stately.

Indicate the types of one-part sentences. What is their role in the text?

Task 2. Read the complex sentences without conjunctions and find the grammatical basics in them. Decide in which non-union complex sentences you need to put a comma between the parts, and in which you need a semicolon. Justify your choice.

Write down the sentences using punctuation marks. Fill in the missing letters and open the brackets.

1) Meanwhile, the night was falling and growing like a thundercloud, it seemed, along with the evening vapors, to rise from everywhere and even (from) the darkness to rise. 2) Everything around quickly turned black and faded away; only the birds screamed occasionally. 3) Already I (with) difficulty distinguished separate objects; the field shone vaguely around (behind) it (with) every moment the gloomy darkness rose up in huge clouds. 4) One gentle hill gave way to another and endless bushes seemed to rise up from the ground right in front of my nose. 5) Everywhere, large drops of river sparkled like radiant diamonds, clean and clear, as if they had also been washed in the cold morning (n, nn), the sounds of a bell came to me. 6) The wind fell as if its wings folded and froze with a soulful warmth wafting from the ground. 7) The night's heavy and damp breath puffed into my hot (n, nn) face, it seemed that a storm was getting ready, black clouds were growing and crawling across the sky, visible to my eyes, smoky faces.

(I. Turgenev)

1) Meanwhile, the night was approaching and growing like a thundercloud; It seemed that, along with the evening vapors, darkness was rising from everywhere and even pouring from above. 2) Everything around quickly turned black and died down, only the quails screamed occasionally. 3) I already had difficulty distinguishing distant objects; the field was vaguely white around; behind it, looming in huge clouds every moment, rose the gloomy darkness. 4) One gentle hill gave way to another, fields stretched endlessly after fields, bushes seemed to suddenly rise out of the ground right in front of my nose. 5) Everywhere large drops of dew began to glow like radiant diamonds; The sounds of a bell came towards me, clean and clear, as if also washed by the morning cool. 6) The wind fell, as if folded its wings, and froze; the fragrant warmth of the night wafted from the earth. 7) The night smelled heavy and damp on my heated face; it seemed that a thunderstorm was brewing; black clouds grew and crawled across the sky, apparently changing their smoky outlines.

(I. Turgenev)

Task 3. (Formation of speech and punctuation skills.) Continue the sentences so that you get compound ones without conjunctions: a) with a comma; b) with a semicolon.

1) The sky in the east began to darken...
2) The lights came on in the evening streets...
3) Lightning flashed almost continuously...
4) The river overflowed greatly during the flood...
5) There was thunder behind the village...
6) All nature breathes freshness...
7) The air is clean and transparent...

Task 4. Prepare to read the text expressively, paying attention to intonation and choice of punctuation marks in sentences.

Do you know what pleasure leave in the spring before dawn? You go out onto the porch... On dark gray sky here and there stars blink; damp breeze occasionally comes in a light wave; a restrained, unclear whisper is heard nights; the trees make a faint noise, bathed in shadow... Behind the fence, in the garden, he snores peacefully watchman; every sound seems to stand in frozen air, stands and doesn't work. So you sat down; the horses started moving at once, the cart rattled loudly... You are a little cold, you cover your face overcoat collar; to you dozing... But now you’ve gone about four miles... The edge of the sky turns red; jackdaws wake up in the birch trees, awkwardly fly; sparrows chirp near the dark stacks. It's getting brighter air, the road is clearer, becomes clearer the sky, the clouds are white, the fields are green. In the huts with red fire are burning splinters can be heard outside the gates sleepy vote. Meanwhile the dawn flares up; here are the golden stripes stretched out steam swirls across the sky, in the ravines; larks they sing loudly, predawn the wind blew and quietly floats up crimson Sun. The light will just flow in like a stream; the heart is in you perks up, like a bird. Fresh, fun, love!.. The sun is fast rises; the sky is clear... You climbed the mountain... What a view! River curls about ten versts, dimly blue through the fog; for her watery green meadows; beyond the meadows gentle hills; peewits screaming in the distance curl above swamp; through the damp shine diffused in the air, the distance clearly appears... How freely the chest breathes, how cheerfully moving members like getting stronger the whole person covered fresh breath of spring!..

(I. Turgenev)

Title the text and determine its main idea.

How many paragraphs can be identified in this text?

What is the role of non-union complex sentences in the text?

What explains the differences in the placement of punctuation marks (commas and semicolons) between parts of non-conjunct complex sentences?

What means of expression did the author use?

Explain the spellings in the highlighted words.

Compose a short text using non-conjunct compound sentences with commas and semicolons on one of the following topics:

1. Before a thunderstorm.
2. Early in the morning.
3. Summer evening.
4. Blizzard.
5. Leaf fall.

II. Colon placement

Colon between parts of a non-union complex sentence is placed in the following cases:

1. If there is a causal relationship between the parts (the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first sentence), in this case conjunctions can be placed before the second part because, since .

One should never boast about ignorance: ignorance is powerlessness.(N. Chernyshevsky)

2. If there are explanatory relations between the parts (the second part explains, concretizes the expressed thought of the first part), in this case explanatory conjunctions can be placed before the second part namely, that is .

The weather was terrible: the stormy wind had been roaring since the night, the rain was pouring down like buckets.. (I. Goncharov)

3. If the second part complements the content of the first part, extending one of its members (usually a predicate). In the first part, in this case, you can insert verbs of speech, thought, feeling, perception ( hear, see, feel and the like). Test conjunctions: what how .

He raised his head: the Golden Dipper shone through the thin steam.

Exercise 1. Read the sentences. Indicate non-union complex sentences in which the second part
a) indicates the reason for what is said in the first part;
b) reveals and explains the content of the first;
c) complements the meaning of the first part.

1) I entered the hut: two benches and a table and a huge chest near the stove made up all its furniture. 2) I could not sleep: a boy with white eyes kept spinning in front of me in the darkness. 3) I stood up and looked out the window: someone ran past him a second time and disappeared God knows where. 4) We looked at each other: we were struck by the same suspicion. 5) I looked up: on the roof of my hut stood a girl in a striped dress, with loose braids, a real mermaid. 6) She was beautiful: tall, thin, black eyes, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul. 7) I was created stupidly: I don’t forget anything. 8) Grushnitsky took on a mysterious look: he walks with his hands behind his back and doesn’t recognize anyone. 9) A long-forgotten thrill ran through my veins at the sound of this sweet voice; she looked into my eyes with her deep and calm eyes: they expressed distrust and something similar to reproach. 10) One thing has always been strange to me: I have never become a slave to the woman I love; on the contrary, I always acquired invincible power over their will and heart, without even trying to do so. 11) One should never reject a repentant criminal: out of despair he can become twice as criminal. 12) Oh, I ask you: do not torment me as before with empty doubts and feigned coldness. 13) I laugh at everything in the world, especially at feelings: this begins to scare her. 14) I looked at her and was frightened: her face expressed deep despair, tears sparkled in her eyes. 15) Our conversation began with slander: I began to sort through our acquaintances who were present and absent, first showing their funny and then their bad sides. 16) These patients are such a people: they know everything. 17) I got down and crept up to the window: the loosely closed shutter allowed me to see the feasting people and hear their words. 18) Here are my conditions: you will now publicly renounce your slander and ask me for an apology. 19) I ask you one thing: shoot quickly. 20) Everything is arranged as best as possible: the body is brought... the bullet is taken out of the chest. 21) A lot of time has passed since then: I penetrated into all the secrets of your soul. 22) I will never love another: my soul has exhausted all its treasures, its tears and hopes on you. 23) I took the ace of hearts from the table and threw it up: everyone’s breathing stopped. 24) I walked around the hut and approached the fatal window: my heart was beating strongly. 25) I like to doubt everything: this disposition of mind does not interfere with the decisiveness of character. 26) There are two people in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges it.

What work are these lines taken from? Name the author.

How to explain the frequent use of a personal pronoun I in these sentences?

Give a complete punctuation description of sentence 10.

Draw a diagram of sentence 9.

Task 2. Read it. Determine the semantic relationships between parts of non-conjunctive complex sentences. Write down the sentences, using punctuation marks and emphasizing grammatical basics, in the following sequence:

1) the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first sentence;
2) the second sentence reveals and explains the content of the first;
3) the second sentence complements the meaning of the first sentence.

1) There are such happy faces in the world that everyone loves to look at, as if they are warming you or petting you. 2) It wasn’t just the semi-wild charm spread throughout her subtle body that attracted me to her; I liked her soul. 3) It wasn’t my feet that carried me, it wasn’t the boat that carried me, I was lifted up by some wide, strong wings. 4) Suddenly I hear someone calling me. 5) My head was spinning, too many impressions flooded into it at once. 6) He loved her passionately and never forbade her anything; in his soul he considered himself guilty before her.

(I. Turgenev)

Task 3. Continue the sentences so that you get unionless complex sentences with a colon. Determine the semantic relationships between the parts.

1. Plants freshen the air: ...
2. Forest affects air temperature: ...
3. Love nature: ...
4. Read V. Kaverin’s book “Two Captains”: ...
5. I looked at the sky: ...
6. I'm happy: ...
7. I ask you one thing: ...

III. Setting a dash

Dash is placed between parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence in the following cases:

Feet carry - hands feed. (Proverb)

2. If the first part indicates the time or condition of what is said in the second part. Test conjunctions: time – When , conditions - If .

1) Evening will come - the stars will light up in the sky. 2) If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds.(Proverb)

3. If the second part contains a conclusion or consequence from what is said in the first part. These relationships can be verified by unions so, therefore .

The layer of clouds was very thin - the sun shone through it.(K. Paustovsky)

4. If parts of a non-union complex sentence have the meaning of comparison. Test conjunctions: as if, as if, as.

If he looks, he’ll give you a ruble. (Proverb)

5. If parts of a non-union complex sentence depict a rapid change of events.

The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it. (I. Krylov)

6. If the parts of a non-union complex sentence are connected by concessional relations. Test conjunctions: although, despite the fact that .

I told the truth - they didn’t believe me. (M. Lermontov)

Exercise 1. Read the sentences. What semantic relationships are expressed by the dash sign in these non-union complex sentences? What alliances can be used to test these relationships? Draw intonation patterns for sentences 1, 2, and 8. Write down the words with highlighted letters and explain their spelling.

1) I was g O tov love the whole world - m e nya n And who (didn’t) understand. 2) He (not) r A waved his hands - a sure sign of some secrecy of character. 3) I repeat O ril pr And announcement - he n And what (not) answered. 4) Vd A whether in And dust was falling - Azamat sk A cal per liter And Home Karagöse. 5) Try it O shaft go n e shock - my legs od To O were trying. 6) Shot p A gave in - smoke filled the room A that. 7) Gornoe oz e ro st e flashes in the sun - shimmers with all colors e Tami in O Amazing Krista ll. 8) Fog of Ra ss e I was in e rshiny again A St. e roared in the sun. 9) I was modest - m e Nya obv And caught in the bow V quality

(M. Lermontov)

Task 2. Write them down by grouping the proverbs according to the semantic relationships of their parts. Insert the missing letters, highlight and mark the spellings in these words.

1) Summer comes, winter comes. 2) Darkness does not like light - evil does not tolerate good. 3) They go ahead - they don’t regret it. 4) The source quenches thirst - a kind word revives the heart. 5) By eye it turned_sh_ - it measured_sh_ crookedly. 6) The brave conquer, the cowardly perish. 7) Don’t shout about yourself - let others quietly talk about you. 8) Science is not gained for nothing – science is gained through hard work. 9) They teach the alphabet - the whole hut is covered. 10) Finished the job - go for a walk safely. 11) If there is patience, there will be skill. 12) Time for business - time for fun. 13) Human labor feeds - laziness ports. 14) If you plow better, you will get more bread. 15) The red sun has risen - goodbye, the month is bright. 16) A person without a homeland is a nightingale without a garden. 17) A thread from the world - a naked shirt. 18) The eyes are afraid - the hands are doing. 19) If you believe in altyn, they don’t believe in rubles. 20) It fell from the cart - you won’t find it_. 21) A white hand is a black soul. 22) When you hang around with stupid people, you become stupid yourself. 23) Talk to a smart person and drink some water. 24) A friend scolds a friend - an enemy fights. 25) If you swing a stick without knowing how to do it, your neck will suffer. 26) The root of teaching is bitter, but its fruit is sweet. 27) A scientist without practice is a bee without honey. 28) I read a bad book and met with a friend. 29) Together we get down to business - the desert begins to bloom. 30) One tongue, two ears – say once, listen twice. 31) Don’t look for an impeccable friend - you’ll be left alone. 32) Illnesses and illnesses pass - habits remain forever. 33) A happy person talks about good luck; an unhappy person cries loudly about his misfortune. 34) I gave the sick man a loving shove and gave him half his health back. 35) The rich man couldn’t find a heifer in his herd; he took the last heifer from the poor man. 36) Don’t waste your labors, don’t get too full—the key will eventually return to the flower. 37) The first stone sank crookedly into the ground - the whole wall went awry. 38) If a friend offends you, your word will be crushed like a stone. 39) A smart head feeds a hundred heads - it’s thin and can’t feed one. 40) From day to evening there is nothing to listen to. 41) If you read books, you will know everything. 42) An enemy agrees - a friend argues. 43) I didn’t get up in the morning - the day was gone. 44) Hv_stun will tell the truth - no one will believe him.

Indicate sentences whose content is based on the use of antonyms.

Name proverbs that are synonymous in meaning.

IV. Training exercises

Exercise 1. Read the sentences. Convert complex and complex sentences into complex non-conjunctive ones. Write it down using the correct punctuation marks..

1) Proverbs and sayings are always short, but whole books’ worth of thought and feeling are put into them. (M. Gorky) 2) A person must grow with his feet into the soil of his homeland, but let his eyes survey the whole world. (J. Santayana) 3) There is a popular belief that lightning “lightens the bread,” that is, illuminates it at night. This makes the bread pour faster. (According to K. Paustovsky) 4) Small rooms or dwellings collect the mind, and large ones disperse it. (Leonardo da Vinci) 5) If you are going to love someone, learn to forgive first. (A. Vampilov) 6) Not only did you collect books, but books also collected you. (V. Shklovsky) 7) If you want to be rich, do not think about increasing your property, but only reduce your greed. (C. Helvetius)

Determine the main idea of the proverbs (sentences 8, 9, 10). What advice is contained in the proverb Read without thinking - what to eat without chewing?

Task 2. Write down the sentences, place punctuation marks, justify your choice. Emphasize the grammatical basics of the sentences.

1) He who goes on the road and is bored alone, let him take a book as a companion; there is no companion better than her; let him who is sick and suffering take a book to help him; in the world there is no medicine stronger than her. (Ancient Eastern wisdom) 2) Love the book, it will help you understand the motley confusion of thoughts, it will teach you to respect a person. (M. Gorky) 3) It [the book] introduces people to the lives and struggles of other people, makes it possible to understand their experiences, their thoughts, their aspirations, it gives the opportunity to compare, understand their surroundings and transform it. (N. Krupskaya) 4) You need to treat the word honestly; it is the highest gift to a person. (M. Gorky) 5) Science must be loved; people have no more powerful and victorious force than science. (M. Gorky) 6) My request is the following: take care of our language. (I. Turgenev) 7) I looked around, my heart ached sadly to enter a peasant’s hut at night. (I. Turgenev) 8) A narrow path led between the bushes to a steep slope; fragments of rocks made up the shaky steps of this natural staircase; clinging to the bushes, we began to climb. (M. Lermontov) 9) It was getting hot; white shaggy clouds were quickly running from the snowy mountains, promising a thunderstorm; Mashuk’s head was smoking like an extinguished torch; All around him, gray wisps of clouds curled and crawled like snakes, arrested in their quest and as if caught in the thorny bushes. (M. Lermontov) 10) So people from the fortress gathered around him, he [Kazbich] didn’t notice anyone, stood around, talked and went back, I ordered the money for the sheep to be placed near him, he didn’t touch them. (M. Lermontov) 11) Pechorin is not indifferent apathetically he bears his suffering, he madly chases after life, looking for it everywhere, he bitterly blames himself for his delusions. (V. Belinsky) 12) Water is the master of everything and fears fire. (Proverb) 13) Don’t dig a hole for someone else, you’ll fall yourself . (Proverb) 14) Don’t swear; your mouth won’t be clean. (Proverb) 15) The mare competed with the wolf with only one tail, but the mane remained. (Proverb) 16) In the midst of a noisy, unknown crowd, those sounds were twice as clear to me, with a miraculous power they reminded me of everything dear to my heart. (A. Fet) 17) A colored ball is jumping in the yard in front of me, this ball is very cute, it hasn’t hit glass yet. (G. Vieru) 18) Every business has a special smell; the bakery smells like dough and baked goods. You walk past a carpentry shop and smell of wood shavings and fresh boards. (J. Rodari) 19) You just need to do something good, do something then our mothers will smile and cry with happiness. (O. Shestinsky) 20) There is nothing more holy and selfless than a mother’s love; every affection, every love, every passion is either weak or self-interested in comparison with it. (V. Belinsky)

Indicate sentences that correspond to the following schemes:

– ; – .

(because)

Indicate a non-union complex sentence, the relationships between the parts of which are cause-and-effect.

Illustrate the following spellings with examples from the sentences:

1) -tsya, -tsya in verbs: ...

2) n, nn in suffixes of different parts of speech: ...

3) Not with different parts of speech: ...

4) roots with alternating vowels: ...

5) unstressed vowels, verified by stress: ...

Using an explanatory dictionary, explain the meaning of the highlighted word.

Write down the words whose structure corresponds to the diagrams:

Indicate the parts of speech in the 17th sentence.

Task 3. Read fragments of literary works. Indicate the author, title of the work, determine the genre.

Write it down, inserting the missing letters and adding punctuation marks.

1) One poor mother did not sleep. She crouched down to the head of her dear sons who were lying next to her, she combed their young, carelessly tangled curls with a comb and moistened them with tears, she looked at them with all her senses and couldn’t help but look. She raised them with her own breasts, she raised them up and only for one moment sees them in front of her. My sons, my dear sons, what will happen to you, what awaits you, she said, and the tears stopped in the wrinkles that had changed her once red face.

2) Sweet old gentle
Don't be friends with sad thoughts
Listen to this snowy harmonica
I will tell you about my life.

3) Don't leave mothers alone
They grow old from loneliness.
Among the worries of love and books
Don't forget to be kinder to them.

4) I know a lot about the exploits of women who carried wounded fighters from the battlefield, who worked for men who gave their blood to children following their husbands along the Siberian highways. I never thought that all this had to do with my mother. To the quiet, shy, everyday worry(n, nn) only with the intention of putting on our shoes...
Now I look back at her life and see she went through it all. I see this with the op_building. But I see.

5) If you have become harsh at heart
Be more kind to her.
B_r_gite Mother from an evil word
Know that children hurt everyone more!
...Mother will die and the scars will not be erased.
The mother will die and the pain will not be relieved.
I beg you to take care of Mom
Children of the world, take care of Mother!

6) My friend, my brother, my comrade
if your mother calls you
Strive for her with your heart. Sp_shi.
Rush to her in the most winged rocket.
Every moment counts. Be faster than sound
and than the light.
If you get late on the way, you won’t forgive yourself for this forever.
.....................................................
Oh, your mother’s testament, and who is wiser than you in the world?
You take us to the stars even on dark, deaf nights.
I dare to affirm that there are few bad mothers in the world!
Why is there still evil crawling on the earth?
AND selfishness stinks? And dries out the heart hoarding?
But how on earth would _light be made for people?
If only all their mothers would obey their offspring.

7) Z_foot give me a bigger soul
Kind heart
Eye (not) dormant
Naked, soft, tender, affectionate
Hands are strong (not) angry
It's very difficult to be a mother!

(N. Gogol. “Taras Bulba”; S. Yesenin. “The snow crush is crushed and pricked”; A. Dementyev, Yu. Yakovlev. “Heart of the Earth”; R. Gamzatov. “Take care of mothers”; S. Ostrovoy. “Mother "; A. Yashin. "Mother's Prayer.)

Draw diagrams of non-union complex sentences, indicate the grammatical basics in them.

Using a dictionary, find out the meaning of the underlined words.

Task 4. Prepare an expressive reading of the text.

My mother's constant presence merges with my every memory. Her image is inextricably linked with my existence... I sometimes lay in oblivion, some kind of intermediate state between sleep and fainting: my pulse almost stopped beating, my breathing was so weak that they put a mirror to my lips to find out if I was alive; The doctors and everyone around me had long ago condemned me to death: the doctors - based on undoubted medical signs, and those around me - based on undoubted bad omens. It is impossible to describe my mother’s suffering, but her enthusiastic presence of mind and hope to save her child never left her. “Mother Sofya Nikolaevna,” a distant relative, devoted to her soul, said more than once, as I myself heard, “stop torturing your child; After all, both the doctors and the priest told you that he is not a tenant. Submit to the will of God: place the child under the icon, light the candle and let his angelic soul leave his body in peace. After all, you only interfere with her and disturb her, but you cannot help her...” But my mother greeted such speeches with anger and answered that, as long as the spark of life glimmers in me, she will not stop doing everything she can for my salvation, - and again she put me, unconscious, in a strengthening bath, poured rhine wine or broth into my mouth, rubbed my chest and back with her bare hands for whole hours, and if this did not help, then she filled my lungs with her breath - and after a deep sigh, I began to breathe stronger, as if he was waking up to life, gaining consciousness, starting to eat and speak, and even recovered for a while. This happened more than once... I attributed my salvation to vigilant care, unrelenting care, and boundless attention from my mother. The attention and care was like this: constantly in need of money, living, as they say, from penny to penny, my mother got an old Rhine wine in Kazan, almost five hundred miles away, for an unheard-of price at that time. In the city of Ufa there were no so-called French white breads at that time - and every week, that is, every post, a generously rewarded postman brought three white breads from Kazan. I said this as an example; exactly the same was observed in everything. My mother did not allow the dying lamp of life in me to go out; As soon as he began to fade away, she nourished him with the magnetic outpouring of her own life, her own breath.

(S.T. Aksakov)

Formulate and write down the topic and main idea of the text. (The selfless struggle of a mother for the life of her child is the theme of the text. The meaning of the text is deep: as long as there is a Mother on earth, a person is not afraid, she will light a light in the darkness of the night, will not let you get lost and fall into the abyss, will help, will protect you from trouble, will warm your soul, will save, will come back to life.)

Explain the placement of punctuation marks in the text.

Indicate non-conjunctive complex sentences in the text.

Draw a diagram of the third sentence and characterize it.

Remember the spelling "letters" n And nn in words of different parts of speech,” illustrate it with examples from the text.

Fill in the table with examples from the text:

Prepare to take dictation.

Task 5. Read the text. Write down, using punctuation marks, justify your choice.

You bought a new book... It may be in hard cardboard cover with calico covered in a hard cardboard (n, nn)o (paper) cover or in a soft paper cover. The book is new, clean and beautiful. Do you want to keep it in this form? Remember

Books are afraid 1 of the sun's rays (not) read 6 them in the bright sun. 7

Books are afraid of dampness (don’t) read them in the rain.

Books are afraid of dirt and grease stains (do not) read them (during) eating (do not) shave them with dirty hands.

Books are afraid of dust, clean them 2, 3 preferably with a vacuum cleaner.

Books are afraid of mechanical damage (do not) bend 2 (do not) put them (in) thick objects by turning them over 2 Grab the edge of the sheet and (do not) drool on your finger. 7

Use these tips to make sure your 3 books 1 will be extended 4 .

(From the calendar)

Title the text. Determine its main idea.

Explain the meaning of the highlighted word.

Perform the specified types of analysis.

Choose words with the same root book, reading.

Task 6. Prove that the colons in the examples refer to three different punctograms. What is the similarity in intonation of all sentences that have a colon?

1) I rode at a pace and was soon forced to stop: my horse got stuck, I couldn’t see a thing. (I. Turgenev) 2) Work saves us from three great evils: boredom, vice, need. (Voltaire) 3) I looked around: the night stood solemnly and royally. (I. Turgenev) 4) V.G. Belinsky argued: “Literature is the consciousness of the people, the flower and fruit of their spiritual life.” 5) Knowledge is based on three things: you need to see a lot, learn a lot and suffer a lot. (U. Foscolo)

Task 7. Read it. Explain the placement of colons in the text.

Fable

DRAGONFLY AND ANANT

In the fall, the ants' wheat became wet: they dried it. A hungry dragonfly asked them for food. The ants said: “Why didn’t you collect food in the summer?” She said: “I had no time: I sang songs.” They laughed and said: “If you played in the summer, dance in the winter.”

(L.N. Tolstoy)

Formulate and write down two questions for the fable.

Task 8. Indicate where the dash is placed: a) between the subject and the predicate; b) in an incomplete sentence; c) before the generalizing word; d) in a non-union complex sentence; d) in a complex sentence.

1) Fine snow began to fall - and suddenly fell in flakes. (A. Pushkin) 2) To comprehend one’s guilt to the end - this is the characteristic of a sage and brave man. 3) A bird is visible by its feathers, and a person by its speech. (Proverb) 4) Communication with a book is the highest and irreplaceable form of human intellectual development. 5) We descended into the ravine, the wind died down for a moment - measured blows clearly reached my ears. (I. Turgenev) 7) Read a book - enrich your memory, continuously learn new things.

Task 9. Find the "third wheel". Justify your choice.

I. 1) Thoughts should be attacked with thoughts: ideas should not be attacked with guns. (A. Rivarol) 2) She raised her eyes with effort and immediately looked away: Gogol looked at her, grinning. (K. Paustovsky) 3) The homeland is made up of concrete and visible things: huts, villages, rivers, songs, fairy tales, picturesque and architectural beauties. (V. Soloukhin)

II. 1) I lived, I was - for everything in the world I answer with my head. (A. Tvardrovsky) 2) Never lose patience - this is the last key that opens doors. (A. de Saint-Exupéry) 3) To be able to endure solitude and enjoy it is a great gift. (B.Shaw)

III. 1) Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia: they remind me of another life and a distant shore. (A. Pushkin) 2) The desired time will come: love and friendship will reach you through dark barriers. (A. Pushkin) 3) I give up my place to you: it’s time for me to smolder, for you to bloom. (A. Pushkin)

Task 10. Copy using punctuation marks, inserting missing letters, and opening parentheses.

1) Learning is like swimming (with) the flow, you stopped for a minute and you were thrown (on) your backside. 2) The morning dawns on the whitened sky, the golden pale streak is fresher and the wind becomes harsher. (N. Gogol) 3) For everything that exists in nature, water, air, sky, clouds, sun, rain, forests, rivers and lakes, meadows, fields of flowers and grass, in the Russian language there is a great variety of good words and names. (K. Paustovsky) 4) The word is the key and opens hearts. (Proverb) 5) There is (in) the beginning of autumn a short but wondrous p_ra all day long, as if it were crystal and rays of sunshine yesterday. (F. Tyutchev) 6) If a person depends on nature, then it also depends on him; it made him, he remakes it. (A. France) 7) Give a person all the blessings of life, but deprive him of an understanding of the meaning of life on earth, he will be unhappy. (K. Ushinsky) 8) An evil person is like a pear, it breaks easily but is difficult to glue together. A good person is like a jug of gold, difficult to break but is easily glued together. (Indian folk wisdom) 9) A person’s exceptional happiness is to be involved in his or her favorite work. (Vl. Nemirovich-Danchenko) 10) The prosperity of the Russian man is closely connected with the existence of the Russian people. Perishing, a silent disaster threatens man too. (K. Timiryazev) 11) The wealth of other people is (not) worth seeing; they acquired it at a price that we cannot afford; they sacrificed their health, honor, and conscience for it. This is too expensive (s, h) the deal would bring us only a loss. (J. Labruyère) 12) Love is a great decoration of life; it is the nature of flowers to play with colors, sing wonderful songs, dance in wonderful dances. (A. Lunacharsky) 13) Too much wealth sometimes makes a person (un)suitable for society; they (don’t) go to the market with gold bullion; there they need a coin, especially small change. (N. Chamfort)

Indicate non-union complex sentences and draw their diagrams.

Task 11. Read it. Guess the riddles. Write it down using punctuation marks.

1) One pours 1, another drinks, the third grows. 2) One says let's run, let's run 6 the other says 6 let's stand, stand, the third says let's stagger let's stagger. 3) Little Chernenka 6 the dog curled up 2 lies, does not bark, does not bite, and does not let him into the house. 4) The 2nd river is flowing 6 we are lying down. Ice on the river we are running 4.

Indicate the parts of speech in the first sentence.

Perform types of analysis.

Task 12. Read the text. Explain punctuation marks and highlighted spellings. Get ready to take dictation.

Summer, July morning! How gratifying br O go to hell A re! Green line l O there is a trace of your feet along the river O sistoy, pob e left-handed grass. you ra h dvin e those wet bushes will just hit you O drank warm A home of the night; the air is all O with fresh bitterness O lyni, honey gr e sneezes and poops; vda whether there is a wall O it oak forest and bl e stitis and a l it's on with l ntse; still St. e and O, but I already feel V stuy ts I am the proximity of the heat. G O l O circle languidly ts I'm from excess bl A G O hoots. There is no shrub O wow... Some where is it vda whether e flying sp e growing yeah, y h kimi p O blushes with glosses e sneeze. Here's a sneak peek And sang t e leg; trial step And heaven ts I'm a man, puts the horse in the shade in advance... You p O building O fought with him, from O walked - I heard chn oh la h g to O cheese A building A e ts I'm behind you. The sun is getting higher and higher. Dries quickly e t grass. It's already getting hot... Through the thick bushes O Resolver, p e R e puta nn 2 tenacious grass, descent e get 2 you to the bottom O enemy... Under the very O by storm t A is exhausted chn IR; oak bush greedily With threw his palmed branches over the water b I; big with e R e bristly bubbles, to O gushing, under And tossing from the bottom covered with fine barch A dark moss 4... You are in the shadows, you are breathing And those p A hoochey cheese O stu; you x O R O sho 3... But what is it? Wind in e suddenly n A l e bodies and rushed; the air trembled all around: was it thunder?.. But the faint light e lightning struck... Eh, yes it's gr O behind! The sun is still shining brightly all around: O wants b It's still possible. But the cloud is A stet: its front edge is extended And sleeved, tilted O nyah ts I'm a vault. Grass, bushes, all of a sudden sweat e I'm tired... Hurry! look like ts I'm in And today ts I'm here nn oh s A paradise... soon! You are kind e stung, in O walked... How is the rain? what are lightning? Some-where through with O Lome nn water dripped onto the fragrant hay from the roof... But then the sun began to shine again. Thunderstorm Ave O walked; you are the way out And those. My God, how joyfully everything sparkles around, how fresh the air is! and 3 and liquid, what does it smell like? e blueberries 2 and mushrooms!..

(According to I. Turgenev)

How can you title this text?

How many paragraphs can there be in it? Which? Try to make an outline of the text.

Determine the artistic idea of the text. Check the means to do this.

What means of interphrase communication does I.S. use? Turgenev?

Give the parts of speech in the last sentence.

Draw diagrams of non-conjunctive complex sentences. Emphasize the grammatical basics in non-conjunctive complex sentences.

Give a full punctuation description of the fourth sentence.

Perform types of analysis.

Task 13. Prepare an expressive reading of the text. Explain punctuation marks and spelling of highlighted words. Prepare to take dictation.

I remember for a long time: the heat, the stuffiness, the hair stuck together at the temples, throwing V half-delirious: hard the child is sick. And suddenly from somewhere, as if from another world, floats something cloudy, soft, cool and strokes the forehead, relieving pain and reducing fever; and finally sleep comes - a sound, peaceful sleep recovery...

Mother's hands. I remember them then, in my childhood years - beautiful, with long fingers. I know them and current ones... I also know: will it burst unexpected trouble, whether your soul gets sick, whether you lose yourself or love, the first hand extended to help, will be the mother's hand.

True, sometimes we overestimate it late And belated trying with flowers redeem my callousness, inattention, and sometimes - that they were embarrassed for some reason tell her about love. In life.

Differently their destinies, the destinies of our mothers, took shape. Look at these hands: like the branches of an old tree, sadly flowing down they are on their knees. The years have left their marks on them: in deep paths marked loss, grief, fatigue, lack of sleep, swollen like streams in flood, overworked veins... I see my mother on the threshold of the house: she worked from dawn until the evening, she went out onto the porch, sighed, sat down on the heated steps, folding her hands on her knees. Waiting something? Maybe yes: son, what a long time ago was not visiting, daughter, what grew up unnoticed, grandchildren When they come running, she will caress them, tell a long story a fairy tale or sing a song, sorting through children's curls...

Invest mother's hands in yours, raise them, bring it closer to your face, look into mottled with wrinkles fingers. They once upon a time were flexible and agile, soft and even. But no matter what they are - young or old, smooth or “with knots”, Nothing They are not and cannot be more beautiful in the world.

(According to O. Kuzmina)

Express your attitude to the problem raised in this text in a short creative work. Reflect on the following questions:

2) how can we repay, reward our mother for her love, carried like a burning candle through all the years of her life? for the sleepless nights spent near our crib, fighting enemies and illnesses that often befall children? for the daily, painstaking work that continues from year to year, and at the same time so unnoticeable work around the house and housework?

(According to A. Vladimirov)

Use non-conjunctive complex sentences to express your thoughts whenever possible.

Task 14. Read the sentences. Try to name the author, work, genre. Write it down using punctuation marks.

1) Suddenly the cheese spirit stopped the Fox. The Fox sees the cheese. The Fox sees the cheese. captivated. 2) The crow croaked at the top of its throat, the cheese fell out with it, that was the trick. 3) I’ll find the secret and open the casket for you in Mechanics and I’ll be worth something. 4) So he began to work on the Casket, turning it from all sides and racking his brains. 5) Ignorant they judge exactly like that, they don’t have any sense, then everything is nothing to them. 6) “And he deigns to be angry in vain; I just can’t make him drink.” 7) You look at some businessman, he’s busy rushing about, everyone is amazed at him, he seems to be bursting out of his skin, but everything doesn’t move forward like a squirrel in a wheel. 8) The frog in the meadow saw Ox and started portliness She was envious of being equal to him. 9) My Orestes quarrels with Pylades, as soon as the shreds fly upward, they are finally poured with water. 10) I am your old matchmaker and godfather who came to make peace with you not at all for the sake of a quarrel; let’s forget the past and settle the common okay! 11) Everything has passed with the cold winter, the need for hunger is coming, the Dragonfly no longer sings, and who would think of a hungry stomach to sing! 12) Although it [the bridge] is simple in appearance, it has a wonderful property; not a single liar among us dares to cross it; it will not reach halfway; it will fail and fall into the water. 13) This Pike teaches you to be smarter and not follow mice. 14) The man had no great ideas; he immediately found some use in Bulat. 15) This is what I heard about it from the side dry The Lion showed contempt for the Mosquito, the evil took the Mosquito offence, and could not bear the insult, the Mosquito rose up and fought against the Lion. 16) Here the Nightingale began to show his art, clicked, whistled in a thousand frets, pulled, shimmered. 17) There are many such examples in the world; no one likes to recognize themselves in satire.

Explain punctuation marks. Draw diagrams of non-conjunctive complex sentences.

Give a complete punctuation description of sentences 5, 7, 9, 11, 12.

Determine the meanings of the highlighted words.

In what meaning is the word used? dry in the 15th sentence? Find synonyms for it.

Remember the rule “Spelling -tsya, -tsya in verbs" and illustrate it with examples from these sentences.

Perform types of analysis.

Indicate the parts of speech in the 9th sentence.

Continue formulating the conclusion: “I. Krylov’s fables contain...”.

What phenomena and vices does I. Krylov ridicule in his fables?

Task 15. Read the sentences. What punctuation marks need to be placed in them? Explain your choice. Fill the table.

1) The day turned out to be slushy, in the morning it began to snow mixed with rain... (B.Mozhaev) 2) Fomich examined his dilapidated tarpaulin boots and decided to tie the rubber soles with rawhide belts; the road to Tikhanov is long. (B.Mozhaev) 3) It was a cold, milky day; white, disheveled clouds rose towards him in the blue span between the houses. (V.Nabokov) 4) She looked at herself in the mirror: her face was paler than usual. (V.Nabokov) 5) In his appearance there was something like a badger, an elongated, blunt-nosed face with a black mustache and a white beard, a sloping low forehead and a densely lying, as if slicked, gray stubble of short hair. (B.Mozhaev) 6) It’s not for nothing that winter is angry; it’s time for spring to knock on the window and drive it out of the yard. (F. Tyutchev) 7) October has already arrived and the grove is shaking off the last leaves from its naked branches. (A. Pushkin) 8) Over the hills in clear hours the air smoked, carrying the bitter, intoxicating smell of dry wormwood, distant voices sounded clearly, and the screams of flying birds. (V. Rasputin) 9) I lost a lot of weight; my mother, who arrived at the end of September, was afraid for me. (V. Rasputin) 10) Nastenka, frightened by the elk, looked in amazement at the snake; the viper still lay curled up in a ring in the warm ray of the sun. (M. Prishvin) 11) The air is already beginning to get dark and everything around is cooling. (M. Prishvin) 12) The autumn chill has blown in and the road is freezing. (A. Pushkin) 13) It just so happened in their family that all the misfortunes happened on Frolov’s day. (B.Mozhaev) 14) Repairs would be ruinous for the house; you can’t disturb the old hard bones. (V. Belov) 15) I remember a wonderful moment when you appeared in front of me. (A. Pushkin) 16) Freedom and licentiousness are completely opposite concepts to one another. (Quintilian) 17) Education needs three things in the gift of science and exercise. (Aristotle)

What sentences did you not write down? Why?

Which columns of the table were left blank? Fill them in with your own examples: make up your own sentences or copy them from literary works.

	See: Shapiro A. B. Basics of Russian punctuation. M., 1955. P. 171; Lapotko A. G., Popova Z. D. Dash and colon in their relation to each other in multicomponent constructions, Modern Russian punctuation. M., 1979. (Many examples in the section are borrowed from these sources.) 5	See: Grishko F. T. Observations on the use of the complex sign “comma - dash”, Rus. language at school. 1971. No. 6 (some examples were borrowed from there).
	Shapiro A. B. Basics of Russian punctuation. P. 347 (some examples are borrowed from there).

Have you often wondered when writing when to put a colon and when to put a dash? Probably often, because these punctuation marks, like any other, require adherence to certain rules, although in some cases they are very similar. But we’ll talk about which ones later in the article.

Relationship between generic words and colon or dash

When discussing when to put a colon and when to put a dash, first of all you need to mention those sentences in which homogeneous members are used, and with them there is a generalizing word. It is after it, before the listing, that the colon is necessary.

So, for example, in the sentence: “ You could always find interesting things in his backpack: pebbles, bolts, metal balls and even a fly in a matchbox", the list is preceded by the general word " things”, after which in this situation a colon is placed.

If the generalizing word is found after the listing, then a dash must be placed in front of it. For example: " Pebbles, bolts, metal balls and even a fly in a matchbox - these are the things that can always be found in Petka’s backpack».

By the way, after a generalizing word you can often find a dash, which is also the right option. For example: " Everything is different there - the language, way of life and even values».

Colon and dash in non-union complex sentences

There are several cases when a colon is placed in complex non-union sentences:

If the second part of a complex sentence explains the content of the first. Then the conjunctions “namely” or “like that” can be placed between them. For example: “Everything in nature spoke of joy: the sun shone brightly from a clear sky, and birds sang in different voices.”
If the second part of the sentence indicates the reason for what is mentioned in the first part. Then, by the way, it is easy to put the conjunctions “because” and “since” between the parts. For example: “Ivan was a very distrustful person: his close people let him down too often.”
Another case where a colon is placed between parts of a sentence is where one part warns that the presentation will continue further. In such sentences, the first part usually uses one of the verbs: see, know, hear, feel, etc. For example: “Peter and Anna knew: they would definitely have a large and noisy family.” As you can see, between the parts of this sentence and similar ones you can put the conjunction “what”, thus turning it into a complex sentence.

An acceptable option is also to use a dash instead of a colon in these sentences. Compare:

He understood that something irreparable had happened..
It’s better not to say something like that in front of him - he might get offended.
It seemed to them that just a little more and everything would come true.

By the way, sentences with a warning about the continuation of the story should be distinguished from complex sentences that do not contain one. In this case, a comma is placed between the parts. For example: " I know they will live with us».

When to put a colon in a sentence with direct speech

In those sentences where direct speech is used, a colon is placed after the words of the author, for example:

On the way home, Nina plaintively asked Sonya: “Will you ever be able to forgive me?”
She said through her teeth: “If you knew how much I hate this life.”

Sentences that include direct speech must be distinguished from complex constructions. In the latter, a comma is placed before the subordinate clause, for example:

On the way home, Nina plaintively asked Sonya whether she could count on forgiveness.
She said through clenched teeth that she absolutely hated this life.

In what cases is a colon placed in the title?

The rules for writing headings require special explanation. If the title of a text is divided into two parts, and the first of them (nominative) names a person, problem, place of action, etc., and the second specifies the meaning of the first, then a colon is placed between them.

Let's look at examples of such headers:

Sore throat: signs and methods of treating the disease.
Mikhail Bulgakov: unknown facts from the writer’s biography.
Ten days in India: a land of wonders and contrasts.

So what should you put - a dash or a colon?

In conclusion, we can say that in modern language it is becoming increasingly easier to decide when to use a colon and when it is better to use a dash, since the dash is in this " fight” often comes out victorious.

According to the famous D. E. Rosenthal, the dash is a freer sign, often “ coming" and into the possessions of the colon. What explains this? The linguist believes that a dash in a sentence performs not only purely syntactic functions, but also gives it an emotionally expressive coloring. Obviously, this is why authors love to use it so much in fiction and periodicals. As an example, we can cite several phrases from newspapers: “ The elections are over - we can take stock" or " Experts call this process quite natural - the demand for land has increased».

This means that you can decide when to put a colon in a sentence, and when to put a dash, based on the author’s preferences.

The purpose of the lesson: Generalization of introductions about the placement of colons and dashes in a simple sentence.

Formation of skills:

establish semantic relationships between parts in the BSP,
determine intonation in the BSP in accordance with the meaning of its parts,
correctly put a colon and a dash in the BSP,
determine the synonymy of BSP and SPP, SSP,
compose BSP and use them in speech.

During the classes

I. Checking homework. Updating knowledge about the placement of colons and dashes in a simple sentence.

What rules for placing a colon in a simple sentence do you know? Give examples of placing a colon in a simple sentence.

Answers: “This is a colon with a generalizing word.”

Examples :

With a sharp folding knife, different patterns were cut out on a stick: a white ring, a narrow spiral, or a small chessboard. (V. Sol.)
The guests talked about many pleasant and useful things, such as: about nature, about dogs, about wheat, about bonnets, about stallions. (Gog.)
She had no expression on her face, none at all: no excitement, no joy, no fear - nothing. (Sim.)
Now let’s remember the cases of placing a dash in a simple sentence.

Answers: “A dash between the subject and the predicate, a dash in an incomplete sentence, a dash when isolating applications, a dash when inserted constructions.”

Examples:

Work is the best medicine.
The task of science is to comprehend the laws of nature.
A wound heals from a knife, but never from a word.
Fish looks for where it is deeper, and man looks for where it is better.
November has arrived - the month of autumn frosts.
This summer I went to Tarusa, a quiet town on the Oka River.
One day, after taking a nap after lunch - we were having lunch at noon - Misha left the house and slowly walked into the garden. (Boon.)
Silence - it seemed to Natasha as deep as night water - stood in the forests. (Paust.)

II. Explanation of new material. Placing a colon in the BSP.

1. A colon is placed between parts of a non-union complex sentence if the second simple sentence has the meaning of reason.

I am sad: my friend is not with me. (P.)

What syntactic construction known to you can replace this BSP?

Answer: “For a complex sentence with the meaning of a reason” (I’m sad because I don’t have a friend with me.)”

2. A colon is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the second part has the meaning of explanation.

In one place, a completely incredible incident happened: a seller of children's balloons was carried away by the balloons. (Olesha)

In this case, between the parts you can put the word namely (incident, namely:)

3. A colon is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the second part has the meaning of explanation.

I looked up: a girl was standing on the roof of my hut. (L.)

What complex sentence can replace this non-union sentence?

Answer: “Complex subordinate with an explanatory clause” (I looked up and saw that a girl was standing on the roof of my hut.)

In the BSP with a colon between its parts, a warning intonation sounds.

III. Material for practicing the placement of a colon in the BSP.

1. Kyiv epics have a heroic character: the main purpose of the heroes is to stand on the borders of the Russian land and guard it from the invasions of steppe nomads. (Y. Lot.)

2. One thing was certain: he would not come back. (Turg.)

3. And two years ago, inexplicable incidents began in the apartment: people began to disappear from this apartment without a trace. (Bulg.)

4. Akaki Akakievich ran home in complete disarray: the hair that was still on his temples and the back of his head was completely disheveled, his side, chest, and all his trousers were covered in snow. (Gog.)

5. And he saw: white-white as death Lancelot stood near the dead heads of the dragon. (Schwartz)

6. I pulled my hand back: a bee flew out from the very middle of the flower with a furious hiss. (L.T.)

IV. Explanation of new material. Setting a dash in the BSP.

1. A dash is placed between parts of a non-union complex sentence if the first part has the meaning of time.

They plow the arable land without waving their hands.

Answer: “A complex adverbial adverbial with the meaning of time. When they plow the arable land, they don’t wave their hands.”

2. A dash is placed between parts of a non-union complex sentence if the first part has the meaning of a condition.

If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest.

What complex sentence is this synonymous with?

Answer: “A complex adverbial with the meaning of a condition. If you are afraid of wolves, then there is no point in going into the forest.”

3. A dash is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the first part indicates a consequence, the result of what is said in the first part.

It's been raining lightly since the morning - it's impossible to go out. (Turg.)

What complex sentence is this synonymous with?

Answer: “A complex adverbial with the meaning of a consequence. It’s been raining lightly since the morning, so it’s impossible to go out.”

4. A dash between parts of a non-union complex sentence is placed in comparison relations.

When the nightingale says the word, it sings.

What complex sentence is this synonymous with?

Answer: “A complex adverbial with the meaning of comparison. The word speaks like a nightingale sings.”

5. A dash between parts of a non-union complex sentence is placed in opposition relations.

Don't be hasty with your tongue, be quick with your actions.

Answer: “A complex sentence with adversative conjunctions. Don’t be hasty with your tongue, but hurry with your deeds.”

6. A dash between parts of a non-union complex sentence is placed in cases of rapid change of events, unexpected results.

The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it. (Kr.)

What construction is this sentence synonymous with?

Answer: “A complex sentence with coordinating conjunctions. The cheese fell out, and there was a trick with it.”

The dash appears at the highest intonation point of such BSP.

V. Material for practicing setting a dash in the BSP.

1. If you put a blot, I’ll make you lick it off with your tongue. (Schwartz)

2. At dusk, my brother cautiously looked at me - I pretended to be sleeping. (Boon.)

3. He looked and he looked familiar; ascended - so live. (Color)

4. I tried to walk - my legs gave way. (L.)

5. The thunderstorm has long passed - the stars began to shine, everything around was silent. (Turg.)

6. If I knew the craft, I would live in the city. (M.G.)

7. It’s getting light – it’s time to get up.

VI. Material for practicing setting colons and dashes in BSP..

1. Everyone involuntarily looked out the window: someone with a mustache in a semi-military frock coat was getting out of the cart. (Gog.)

2. Leaving the house, I walked through the streets; they were strange: mute, warm, damp everywhere, all around in the bare gardens and among the poplars of the boulevard there was a thick white fog mixed with moonlight.

3. Believe me: for them your crying and your reproach are ridiculous. (L.)

4. Let me go free - I won’t die of hunger, I won’t perish; give me arable land - I’ll pay a good rent... (Turg.)

5. The morning dawn does not burn with fire - it spreads with a gentle blush. (Turg.)

6. You pass by a tree - it doesn’t move: it luxuriates. (Turg.)

7. It’s not a shame not to know, it’s a shame not to learn.

8. I looked out the window: the stars were shining in the cloudless sky. (Turg.)

VII. Erudition task. Complete the quotes from Russian classics, add the necessary punctuation marks.

I remember a wonderful moment... (P.)
Goes right...left... (P.)
There are miracles there... (P.)
The cheese fell out... (Wing.)
I would be glad to serve... (Mushroom.)
The rank followed him... (Mushroom.)
That’s why my custom is... signed... (Mushroom.)
I hammered the charge into the cannon tightly and thought... (L.)
I invited you, gentlemen, so that... (Gog.)

VIII. Homework: learn the theory, write out 8 sentences from fiction using a colon and a dash in the BSP, make their diagrams.

Read:

Wise sayings about changes in life Presentation for the lesson “Radioactivity as evidence of the complex structure of atoms” What did Ivan Kalita do for Rus'? Stalin's “thank you” to the Russian people Why did Stalin edit his text? Analysis of hypotheses about the extinction of dinosaurs

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general characteristics

BSP with comma and semicolon

Should I choose a comma or semicolon?

BSP with dash

Dash or no dash?

BSP with colon

To colon or not to colon?

Let's summarize what we've learned

What is the difference between punctuation marks in SSP, SPP, BSP

BSP examples

Example of an OGE task

L.A. AKSENOVA, Lipetsk region

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence

Didactic material

I. Placement of commas and semicolons

II. Colon placement

III. Setting a dash

IV. Training exercises

§ 43. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence

§ 43.1

§ 43.2

§ 43.3

§ 43.4

§ 44. Colon in a non-union complex sentence

§ 44.1

§ 44.2

§ 44.3

§ 44.4

§ 44.5

§ 44.6

§ 44.7

§ 44.8

§ 45. Dash in a non-union complex sentence

§ 45.1

§ 45.2

§ 45.3

§ 45.4

§ 45.5

§ 45.6

§ 45.7

§ 45.8

§ 45.9

§ 46. Comma and dash in a non-union complex sentence

§ 46.1

§ 46.2

§ 46.3

Relationship between generic words and colon or dash

Colon and dash in non-union complex sentences

When to put a colon in a sentence with direct speech

In what cases is a colon placed in the title?

So what should you put - a dash or a colon?

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L.A. AKSENOVA,
Lipetsk region