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Read the Russian language rules. Collection of basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. (Pocket Guide.) |
1. Unstressed vowel in the root. To check an unstressed vowel in the root, you need to change the form of the word or select a word with the same root so that the stress falls on it. G O ra – g O ry B O rummaged - b O rushes Not accepted And rimy – m And R 2. Alternation of vowels in the root.
3.Vowels O - E (Ё) after sibilants and C in different parts of the word. 1.Fundamentally words after hissing words are written under stress with the letter E (Ё). (in related words and forms of this word the letter E is written without stress. (vecherka - evening, cheap - cheaper) Exceptions: seam, rustle, saddler, hood, gooseberry, glutton, thicket, major It is necessary to distinguish: A) noun – burn, arson, verbs – burn, set fire B) in words of foreign language origin: jockey, juggler, shock, highway, driver. C) in proper names: Pechora, Pechorin, Shostakovich 2. After C, the letter o is written in the root under the stress. unstressed The vowel after T must be checked with stress. (base, whole - whole) 3.In endings, suffixes nouns and adjectives after hissing and C, the letter O is written under stress, without stress - E (chest, hut, big, red, little jackdaw, fighter, crimson) 4 .At the end of adverbs, the letter O is written under stress, without accent – E (hotly, ebulliently) 5 .The letter E is written under the accent a) at the endings of verbs (we take care, bakes), b) in the verbal suffix –yovyva (shade) c) in the suffix –er of nouns (conductor, trainee) d) in the suffixes -yonn, -yon of passive participles, from verbal adjectives, if they are formed from verb with -it (completed - complete, stewed - stew) d) in pronouns (about anything, nothing) 4. Vowels ы, and after ц in different parts of the word. 1. At the root of the word after C the letter I is written (number, circus) Exceptions: gypsy, chicks, chick, chick, chick) 2.In words ending na – tion the letter I is written (acacia, lecture, delegation) 3.In suffixes and endings the letter Y is written (birds, pages, Sinitsyn) 5. Voiced and voiceless consonants. To check the spelling of paired consonants b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, zh-sh, you need to change the word so that after this consonant there is a vowel. (tooth - teeth, light - light) 6. Unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word. (combinations vstv, ndsk, stl, stn, etc.) The word needs to be changed or a word with the same root must be chosen so that this consonant is heard clearly. (joyful - joy, whistle - whistle) But: sn– wonderful – miracles. 7. Separating b and b Kommersant b 1. Before the letters E, E, Yu, I after consoles to a consonant (to go around, to separate) 1. Before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I in roots, suffixes, endings. (barrier, blizzard, fox, nightingale) In difficult words (three-tier, inter-tier) In foreign words: adjutant, object, subject, etc. broth, battalion, signor, etc. 8. Soft sign after sizzling ones. b is written b is not written 1. Feminine in nouns kind (night, rye) 1. In masculine nouns (knife, rook) 2. In all verb forms (write, kindle, smile) 2. Plural in nouns. numbers (lots of clouds, near puddles) 3. In adverbs ending in Zh, Sh, Ch (jump, entirely) Exceptions: already married, unbearable 3. In short adjectives (hot, good, powerful) 4. In particles (only, huh, huh) 9. Vowels И –И after prefixes. After consonant prefixes letter is written Y, if the word from which it is derived begins with the letter I (unprincipled - idea, summarize - result, play - game) After consoles super-, sub-, trans-, inter- a letter is written AND ( inter-institutional, super-interesting, sub-inspector). 10. Continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives. Together: 1. Formed from a subordinating phrase (ancient Greek - Ancient Greece, car repair - car repair) 2. Used as terms or expressions in book language (above, undersigned) With a hyphen: 1.Denote the shade of color (light pink, red-brown) 2.Derived from a hyphenated noun (southwest - southwest) 3. Between the parts of the adjective you can insert the conjunction “and” (Russian-German - Russian and German, convex-concave - convex and concave). 4. Formed from a combination of a noun and an adjective, but with a rearrangement of these elements (literary-fiction - fiction) 5. Having the combination -ico (chemical-pharmaceutical) at the end of the first base. Apart: Phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective are written separately. An adverb acts as a member of a sentence, indicating the degree of the attribute expressed by the adjective (genuinely friendly, sharply hostile) or in what respect the attribute is considered (socially dangerous, i.e. dangerous to society). Adverbs in –ski in the meaning of “likening” (damn cunning). 11. Not with different parts of speech. Together Apart Without NOT not used ( all parts of speech) can't, hate, unseen There is a contrast with the conjunction “A” or it is implied (noun, adjective, adverb of O, E) not the truth, but a lie Can be replaced with a synonym or an expression similar in meaning ( noun, adjective, adverb of o, e) untrue - lie, unknown - stranger) There are words “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”, etc. (adjective, adverb in O, E) Not at all interesting, not at all beautiful There are no dependent words and no opposition with the conjunction “A” (participle) unstuck, untold There are dependent words or opposition with the conjunction “A” (participle) not said in time With verbs, gerunds (didn't find it without searching) With adverbs not in –O, E (not in a comradely way) With negative and indefinite adverbs and pronouns (no one, several, nowhere) With negative pronouns, if there is a preposition (not with anyone, not with anyone) 12. One and two letters N in suffixes. Parts of speech NN Nouns Living room, toiler, herbalist At the junction of morphemes Fifty dollars, window sill Adjectives In the suffixes -in, -an, -yan Gus in oh, leather en th Excl.: tin, wood, glass 1) in adjectives formed using the suffix –n- from nouns with a stem in N (fog n y) 2) in adjectives formed from nouns using the suffixes -onn, -enn (arts enne oh, aviation he N y) Except: windy Participles and verbal adjectives 1) in short passive participles (error corrected en A) 2) in full participles and verbal adjectives formed from imperfect verbs (crash enй – there is no prefix and dependent word) Excl.: slow, desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard, unexpected) 1) if the word has a prefix other than non- (dried) 2) if they include dependent words (sown through a sieve) 3) if the word has the suffix –ova, -eva (otsink ovaNN y) 4) if the word is formed from a perfective verb (lich yonn y - deprive) Adverb There are as many Ns written in adverbs as in the adjectives from which they are derived (tuma NN o – tuma NN oh, excited NN o – vzvolnova NN y) 23. Letters E, I in case endings of nouns. 1. nouns have 1st declension in the dative and prepositional cases (in the grass - 1 cl., pp., on the road - 1 cl., d.p.) 1. nouns have 1st declension in the genitive case (at the river - 1st cl., R.p) 2. nouns have 2 declensions in the prepositional case (in the house - 2 cl., pp.) 2. nouns have 3 declensions (in mother, in the night) 3. for nouns with –i, -ie, -iya, -mya in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases (attach to the stirrup (on -ya)), pick from the acacia (on - iya)) 24. Conjugation of verbs, spelling of personal endings of verbs. Put the verb in the indefinite form (what to do? what to do?) II conjugation I conjugation na –it na –et, -at, -ut, -yt, -ti, -ch except: shave, lay (1 reference) except: drive, hold, hear, breathe endure, twist, offend, depend, hate, see, look (2 questions) the letter is written at the end And the letter E is written at the end beautiful it– beautiful it count et – count ot, rut it– Mr. at(excl.) when finding an indefinite form, take a verb of the same type (decorate - decorate) Spelling of prefixes. 1. The letters Z-S at the end of the consoles. In the prefixes voz-vos, bez-bes, from -is, niz -nis, once - races, through - thre before sonorous a letter is written with consonants Z, before deaf consonants - letter WITH. (Ra h give - ra With bite, babe h sonorous - be With cordial) There is no prefix Z: knock down, cut down, run away There is no prefix in the words here, building, health. In the prefix once (ras) - roz (ros) the letter A is written without emphasis, under the accent - the letter O. (to fall apart - sledges, scatter - scattering) 2. Prefixes pre-, pr- Pre- at- 1. It is possible to replace the prefix very, very much. (Very big – very big) 1.Spatial proximity (about) – school, seaside 2.Approaching, joining, addition (to arrive, to screw, join) 2.Close to the value of “re” (transform, block) 3.Incomplete action (open slightly) 4. Bringing the action to completion (come up with) Spelling suffixes 1. Suffixes –EK, -IK of nouns To write the suffix correctly, you need to decline the word (put it in the genitive case form). If a vowel is dropped, then the suffix -EK is written, if it is not dropped, then the suffix -IK must be written (lock - lock, finger - finger) 2. Suffixes of verbs -ova (-eva), -yva (iva) If in the present or future tense the verb ends in -yva, -ivayu, then you need to write the suffixes -yva, -iva. If it ends in -yu, -yu, then you need to write the suffixes -ova, -eva. (conversations ova l, conversations ova th - conversations wow, story yva l – story I feel) 3. Suffixes of participles –ush, -yush, -ashch, -yash. If the participle is formed from a verb of the 1st conjugation, then you need to write the suffixes -ush, -yush. If the participle is formed from a verb of 2 conjugations, then you need to write the suffixes –ash, -yash. (piercing – to prick (1 reference), dyeing – to paint (2 references)) 4. Participle suffixes –EM, -OM, -IM If the participle is formed from a verb of 1 conjugation, then we write the suffix -EM, -OM, if from a verb of 2 conjugations, then the suffix -IM (visible – see (2 spr.), burnt – burn (1 spr.)) 5. The letters O, A at the end of adverbs with prefixes –IZ, -DO, -S If adverbs are formed from adjectives that do not have these prefixes, then we write the letter A. If adverbs are formed from adjectives that contain these prefixes, then we write the letter O. (before dry – dry, before urgently - before urgent) On dull , V left (no prefixes –iz, -to, -s) 6. Suffixes –K-, -SK- of adjectives. The suffix -K- is written: 1) in adjectives that have a short form (number To y – kolok, elm To y – mating) 2) in adjectives formed from some nouns with a stem in k, ch, c (German To y – German, weaver To yi – weaver) In other cases the suffix –SK- (French) is written sk y - French h) 7. Suffixes –CHIK-, -SHCHIK- After the letters d - t, z - s, zh, the letter Ch is written. In other cases, the letter sch is written. (bound Tchick, stone box– no letters d, t, z, s, g) 8. Vowels before -N, -NN in suffixes of participles, before the suffix of the past tense verb -L-. If a participle or verbal adjective is formed from a verb ending in –at, -yat, then the letter A, Z is written before N, NN (added A nnny – hung at). If a participle or verbal adjective is formed from verbs that do not end in -at, -yat, then the letter E is written before N, NN (roll up e ny - zasoch it, crush e ny – red it). Hyphen between parts of words. Hyphenated spelling of adverbs. Adverbs are written with a hyphen between parts of the word, which include: 1) the prefix po- and the suffixes -oom, -em, -i (in a new way, in a comradely way) 2) the prefix v-, vo- and the suffixes –ы, -и (secondly, thirdly) 3) prefix somehow (somehow) 4) suffixes -to, -or, -ni (kolda, somewhere) 5) complex adverbs that contain the same roots (little by little) Indefinite pronouns with the prefix ko- and the suffixes that-or-, nibo are written with a hyphen (someone, some) Compound words with half are written with a hyphen if the second root begins with L, with a capital letter, with a vowel. In other cases, gender in complex words is written together. (half a moon, half a watermelon, half a Volga, half a house) Interjections, formed by repetition of basics (ooh-ooh) Particles are joined to other words through a hyphen. (come on, take it) Integrated and separate spelling of homonymous independent and function words. Prepositions with other words are written separately. (on the river, on me, by five) Derivative prepositions, formed on the basis of adverbs, are written together (to go towards the delegates). Continuously derived prepositions are written: in view of (= for a reason), like (= like), about (= about), instead of, like, as a result of (due to) Talk about exams, but put money into the account (noun) Derivative prepositions are written separately during, in continuation of, according to reason, for purposes, from the outside). Unions also, too, so that are written together. They should be distinguished from combinations in the same way, the same as that. In these combinations, the particles could be omitted or rearranged to another place. Mother studied at the institute. My father also studied there. The same word, but not to say it that way. Morphology(parts of speech). Grammatical features of independent parts of speech. Part of speech Gram. meaning Question to the beginning form Constant signs Variable signs Syntactic. role in the sentence Noun Item Who? What? Inanimate-inanimate, own or vernacular, gender, declension Case, number Subject, Addition Adjective Sign Which? Whose? Qualitative, relative possessive; full-short, degrees of comparison Gender, number, case Definition, predicate (short adj.) Numeral Quantity, order when counting How many? Which? Simple-composite, quantitative, ordinal, collective Case, number, gender (for ordinal ones) As part of any member of a sentence, definition (ordinal) Pronoun The meaning of the part of speech instead of which it is used Who? What? Which? How many? Which? Rank, person (for personal) Case (for some), number, gender Any member of the sentence Verb Action, state What to do? what to do? Aspect, transitivity, conjugation, reflexivity Mood, tense, number, person or gender Personal forms – predicate, n.f. – any member of the sentence Participle Item attribute by action Which? What do you do? What did he do? and etc. Active or passive, time, aspect Case, number, gender, full or short Definition Participle Additional action Doing what? What did you do? How? Type, return No circumstance Adverb Sign of action or other sign How? Where? Where? When? For what? and etc. Degrees of comparison No circumstance Classes of adjectives. Discharge Signs Examples Quality 1. Answer the questions Which? Which? Which? 2. denote various qualities of objects: color, internal qualities of a person, state of mind, age, size of the object; qualities perceived by the senses, etc. 3. may have diminutive suffixes –ist, -ovat, - -enk, etc. 4. can have a short form and degrees of comparison 5. complex adjectives and adjectives are formed. With prefix not- 6. combined with adverbs very, extremely, etc. More enjoyable Sick Too light light – light difficult Relative 1.answer the questions which? Which? Which? 2. indicate the material from which the item is made; time, place, purpose of the item, etc. 3. have the suffixes –an, -yan, - sk-, -ov-, 4. do not have a short form, do not form degrees of comparison 5. do not go well with adverbs, too much. Wood Nautical Possessives Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose? 2. denote belonging to a person or animal 3. have the suffixes –ov, -ev, -in, -yn, -iy Fox, fathers, wolf Pronoun categories. Discharge Pronouns personal 1st person: I, we 2nd person: you, you 3rd person: he, she, it, they Returnable Myself Possessives Mine, yours, ours, yours, yours Interrogative-relative Who, what, which, which, whose, which, how many Undefined Someone, something, some, several, some, something, etc. Negative Nobody, nothing, no, no one's, not at all, no one, nothing Index fingers That, this, such, such, such, so much Definitive Himself, most, every, all, every, any, different, other Digits of numerals. By conception By structure quantitative Ordinal Simple Complex composite Whole Fractional Gathering Three, Twenty five One third, One and a half Two Three seven Third, thirty-fifth Fourteen, thirty Five hundred, one hundred thousandth One hundred and seventy-three, three point eight Verb mood and tense. Indicative Conditional Imperative Denotes an action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen Denotes an action that is possible under some condition (would read, would read) Denotes an action to which the speaker encourages someone to perform (advises, asks, orders) Present tense Past tense Future What is he doing? What did you do? What did you do? What will it do? (future complex) What will he do? (future simple) Is reading I read, I told will read Formation of participles From the present tense verb stem From the stem of the infinitive Present participles Past participles Valid Passive Valid passive 1 reference 2 references 1 reference 2 references Vsh Enn Nn Ush, - yush Ash Box Eat Ohm Them Ym More yushch th Scream asch th Ozarya eat th Storage them th Jump Vsh th Carried w th Pulled out enne th Uvencha NN th washouts T th Formation of gerunds Imperfect participles Perfect participles Suffixes -а, -я Suffixes Vsh Lice Lying down - lying down A We are sitting - sitting I Think - think V, I think lice Get carried away - carried away shi s Classification of adverbs by meaning. Adverb category Questions answered by adverbs Examples Mode of action and degree How? How? Fast, fun, new, frequent, great Measures and degrees How many? How many times? In what degree? To what extent? How much? A little, a little, a little, five times, too, completely, completely, twice Places Where? Where? Where? Far, nearby, around, from within, from afar, everywhere Time When? How long? Since when? How long? Now, soon, long ago, now, on the eve, during the day, at night, in summer, early Causes Why? From what? For what reason? In the heat of the moment, blindly, involuntarily Goals For what? For what? For what purpose? On purpose, out of spite, intentionally A special group consists of pronominal adverbs: Demonstrative adverbs – here, there, there, from there, then Indefinite adverbs – somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere Negative adverbs – nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere Interrogative relative adverbs - where, where, when, why, why. Lilac blooms (when?) in the spring. (adverb) Behind the spring(when? Why?) summer will come. (noun) Adverbs with prefixes must be distinguished from consonant combinations of nouns, adjectives and pronouns with prepositions. At first it was difficult. (when? – circumstance – adverb) At first year (noun with a preposition, because there is a dependent word). Got sick That's why and didn't come. (adverb, why?) That's why The bridge is closed to traffic. (adj., over a bridge (which one?) – definition) In the distance blue sand spinning. (in what? Where?) In the distance The shepherd played annoyingly. (adverb, where?) State category words – indicate the state of nature, the environment, living beings, humans (damp, cloudy, offensive, funny, joyful). They are used in one-part impersonal sentences and are predicates. Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs . Parts of speech comparative Superlative Simple Composite Simple Composite Adjective Her(s) She Stronger Earlier Less often more… less… More strong Less strict Aish(ii) Eish (ii) Strict strongest total (all).. most… least… Deepest, highest quality Adverb Her(s) She Stronger, sooner, less often more… less… More strongly Less strict Aishe Yeishe Strictly total (all).. most… least… deepest of all best quality To distinguish the comparative degree of an adjective from the comparative degree of an adverb, you need to look at which word in the sentence the form of the comparative degree depends on. If it depends on a noun, then it is a comparative degree of an adjective (in a sentence it is a predicate) - person thinner, Class friendlier. If it depends on the verb, then this is an adverb (in a sentence it is a circumstance) - cut thinner, sing more friendly. Functional parts of speech. Pretext – serves to connect words in phrases and sentences. They can be simple and compound, derivative and non-derivative. non-derivatives Derivatives from Adverbs noun Participles In, to, with, at, about, on, at, for, from, through, etc. Along, opposite, in front, according to, around As a result, like, in continuation, during, in relation to, in contrast to, towards, in view of, in conclusion, over, in connection with, due to Thankfully, after, in spite of, in spite of, based on Union – serves to connect homogeneous members and parts of a complex sentence. There are simple and compound, coordinating and subordinating. Places of conjunctions by meaning. Essays Subordinates 1. Connecting (both this and that): and, yes, also, also, not only...but also, both...and 1. Explanatory: what, as if to 2. Adverse (not this, but this): but, ah, yes, but, however 2. Circumstantial: Time: when, only, while, barely , as soon as, after, before, just Target: in order to, in order to, in order to, for the sake of Comparison: as, as if, as if, exactly Cause: because, since, because, for Condition: if (if), if Consequence: So Concession: even though, despite the fact that, let, let 3. Dividing (either this or that): or, either, neither...nor, then...that, either...either, not that...not that Particle - conveys shades of meaning and serves to form some forms of independent words. By meaning there are formative and semantic. By category – simple, complex, compound. (even, precisely, after all, just, hardly, as if not, etc.) Particle discharges by meaning and function. Semantic (express different meanings) Form-building (form word forms) 1. Denial: no, neither 1. form of the conditional mood of the verb: would, b 2. Statement: yes, yes, exactly, of course, yeah, yeah, definitely 2. form of the imperative mood of the verb: let, let, yes, come on, let's 3. Strengthening: even, even and, already, and, really, well, still, after all, well 3. form of comparative and superlative adjectives: more, less, most 4. Question: is it really, really, what, what, how, how, what if Exclamation: what the, how, well Doubt: hardly, hardly, maybe 7. Clarification: exactly, exactly, exactly, directly, slightly, just, at least, at least, almost 8. Selection, limitation: only, only, only, almost, exclusively 9. Direction: here, and here, there, and there, this 10. Relaxation of the requirement: -ka Distinguishing particles He and Ni Particle NOT NI particle Not – meaning of negation Misha Not went to the skating rink. Not Misha went to the skating rink, and Yura. Ni is a negative particle with an intensifying value: A) increasing denial In the sky Not was neither one lumen. No neither wind, neither sun, neither noise. In the sky neither clouds. Two particles NOT – the meaning of the statement Not Can Not talk about this trip. - I have to tell you. B) strengthening the statement Where neither I look around, thick rye everywhere. (I'll look everywhere) The words may be: where neither, who nor, whatever and etc. Interjection is neither an independent nor an auxiliary part of speech. Interjections are used to express: Feelings, emotions (fear, joy, doubt, surprise, sadness, delight, sadness, etc.): oh, well, bravo, my God, wow, God be with you. Speech etiquette (greetings, farewells, wishes, thanks, requests, etc.): thank you, thank you, goodbye, farewell, forgive me, please, all the best, hello. Commands, orders, requests: na, fas, shh, hello, bye-bye, stop, chick-chick. Syntax. Collocation – several words related in meaning and grammatically. According to the main word, phrases can be nominal (the main word is an adjective, a noun, a pronoun), verbal (the main word is a verb, participle, gerund), adverbial (the main word is an adverb). Types of connections between words in phrases (by dependent word). Coordination Control Adjacency The dependent word is used in the same gender, number and case (adj., participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal number) The dependent word is placed in the case required by the main word (noun, pronoun = noun) The dependent word is related to the main word only in meaning (adverb, gerund) Prepositional (with preposition) Unprepositional (without preposition) To an experienced teacher Grew up by the road Land development Work with passion Types of offers. Types of offers Examples By the nature of the expressed attitude to reality Affirmative(affirm the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it). Negative(the connection between the subject of speech and what is said is denied). The long evening in October is sad. (I. Bunin) No, I don't value rebellious pleasure. (A. Pushkin) By the number of grammatical bases Simple (consist of one grammatical stem) Complex (consist of two or more grammatical stems) A clear breeze rushes along the narrow street. (N. Rubtsov) Dawn bids farewell to the earth, steam falls at the bottom of the valley. (A. Fet) By the nature of the grammatical basis Two-piece(the grammatical basis consists of a subject and a predicate) One-piece(the grammatical basis consists of either only the subject or only the predicate) I loved late autumn in Russia. (I. Bunin) It's already quite dawn. (K. Fedin) By the presence of minor members Common(includes a grammatical basis and minor members of the sentence) Undistributed(have only grammatical basis) Two drops splashed onto the glass. (A. Fet) The lake was white. (I. Bunin) According to the conditions of the context and speech situation Full(all necessary members of the sentence are present) Incomplete(one or more sentence members are missing) The whole city lay in darkness. (A. Fadeev) Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing. (A. Pushkin) Types of predicate. Simple verb expressed in one verb form Composite Verbal auxiliary can, desire, want, begin, continue, finish or short adj. Glad, ready, able, must, intends+ infinitive Nominal Linking verb to be, to become, to do, to appear, to become, to seem, to be called+ nominal part: noun, adj., numeral, place, short adverb, adverb In childhood, the rains were replaced by a rainbow. (S. Marshak) The monkey decided to work. (I. Krylov) The gold of the cross became white. (S. Marshak) Secondary members of the sentence. Definition (which? which? Which? Which? Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?) is emphasized by a wavy line Addition (who? What? To whom? What? Whom? What? By whom? What? About whom? About what?) is underlined with a dotted line Circumstance (where? When? Where? From where? Why? Why? How?) underlined by a dotted line with a dot Agreed (adjective, participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal) Direct (vin. case without preposition) Mode of action (how? In what way?) Inconsistent (noun) Indirect (indirect cases or vin. case with preposition) Places (where? Where? From?) Time (when? Since when? Until when? How long?) Reasons (why? For what reason?) Measures and degrees (To what extent? To what extent?) Goals (why? For what purpose?) Conditions (under what condition?) Concessions (in spite of what?) Types of one-part sentences and ways of expressing the main member of the sentence. Personalized Verbal Nominative sentence (the main member of the sentence is the subject, the noun in the I.p.) Midnight. Haze and wind. Definitely personal(verb 1st, 2nd person, singular, plural; indicative, behavioral) I'm going. Are you going for a walk? Come with me. Vaguely personal(verb 3rd person, plural, present, everyday tense; plural, past tense) Vita was given a player. Impersonal(impersonal verb, personal verb in the meaning of impersonal, infinitive, words of the state category, short participle, word No) It's getting dark. It's cold outside. Generalized-personal(verb 2 persons, singular; 3 persons plural present or future; 2 persons led moods) Do not count your chickens before they are hatched. Types of definitions. Homogeneous Heterogeneous Characterize an object on one side (you can put the conjunction I between them) They characterize an object from different sides, for example, by color and size (big red ball), you cannot put the conjunction I between them) Depend on one word and answer the same question They explain each other, that is, one of the definitions depends on the phrase that includes the noun being defined. and another definition (red ball Which? big) Connected by a coordinating connection, i.e. do not depend on each other Deprived of enumerative intonation Pronounced with enumerative intonation Isolated members of a sentence. I. Separate definitions . Any definitions in the form of a phrase (adverbial phrase, adjectival phrase) or individual words are separated by commas on one side or on both sides (within a sentence), if: Refers to a personal pronoun Exhausted, dirty, wet, we reached the shore. They come after the noun they define. Forest, finally shaking off the remnants of the night darkness, stood up in all his majesty. (B. Polevoy) Before a qualifying noun, if they express a reason. Driven by spring rays, the snow had already flowed from the surrounding mountains in muddy streams into the flooded meadows. (A. Pushkin) II. Dedicated Applications . Attachments in a letter are separated by a comma or two commas within a sentence if: They refer to the personal pronoun Us, doctors, this truly boundless patience is amazing. (N. Ostrovsky) Common applications that come after the qualified noun. A pineapple,a wonderful gift of tropical nature , looks like a large cedar cone weighing two to three kilograms. Clauses appearing before a qualified noun if it has a causal meaning. Native sailor, Voropaev first saw the sea as an adult. (P. Pavlenko) III Special circumstances. 1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are always separated in writing by commas. Suddenly she ran past me, humming something else. The waves are rushing thundering and sparkling, alien stars look from above. 2. Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition despiteIn houses,despite the early hour , the lamps were on. Note: are not isolated Participles with the meaning of an adverb. Yazykov covered his face with his palm and satwithout moving . (not moving = motionless) Stable combinations and phraseological units, which include gerunds. He workedtirelessly . IV. Separate clarifying members of the sentence. To clarify the isolated member of the sentence, you can pose an additional question: Where exactly? How exactly? Who exactly? When exactly? 1. Circumstances of place and time: Left,at the dam , the axes were knocking. 2. Definitions: It was dominated by brown,almost red , the color of the soil and the unbearably blue hue of the sea. 3 . Isolated clarifying members of a sentence can be joined using conjunctionsthat is, or, as well as words especially, even, mainly, in particular, for example . He's pretty good even with some special pronunciation , spoke Russian . Additions with prepositions except, apart from, instead of, excluding, apart from, along with, over, etc.. Everyone has , with the exception of the commissioner, things were going well. Introductory words and sentences. Groups of introductory words by meaning example Varying degrees of confidence: a) a high degree of confidence (of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, really, etc.) b) lesser degree of confidence (seems, probably, obviously, perhaps, perhaps) Mountain air, without any doubts, has a beneficial effect on human health. Seems, your story made a lot of noise there. Different feelings (fortunately, to general joy, unfortunately, to surprise) Fortunately, our horses were not exhausted. Source of the message (according to someone, according to someone, according to someone) According to the doctor, the patient will be discharged from the hospital in a week. The order of thoughts and their connection (firstly, secondly, finally, therefore, means, so, vice versa, for example, etc.) Firstly, you need to learn the rule. So, one desire for benefit made me publish this excerpt. (M. Lermontov) Notes on ways to formulate thoughts (in one word, in other words, better to say, etc.) In a word, this man had a desire to create a case for himself. (A. Chekhov) Introductory words and sentences should be distinguished from other members of the sentence (introductory words are not part of the sentence, they are not grammatically related to other words, they can be removed from the sentence). Printing pages: 13,14 15,12 11,16 17,10 9,18 19,8 7,20 21,6 5,22 23,4 3,24 25,2 1,26 COLLECTION RULES IN RUSSIAN Collection of basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. (Pocket Guide.)
M.: Astrel, 2005. - 94 p. A clear, convenient and compact presentation of all the basic rules of punctuation and spelling. Format: pdf/zip Size: 380 KB /Download file SPELLING Tested unstressed vowel at the root of the word 8 Unchecked unstressed vowel at the root of word 8 Alternation of unstressed vowels in the root of a word 8 Verified consonants in the root of the word 12 Unverifiable consonants at the root of a word... 12 Letters I, A, U after hissing 13 Spelling of vowels and consonants in prefixes 13 Letter I - after prefixes 13 Spelling of prefixes with -3, -С 14 Spelling of prefixes pre-, pr- 14 Letters I - Y after C 16 Dividing bars 17 Spelling words with half-, half-17 Declension of nouns 18 Spelling O - E after sibilants and C in the endings of nouns 20 NOT with nouns 21 Suffixes -chik-, -schik- nouns. . 21 Spelling of noun suffixes -ek-, -ik- and -ets-, -its- 22 O - E in suffixes of nouns after sibilants 22 Vowels -I-, -E-, -O- in noun suffixes 23 Spelling compound nouns. . 24 Spelling vowels in case endings of adjectives 26 Combined and separate spelling NOT with adjectives 27 Letters O - E after sibilants and C in suffixes and endings of adjectives 29 Spelling of suffixes -k-, -sk- in adjectives formed from nouns 29 Н- and -НН- in adjective suffixes. . thirty Н- and -НН- in short forms of adjectives 33 Hyphenated and continuous spelling of compound adjectives 33 Spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs 34 Spelling NOT with verbs 36 Spelling -tsya and -tsya in verbs 36 Spelling b after sibilants in verbs 36 Spelling verb suffixes 37 Spelling of numerals 38 Spelling b in complex numerals. . 38 Declension of numerals 39 Spelling of indefinite pronouns 41 Spelling negative pronouns 41 Declension of participles 42 Vowels in suffixes of active present participles 43 Active past participles 43 Passive present participles 44 Vowels in suffixes of present passive participles 44 Passive past participles 44 Combined and separate spelling NOT with participles 45 НН- and -Н- in suffixes of passive past participles 46 Difference between short forms of participles and short forms of adjectives 47 Letters E and E after sibilants in suffixes of passive past participles 48 NOT with gerunds 48 Integrated and separate spelling NOT with adverbs ending in -O, -E 49 Spelling NOT and NI in negative adverbs 50 N- and -NN- in adverbs ending with -O, -E 50 Letters -O, -E after hissing adverbs at the end 50 Spelling vowels at the end of adverbs 51 Hyphen between parts of words in adverbs 52 Spelling of prefixes in adverbs formed from nouns and cardinal numbers 53 Spelling b after hissing adverbs at the end 53 Spelling prepositions 54 Differences between prepositions and other parts of speech 54 Groups of conjunctions and their spelling 55 Spelling particles 57 Spelling particles NOT and NI 58 Spelling interjections 59 PUNCTUATION Punctuation marks between homogeneous members 60 Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 61 Punctuation marks for generalizing words in sentences with homogeneous members 62 Punctuation marks when addressing 63 Punctuation marks for interjections 64 Participial phrase 65 Separate definitions and applications 66 Participles and participial phrases. Punctuation marks with them 68 Special circumstances 69 Isolation of clarifying members of sentence 70 Punctuation marks for direct speech 72 Indirect speech. Replacing direct speech with indirect speech 76 Quotes. Punctuation marks with them 78 Complex sentences. There are 80 punctuation marks in them Missing a comma in a compound sentence 82 Complex sentences. There are 82 punctuation marks in them Missing a comma in a complex sentence 85. Name: Collection of basic rules of morphology of the Russian language school course. The reference manual includes all the basic rules of the school course on the morphology of the Russian language. The collection is compiled taking into account existing textbooks and is intended for widespread use by students. Words of independent parts of speech have lexical meaning. Nouns refer to different objects around us. Adjectives denote the characteristics of these objects. Using numerals, you can count objects or indicate their order when counting. Pronouns, unlike nouns, adjectives and numerals, do not name, but indicate objects, their characteristics and quantities. The actions of objects are indicated by verbs. But the actions of objects have their own characteristics, which are called by such a part of speech as an adverb. The category of state as an independent part of speech denotes the state of nature, the environment and the physical and mental state of a person. MORPHOLOGY. PARTS OF SPEECH Download the e-book for free in a convenient format, watch and read:
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