In history Sydney Reilly Absolutely everything is called into question, from the circumstances and date of birth to the circumstances and date of death. The books written by different authors about him differ from each other so strikingly that it seems that we are talking about completely different people.

Only he, Sidney Reilly, who received the pretentious title “King of Spy,” knew the whole truth about himself. But Reilly himself would never have revealed this truth, because he loved nothing in life more than to weave intrigue and create an aura of mystery around himself.

It is known for certain that Sidney Reilly was not British by birth. Among the four or five main versions of his origin, the most likely is the one that says that he was born in March 1874 in Odessa, into a Jewish family, and at birth was called Sigmund Rosenblum.

Reilly spoke a lot and in different ways about his childhood and youth. Apparently, his mother did not give birth to him from her husband, and the boy learned all the delights of the life of an illegitimate child.

Reilly himself outlined two versions of what made him leave Odessa. According to the first, he, like many representatives of Jewish youth of that time, joined a Marxist circle and fled from political persecution by the authorities. According to another, the reason was a family conflict.

Having left Russia, Sigmund Rosenblum traveled around the world, tried himself in business, was hired for various jobs, in Brazil he met British intelligence agents, and then he himself entered the service there.

It is difficult to reliably verify these claims. It is known for certain that Sidney Reilly was a British intelligence officer in 1918, but whether he was one before cannot be said with certainty.

My wife and intelligence helped me change my last name

But it is known for sure that Sigmund Rosenblum, like James Bond, easily conquered women and had many novels during his life, four or five of which were even formalized in marriage.

At the same time, even the ladies abandoned by the spy-adventurer remained faithful to him and never betrayed him.

In Britain, Odessa resident Rosenblum was legalized under the name of Sidney Reilly. He took the surname of his first Irish wife.

It is believed that Rosenblum's legalization was facilitated by British intelligence, for which by 1897 he was working at least as an informant. “At the very least” - because one of the branches of the story about Reilly says that by this time he already had a “license to kill” and, on the orders of his handler in London, eliminated a dangerous emissary of the anarchist revolutionaries.

The man who “sold” Port Arthur

The period of Sidney Reilly's life from the beginning of the 20th century until 1917 is a “blank spot” that each researcher fills in to his own taste. According to Reilly himself, during these years he was working for British intelligence under the guise of a major businessman with connections throughout Europe, Russia and Asia.

Reilly indeed had extensive connections and ran a business, but it is very difficult to understand whether the business was a cover for his main activity, or whether the clever adventurer was leading them by the nose by fooling his partners with stories about connections with “important people in London.”

Sidney Reilly's financial affairs were extremely complicated, and the number of those who considered him simply a swindler with a rich imagination grew larger and larger.

As Reilly said, at the end of the 19th century he managed to work under the roof of the English embassy in St. Petersburg, acquiring connections among influential Russian politicians and entrepreneurs, then infiltrated the circles of Russian revolutionaries abroad.

In 1903, on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, Reilly, under the guise of a timber merchant, ingratiated himself with the Russian military command in Port Arthur and managed to obtain a plan for fortifying the port, which he then sold to the Japanese, which seriously influenced the outcome of the war.

"Conspiracy of Ambassadors"

Despite this, Reilly then returned to St. Petersburg and, without divorcing his first wife, married again. Reilly's name even appeared in the directory "All Petersburg", where he was listed as an "antique dealer and collector."

With the outbreak of the First World War, in which Great Britain and Russia acted as allies, Reilly, using his connections in Russia, became an intermediary in the supply of weapons for the needs of the Russian army from the United States. For helping an ally, the British intelligence officer received very good commissions.

Sidney Reilly became an officially recognized British intelligence officer at the end of 1917. He, as having extensive connections in Russia, was decided to be involved in ensuring contacts with anti-Bolshevik forces. Great Britain was categorically not satisfied with the intentions of the Bolsheviks who came to power to withdraw from the war.

This time was Reilly's heyday. Russia, which was hit by the Civil War after the revolution, was an ideal place for adventurers of all stripes.

Reilly, who knew how to gain confidence and win over, with equal success made connections with the Bolsheviks, cadets, monarchists, felt like a fish in water on both sides of the front.

In March 1918, Reilly, seconded to the British naval attache in Russia, together with the head of the British mission, Bruce Lockhart, was preparing a plot to overthrow the Bolshevik government. The plan included bribing influential commanders of units loyal to the Bolsheviks stationed in Petrograd and Moscow, and organizing an armed coup with the liquidation of the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin.

This plan went down in history as the “conspiracy of ambassadors.”

The Bolsheviks managed to uncover the preparations for the coup in time; moreover, the plans of Reilly and Lockhart were confused by the assassination attempt on Lenin in August 1918, to which, most likely, the British were not involved.

After the assassination attempt on Lenin, the Bolsheviks responded with a policy of “Red Terror”; the network of agents created by the British was destroyed, and Reilly himself had to flee Russia.

Behind him was a death sentence in absentia, which, however, did not greatly excite the scout and adventurer.

Midnight Terror Fighter

Before the assassination attempt on Lenin, Reilly felt quite confident, acquiring agents even in the Cheka. He managed to ensure the evacuation of Alexander Kerensky from Russia, whom he safely transported to Murmansk and put on an English ship, equally successfully avoiding problems with both the Whites and the Reds.

In 1919, Reilly managed to work as a representative of the Allies at the headquarters of General Denikin, contributing to the defeat of the Bolshevik underground in his native Odessa.

After this, Reilly returned with a report on his activities to London, then took part in the Paris Peace Conference as an expert on Russia.

The rich possibilities of post-revolutionary Russia attracted Reilly. The idea of ​​overthrowing the Bolshevik regime haunted him, although it is not entirely clear whether after 1919 he acted in this direction on instructions from the British intelligence services or on his own initiative. He lobbied in London for financial assistance to Russian emigrant organizations that continued the struggle against the Soviet regime, and became close friends with one of the preachers of revolutionary terror, Boris Savinkov.

Acting as a consultant to Winston Churchill on “Russian issues,” he urged his patron to fight the Bolsheviks, whom he called nothing less than “the midnight terror of civilization.”

Political activity did not prevent Reilly from continuing to have numerous affairs, entering into another marriage, this time with the actress Pepitta Bobadilla, without dissolving the previous marriage ties.

To the perplexed questions of the British on this subject, Reilly stated that he professed Islam and could afford four wives at the same time, as well as countless concubines.

What is certain is that Reilly was a gifted man. He spoke seven or even ten languages, had a broad outlook and an excellent memory. At the same time, he apparently did not have his own clear political platform - he liked to play politics and manipulate people.

Fatal "Trust"

Reilly's name is inextricably linked with Operation Trust, which is called the first major success of Soviet counterintelligence. The Chekists created a fake anti-Soviet underground monarchist organization, which acted as bait for leaders of the emigrant movement. The purpose of the operation was to neutralize particularly active persons of the White movement abroad and paralyze the active anti-Soviet activities of emigrants in general.

Domestic and foreign historians differ in their assessments of how successful Operation Trust was. In Russia, it is believed that the security officers managed to create the illusion of a powerful anti-Soviet underground, in which major emigrant figures believed. In the West, they are confident that the Trust as a whole ended in failure and did not achieve its goals.

However, the fact is a fact - it was thanks to the Trust that both Reilly himself and his friend and ally Boris Savinkov ended up in the hands of the security officers.

Reilly’s biographers explain it this way: the experienced intelligence officer immediately realized that the “underground monarchists” who got in touch with the emigrants were “fake.” However, Reilly believed that it was possible to make this imaginary underground real.

In the early 1920s, Sidney Reilly expressed the idea that the Soviet system could be changed not through military intervention, but from within, relying on those Bolshevik leaders who were ready to move away from dogmatism. Reilly believed that the New Economic Policy (NEP), introduced by the Bolsheviks, contributed to the implementation of these plans.

Both Savinkov and Reilly, according to Western researchers, seriously hoped to achieve a softening of the Soviet regime and occupy high positions in Russia.

Savinkov and Reilly met with the Soviet ambassador to England Leonid Krasin, who in every possible way fueled these sentiments.

Reilly considered Krasin a Bolshevik with whom he could do business. Moreover, Western historians believe that Krasin and Reilly were engaged in joint business transactions.

The Adventurer's Last Secret

Savinkov and Reilly believed or did not believe in the reality of the anti-Soviet organization with which they were doing business, but both of them, one after the other, went to Russia and ended up in the hands of the security officers.

Boris Savinkov was arrested on August 16, 1924 in Minsk and was put on trial, which sentenced him to death. The sentence was commuted to 10 years in prison, but in 1925, Savinkov, according to the official version, committed suicide by jumping out of the window of a prison building on Lubyanka.

Reilly, who was in England, knew very well about the arrest and trial of Savinkov. And yet, in September 1925, he crossed the border of the USSR, going to meet members of the “underground anti-Soviet organization.”

Reilly's fans believe that the intelligence officer was captured by Soviet agents back in Finland, drugged and transported to the USSR in a deranged state.

Those who are skeptical of Reilly believe that the adventurer was simply playing too hard.

Be that as it may, Sidney Reilly spent his last weeks of life in the same prison and the same cell where Boris Savinkov had previously been imprisoned.

No one was going to try Reilly - the 1918 verdict, which was still in force, was enough. Soon Reilly was shown a newspaper in which it was reported that while attempting to cross from the USSR to Finland, two smugglers were killed by border guards.

Thus, the spy was made to understand that for the whole world he was already dead.

Reilly continued to play, offering his influence and connections in exchange for his life. The security officers demanded to know the names of British agents in Moscow, but Reilly stubbornly denied their existence.

The game ended on November 5, 1925, when Reilly was taken into the forest, where he had previously been taken for a walk, and shot.

Since the execution of the sentence was not officially announced anywhere, many did not believe in Reilly’s death. It was alleged that the GPU (the successor to the Cheka) nevertheless managed to convert him, and Sidney Reilly continued his activities as a Soviet agent.

Rumors that he was seen in one country or another circulated until the 1950s.

Sidney Reilly himself would clearly have liked this - after all, it was in the spirit of an adventurer.

-1920s in Russia and the Middle East. In addition to Russian, he spoke six other languages ​​fluently. Designated in the British Intelligence File as S.T.-1.

Biography

Reilly was not British. His biography is full of blank spots and is largely based on his personal statements. According to the generally accepted version, Reilly was born under the name Georgy Rosenblum in Odessa, on March 24. There is another version (according to the book “The Age of Espionage”) that Reilly was born on March 24 under the name Shlomo (Solomon) Rosenblum in the Kherson province (as part of which included, in particular, Odessa). He was the illegitimate son of Polina (Perla) and Dr. Mikhail Abramovich Rosenblum. Later, he himself claimed that he was born in Ireland, and if he admitted his birth in Russia, he often claimed that he was the son of a nobleman. He was brought up in the family of Grigory (Gersh) Rosenblum, a cousin of his real father, and the landlady Sofia Rubinovna Rosenblum (later, in 1918, who rented out her Odessa mansion for the British consulate).

When Reilly said that he staged his suicide in the Odessa port before leaving, there may be something real behind it. He often cited either a family scandal or participation in the revolutionary movement as the reason for his departure.

Childhood and youth

Andrey Cook, who wrote a thorough book about Reilly, Andrew Cook) put forward a convincing theory that a chemist selling patent medicines appeared in London under the name Sigizmund Rosenblum around 1895. One of his clients was an elderly priest, Hugh Thomas. When the wealthy Thomas died, Rosenblum got together with his young widow Margaret a few months later. Rosenblum poisoned the pastor to get the widow and the inheritance. If so, this is the perfect crime that was never investigated. According to this theory, Rosenblum may have fled to England from the French police because he killed an anarchist courier carrying money. The murder took place on a moving train, completely James Bond style. Rosenblum had some connections with the revolutionaries of the continent, since the head of the Scotland Yard anti-terrorist squad, William Melville. William Melville) soon recruited Rosenblum as an informant and helped him turn into the British Reilly.

Reilly in the Far East

With money from his wife and apparently British intelligence, Reilly became an international businessman with extensive geographical and intricate financial affairs. He later spoke of secret missions for which there is little evidence. In -1898 he worked at the English embassy in St. Petersburg. In 1898, Lieutenant Reilly acted in the foreign organization of Russian revolutionaries “Society of Friends of Free Russia”, since 1903 he was in Russian Port Arthur under the guise of a timber merchant, there he gained the trust of the command of the Russian troops and obtained a fortification plan, which he allegedly sold to the Japanese. Suspicion of spying for Japan did not prevent Reilly from establishing himself in St. Petersburg. Here he took a new wife, Nadezhda, without breaking up his marriage to Margaret. In -1914, before the First World War, he acted in Russia (from September 1905 to April, assistant to the British naval attache), then in Europe. In the directory “All Petersburg” he was listed as “antique dealer, collector.” He was interested in aviation and was a member of the St. Petersburg Flight Club.

Reilly during the First World War

Reilly created connections with the tsarist government. When World War I began, he went to New York to smuggle weapons from America to Russia. Mediation was beneficial. Reilly first officially joined British intelligence in late 1917. He became a pilot in the Canadian Air Force and flew through London to Russia. This proves that his stories about espionage have some basis - it is unlikely that just anyone would be sent on such a mission. The Bolsheviks seized power in Russia and sought peace with Germany, which was a threat to Britain - this had to be prevented.

At the beginning of March 1918, he arrived in Petrograd and was seconded to the naval attaché Captain Cromie, then to the head of the British mission, Bruce Lockhart, a diplomat and intelligence officer (which, however, is the same thing during the war). Reilly and his immediate superior in Russia, Robert Bruce Lockhart, drew up a plan according to which Lenin's personal guards, who were guarding the Kremlin - the Latvian riflemen - would be bribed to carry out a coup. They believed that they had bribed the commander of the Latvian riflemen, Colonel Eduard Berzin, who was given 700 thousand rubles (according to the Kremlin commandant P. Malkov, officially - 1,200,000; for comparison: Lenin’s salary then was 500 rubles a month). Berzin was a loyal Bolshevik and told everything to Sverdlov and Dzerzhinsky. The naive British dragged the Americans and Japanese into the matter. The “converted” Berzin was informed of the appearances and addresses of famous White Guards. When the assassination attempt on Lenin occurred in August 1918, the conspiracy of Western diplomats collapsed. The wave of red terror destroyed their network. The White Guards were shot, and the money received went to build a club for Latvian riflemen and publish propaganda literature. Reilly managed to escape, but was sentenced to death in absentia.

In May 1918, he made a voyage to the White Don, to Kaledin, and under the guise of a Serbian officer, he took Alexander Kerensky across Russia to Murmansk and put him on the English destroyer. Then in Moscow and Petrograd he began to organize conspiracies against the Bolsheviks. In June 1918, he donated five million rubles to finance the National and Tactical Centers. He coordinated the revolt of the Left Social Revolutionaries on July 6, 1918 in Moscow.

In Moscow, Reilly easily and freely recruited Soviet employees (including the Central Executive Committee secretary Olga Strizhevskaya) and received from them the documents he needed, including a free pass to the Kremlin using a genuine ID card of a Cheka employee in the name of Sidney Relinsky. He also performed under his own name, under the names of the Ugro employee Konstantinov, the Turkish merchant Massino, and the antique dealer Georgy Bergman.

Many of Reilly's affairs failed: the attempt to assassinate Lenin failed due to the cancellation of the meeting where he wanted to speak, the uprising of the left Socialist Revolutionaries failed, Lockhart's task to organize a rebellion in the Petrograd garrison also failed.

In his native Odessa, he anonymously published his first autobiography describing his merits in the fight against Bolshevism in the White Guard newspaper “Prazyv” No. 3 of March 3. Through the same newspaper (No. 8 of March 20), he surrenders to white counterintelligence three security officers whom he met in Soviet Russia: Grokhotov from Murmansk, Petikov from Arkhangelsk and Georges de Lafar from Moscow.

As a result of military adventures, Reilly's financial affairs fell into disrepair. In 1921 he was forced to sell a large collection of Napoleon's belongings at a New York auction. He makes about $100,000, but that money won't last long for his lifestyle. Reilly has close relations with representatives of the Russian emigration, lobbied the English government for funding of the White emigrant Trade and Industrial Committee (Yaroshinsky, Bark, etc.), became close friends with Savinkov and, with his help, in the fall of 1920 personally participated in the actions of the Bulak army on the territory of Belarus. Balakhovich, which was soon defeated by the Red Army. In 1922, with the help of Savinkov and Yu. Elfergren, he organized an assassination attempt on the heads of the Soviet delegation to the Genoa Conference, which also failed, with money from Torgprom. He was involved in organizing an anti-Soviet provocation with the “Zinoviev letter”.

In August 1925, the extravagant actress Pepita Bobadilla arrived in Helsinki in search of information about her husband, Sidney Reilly, who had disappeared abroad. She said that her real name was Nellie Warton, her mother was English, she was born in Hamburg out of wedlock, and made a career in the London variety theater. It remains unknown whether Reilly was aware of these details. As Pepita, she found a worthy match for herself. As with Reilly, she became involved with an elderly, wealthy screenwriter who died soon after. The marriage with Reilly was concluded in 1923. Finnish officials and Russian emigrants could not help, and the lady returned to London, where it became known about Reilly’s death in a shootout near the Soviet-Finnish border. Soviet newspapers officially reported that in the area of ​​the Finnish village of Alakylä on September 28, 1925, two smugglers were killed while crossing the border. Reilly's real fate was not immediately clear. The details finally became known only with the collapse of the USSR - Reilly’s diaries, which he kept in prison, were published.

Operation Trust and Reilly's execution

Operation Trust was the largest for the intelligence services at the beginning of the 20th century. The Bolsheviks themselves founded a “counter-revolutionary” organization, where they lured White Guards from Russia and emigration.

The head of British intelligence in Helsinki, Ernest Boyce. Ernest Boyce) asked Reilly for one more favor - to find out what this suspicious organization really was. At the border, Reilly was supposed to meet a “faithful man” - Toivo Vähä. In order to get everything he knew from Reilly, the GPU staged the death of both on the border so that the information would certainly reach the British services. So Reilly could no longer hope for diplomatic assistance as a British subject. During interrogations at Lubyanka, Reilly stuck to the legend that he was a British subject born in Clonmel, Ireland, and refused to say anything. Despite daily interrogations, in prison he kept a diary in which he analyzed and documented the interrogation methods used by the GPU. Obviously, Reilly believed that in the event of an escape, this information could be valuable to the British secret service. Notes were made on tissue paper and hidden in the cracks between the bricks. They were discovered only after his death as a result of a search. According to Andrei Kuk, Reilly was not tortured, with the exception of an execution staged for psychological pressure.

They put me in the car. It contained the executioner, his young assistant and the driver. Short path to the garage. At this time, the deputy put his hands through my wrists with handcuffs. It was raining, shivering, and very cold. The executioner left somewhere, the wait seemed endless. Men tell jokes. The driver says that there is some kind of malfunction in the car’s radiator and is tinkering with it. Then we drove a little further again. GPU officers, Stirn (V.A. Stirne) and colleagues came and said that the execution had been postponed for 20 hours. Terrible night. Nightmares.

Reilly's diary was photographed by the GPU and its existence was not known until the collapse of the USSR. Published in England in 2000. The diary does not confirm the interrogation data, which may indicate both falsification of the interrogations and Reilly’s “game” with the investigators. The 1918 sentence was carried out on Stalin's personal order on November 5, 1925 in the forest in Sokolniki, where Reilly had previously been regularly taken for walks. According to eyewitness Boris Gudz, the execution was carried out by Grigory Feduleyev and Grigory Syroezhkin. The body was taken back to Lubyanka prison for examination and photographing, and was buried in the prison yard. After the execution, there were rumors that he was alive and had been converted by the GPU.

Reilly's companion Boris Savinkov was arrested in a similar way; he was lured to Minsk to meet with members of the “Moscow anti-Soviet organization.” He received 10 years in prison, but died, according to the official version, by jumping from the window of the Lubyanka internal prison on May 7, 1925.

Film incarnations

Reilly became a very popular figure in the film industry both in the West (a super agent and one of the prototypes of James Bond) and in the USSR (as one of the main characters in the “ambassador conspiracy” and the subsequent anti-Soviet struggle of white emigration).

• Vladimir Soshalsky (Conspiracy of Ambassadors, 1965)
• Vsevolod Yakut (Operation Trust, 1967)
• Alexander Shirvindt (The Collapse, 1968)
• Vladimir Tatosov (The Collapse of Operation Terror, 1980)
• Sergei Yursky (“December 20”, 1981, “Shores in the Fog”, 1985)
• Hariy Liepins (“Syndicate-2”, 1981)
• Sam Neill (“Reilly: King of Spies” “Reilly: Ace of Spies” (England, 1983)

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Notes

Literature

• .
• E. Taratuta. .
• Savchenko V. A.
• Lev Nikulin. .
• Robin Bruce Lockhart. Sidney Reilly is a legendary spy of the 20th century.
• Andrew Cook. On His Majesty's secret service.
• , September .

Links

• - "Top secret "
• .
• V. Voronkov.
• T. Gladkov. .

Excerpt characterizing Reilly, Sydney

The next day after the review, Boris, dressed in his best uniform and encouraged by wishes of success from his comrade Berg, went to Olmutz to see Bolkonsky, wanting to take advantage of his kindness and arrange for himself the best position, especially the position of adjutant to an important person, which seemed especially tempting to him in the army . “It’s good for Rostov, to whom his father sends 10 thousand, to talk about how he doesn’t want to bow to anyone and won’t become a lackey to anyone; but I, who have nothing but my head, need to make my career and not miss opportunities, but take advantage of them.”
He did not find Prince Andrei in Olmutz that day. But the sight of Olmütz, where the main apartment stood, the diplomatic corps and both emperors lived with their retinues - courtiers, entourage, only further strengthened his desire to belong to this supreme world.
He knew no one, and, despite his smart guards uniform, all these high-ranking people, scurrying through the streets, in smart carriages, plumes, ribbons and orders, courtiers and military men, seemed to stand so immeasurably above him, a guards officer, that he did not They just didn’t want to, but also couldn’t acknowledge its existence. In the premises of Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov, where he asked Bolkonsky, all these adjutants and even orderlies looked at him as if they wanted to convince him that there were a lot of officers like him hanging around here and that they were all very tired of them. Despite this, or rather as a result of this, the next day, the 15th, after lunch he again went to Olmutz and, entering the house occupied by Kutuzov, asked Bolkonsky. Prince Andrei was at home, and Boris was led into a large hall, in which, probably, they had danced before, but now there were five beds, assorted furniture: a table, chairs and a clavichord. One adjutant, closer to the door, in a Persian robe, sat at the table and wrote. The other, red, fat Nesvitsky, lay on the bed, with his hands under his head, laughing with the officer who sat down next to him. The third played the Viennese waltz on the clavichord, the fourth lay on the clavichord and sang along with him. Bolkonsky was not there. None of these gentlemen, having noticed Boris, changed their position. The one who wrote, and to whom Boris addressed, turned around in annoyance and told him that Bolkonsky was on duty, and that he should go left through the door, into the reception room, if he needed to see him. Boris thanked him and went to the reception area. There were about ten officers and generals in the reception room.
While Boris came up, Prince Andrei, narrowing his eyes contemptuously (with that special look of polite weariness that clearly says that if it were not for my duty, I would not talk to you for a minute), listened to the old Russian general in orders, who, almost on tiptoe, at attention, with a soldier's obsequious expression on his purple face, reported something to Prince Andrei.
“Very good, if you please wait,” he said to the general in that French accent in Russian, which he used when he wanted to speak contemptuously, and, noticing Boris, no longer addressing the general (who ran after him pleadingly, asking him to listen to something else) , Prince Andrey with a cheerful smile, nodding to him, turned to Boris.
Boris at that moment already clearly understood what he had foreseen before, namely, that in the army, in addition to the subordination and discipline that was written in the regulations, and which was known in the regiment, and he knew, there was another, more significant subordination, the one that forced this drawn-out, purple-faced general to wait respectfully, while the captain, Prince Andrei, for his own pleasure, found it more convenient to talk with ensign Drubetsky. More than ever, Boris decided to serve henceforth not according to what is written in the regulations, but according to this unwritten subordination. He now felt that only due to the fact that he had been recommended to Prince Andrei, he had already become immediately superior to the general, who in other cases, at the front, could destroy him, the guards ensign. Prince Andrei came up to him and took his hand.
“It’s a pity that you didn’t find me yesterday.” I spent the whole day messing around with the Germans. We went with Weyrother to check the disposition. There is no end to how the Germans will take care of accuracy!
Boris smiled, as if he understood what Prince Andrei was hinting at as well known. But for the first time he heard the name Weyrother and even the word disposition.
- Well, my dear, do you still want to become an adjutant? I thought about you during this time.
“Yes, I thought,” Boris said, involuntarily blushing for some reason, “to ask the commander-in-chief; there was a letter to him about me from Prince Kuragin; “I wanted to ask only because,” he added, as if apologizing, “that I’m afraid the guards won’t be in action.”
- Fine! Fine! “We’ll talk about everything,” said Prince Andrei, “just let me report about this gentleman, and I belong to you.”
While Prince Andrei went to report about the crimson general, this general, apparently not sharing Boris’s concepts of the benefits of unwritten subordination, fixed his eyes so much on the impudent ensign who prevented him from talking with the adjutant that Boris felt embarrassed. He turned away and waited impatiently for Prince Andrei to return from the commander-in-chief's office.
“That’s what, my dear, I was thinking about you,” said Prince Andrey as they walked into the large hall with the clavichord. “You have no reason to go to the commander-in-chief,” said Prince Andrei, “he will say a lot of pleasantries to you, tell you to come to him for dinner (“that wouldn’t be so bad for the service in that chain of command,” thought Boris), but from that further nothing will come of it; us, adjutants and orderlies, will soon be a battalion. But here’s what we’ll do: I have a good friend, adjutant general and a wonderful person, Prince Dolgorukov; and although you may not know this, the fact is that now Kutuzov with his headquarters and all of us mean absolutely nothing: everything is now concentrated with the sovereign; so let’s go to Dolgorukov, I need to go to him, I already told him about you; so we'll see; Will he find it possible to place you with him, or somewhere else, closer to the sun?
Prince Andrei always became especially animated when he had to guide a young man and help him in secular success. Under the pretext of this help to another, which he would never accept for himself out of pride, he was close to the environment that gave success and which attracted him to itself. He very willingly took on Boris and went with him to Prince Dolgorukov.
It was already late in the evening when they entered the Olmut Palace, occupied by the emperors and their entourage.
On this very day there was a military council, which was attended by all members of the Gofkriegsrat and both emperors. At the council, contrary to the opinions of the old men - Kutuzov and Prince Schwarzernberg, it was decided to immediately attack and give a general battle to Bonaparte. The military council had just ended when Prince Andrei, accompanied by Boris, came to the palace to look for Prince Dolgorukov. All the people in the main apartment were still under the spell of today’s military council, victorious for the young party. The voices of the procrastinators, who advised to wait for something without advancing, were so unanimously drowned out and their arguments were refuted by undoubted evidence of the benefits of the offensive, that what was discussed in the council, the future battle and, without a doubt, victory, seemed no longer the future, but the past. All the benefits were on our side. Enormous forces, undoubtedly superior to those of Napoleon, were concentrated in one place; the troops were inspired by the presence of the emperors and were eager to get into action; the strategic point at which it was necessary to operate was known to the smallest detail to the Austrian General Weyrother, who led the troops (it was as if it were a happy accident that the Austrian troops last year were on maneuvers precisely on those fields on which they now had to fight the French); the surrounding area was known to the smallest detail and depicted on maps, and Bonaparte, apparently weakened, did nothing.
Dolgorukov, one of the most ardent supporters of the offensive, had just returned from the council, tired, exhausted, but animated and proud of the victory. Prince Andrei introduced the officer he protected, but Prince Dolgorukov, politely and firmly shaking his hand, said nothing to Boris and, obviously unable to restrain himself from expressing those thoughts that most occupied him at that moment, addressed Prince Andrei in French.
- Well, my dear, what a battle we fought! God only grant that what will be its consequence be equally victorious. However, my dear,” he said fragmentarily and animatedly, “I must admit my guilt before the Austrians and especially before Weyrother. What precision, what detail, what knowledge of the area, what foresight of all possibilities, all conditions, all the smallest details! No, my dear, it is impossible to deliberately invent anything more advantageous than the conditions in which we find ourselves. The combination of Austrian distinctness with Russian courage - what more do you want?
– So the offensive is finally decided? - said Bolkonsky.
“And you know, my dear, it seems to me that Buonaparte has definitely lost his Latin.” You know that a letter to the emperor has just been received from him. – Dolgorukov smiled significantly.
- That's how it is! What is he writing? – asked Bolkonsky.
- What can he write? Tradiridira, etc., all just to gain time. I tell you that it is in our hands; It's right! But what’s funniest of all,” he said, suddenly laughing good-naturedly, “is that they couldn’t figure out how to address the answer to him?” If not the consul, and of course not the emperor, then General Buonaparte, as it seemed to me.
“But there is a difference between not recognizing him as emperor and calling him general Buonaparte,” said Bolkonsky.
“That’s just the point,” Dolgorukov said quickly, laughing and interrupting. – You know Bilibin, he is a very smart person, he suggested addressing: “the usurper and enemy of the human race.”
Dolgorukov laughed cheerfully.
- No more? - Bolkonsky noted.
– But still, Bilibin found a serious address title. And a witty and intelligent person.
- How?
“To the head of the French government, au chef du gouverienement francais,” said Prince Dolgorukov seriously and with pleasure. - Isn't that good?
“Okay, but he won’t like it very much,” Bolkonsky noted.
- Oh, very much! My brother knows him: he has dined with him, the current emperor, in Paris more than once and told me that he has never seen a more refined and cunning diplomat: you know, a combination of French dexterity and Italian acting? Do you know his jokes with Count Markov? Only one Count Markov knew how to handle him. Do you know the history of the scarf? This is lovely!
And the talkative Dolgorukov, turning first to Boris and then to Prince Andrei, told how Bonaparte, wanting to test Markov, our envoy, deliberately dropped a handkerchief in front of him and stopped, looking at him, probably expecting a favor from Markov, and how Markov immediately He dropped his handkerchief next to him and picked up his own, without picking up Bonaparte’s handkerchief.
“Charmant,” said Bolkonsky, “but here’s what, prince, I came to you as a petitioner for this young man.” Do you see what?...
But Prince Andrei did not have time to finish when an adjutant entered the room, calling Prince Dolgorukov to the emperor.
- Oh, what a shame! - said Dolgorukov, hastily standing up and shaking the hands of Prince Andrei and Boris. – You know, I am very glad to do everything that depends on me, both for you and for this dear young man. – He once again shook Boris’s hand with an expression of good-natured, sincere and animated frivolity. – But you see... until another time!
Boris was worried about the closeness to the highest power in which he felt at that moment. He recognized himself here in contact with those springs that guided all those enormous movements of the masses of which in his regiment he felt like a small, submissive and insignificant part. They went out into the corridor following Prince Dolgorukov and met coming out (from the door of the sovereign’s room into which Dolgorukov entered) a short man in civilian dress, with an intelligent face and a sharp line of his jaw set forward, which, without spoiling him, gave him a special liveliness and resourcefulness of expression. This short man nodded as if he were his own, Dolgoruky, and began to peer intently with a cold gaze at Prince Andrei, walking straight towards him and apparently waiting for Prince Andrei to bow to him or give way. Prince Andrei did neither one nor the other; anger was expressed in his face, and the young man, turning away, walked along the side of the corridor.
- Who is this? – asked Boris.
- This is one of the most wonderful, but most unpleasant people to me. This is the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince Adam Czartoryski.
“These are the people,” Bolkonsky said with a sigh that he could not suppress as they left the palace, “these are the people who decide the destinies of nations.”
The next day the troops set out on a campaign, and Boris did not have time to visit either Bolkonsky or Dolgorukov until the Battle of Austerlitz and remained for a while in the Izmailovsky regiment.

At dawn on the 16th, Denisov's squadron, in which Nikolai Rostov served, and which was in the detachment of Prince Bagration, moved from an overnight stop into action, as they said, and, having passed about a mile behind the other columns, was stopped on the high road. Rostov saw the Cossacks, the 1st and 2nd squadrons of hussars, infantry battalions with artillery pass by, and generals Bagration and Dolgorukov with their adjutants passed by. All the fear that he, as before, felt before the case; all the internal struggle through which he overcame this fear; all his dreams of how he would distinguish himself in this matter like a hussar were in vain. Their squadron was left in reserve, and Nikolai Rostov spent that day bored and sad. At 9 o'clock in the morning he heard gunfire ahead of him, shouts of hurray, saw the wounded being brought back (there were few of them) and, finally, saw how a whole detachment of French cavalrymen was led through in the middle of hundreds of Cossacks. Obviously, the matter was over, and the matter was obviously small, but happy. Soldiers and officers passing back talked about the brilliant victory, about the occupation of the city of Wischau and the capture of an entire French squadron. The day was clear, sunny, after a strong night frost, and the cheerful shine of the autumn day coincided with the news of the victory, which was conveyed not only by the stories of those who took part in it, but also by the joyful expression on the faces of soldiers, officers, generals and adjutants traveling to and from Rostov . The heart of Nikolai ached all the more painfully, as he had in vain suffered all the fear that preceded the battle, and spent that joyful day in inaction.

Sidney George Reilly was a British intelligence officer, an unsurpassed master of intrigue and bribery, active in the 1910s–1920s of the twentieth century. in Russia and the Middle East. According to some evidence, it is a prototype of James Bond.

Real name Solomon. Other options for translating the surname: Riley, Reilei, Raile (case in the Cheka of Odessa). Pseudonyms: Sidney Georgievich Rellinsky, Konstantin Markovich Massino, Rosenblat, Rosenbaum, Bergman, Konstantinov and many others. etc.

According to the generally accepted version, Reilly was born under the name Georgy Rosenblum on March 24, 1874 in Odessa, where, of course, he spent his childhood, which was confirmed by Robert Bruce Lockhart.

He was the illegitimate son of Polina (Perla) and Dr. Mikhail Abramovich Rosenblum, immigrants from the Grodno province. (Dr. M. Rosenblum lived in Odessa at 24 Marazlievskaya Street, and later in house No. 27 on Alexandrovsky Avenue, where his daughter Elena Rosenblum lived in 1919). The boy was raised in the family of his adoptive father Grigory (Gersh) Rosenblum, a cousin of his real father, and the landlady Sofia Rubinovna Rosenblum (who later, in 1918, rented out her Odessa mansion for the British consulate).

Reilly wrote that in 1882 he was arrested by the Tsarist secret police for participating in the revolutionary student group “Friends of Enlightenment.” After his release, his adoptive father informed Solomon that his mother had died.

In Reilly's file, the OGPU archive stated that he graduated from the 3rd Odessa Gymnasium and at one time studied at Novorossiysk (Odessa) University. Taking the name Sigismund and faking his death, in 1893 Reilly left Odessa and sailed to South America on a British ship. In Brazil, Reilly took the name Pedro. He worked on the docks, in road construction, on plantations, and in 1895 he got a job as a cook on a British intelligence expedition. He saved agent Charles Fothergill during the expedition, who later helped him obtain a British passport and come to Great Britain, where Sigmund Rosenblum became Sydney. According to some evidence in Austria (the dates are not clear), he studied chemistry and medicine, and in 1897 in England he was recruited into British intelligence under the name of his wife, the Irishwoman Margaret Reilly-Callaghan. In one of his autobiographies, he indicated that he graduated from 2 semesters of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Novorossiysk (Odessa) University. In 1897–1898 he worked at the British Embassy in St. Petersburg. In 1898, Reilly acted in the foreign organization of Russian revolutionaries “Society of Friends of Free Russia”, from 1903 he was in Russian Port Arthur under the guise of a timber merchant, there he gained the trust of the command of the Russian troops and obtained a fortification plan, which he sold to the Japanese. In 1905 he visited Odessa, and then, before the First World War, he acted in Russia (from September 1905 to April 1914 - assistant to the British naval attaché), then in Europe. In the directory “All Petersburg” he was listed as an antique dealer and collector. He was interested in aviation and was a member of the St. Petersburg Flight Club. At the end of 1917 he enlisted in the Royal Flying Corps, was later certified with the rank of 2nd lieutenant and, apparently, was not awarded a higher rank.

At the beginning of 1918, he was sent to Red Murmansk and Arkhangelsk as part of the allied mission. Reilly's rapid movements are amazing for the time. In February 1918, he appeared in red Odessa as part of the allied mission of the English Colonel Boyle and began organizing an English intelligence network with introduction into the circles of the red commissars (there are signs that there he became friends with Ya. Blumkin). At the beginning of March 1918, he arrived in Red Petrograd and was seconded to the naval attaché Captain Cromie, then to the head of the English mission, Bruce Lockhart. Made an unsuccessful attempt to recruit the head of the Supreme Military Council of the Republic, former General M.D. Bonch-Bruevich. He followed the Soviet government to red Moscow and conducted intelligence work there. In May 1918, he made his way to the White Don, to Kaledin, from where, allegedly under the guise of a Serbian officer, he allegedly took him across all of Red Russia to Murmansk and put him on the English destroyer A.F. stationed there. Kerensky. Then in Moscow and Petrograd he began to organize conspiracies against the Bolsheviks. In June 1918, he transferred five million rubles to finance the so-called. National and Tactical Centers. In 1918 he coordinated the revolt of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries on July 6 in Moscow. Like many adventurer scouts, Reilly was prone to a “double game.” Thus, having established close contacts with the commander of the Red Latvian Riflemen, who guarded the Kremlin, E. Berzin, he gave him 700 thousand rubles (according to the Kremlin commandant P. Malkov, 1,200 thousand. For comparison: - Lenin’s salary then was 500 rubles a month), and also informed Berzin of the appearances and addresses of the White Guards known to him. All money and appearances were immediately transferred to Sverdlov and Dzerzhinsky. The White Guards were shot, and the money went to build a club for Latvian riflemen and publish propaganda literature. At the same time, Reilly gained the trust of Savinkov and his militants and participated in the “ambassador conspiracy.” During this period in Moscow, Reilly was able to quite easily and freely recruit Soviet employees (including the Secretary of the Central Executive Committee Olga Strizhevskaya) and obtain from them the documents he needed, including a free pass to the Kremlin using a genuine ID card of a Cheka employee in the name of Sidney Relinsky. He also performed under his own name, under the names of the Ugro employee Konstantinov, the Turkish merchant Massino (the surname of one of his wives), and the antique dealer George Bergman. After the murder of the German ambassador Mirbach by the Socialist-Revolutionary Yakov Blumkin, and the assassination attempt on Lenin on August 30, 1918, which the security officers explained as a “conspiracy of ambassadors,” at a trial in absentia in November 1918. in Moscow, Reilly appeared as an accomplice, was declared an outlaw and sentenced to death. When the Lockhart plot was exposed and Cromie was killed, Reilly fled through Petrograd - Kronstadt - Revel to England, where he became Winston Churchill's consultant on Russian issues.

At the beginning of December 1918, Reilly was again in Russia, in white Yekaterinodar, a member of the union mission at the headquarters of the commander-in-chief of the All-Russian Socialist Republic Denikin. At the beginning of 1919 he visited the white Crimea and the Caucasus, from February 3 to April 3, 1919 he was in white Odessa, where on February 9 he checked into the Londonskaya Hotel. Here, in Odessa, driven by vanity, he anonymously published his first autobiography in the White Guard newspaper “Call” No. 3 of March 3, describing his merits in the fight against Bolshevism. Through the same newspaper (No. 8 of March 20), he surrenders to white counterintelligence three security officers - Grokhotov from Murmansk, Petikov from Arkhangelsk and Georges de Lafar from Moscow - whom he met in Soviet Russia. On April 3, 1919, he was evacuated with the French from Odessa to Constantinople, where he worked briefly in the British commissariat.

Reilly is in close relations with representatives of the Russian emigration, lobbies in the English government for funding of the White emigrant Trade and Industrial Committee (Yaroshinsky, Bark, etc.), became close friends with Savinkov, and with his help in the fall of 1920 he personally participated in hostilities on the territory of Belarus as part of Bulak-Bulakhovich's army, which was soon defeated by the Red Army. In 1922, with the help of Savinkov and Elvergren, he organized an assassination attempt on the heads of the Soviet delegation at the Genoa Conference with money from Torgprom, which failed.

Reilly received a letter from his friend and ally George Hill (adviser to Leon Trotsky and OGPU employee) with an invitation to meet with the leaders of the anti-Soviet underground right in Moscow. Willingly agreeing, Reilly, before crossing the border of the USSR, wrote a letter to his wife so that if he disappeared, she would not do anything to find him. Soviet newspapers officially reported that near the Finnish village of Allekul on September 29, 1925, two smugglers were killed while crossing the border, and Reilly's wife was informed that he had died. But in fact, he was arrested in Moscow and taken to Lubyanka, where he frankly admitted to his old acquaintances Yagoda and Messing that he was engaged in subversive activities against the USSR, and betrayed the entire British intelligence system and what he knew about the American one. It is known that the last shot in the chest of the “king of espionage of the twentieth century” was fired by the young security officer Georgy Syroezhkin on November 5, 1925. An official document was drawn up in the OGPU that S. J. Reilly was shot by department officers while trying to escape on the road to Bogorodsk.

At many stages of his intelligence activities, visiting the United States and other countries, Reilly was simultaneously engaged in business with varying degrees of success - large-scale speculation in timber, chemicals and pharmaceuticals and even their production. He collected various relics associated with the era and personality of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Leonid Averbukh, doctor, journalist

Biography

According to the generally accepted version, Reilly was born under the name Georgy Rosenblum in Odessa on March 24, 1874. There is another version (according to the book “The Age of Espionage”) that Reilly was born on March 24, 1873 under the name Shlomo (Solomon) Rosenblum in the Kherson province. He was the illegitimate son of Polina (Perla) and Dr. Mikhail Abramovich Rosenblum. He was brought up in the family of his adoptive(?) father Grigory (Gersh) Rosenblum and landlady Sofia Rubinovna Rosenblum (later, in 1918, who rented out her Odessa mansion for the British consulate), a cousin of his real father.

Childhood and youth

Reilly wrote that in 1892 he was arrested by the Tsarist secret police for his participation in the revolutionary student group “Friends of Enlightenment.” After his release, his adoptive father informed Solomon that his mother had died and his biological father was doctor Mikhail Rosenblum. Taking the name Sigismund, Reilly sailed to South America on a British ship. In Brazil, Reilly took the name Pedro. He worked on the docks, in road construction, on plantations, and in 1895 he got a job as a cook on a British intelligence expedition. He saved agent Charles Fothergill during the expedition, who later helped him obtain a British passport and come to Great Britain, where Sigmund Rosenblum became Sydney.

Rosenblum studied chemistry and medicine in Austria, and in 1897 in England he was recruited into British intelligence under the name of his Irish wife Margaret Reilly-Callaghan.

Working for British Intelligence

In 1897-1898 he worked at the English embassy in St. Petersburg. In 1898, Lieutenant Reilly acted in the foreign organization of Russian revolutionaries “Society of Friends of Free Russia”, from 1903 he was in Russian Port Arthur under the guise of a timber merchant, there he gained the trust of the command of the Russian troops and obtained a fortification plan, which he sold to the Japanese.

In 1905-1914, before the First World War, he acted in Russia (from September 1905 to April 1914, assistant naval attaché of Great Britain), then in Europe. In the directory “All Petersburg” he was listed as “antique dealer, collector.” He was interested in aviation and was a member of the St. Petersburg Flight Club.

At the beginning of 1918, he was sent to Red Murman and Arkhangelsk as part of the allied mission. In February 1918, he appeared in red Odessa as part of the allied mission of the English Colonel Boyle and began organizing an English intelligence network with introduction into the circles of the red commissars (there are signs that there he became friends with Ya. Blumkin). At the beginning of March 1918 he arrived in Petrograd and was seconded to the naval attaché Captain Cromie, then to the head of the English mission, Bruce Lockhart. He unsuccessfully recruited the head of the Supreme Military Council of the Republic, General M.D. Bonch-Bruevich. He followed the Soviet government to Moscow and conducted intelligence work there.

In May 1918, he made a voyage to the White Don, to Kaledin, and under the guise of a Serbian officer, he took Alexander Kerensky across Russia to Murmansk and put him on the English destroyer. Then in Moscow and Petrograd he began to organize conspiracies against the Bolsheviks. In June 1918, he donated five million rubles to finance the National and Tactical Centers. He coordinated the revolt of the Left Social Revolutionaries on July 6, 1918 in Moscow.

He established close contacts with the red commander of the Latvian riflemen who guarded the Kremlin, E. Berzin, to whom he transferred 700 thousand rubles (according to the Kremlin commandant P. Malkov, officially - 1,200,000; for comparison: Lenin’s salary then was 500 rubles a month), and also informed Berzin of the appearances and addresses of the White Guards known to him. All money and appearances were immediately transferred to Sverdlov and Dzerzhinsky. The White Guards were shot, and the money went to build a club for Latvian riflemen and publish propaganda literature. Reilly also gained the trust of Savinkov and his militants and participated in the ambassadors' conspiracy.

In Moscow, Reilly easily and freely recruited Soviet employees (including the Central Executive Committee secretary Olga Strizhevskaya) and received from them the documents he needed, including a free pass to the Kremlin using a genuine ID card of a Cheka employee in the name of Sidney Relinsky. He also performed under his own name, under the names of the Ugro employee Konstantinov, the Turkish merchant Massino, and the antique dealer Georgy Bergman.

Many of Reilly's affairs failed: the attempt to assassinate Lenin failed due to the cancellation of the meeting where he wanted to speak, the uprising of the left Socialist Revolutionaries failed, Lockhart's task to organize a rebellion in the Petrograd garrison also failed.

The Socialist-Revolutionary Yakov Blumkin succeeded in the murder of the German ambassador Mirbach, and the assassination attempt on Lenin on August 30, 1918, which the security officers explained as a “conspiracy of ambassadors.” At a trial in absentia in November 1918 in Moscow, Reilly was sentenced to death and declared an outlaw.

After the revelation of the Lockhart conspiracy and the murder of Cromie, Reilly fled through Petrograd - Kronstadt - Revel to England, where he became a consultant to Winston Churchill on Russian issues and led the organization of the fight against Soviet power. He wrote that the Bolsheviks were “a cancer affecting the foundations of civilization,” “the arch-enemies of the human race,” “the forces of the Antichrist.” “At any cost, this abomination that originated in Russia must be destroyed... There is only one enemy. Humanity must unite against this midnight horror."

At the beginning of December 1918, Reilly was again in Russia, in white Yekaterinodar, a member of the union mission at the headquarters of the commander-in-chief of the All-Russian Socialist Republic Denikin. At the beginning of 1919 he visited the Crimea and the Caucasus, from February 13 to April 3, 1919 he was in Odessa as an emissary.

In his native Odessa, he anonymously published his first autobiography describing his merits in the fight against Bolshevism in the White Guard newspaper “Prazyv” No. 3 of March 3. Through the same newspaper (No. 8 of March 20), he surrenders to white counterintelligence three security officers whom he met in Soviet Russia: Grokhotov from Murmansk, Petikov from Arkhangelsk and Georges de Lafar from Moscow.

On April 3, 1919, he was evacuated with the French from Odessa to Constantinople, where he worked briefly in the British commissariat. In May 1919, he arrived in London with a report to the government and participated in the Paris Peace Conference.

Reilly entered into close relations with representatives of the Russian emigration, lobbied the English government for funding of the White emigrant Trade and Industrial Committee (Yaroshinsky, Bark, etc.), became close friends with Savinkov and, with his help, in the fall of 1920 personally participated in the actions of the Bulak army on the territory of Belarus. Balakhovich, which was soon defeated by the Red Army. In 1922, with the help of Savinkov and Y. Elfergren, he organized an assassination attempt on the heads of the Soviet delegation to the Genoa Conference with money from Torgprom, which also failed. He was involved in organizing an anti-Soviet provocation with the “Zinoviev letter”.

The KGB arrested Savinkov, luring him to Minsk to meet with members of the “Moscow anti-Soviet organization” (Reilly maintained Savinkov’s confidence in the authenticity of the organization, although in reality it was nothing more than a KGB trap). After this, Sidney Reilly received a letter from his friend and ally George Hill (adviser to Leon Trotsky and OGPU employee) with an invitation to meet with the leaders of the anti-Soviet underground right in Moscow. Willingly agreeing, Reilly, before crossing the border of the USSR, wrote a letter to his wife so that if he disappeared, she would not do anything to find him, and was arrested by security officers in Moscow in August 1925.

Soviet newspapers officially reported that near the Finnish village of Allekul on September 28, 1925, two smugglers were killed while crossing the border, and his wife was informed that he had died. But in fact, he was taken to the internal prison of the OGPU on Lubyanka, where he frankly admitted to his old acquaintances Yagoda and Messing that he was engaged in subversive activities against the USSR, and betrayed the entire British intelligence system and what he knew about the American one.

The OGPU drew up an official document that he was shot on the way to Sokolniki.

Film incarnations

Reilly became a very popular figure in the film industry both in the West (super agent and prototype of James Bond) and in the USSR (as one of the main characters in the “ambassador conspiracy” and the subsequent anti-Soviet struggle of the white emigration).

Notes

Incarnations in cinema

• Vladimir Soshalsky (Conspiracy of Ambassadors, 1965)
• Vsevolod Yakut (Operation "Trust", 1967)
• Alexander Shirvindt (The Collapse, 1968)
• Vladimir Tatosov (The Collapse of Operation Terror, 1980)
• Sergei Yursky (“December 20”, 1981, “Shores in the Fog”, 1985)
• Hariy Liepins (“Syndicate-2”, 1981)
• Sam Neill (“Reilly: King of Spies” “Reilly: Ace of Spies” (England, 1983)