For the most part, an epic work of a magical, everyday or adventurous nature. Like all folk art, fairy tales of different peoples are original and have a pronounced national coloring, however, most popular fairy tales are repeated among many peoples of the world. Moreover, magical objects from fairy tales are also transformed according to the mentality of the storyteller.

Two main plot groups

In the fairy tale cycle, in terms of plot construction, two most common stories stand out: the story of the extraction of a magical object (“Rejuvenating Apples”, “Firebird”) and the tales of the receipt of a fairytale object and its subsequent use (“Magic Ring”, “Two from the Bag” ). Fairy tales of the first category are similar to myths about heroes: a character goes in search of a magical wonder, undergoes various tests, takes out (sometimes steals) the desired object and returns home victorious. In the second category, the plot is somewhat inverted, that is, at the very beginning of the story, the main character receives fabulous magical objects as a reward (from a rescued animal, a fairy-tale creature, etc.), but after this loot is stolen from him by the antagonist, and the character is simply obliged to do everything possible ways to get her back.

Russian four

The 21st century has given humanity a variety of ingenious gadgets and other benefits of civilization, but magical stories were originally rich in an equally assortment of life-saving and life-saving devices. Russian folk tales especially demonstrate the resourcefulness and ingenuity of their authors. they are original and very useful:

1.Universal navigator - tangle. In most stories, this object is better oriented than a compass in the cardinal directions and never strays from a given route. You can get it by passing some tests from a character wise with life experience (like Baba Yaga).

2. Miracle feather. Fairy tales, where there are magical objects, also tell about many outlandish mythical animals and birds that are always ready to come to the rescue of the main character. Traditionally, they give the central character their feather, which must either be burned, and then the bird will appear, or waved, and then whatever the heart desires will appear (“Finist is a clear falcon”).

3. Self-assembled tablecloth - the cherished dream of every second one functions on the “all inclusive” principle. Luxurious dishes and drinks appear before the thirsty person, as soon as he spreads it out. When listing magical objects from fairy tales, it is impossible not to mention this more than attractive gadget.

4. Gusli-samogudas. This object works completely autonomously - they play, sing and even dance themselves. While they are playing, it is impossible to sit still - your legs are trying to dance. In another interpretation, the hero could pull a certain string - and the endless sea would immediately overflow; for another, warships sail across the sea surface, and for a third, ships open fire on the enemy.

And three more

1. Magic mirror. It works as if in modern on-line mode. With its help, you can find out what is currently happening in neighboring kingdoms-states. Its variation, considering magical objects from fairy tales, can be called a saucer with a poured apple. Which began its broadcast the instant the apple itself began to move along the edge.

2. Towel or magic comb. In order to safely escape pursuit after completing the quest, the main character had the above-mentioned wonders. Each of them rushed behind the fugitives, and immediately an insurmountable obstacle arose in the path of the pursuers. You could get a comb from the same Baba Yaga or pull it out of the ear of a fairy-tale horse. Magical objects from fairy tales can be so mysterious in origin. The list will continue with a curiosity that allows you to move to any distance.

3. Walking boots. In some, the variation is “seven-mile”. The owner of this thing could move great distances with ease and at the speed of light. They may well be the envy of the most modern means of transportation.

Wonderful Helpers

The wonders listed above are not an exhaustive answer to the question of what magical objects are. The fairy-tale world gives you an encounter with many amazing things. Among them:

1. Magic carpet. The use of this device is found not only in Russian fairy tales, it is popular among heroes of tales all over the world. Traditionally, it helps heroes move impressive distances through the air.

2. Invisibility hat. A unique object that hides the owner from prying eyes, making him invisible.

3. Flint. This item will be remembered by most from the fairy tale of the same name by the great Andersen, because with its help the hero summoned three huge dogs, and they carried out his instructions. But it is also quite often found in Slavic fairy tales, but in this case, having used the thing for its intended purpose, they call a horse or twelve fellows.

How many fairy tales - so many wonders

When remembering magical objects from fairy tales, you should also not forget: a treasure sword (aka a self-cutting sword), Baba Yaga’s mortar, a magic needle, a flying ship, an inexorable magic club, juicy rejuvenating apples, a bag, living and dead water, a Russian oven, a wonderful ring (or ring).

Overseas magical gadgets

Not every fairy tale with a magic object (the name in most cases speaks for itself) is exclusively folk. Many world-famous storytellers gladly introduced useful wonders into the story. Among the most famous:

• Sh. Perot - “Cinderella” - the fairy’s magic wand.
• V. Gauf - “Little Muk” - walking shoes, a staff with which you can find out about treasures underground, a snuffbox with magic powder.
• G. Anderson - “Flint” - a magic flint, in others - an airplane chest and galoshes of happiness; from the fairy tale “Ole Lukoje” - a magic umbrella and a fairy sprinkler that brings all objects to life.
• Brothers Grimm - “Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs” - a magic mirror that showed the truth, and an amazing pot of porridge from the fairy tale of the same name.
• Alexander Volkov - “The Wizard of the Emerald City” (based on the book by the American children’s writer F. Baum “The Wise Man from Oz”) - Queen Ramona’s magic whistle and glasses made of emerald glass.
• - “Nils's Wonderful Journey with the Wild Geese” - a magical pipe made by Nils.

The wolf is also one of the magical helpers - when he is on the side of the hero, he helps him get the firebird, the magic horse, and the beautiful princess. However, in this case it almost always turns out that this is not a real wolf, but a werewolf, a wolf-dog, bewitched by an evil sorcerer and acquired a human form after helping the hero of the legends.
There is a special conversation about magic horses. The one that stands out the most is Sivka-Burka. Its color is not accidental: the heroes of epics also always have a horse “Burko-Burochko, shaggy, three-year-old.” This is also like a werewolf, half-horse, half-man: he understands the speech of people and the actions of higher powers, acts as an instrument of the hero’s fate, changing his appearance, helping him become a hero, handsome and accomplish great deeds. He himself speaks human language and always acts on the side of the forces of good. Sivka-Burka has magical powers. “Sivko is running, only the earth is trembling, flames are burning from his eyes, and a column of smoke is coming out of his nostrils.” Ivan the Fool got into one place - got drunk and ate, got out another - got dressed, he became such a fine fellow that even his brothers wouldn’t recognize him!” - we read in a fairy tale.
With its wonderful properties it resembles Sivka and the Little Humpbacked Horse, but in appearance they are sharply different. The hunchback is much smaller than the heroic horses, inconspicuous, hunchbacked, with long ears. But it is distinguished by extraordinary devotion to its owner.
In P. Ershov’s “The Little Humpbacked Horse,” a wonderful mare says to the hero:
...And I’ll also give birth to a horse
Only three inches tall,
On the back with two humps
Yes, with really long ears...
On the ground and underground
He will be your comrade.
In general, depending on the situation, not only the bear, eagle, pike, hare, Nogai-bird, raven and almost all animals and birds come to the aid of the hero, but also those creatures that were previously his enemies. This is, first of all, Baba Yaga, who is either ready to steam the “Russian spirit” in a bathhouse to death or fry it in an oven, or feeds and drinks him and receives him as a dear guest, helps him with advice and even teaches him how to defeat the Serpent or Koshchei. And the wonderful doll helps the poor girl and gives advice on how to escape from trouble.
Magic objects, such as a ring, help the hero or heroine: as soon as you turn it on your finger, it fulfills a variety of wishes or transports you across great distances.
With two hits, the clumsy ax builds a magical ship that floats underwater, walks on water and land, and even flies in the skies. A ball of thread will point the way through the dense forest straight to your goal.
The fiery shirt gives its owner extraordinary power. Snakes or birds, personifications of storms and thunderstorms, help to find it, and only by wearing it can the hero wield a treasure sword.
Neither fire nor water can stop the self-propelled boots; the hero makes seven miles in one step. That's why they are sometimes called seven-mile ones. These boots are like the wind or a fast-flying cloud, on which the gods once flew.
At the first word, the self-assembled tablecloth unfolds and provides the hero with all kinds of food and drink. This ancient image personifies a spring cloud carrying rain - heavenly honey or wine, giving fertility to the earth and food and wealth to people. The tablecloth resembles a thunder millstone that grinds happiness and wealth, and is also similar to the cornucopia known to us from ancient mythology. From this horn, by the will of the Olympian gods, all sorts of good deeds were scattered on mortals. Wonderful millstones taken from heaven have a similar property, as well as a wonderful table - it sets itself.
We already know about the bag from which the helpers come. In another bag, any outfits are stored - in countless quantities.
There is no price for a magic carpet that will carry you over incredible distances.
Samogud gusli play and sing at their own will or the will of their master, and are capable of cheering anyone up and making them dance until they drop. This is a metaphor for the heavenly winds, which brought both beneficial rains and sunshine, as well as storms and droughts. A certain magic whistle has a similar property. The zhaleika (pipe), carved from willow or reeds that grew on the grave of the murdered person, denounces the villain with its singing. All the animals and birds gather at the sound of the silver trumpet.
The silver cane causes birds to sing, lions to roar; As soon as you poke it into the ground, wonderful servants will appear.
A pouring apple (or golden egg) rolls on a silver (golden) saucer and reveals unknown countries to the eyes. The magic mirror also has the same properties, thanks to which nothing in the world remains hidden from the hero.
Rejuvenating apples make old ones young, restore health and beauty to the sick, but others, also magical, cause deformity or even death. Red and black berries make a person a freak: he grows horns and fur; the whites turn him handsome.
The egg contains three kingdoms, and sometimes Koshcheev’s death lurks in it.
The invisibility hat is also familiar to us from childhood. With its help, you can be invisible anywhere and do anything, both for good and for harm.
If you throw a magic comb behind your back, an impenetrable forest will appear out of nowhere, which will delay your pursuers and help the hero escape.
The miracle pea sprouts a sprout that rises to the sky. You can climb along it to other worlds.
The wishes of the hero or heroine are fulfilled by a goldfish, trees, a wonderful cow (is this not a trace of the kinship of the Russians with the ancient Aryans, whose descendants, the Indians, still consider the cow a sacred animal?).
In fairy tales you can also find a needle that embroiders itself, a spinning wheel that spins itself. We should not forget that at the end of one such needle lurked the death of Koshchei the Immortal himself.
The gold, silver and copper rings (rings) contain three kingdoms: copper, silver and gold. The ring with twelve screws is also known: if you unscrew the screws, then 12 thousand people will appear who will fulfill everything that the hero wishes. A ring - twelve staveshki (inserted pebbles) - has similar properties.
The feather staff makes wonderful servants.
During the chase, a scarf or towel (fly, hood, khustochka, uviralnik) turns into a river, sea, lake or bridge, helping the heroes escape. Blood drips down the towel when the hero is in danger. A handkerchief given during separation soothes longing for love.
He who puts on a wonderful shirt will become a hero.
Having rubbed his eyes with healing herbs, the hero regains his sight, doused with its decoction - he becomes invulnerable.
Judging by the variety of magical helpers, our ancestor could have had special power over nature and objects. Attempts to maintain this power are now captured only in conspiracies.

In all the fairy tales of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, magic stands on the side of good or plays a neutral role.

1. Goldfish

With gratitude, she fulfilled all the wishes of the old man, or rather his wife.

2. Golden Cockerel

He warned the sovereign about the approach of enemies, thereby helping to protect the state from raids. In the end, he took revenge for the death of his master, the astrologer, by pecking King Dadon on the crown of his head.

3. Magic mirror

The talking mirror, which provides the necessary information, plays a neutral role in the fairy tale. However, it was always honest with its owner, and did not try to flatter her.

4. Dog Sokolko

The dog felt the evil emanating from the old woman and in every possible way warned the young princess about the danger.

5. Sun, month and wind

Prince Elisha addressed all these natural phenomena. They helped him find the princess.

6. Wave

In “The Tale of Tsar Saltan,” the sea waves carried a barrel with the queen and her son to the shore.

7. The Swan Princess

The beautiful sorceress gave Prince Guidon the city in gratitude for saving him from the kite.

And then she gave him miracles (a squirrel, protection from sea knights), turned the prince into an insect so that he could meet his father. And in the end she turned into a beauty and became the prince’s wife.

8. Squirrel

The magical squirrel, which gnaws golden nuts with emerald kernels, made Prince Guidon and all the inhabitants rich.

9. Uncle Chernomor and 33 heroes

The sea knights became reliable guards for the Principality of Guidon.

Such magical helpers are present in the fairy tales of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

In fairy tales of many peoples of the world there is such a category of characters - magical helpers. Entire studies are devoted to them. Those who are interested in this topic can read, for example, the book by V. Ya. Propp “Historical Roots of a Fairy Tale.” But even without reading scientific literature, in general, it is clear what we are talking about - after all, we were all told fairy tales in childhood.

A fairy-tale hero: Emelya, Ivan the Fool or someone else - receives the task: “Go there, I don’t know where, bring something, I don’t know what.” Or: “Get the ring from the day of the sea-ocean.” This task is beyond the hero's strength. And he would never have completed it if not for his magical assistant(s).

Helpers can be a horse, an eagle, a wolf, inhabitants of the water element (pike, goldfish, whale fish)... Thanks to their magical power, the hero is transported to another kingdom, steals rejuvenating apples, beats a snake, escapes from pursuit, and takes out a ring from the depths of the sea, solves tricky riddles, etc.

The hero is sometimes assisted by anthropomorphic creatures: Frost the Treskun, who promptly cools the bathhouse, in which it was so hot that the hero had no chance of getting out of it alive... Vertogor, playfully erecting a mountain in front of his pursuers in order to help the hero break away from the chase... Two from a casket, capable, like the Genie from Aladdin’s Magic Lamp, of fulfilling virtually any wish of the hero...

A characteristic feature of fairy tales in which magical assistants appear is that the hero does not get such an assistant by chance. Most often, he pays the hero good for good. For example, the eagle helps the hero because he showed generosity to him in the past and refused to shoot a deadly arrow at him.

But such fairy tales also have another characteristic feature: the role of the hero in them is predominantly passive. Well, it’s not he who builds a palace or a flying ship overnight! A magical assistant does this for him. However, the laurels - the king's daughter and half a kingdom into the bargain - go to the hero.

When I return time after time to the question that V.V. Kozhinov, a young employee of the Institute of World Literature (IMLI), who gained fame as “retrieving Bakhtin from oblivion,” was in fact not up to such a task, I always mean the presence of such “magical helpers”. Which, due to certain circumstances, Kozhinov does not want to talk about publicly.

In the last article, I promised the reader to consider the testimony of literary critic D. M. Urnov. At one time, Urnov, like Kozhinov, worked at IMLI and observed the process of “extracting Bakhtin from oblivion” from a fairly close distance. So this topic is familiar to him firsthand. In 2006, Urnov published an article “Vadim and Bakhtin” in the magazine “Our Contemporary” (No. 2). We will turn to it now.

By the time this article was published, Vadim Kozhinov was no longer alive - he died in 2001. But many other witnesses and participants in the events were still alive. And none of them accused Urnov of distorting the facts. Therefore, we have reason to regard the information voiced by Urnov as reliable.

Urnov begins his article by naming a name never uttered by Kozhinov: "Worldwide fame[Bakhtin] was created through the efforts of my same-korytniks, a little older than me. These are Vadim (Kozhinov), Sergei (Bocharov) and Genka (Gachev). First of all - Vadim... Everything happened before our eyes. Using the authority of his father-in-law, V.V. Ermilov, like a battering ram, Vadim broke through the wall of bureaucratic obstacles, crowded out the ambitions of influential people... And Vladimir Vladimirovich listened to him for the sake of his daughter, and at the same time patronized us... Under pressure from Vadim, Ermilov began to refer to Bakhtin in print, and he did it skillfully, demonstratively, adding: “as you know, even Bakhtin...”.

So, a young and romantically inclined group of IMLI employees who undertook to “bring Bakhtin out of oblivion,” as it turns out, had a “magic assistant” - Kozhinov’s father-in-law V.V. Ermilov. But who is this Ermilov? Urnov characterizes him very impartially: “a ferocious literary executor”, “an active participant in the literary and political carnage of the 20s and 30s, who in our time was no longer called anything other than an “unprincipled dog...”.

There is every reason to trust Urnov's assessment. But I would like to make one clarification. Ermilov is not an ordinary participant in a certain literary and political massacre. He is an all-powerful critic and literary critic in the Stalin era, who occupied key positions in the literary community in the 1920-1940s: he was the secretary of RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers) and the Union of Writers of the USSR, in addition, from 1926 to 1950 he was successively the editor-in-chief magazines “Young Guard”, “Krasnaya Nov” and “Literary Gazette”. And Ermilov “became famous”, in particular, for his active participation in the RAPP campaign against Mayakovsky. After Ermilov opened a stream of scathing criticism against Mayakovsky, declaring that the figure of the main character of his new play “Bathhouse,” the bureaucrat Pobedonosikov, was “unbearably false,” the poet placed the following slogan in the auditorium where “Bathhouse” was being performed:

"Straightaway
@* @* @* do not evaporate
@* @* @* @* @* @* @* @*a swarm of bureaucrats.
Will not be enough
@* @* @* @*no ban
@* @* @* @* @* @* and no soap for you.
And also
@* @* @*bureaucrats
@* @* @* @* @* @* @* pen helps
critics
@* @* @* @* like Ermilov..."

Under pressure from RAPP, Mayakovsky was forced to remove this slogan, which he regretted in his suicide letter: “Tell Yermilov that it’s a pity - he removed the slogan, we should have a fight”.

The list of writers and poets whose fate was, to put it mildly, complicated thanks to Ermilov, is wide. Among the most famous names one can name Andrei Platonov...

Having said all this, I think it is possible to return to the question of why Urnov’s revelations are so significant for us. And they are significant for us because Urnov is a full-fledged member of the narrow community that has developed within the Sector of Literary Theory of IMLI. The facts he reports are reliable. Was Kozhinov married to Ermilov’s daughter? Was. Did Ermilov participate in the promotion of Bakhtin? Participated. Both are easy to check.

The narrow “circle of Bakhtin’s friends” within the Literary Theory Sector was always in the field of view of other workers in this sector who were not part of this circle. But these workers - M. S. Kurginyan, L. F. Kiseleva - left no memories. Or, more precisely, they left such memories that are difficult to refer to. M. S. Kurginyan told her son, S. E. Kurginyan, in detail about what was happening. But this is from the sphere of oral memories. L.F. Kiseleva wrote a whole novel on this subject. But, firstly, it has not been published (I had the opportunity to familiarize myself with this novel because it was handed over to the family of S. E. Kurginyan for safekeeping; however, you can refer to this novel only by publishing it). And, secondly, since we are talking about a novel, we can always say that the author of the novel uses certain exaggerations, allegories, and so on. In such a situation, the opportunity to refer to Urnov, who was part of this very “circle of Bakhtin’s friends,” is worth a lot.

There is another reason why Urnov’s revelations are especially valuable to us. In a series of articles “Crisis and Others”, published in the newspaper “Zavtra” in 2009, S. Kurginyan discussed in some detail the line of S. Kara-Murza - V. Kozhinov - M. Bakhtin - A. Baigushev. But the link called “Baygushev” is partly dubious. That is, in fact, Baigushev gives valuable and truthful information. But as soon as you start referring to it, everyone who wants to hide their ends in the water raises a cry: “We found someone to listen to - Baigushev!”

But Urnov is not Baigushev. And no outcries about the fact that they want to construct Bakhtin’s history on the basis of the testimony of a person a) who was not in direct close communication with Bakhtin and b) who became famous for dubious revelations about the “Russian Order in the CPSU” do not work here. Urnov was a member of Bakhtin’s narrow “circle of friends” within the Literary Theory Sector of the IMLI. He was not offended by any eccentric thoughts about the “Russian Orders”. So, you are welcome!

The first thing that follows from Urnov’s revelations is the presence of “magical helpers.” And the presence of such assistants, you see, changes things dramatically! So far, we have considered one such “assistant” - Ermilov. But this already allows us to make adjustments to the popular romantic version of the miraculous “recovery of Bakhtin from oblivion” and the no less miraculous “rescue of Bakhtin from Saransk.”

It is understandable why Kozhinov did not want to talk about it. After all, if you start to spread, what will remain of the myth according to which young people, romantic and idealistic, dared to carry out at their own peril and risk a humane action to restore the rights of Bakhtin, a talented person undeservedly erased by the System? “Here you go!” - they will tell you. “Is this action so humane and romantic, spontaneous, and idealistic, since it is carried out under the patronage of a “fierce literary executor,” an “unprincipled dog”?” Agree - if Kozhinov had started mentioning that such a “magic assistant” assisted him in promoting Bakhtin, this whole story would instantly lose its romantic flair.

But if you don’t know anything about Ermilov, a completely different picture emerges: a thaw... the spirit of freedom is in the air... the totalitarian system is creakingly giving way to the pressure of fresh young forces, through whose efforts the books of unjustly offended talents are returning to the mass reader... After all, this is exactly the picture that was created back in the 1960s and the masters of information-psychological warfare intensively imposed on us during the years of perestroika!

But what actually happened? In fact, the promotion of Bakhtin was carried out by a once powerful (and fully retained influence and connections in the Khrushchev era) element of the Stalinist system named Ermilov... In addition, certain groups in the USSR and Italy were involved in the promotion of Bakhtin (Feltrinelli and Strada belonged to the Italian group) , who had previously participated in the anti-Khrushchev game called “Publication of the novel “Doctor Zhivago” abroad and the subsequent persecution of Pasternak.”

What was the result of this game? The actual nullification of Khrushchev’s international authority, which he had gained by exposing the “cult of personality.” So what was this game? The answer of the fragments of the “old” Stalinist system to the Khrushchevite reformers? Or are we not talking about a group of “reactionary-Stalinists”, but about some more complex formation into which some of the “reactionary-Stalinists” were included?

Returning to Urnov’s statement that Ermilov “for the sake of my daughter I obeyed him[Kozhinova], and at the same time he patronized us too"... Well, what can you say to this? Urnov's lyrical addresses to the motives by virtue of which the highly experienced Ermilov began to patronize Bakhtin do not stand up to criticism.

First of all, they are unreliable from a psychological point of view. Urnov sharply exaggerates Ermilov’s readiness to act on the political field, guided by his father’s love. Yermilov is not King Lear. His daughter, to put it mildly, is by no means Cordelia. The daughter did not put any special pressure on her father (“Dad, my husband is dying according to Bakhtin, and I am dying according to my husband - do something!”). Partly for the reason that her ability to put pressure on dad was very limited. And even if she began to use them, it would not be for the sake of fulfilling her passions for Bakhtin (which she did not have). And for the sake of fulfilling some other passions, of a much more material nature.

Urnov's psychological inaccuracy is complemented by his own social inaccuracy. The Soviet era was not conducive to such filial manipulations. There were still the same daughters, and so were the fathers. At the same time, the daughters understood perfectly well that if dad made one wrong step, he would lose the feeder and everything else - that’s the minimum.

But if we discard the version of “immeasurable fatherly love,” then what remains?

Kozhinov could have convinced Yermilov that Bakhtin’s support was beneficial for such and such reasons. Ermilov could comprehend Kozhinov’s arguments. And discard them - or take note. He could take them into account only after realizing that it was really beneficial for him to support Bakhtin. This is one of the possible options.

What is the other? The fact is that it was not Kozhinov who convinced Ermilov of the need to promote Bakhtin, but Ermilov directed Kozhinov on the right path, guided by the same considerations of the benefits that could be derived from promoting Bakhtin. Or even not just considerations, but directives. Ermilov, after all, spent his whole life focusing on directives - explicit and implicit. Once again: Yermilov could not have had any other motives - the way he was, the way the System raised him.

In addition, Ermilov, even having realized the benefits of the Bakhtin project for him, would never have acted alone. Well, he didn't act alone! But more on this in the next article, where I will continue to analyze Urnov’s revelations, which are extremely important for us.

MAGICAL ASSISTANTS IN FAIRY TALES Natasha Zaugarova Mustamäe Real Gymnasium, 5th grade The benefits of fairy tales for children    All children love fairy tales, especially fairy tales. Miracles and a fascinating plot occupy a child’s imagination, distracting him from running around and noisy games and making him hold his breath in anticipation of magic. But does a fairy tale serve only an entertaining role? Scientists have long proven that fairy tales also have an educational function. It is not for nothing that folk wisdom is passed down through fairy tales from generation to generation. A fairy tale is a small model of the universe. For a child who still knows so little about the world around him and is afraid of it, the easiest way to get to know it is by delving into an exciting fairy tale plot. Is the fairy tale as simple as it seems? In just a few pages, she reveals to us the wonderful world of real and fictional countries, good and evil heroes, strange talking animals and birds. And miracle is a natural element not only for a fairy tale, but also for a child. He believes in it unconditionally, which means he also believes in the fairy tale. The main characters of fairy tales     In a fairy tale, a different, mysterious world appears before the listener. It features extraordinary fantastic heroes, good and truth defeat darkness, evil and lies. The hero of a fairy tale is courageous, fearless. He overcomes all obstacles in his path, wins victories, and wins his happiness. And if at the beginning of the fairy tale he can act like Ivan the Fool - a hero outwardly unattractive, offended, despised by his brothers, but having great moral merits, savvy, cunning, crafty, fearless, affectionate and kind, and at the end of the fairy tale he certainly turns into a handsome and well done Ivan Tsarevich. The images of female heroines of fairy tales in the popular imagination are unusually beautiful. They say about them: “Neither to tell in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen.” They are wise, possess witchcraft powers, have remarkable intelligence and resourcefulness (Elena the Beautiful, Vasilisa the Wise, Marya Morevna). The opponents of the positive heroes are dark forces, terrible monsters (Kashchei the Immortal, Baba Yaga, Dashing One-Eyed, Serpent Gorynych). They are cruel, treacherous and greedy. This is how the people’s idea of ​​violence and evil is expressed. Their appearance sets off the image of a positive hero and his feat. Storytellers spared no expense in color to emphasize the struggle between the light and dark principles. Fairy-tale helpers (1)       It often happens that the hero of legends, legends and fairy tales cannot himself complete the task entrusted to him (to save the princess, get a treasure, free the country from the Serpent Gorynych, etc. ), and certain magical forces come to his aid, taking the form of either mysterious, strange people or objects, that is, next to the main characters in a fairy tale there are always wonderful helpers - other fairy-tale characters: In the fairy tales “The Little Humpbacked Horse”, “The Magic Ring” ”, “Ivan Tsarevich, the gray wolf and Elena the Beautiful”, “Ivan Tsarevich and the hero Sineglazka”, “At the command of the pike”, “Firebird”, “Rejuvenating apples”, “Seven Simeons”, “Twelve fellows from a snuffbox ”, “Horse, bag and club”, “Rooster and millstones”, etc. The role of wonderful helpers are: outlandish blacksmiths who forged warriors ready for battle. In general, depending on the situation, not only a bear, an eagle, a pike come to the aid of the hero , the hare, the Nogaybird, and almost all the animals and birds. Three from the casket - identical in appearance - also appeared at the first call, ready to carry out any order of the hero. The wolf is also one of the magical helpers; when he is on the hero’s side, he helps him get the firebird, the magic horse, and the beautiful princess. Fairytale helpers (2)    There is a special conversation about magic horses. Sivka-Burka stands out most of all. He himself speaks human language and always acts on the side of the forces of good. Sivka-Burka has magical powers. “Sivko is running, only the earth is trembling, flames are blazing from his eyes, and smoke is pouring out of his nostrils. Ivan the Fool climbed into one place - got drunk and ate, got out into another - got dressed, he became such a fine fellow that even his brothers would not recognize him!” we read in a fairy tale. With its wonderful properties it resembles Sivka and the Little Humpbacked Horse, but in appearance they are sharply different. The hunchback is much smaller than the heroic horses, inconspicuous, hunchbacked, with long ears. But he is distinguished by extraordinary devotion to the owner. Among the hero’s assistants there are also extraordinary giants. The eater devours twelve bulls at once, throws cartloads of bread into his mouth, and everyone shouts: “It’s not enough!” Opivalo can drink forty barrels of wine at once, and if necessary, a whole lake. The runner jumps on one leg, while the other is tied to his ear; As soon as you untie it, the walker will instantly cross the entire wide world. The shooter hits a fly in the eye a thousand miles away. Sensitively hears how the grass grows; and if he puts his ear to the ground, he will know what is happening in the next world. Frost-Crack, or Jelly, instantly freezes a red-hot cast-iron bathhouse. And a magical old man with a bundle of firewood can scatter them so cunningly that they turn into a countless army. Fairy-tale objects (1)          In fairy tales “The Firebird”, “Rejuvenating Apples”, “Two from the Bag” , “Magic Ring” and. Etc. in the fairy-tale text, objects found in real life are reinterpreted as magical: A ring - as soon as you turn it on your finger, it fulfills a variety of wishes or transports you across vast distances. With two hits, the axe-blunder builds a magical ship that floats underwater, walks on water and land, and even flies in the skies. The fiery shirt gives its owner extraordinary power and only by wearing it can the hero wield a treasure sword. Neither fire nor water can stop the walking boots; the hero makes seven miles in one step. That's why they are sometimes called seven-mile ones. We already know about the bag from which the helpers come. There is no price for a magic carpet that will carry you over incredible distances. Samogud gusli play and sing at their own will or the will of their master, and are capable of cheering anyone up and making them dance until they drop. The zhaleika (pipe), carved from willow or reeds that grew on the grave of the murdered person, denounces the villain with its singing. Fairytale objects (2)        Rejuvenating apples make old ones young, restore health and beauty to the sick, but others, also magical, cause deformity or even death. Red and black berries make a person a freak: he grows horns and fur; the whites turn him handsome. The egg contains three kingdoms, and sometimes Koshcheev’s death lurks in it. The invisibility hat is also familiar to us from childhood. With its help, you can be invisible anywhere and do anything, both for good and for harm. If you throw a magic comb behind your back, an impenetrable forest will appear out of nowhere, which will delay your pursuers and help the hero escape. The miracle pea sprouts a sprout that rises to the sky. You can climb along it to other worlds. The silver cane causes birds to sing, lions to roar; As soon as you poke it into the ground, wonderful servants will appear. A pouring apple (or golden egg) rolls on a silver (golden) saucer and reveals unknown countries to the eyes. A magic mirror also has the same properties, thanks to which nothing in the world remains hidden from the hero. Fairy-tale objects (3) ancient Aryans, whose descendants, the Indians, still consider the cow a sacred animal?). At the first word, the self-assembled tablecloth unfolds and provides the hero with all kinds of food and drink. In fairy tales you can also find a needle that embroiders itself, a spinning wheel that spins itself. We should not forget that at the end of one such needle lurked the death of Koshchei the Immortal himself. During the chase, a scarf or towel (fly, hood, khustochka, uviralnik) turns into a river, sea, lake or bridge, helping the heroes escape. Blood drips down the towel when the hero is in danger. A handkerchief given during separation soothes longing for love. He who puts on a wonderful shirt will become a hero. Having rubbed his eyes with a healing herb, the hero regains his sight, doused with its decoction - he becomes invulnerable. A ball of thread will show the way through the dense forest straight to the goal. Useful lessons (1)        In its content and in its form, a fairy tale contains elements of the wonderful and unusual. Images of positive heroes in fairy tales, helpers and wonderful objects express people's dreams. A characteristic feature of fairy tales in which magical assistants appear is that the hero does not get such an assistant by chance. Most often, he pays the hero good for good. The fairy tale teaches: the world is divided into good and bad people, animals and other creatures. But there are always more good ones, and luck loves them. And the evil ones end their biography poorly. The fairy tale creates the image of a Positive Hero: kind, smart, strong, true to his word. The fairy tale teaches us not to be afraid of difficulties. The Main Character always takes on any task, no matter how impossible it may seem. And in the fact that he wins, self-confidence, courage and the help of friends play a significant role. The fairy tale teaches: don’t have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. And the surest way to find a friend is not to turn away from him at the right moment. The fairy-tale Hero always has many friends: people, animals, birds, fish. Because he does not refuse to help those he meets on his way, and they, in turn, do not abandon our Hero in trouble. This is how the Hero gains invaluable Magical helpers. Useful lessons (2)       The fairy tale teaches not to judge people by their appearance. When tested, Ivan the Fool always turns out to be Tsarevich Ivan, and the Frog Princess always turns out to be the Beautiful Princess. And the terrible Baba Yaga is not a negative character in all fairy tales. The fairy tale teaches: a good deed does not work out on the first try. The Fairytale Hero has to go against the Serpent Gorynych or another monster three times, but courage and perseverance are necessarily rewarded with victory. The fairy tale teaches love for parents. A hero who carries out an order from his father or mother is always revered more than his careless brothers and sisters. And it is he who inherits “half a kingdom in addition.” The fairy tale teaches patriotism. The Main Character always readily comes out to defend his native land from monster invaders. The fairy tale contains a hidden, unobtrusive moral, moral teaching: you cannot deceive, you cannot be greedy, you cannot betray your friends. And, most importantly, the fairy tale teaches that good is cyclical, it always returns to those who help others, and good always defeats evil. Isn't this a model of an ideal world? Useful lessons (3)  Children perceive these lessons intuitively and very easily. They live in this magical world with pleasure, they want to return to it again and again (hence the requests to read that same fairy tale again), and often they come up with this magical world themselves.  The most important thing that a fairy tale teaches us is to remain a child at heart, and therefore a little bit of a Wizard. Sources. Materials from the site “Primordial Rus'”, “E.A. Grushko, Yu.M. Medvedev - “Russian Legends and Traditions”. Encyclopedia “What do fairy tales teach?”, Elena Loseva. Pictures from fairy tales http://vk.com/albums3249609