Currently, football is the number one sport in the world. Along with various national team tournaments in the second half. In the 20th century International competitions of club teams have become very popular. Women's football is increasingly developing. In many countries, mini-football, “beach soccer” and other types of football are cultivated. Nowadays, more than 240 million people (about every 25th inhabitant of the Earth) regularly play football around the world, there are 1.5 million teams and 300 thousand clubs.

In some countries, football is usually called “soccer” to avoid confusion with American football.

Rules.

Football rules in the form we are familiar with did not appear immediately. They changed significantly not only before, but also after 1863 (the birth date of modern football). This also applies to such fundamental points as the duration of the game, the parameters of the ball or the number of players in the team (up to 1880 there were 12 of them on the field from each side).

At one time, the referee was located on the podium and resolved controversial issues if the players themselves approached him. Only with time did the referee “come out” onto the field and get a whistle. In the early 1890s he had two assistants on the line.

A penalty kick was introduced in 1891. But the corresponding mark in the penalty area appeared only in 1903: before, the referee measured the required distance “by eye.”

In 1925, a significant amendment was made to the definition of offside: in order for a player not to be offside, there must be at least two (previously three) opponents in front of him. (Until the mid-1860s, any situation where a player was passed forward was considered offside.) This innovation significantly affected the tactics of the game.

Goals scored directly from a corner kick began to be counted only in 1926 (corner kicks themselves were also not introduced immediately, but in 1872).

In 1882, the International Council of Football Associations was created, which includes the associations of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and representatives of FIFA. At annual meetings of the Council, necessary changes and clarifications are made to the football rules, currently consisting of 17 points.

In matches involving women's teams, disabled teams and athletes under 16 or over 35 years of age, deviations from generally accepted standards regarding the size of the field and goal, the size of the ball, the duration of the game and the maximum number of substitutions are allowed.

Playground.

The game takes place on a rectangular court 100–110 m long and 64–75 m wide (international standard, in national competitions the permissible limits are 90–120 and 45–90 m, but in any case the field must be longer than wide) . Usually the field has a grass surface. Currently FIFA ( see below) allows official matches to be held on artificial turf grounds (as at the Luzhniki Stadium).

The markings are considered part of the football field and its various sections (which is extremely important in some game situations: for example, if the rules on the penalty area line are violated by players of the defending team, a penalty kick is awarded to its goal).

The playing area of ​​the field is limited by the side and end lines (goal lines). The middle line divides the field into two equal parts; in the middle of the line, the center of the field is highlighted with a central circle running around it. At both ends of the field there is a penalty area with an arc and a goal area (goalkeeper's area), and in each corner of the field there is a corner sector and a corner flag. Corner kicks are taken from this sector.

Gates.

The distance between the side posts (bars) is 7.32 m, the height from the lawn to the lower edge of the crossbar is 2.44 m. (The bars and crossbar are made of wood, metal and other materials and are painted white). A net is attached to the gate.

Ball.

It is an air-filled spherical projectile made of leather or other materials that meet certain requirements. The circumference of the ball (along the diametrical section) is 68–70 cm, weight is 410–450 g. The air pressure inside the ball should be 0.6–1.1 atmospheres. A ball that bursts (deflates) during the game is replaced with a spare one. Before the start of the match, the referee must check the condition of the ball. If necessary, he decides to replace it.

Team compositions.

At the time of the game, no more than 11 players from each team can be on the field: 10 field players and a goalkeeper, whose uniform is different in color from the uniform of the partners (as well as from the uniform of the referees). The match cannot start (or continue) if one of the teams has (remaining) less than 7 players. (This is a rule for international matches; the minimum permissible number of players in matches of national competitions is set by the organizers).

According to FIFA rules, a team can make no more than three substitutions per match - from the number of substitute players included in the official match protocol (no more than 7 such players can be indicated in the protocol). If a team has exhausted the limit of draws, and one of the players is injured, preventing him from continuing to play, the team does not have the right to release a substitute to replace the injured player. Reverse substitutions are also not allowed (a player replaced during the match cannot enter the field again).

All substitutions are made in the area of ​​the halfway line of the field at the moment the game is stopped and only with the permission of the referee.

Equipment.

Includes T-shirt, shorts, socks, boots and shin guards. The goalkeeper's equipment also includes gloves.

On the player's uniform, primarily on the T-shirt, his number is indicated. At international competitions, as well as in most national tournaments, players of all teams are assigned permanent numbers. The uniform may contain the name of the team and/or the corresponding club (national) symbols.

The team captain wears a captain's armband. If he leaves the field during the match, he must give the armband to one of the partners remaining in the game.

A football player has no right to wear jewelry or other accessories during the game that could cause injury to himself or any of his partners (opponents).

The referees check the players' equipment before the start of the match. Substitute players also undergo this test.

Judging.

The referee on the field (also known as the referee, or chief referee) records the time of the game, violation of the rules and scoring, gives a signal to start, stop and continue the game, makes decisions in controversial situations, etc. His decision is final - none of the players, including the captain, can challenge the judge's “verdict”. The referee himself has the right to cancel his decision - provided that the game has not yet resumed.

Two assistant referees (also known as line judges or touch judges) record the ball going into touch, offside situations, rule violations that are outside the referee’s field of vision, etc. They also control the procedure for replacing players and taking 11-meter penalty kicks.

The “referee factor” is extremely important in the match as a whole and in individual game moments that are of fundamental importance. For example, the referee decides whether the handball was intentional, or whether the offside was passive, he can stop the game after a violation of the rules of one of the teams, thereby disrupting the opponents’ sharp attack, etc.

Game time.

Duration of the match - 90 minutes: 2 halves of 45 minutes with a 15-minute break between them.

Unlike basketball, hockey and some other games, in football it is not the “pure” playing time that is recorded, but the total time, which includes the inevitable stoppages associated with the ball going out of touch, replacing players, etc. The referee adds at the end of each half one (two, etc.) minutes to partially compensate for the loss of playing time. The referee informs the fourth referee about the duration of added (or compensated) time, who shows it to everyone using a special scoreboard. Added time is also possible when playing in overtime.

If the referee awards a penalty during the match and the game time has already expired, the penalty must be taken - if necessary, again.

If the competition rules exclude a draw outcome of the match, and in regular time the winner of the game was not identified, a Extra time: two halves of 15 minutes. The game is played either until the first goal (the so-called “golden goal” or “sudden death”), or all 30 minutes - regardless of changes in the score. Another innovation was the “silver goal” rule: if one of the teams scores a goal, the game continues until the end of the first extra period (if this happened in the first 15 minutes) or until the end of all extra time (if the goal was scored in the second 15 minutes). - just a minute).

If the game ends in a draw after extra time, the winner is determined in a penalty shootout.

Start (continuation) of the game. Before the start of the match, the referee determines by lot which of the opponents will have the right to choose the goal. Accordingly, the other team gets the right to start the game from the center of the field. After the break, the opponents change goals, and the other team starts the game. (A similar procedure is repeated at the beginning of each additional period).

The ball is in and out of play.

The ball is considered to be out of bounds if it has completely crossed the side or end line. In this case, the referee stops the game.

The ball is put into play by a player of the other team - at the point where the ball left the field - via a throw-in. The server may not touch the ball twice or reset the ball to himself. If he commits a technical violation, the right to throw-in passes to the opposing team.

If the ball crosses the end line from a player of the attacking team, it is put into play with a goal kick, if from a player of the defending team, a corner kick is awarded. He breaks through from the nearest corner sector. In both corner kicks and goal kicks, the server cannot touch the ball twice.

Jump ball

– an option to resume a game interrupted in a situation not provided for by the rules. The referee throws the ball on the ground - in the place where it was when the game was stopped - in the middle between two players of the opposing teams. They try to take possession of the ball or pass it to one of their partners, but not before the ball touches the ground. Otherwise (and also in a situation where the ball touches the ground and goes out of touch), the referee repeats the procedure.

A player is in an offside position.

It is recorded if the player - at the moment the ball was hit by a partner - was in the opponent's half of the field and was located closer to the goal line than the ball itself, and at the same time there were not at least two players of the other team (including the goalkeeper) in front of him. If a player is in his own half of the field or is on the same line with at least two opponents, “offside” is not recorded.

If there is an offside position, the referee stops the game and the players of the opposing team kick the ball into play with a free kick from the point where the violation was recorded.

Taking the goal.

It is counted if the ball completely crosses the goal line between the posts and under the crossbar (on the ground or in the air).

A goal scored from a kick from the center of the field at the start (continuation) of the game, from a free kick or corner, and a goal scored by a player of the defending team into his own goal (own goal) are counted. A ball thrown into the goal by hand directly from out of bounds does not count.

In case of a so-called “passive offside” (the player was in an offside position, but did not directly participate in the game episode), the referee can count a goal.

Breaking the rules. Free kick and disciplinary sanctions.

In football, only the goalkeeper is allowed to play with his hands - within his own penalty area. At the same time, the goalkeeper has no right to touch the ball with his hands if one of his partners gave him the ball with a back pass or a throw-in. Field players have the right to pick up the ball only during a throw-in.

For violation of the rules, a kick is awarded to a loose ball (hence the name “free kick”) - from the point on the field where the violation occurred. At indirect free kick(or simply free) - Unlike direct free(or free kick) – the ball cannot be directed directly into the goal. A player taking a free kick or penalty kick is not allowed to touch the ball twice in a row.

A penalty is awarded for the following violations: hitting an opponent (with a hand or foot) or attempting to strike, tripping, grabbing (delay), pushing, jumping on an opponent. A penalty is also awarded for a tackle in which a player makes contact with an opponent before touching the ball, for spitting at an opponent and for deliberate handball (outside his own penalty area). Intentional handball (by a field player) and any of the above violations committed in one’s own penalty area (regardless of where the ball was at the time of the violation) are punishable by a penalty.

A free kick is awarded for dangerous play, blocking an opponent and when a player prevents the goalkeeper, who has taken the ball in his hands, from putting it into play. A free kick is also awarded if the goalkeeper takes more than four steps with the ball in his hands or holds it in his hands for more than six seconds; touches the ball with his hands again after releasing it, and no player then touches the ball; touches the ball with his hands after a teammate has given him a back pass or thrown a throw-in.

In a situation where a player from the defending team has violated the rules, but the opposing team still has the ball (and its players are in a position favorable to starting or continuing the attack), the referee may not stop the game, allowing the attack to be completed.

At the moment of a penalty kick or free kick, players of the defending team have no right to be closer to the ball than 9 meters. This rule also applies when there is a free kick in the defending team's penalty area - but in the direction of the goal, the permissible limit for the position of defenders is the goal line. If a violation is committed in the goalkeeper's area, the free kick is made from the line limiting it, parallel to the goal line - from the point closest to the place of the violation.

The main criterion by which a violation of the rules when contacting an opponent is determined is not playing “at the ball”, but “at the player”. A violation of the rules is also recorded if it was unintentional or occurred as a result of an error during the execution of a technical technique, especially in a situation where this could lead to injury to an opponent. For example, according to modern rules, a tackle from behind is considered a gross violation: the referee has the right to send off the offending player, even if the opponent is not injured.

Recently, serious attention has been paid to combating simulation. The so-called “dive”, i.e. a spectacular fall of a player, allegedly as a result of a violation of the rules by an opponent, is punishable by the judges. The referee may also penalize a team for deliberately delaying time.

The rules also provide for disciplinary sanctions against offending players: warning And deletion. For unsportsmanlike behavior, demonstrative disagreement (in any form) with the referee’s decision, systematic violation of the rules, delaying time, failure to comply with the established distance when an opponent takes a corner kick or free kick (penalty kick), entering (returning) onto the field or leaving the field without the permission of the referee may follow warning: The referee shows the player a yellow card. For serious violation of the rules, aggressive behavior, spitting at an opponent or any other person, offensive (obscene) language, deliberate handball (except for the goalkeeper) that prevented the opponents from scoring a goal or creating an obvious scoring situation, as well as for any of the offenses punishable by free, a free kick or a penalty kick - in a situation where it prevented the opponent from scoring a goal - the offender is sent off the field without the right to be replaced. The referee shows him a red card. A second warning received by a player during a match automatically results in his removal. The punishment is not limited to this: in accordance with the competition regulations, the removed player misses a certain number of matches with the participation of his team.

Penalty.

For demolishing an opponent in the penalty area of ​​the defending team, as well as for handball (except for the goalkeeper), an 11-meter free kick (penalty) is awarded, kicked from the corresponding mark in the penalty area. The goal is protected only by the goalkeeper, who must be on the goal line at the moment the penalty kick is taken. He may not move forward until the player taking the penalty touches the ball. If the goalkeeper leaves the goal early and the goal is not scored, the referee orders a re-kick.

If, when taking a penalty during the match, the goalkeeper parried the kick or the ball hit the crossbar (bar) of the goal and did not leave the field, the players of the attacking team have the right to “finish” the ball into the goal. This is excluded in post-match penalties.

Competition formula.

Football competitions are held in a round-robin, cup (knockout) or “mixed” system. Many major international competitions are preceded by a preliminary (qualifying) stage. The host team and the winning team of previous competitions usually automatically qualify for the finals.

In round-robin competitions, 3 points are awarded for a win in a match, and 1 for a draw.

Technique and tactics.

Technique of the game. Field players.

For a field player, the ability to move and work with the ball is important.

The ability to move involves running (with changes in direction and pace), jumping techniques, feints without the ball and defensive positions. Ball handling skills include: receiving, tackling and dribbling, dribbling the opponent at different speeds, throwing in and hitting.

Among blows there are more and less common ones. For example, heel strikes, sole strikes, and knee strikes are among the techniques that are rarely used. The trajectory and nature of the ball’s movement is determined by which point of the ball and which part of the foot the football player hits. For example, a “cut” blow is obtained if it is not directed at the center of the ball and is carried out with the inner (cheek) or outer part of the foot. The work of not only the “impact” leg is important: in many respects, the trajectory of the ball is determined by the position and distance from it of the supporting leg.

A distinction is made between a shot at goal and a pass (with varying strength and height); hitting a stationary, rolling or flying ball. Separately, technically complex kicks are distinguished: from a turn, through oneself (scissors), etc. During training, kicks from standard positions are also specially practiced: corner kicks, free kicks and penalties. Among the football players there are recognized masters of “standards”, and the expression “full-time penalty taker” has firmly entered the football lexicon.

Some masters invent their own strokes, which then become common property. Eg, " dry leaf“(the ball, rotating simultaneously in the horizontal and vertical planes, suddenly changes its trajectory, somewhat reminiscent of the flight of a leaf in windy weather) at one time became a real discovery for football in Europe. At the 1958 World Cup it was demonstrated by Brazil midfielder Didi. And his compatriot Leonidas da Silva forever went down in football history as the inventor of an unusually spectacular strike. bike».

For most players, the main “hitting” foot is the right one, however, among them there are also left-handers: “King of Goals” Hungarian Ferenc Puskás, the famous Argentine forward Diego Maradona, etc. Since the ball at the moment of impact does not always fall under the “comfortable” foot , players specially work out such situations in training. And the legendary Pele, considered the best football player of all time, was distinguished by his excellent kick with both feet.

Stopping the ball carried out by the leg, head, chest and other parts of the body. The method of receiving the ball depends on the nature of its movement (high-flying, at chest level, low or rolling): for example, a rolling ball is most often stopped with the inside of the foot or the sole. When receiving the ball, it is necessary to soften the impact as much as possible and, if possible, prevent its rebound.

"Dribbling" - dribbling, including dribbling an opponent, usually performed at high speed. The ability of a football player to cover the ball with his body, as well as to dribble it without looking, is also important: this makes it possible to assess the changing game situation. Depending on the trajectory and technique of dribbling the ball, they distinguish between dribbling in a straight line (using strikes with the outer part of the instep) and along a curve (the ball is driven with the inner part of the instep).

Feints, provoking the opponent to make incorrect actions, can be used in different situations - from playing on defense to completing an attack. At the same time, it is important to work not only with the legs, but also with the torso (bending, etc.).

Technique selection very diverse: blocking the ball with the sole or inside of the foot, a tackle, etc. The ability to “read” the situation and move to the desired point in a timely manner allows the player to intercept a pass addressed to the opponent.

Extremely important in football and heading game. A distinction is made between playing with a jump and without a jump (as well as in a fall), with the forehead or the side of the head (less often with the back of the head), throwing the ball and hitting the goal.

Goalkeepers. In their technical arsenal they occupy a special place jumping: upward (when hitting the top of the goal or a lob pass) and to the side - when hitting low.

Its own specificity and reception goalkeeper of the ball. He must decide in a matter of moments: to try to catch him or to fight him off? The first option is more acceptable, but is not always technically feasible (for example, if the ball is wet or thrown with a twist). Sometimes it’s easier and more reliable to hit the ball, but a lot depends on the strength and direction of the ball’s rebound. It is not safe to hit it right in front of you: especially when one of the opponents is close to the goal.

Tactics.

Initially, there were no tactics as such in football. Until the middle of the 19th century. “total football” reigned on the field. The football players ran in a crowd all over the court after the ball, and the success of the team was essentially determined by the individual skill of individual players. But over time, the interaction between partners began to improve, the passing game developed, and not only small ones, the players began to master the flanks, and the game “specialization” was gradually determined.

The basis of combination play in football is pass, i.e. passing the ball to a partner. Passes vary: by purpose (on the move, under attack, etc.), by range (short - up to 10 m, medium - up to 25 m and long), by direction (longitudinal, transverse, diagonal - forward and backward) and the nature of the pass (bottom, top and crossover). The passing game requires players to have subtle calculations, quick reactions and clear interaction.

Among the passes often used by football players, one can highlight, for example, the play on return (“to the wall”) and “through pass.” When attacking someone else's goal, lob passes and crosses are extremely effective - a powerful pass from the flank along the goal.

According to statistics, more than half of the goals in modern football are scored from standard provisions: including as a result of practiced combinations that are specially practiced in training.

Offside- one of the fundamental concepts of the football game, which significantly influences tactics. Some teams successfully use artificial offsides as an effective means against quick counterattacks from the opponent.

Football players also have their own little tricks in their tactical arsenal. For example, the tactics of minor fouls make it possible to use “frivolous” violations far from one’s own goal to disrupt the overall pace of the game and the offensive impulse of the opponent. And the so-called “tactical substitution” is used to get a little respite in a difficult situation or simply to gain time, especially at the end of the game.

In football tactics there are attacking And defensive actions. When talking about defense, there is a distinction personal (individual) And zone guarding. In the first case, the player is “attached” to a specific opponent. First of all, a “personnel specialist” is required to have excellent speed qualities. In zone defense, each player controls a specific area of ​​the field. Such a defense system is impossible without clear interaction, allowing partners to pass each other “hand to hand” the opponent, who is actively moving from zone to zone. Often in football a “combined” or mixed defense is used.

The following are distinguished: role outfield players: defenders, midfielders and forwards.

For a defensive player, first of all, the technique of tackling the ball, the correct choice of defensive position, and the ability to secure a partner, including the goalkeeper, in a timely manner are important. Some tactical schemes provide for the presence in the team of a so-called libero, or free defender, whose responsibilities include “cleaning up” possible mistakes of defensive partners.

In midfielders, tactical flair and the art of passing are valued above all. Their actions largely determine the direction and nature of the team's attack. It is no coincidence that midfielders are often called “conductors” or “dispatchers”.

Forwards must have high speed, dribbling technique and a masterful strike. When talking about the play of forwards, they often note their scoring instincts, i.e. the ability to predict the direction of the attack and be in the right place at the right time.

In a specific game situation, division into roles (as well as adherence to a certain tactical scheme) often turns out to be very conditional. In modern football, versatile players are highly valued. The “Flying Dutchman” Johan Cruyff is still considered an example of such versatility: fast and technical, he was unstoppable in attack and reliable in defense.

At the same time, football is characterized by a “fashion” for various playing roles and certain trends in their understanding. Thus, at one time the “cult of center forwards” reigned on the field. And the famous German midfielder Franz Beckenbauer, who eventually moved to the position of libero, clearly proved that the skillful attacking actions of a defender can be combined with the performance of his main playing duties.

Used in football tactical schemes changed more than once. At the beginning of the last century, the “five in a line” system prevailed, named after the standard number of attackers actually positioned in a line. It was replaced - with the change in the offside rule - by the "double-ve" system (based on the similarity of the arrangement of forwards with the letter W). Then the Brazilians introduced the “fashion” to the 4-2-4 formation. In the 70s, the Dutch national team surprised the football world with its “total football”. True, this is not so much a specific tactical scheme as a philosophy of the game, built on the universal qualities of athletes, their complete interchangeability and constant focus on attack. In general, football is characterized by a tendency to increase the number of defenders: if in the second half. XIX in teams had 8-9 forwards on the field, now it is not uncommon for a coach to field one nominal forward for a game.

When determining the playing style of a particular team, they often talk about attacking football And game from defense. The essence of the first approach: score more than the opponent. Second ( skip less opponent) found complete expression in the Italian “catenaccio” with a game of five defenders, including a libero.

It is necessary to distinguish territorial And game advantage, sometimes a team spends a lot of time in the opposing half of the field, but does not create a real threat to the opponent’s goal. Therefore, such a widely used statistical indicator as the time of possession of the ball by opposing teams does not always reflect the real playing advantage of one of them.

The coach builds the tactics of a particular match depending on the selection of the players he currently has, as well as on the nature of the opponent’s game and the “tournament tasks” facing the team. Its organization and cohesion, strict adherence by athletes to game discipline, and competent wrestling often allow an average class team to defeat an opponent with a technically stronger opponent. What is called “Order beats class.”

From the history of football.

Football from antiquity to the present day.

Games vaguely reminiscent of football were known among various nations back in ancient times. Mentions of them can be found in written sources of ancient China and Japan. Images with “football scenes” were found in the tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs and on ancient Greek bas-reliefs. Such games served not only as a means of entertainment or physical training for warriors. Historians note the pagan basis of ancient football, where the ball symbolized the sun.

In the Middle Ages, “football” was cultivated primarily in the British Isles, Italy and France, and over time it “took root” in other countries. It is known that in England both city authorities and monarchs more than once tried to ban dangerous fun, which sometimes escalated into a bloody massacre and caused considerable damage. (By the way, one of these decrees became the first written document in which the word “football” was mentioned.) In medieval English football, playing with both feet and hands was allowed, the number of participants in the match was not limited, there were very few rules, and even with those especially didn't count.

Over time, the game began to acquire civilized forms, and some teachers expressed the idea of ​​​​its exceptional benefits for the physical - and not only - development of young people. At the beginning of the 19th century. Football began to be cultivated in privileged educational institutions in England. This changed not only the attitude towards the game, but also the game itself. The first rules are being developed. True, they are still quite “free” and noticeably different from each other. Including the fundamental question: should we allow playing with our hands or not?

Attempts have been made more than once to develop uniform rules. At one of the meetings of representatives of different schools and clubs (the first football club in history, Sheffield United, was created in 1855) - in 1863 - supporters of "football-rugby", in which handball was allowed, found themselves in the minority and left the meeting. Adherents of “football” adopted the first unified rules and organized the English Football Association. This is how the final division into football and rugby proper took place, and 1863 is traditionally considered the year of the official birth of modern football.

In the early 70s, there were already 50 clubs in the English Football Association. In 1871, the FA organized the first ever official football competition - the Association Cup, the world's oldest national football tournament. The first winner of the trophy was the Wanderers club. 17 years later, the championship of the professional football league began to be held. Preston North End were the first to win the championship title.

In 1872, the first international football match took place in Glasgow, between the teams of England and Scotland. It is curious that the Scots were represented not by the national team, but by the country's oldest club, Queen's Park: the Scottish Football Association would be created only a few months later. In 1875, a similar Association was established in Wales, and in 1880 - in Ireland.

Very soon, through the efforts of English sailors and traders, as well as Her Majesty’s subjects settled in different parts of the Earth, football gained recognition in other countries, primarily European and Latin American. Before the end of the century, football unions were created in Denmark, Holland, Chile, Argentina, Belgium and other countries, and national championships began to be played.

FIFA (International Federation of Association Football). Created in May 1904 at a meeting of representatives of seven European countries in Paris. Its first president was the Frenchman Robert Guerin. British associations considered the idea of ​​​​creating a Federation “frivolous” - and joined FIFA only in 1946. (For this reason, the first world championships were held without the participation of the founders of football.) At the beginning of 2003, 204 countries were members of the Federation. It is headed by Joseph Sepp Blatter (from 1998 to the present).

FIFA holds the Men's World Cup and the Women's World Cup, as well as other competitions among athletes of different age groups. Organizes “star matches” dedicated to memorable dates: the first such match took place in 1963 - on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of football. Presents special prizes to teams and players, both within tournaments and at the end of the year. Since 1991, based on a survey of national team coaches, the Federation has named the best football player in the world (Ronaldo was awarded this title three times, Zinedine Zidane twice). Since 2001, the Federation has also determined the best female football player in the world. Since 1993, based on the final FIFA ranking, a prize has been awarded to the best team (in 10 years, Brazil has been named Team of the Year 7 times), as well as to the team that has made the most progress (i.e., has risen in the ranking by the most points).

International competitions.

World Championship.

It is held every four years and surpasses all international sporting competitions in popularity, including the Olympic Games: the television broadcast of the World Cup final is watched by more than half of the world's population.

The first world football championship (officially the World Cup) was played in 1930 in Uruguay with the participation of teams from 13 countries (not all teams could afford a long trip). The first world champions in history were the hosts of the tournament, who at that time were truly the strongest on the planet.

However, the 1934 World Championship (in Italy) took place without the Uruguayans, who allegedly decided to “revenge” the Europeans, who this time clearly dominated the field, for the massive absence from the previous championship. The hosts, the Italians, again became champions, repeating their success four years later in France.

In 1950, in a bitter struggle with the Brazilian national team, the Uruguayans won their second title. The Brazilians received their first gold in 1958 - and in 12 years they won a total of three championship titles. After the third victory of the Brazilian team (in 1970), the Gold Cup, according to the regulations, was given to it forever. And the participating teams are now playing for the FIFA World Cup.

Brazilians became champions more often than others - 5. The teams of Italy and Germany were first three times, twice - Argentines and Uruguayans, one title each - England and France. (At the same time, Brazil is the only country that participated in all 17 championships; teams from Italy and Germany competed in 15 tournaments.)

Until the mid-50s, the number of participants and the layout of the final tournament changed more than once. From 1954 to 1978 inclusive, 16 teams participated in the finals, then 24. At the 1998 and 2002 championships there were already 32. The final tournament is preceded by qualifying competitions. Representatives from different continents and regions are allocated a certain number of places in the finals. The host country of the next championship (as well as the winning team of the previous championship) is automatically included in the number of participants.

Following the results of the tournament, FIFA also awards special individual prizes. The three best players receive the “gold”, “silver” and “bronze” balls, the top scorer - the “golden boot”, and the best goalkeeper - the Lev Yashin Trophy.

Europe championship.

The first tournament (1958–1960) was attended by 16 teams. The competitions themselves then had a different name - the European Nations Cup (the winner was awarded the Henri Delaunay Cup, the initiator of the tournament) - and were held according to a scheme different from the current one. At the qualifying stage, the teams, divided into pairs, played two matches - away and at home. The winners advanced to the next stage, which followed the same pattern. Only the semi-finals and final were held in the same country. In recognition of Delaunay's merits, the right to organize the final stage of the first European Cup (1960) was granted to France. The USSR national team won the honorary trophy.

Soviet football players reached the final of the next Cup, but in the decisive match they lost to the hosts of the tournament, the Spaniards, 1:2. The USSR national team could have reached the final for the third time in a row (in 1968), but in the semi-final match it tied with the Italian team, and, according to the regulations of that time, the outcome of the game was decided by lot (only in the final in a similar situation a replay was assigned), which turned out to be favorable to the tournament hosts , who eventually became the winners of the European Championship - that’s how the competition began to be called.

In 1980, 8 teams participated in the final tournament, divided into two subgroups, the winners of which competed for the title of champion in a match. Four years later, another innovation is introduced into the regulations: semi-finals are added.

Significant political changes in Europe in the late 80s and early 90s also affected the continental championship. Among the participants in the European Championship-92 were the teams of the CIS and United Germany, and the Danish team, which became the winner of the tournament, got there at the very last moment - instead of the Yugoslav team, which was suspended from participation in the championship due to the military conflict that began in the country. The collapse of the USSR and some other states of the former socialist camp led to the fact that 48 countries already took part in the qualifying stage of the next European Championship. It was decided to increase the number of participants in the final stage to 16 teams. The idea of ​​holding Euro 2000 in two countries (Holland and Belgium) is also a trend of new times.

Football at the Olympic Games.

Football became the first team sport presented at the Olympics, although at first it was only part of the unofficial program. At the Games in Paris, the founders of football defeated the hosts in the final with a minimal margin of 1:0. In 1904, the Canadians celebrated their victory at the Olympic Games in St. Louis. (The success of the Canadians, as well as the Americans, who took second and third places, is explained not so much by their gaming advantage over their rivals, but by the absence of serious competitors, primarily from Europe, who did not make it to the Games due to the distance.)

It is noteworthy that until 1906 (when the so-called intermediate Olympic Games took place, timed to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the first modern Olympic Games), football teams of individual clubs and sports societies could compete under the flag of national teams. (So, Epton Park won gold at the 1900 Games, and Galt in 1904.)

At the first two official Olympic football tournaments, the “gold” went to the British football players (after that they were never able to repeat their Olympic success). In the 20s, the Uruguay national team won twice, led by the legendary midfielder (and the best player of the 1930 World Cup) José Leandro Andrade.

Football was not included in the program of the 1932 Games in Los Angeles: representatives of FIFA and the IOC did not come to a consensus on determining the status of an amateur athlete. (Four years earlier, several football teams were not allowed to participate in the Olympic Games precisely because they included professional players.) Since 1936, football has been invariably included in the program of the Olympic Games.

In 1952, the Hungarian national team, which included such stars as Puskás, celebrated its victory. After which, for 30 years, only Eastern European teams won Olympic football tournaments - including the Hungarians, who added two more titles to their collection in the 60s.

The number of participants in the final Olympic football tournament changed more than once: from 5 teams that competed in Paris in 1900 to 25 that arrived in Helsinki-52. Since 1976, their number has remained unchanged at 16.

In terms of prestige, a victory in the Olympic football tournament is inferior to the “gold” of the world championship and does not always reflect the real balance of power on the world football arena. For example, the Brazilian national team was among the Olympic medalists for the first time only in 1984. Experts consider the Olympic tournament, first of all, as a show of promising youth. This is largely due to the current age limit: each team can include no more than three players over the age of 23.

At the same time, Olympic tournaments reflect certain trends in world football. For example, the noticeable progress of African football players at the turn of the century also affected the distribution of Olympic awards. At the 1992 Games, the Ghanaian team took third place, and at the two subsequent Olympics, football players from Nigeria and Cameroon celebrated their victories.

Club competitions.

International meetings of football clubs began about a hundred years ago, when British athletes played exhibition matches against local teams in various countries. Official club competitions on a pan-European scale began in the 1950s - with the rapid development of jet civil aviation. Like the European Championship, they are held under the auspices of UEFA (Union of European Football Associations, established in 1954, now unites 52 countries).

UEFA Champions League.

The most prestigious of the European club tournaments. European Cup(as the competition was originally called) was first played in 1955–1956. The winners of national championships took part in the drawing. The winner of the Cup, as in the next four tournaments, was Real Madrid (Madrid, Spain).

In 1992–1993 the competition took on its current name and a group tournament was introduced at one stage of the competition. The current format of the League has been in effect since the fall of 1999. In addition to the champions of different countries, clubs that have taken high places in national championships participate in the competition. The number of participating teams from each country, as well as the stage at which they enter the competition, depends on the position of the national football association in the current UEFA rankings.

In the entire history of the tournament, Real Madrid has won more often than others (13 times). Seven titles belong to the Italian Milan, five each to Bayern (Germany), Barcelona (Spain) and Liverpool (England).

UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League

Almost simultaneously with the competition for the Champions Cup, the first draw began Fairs Cup– among teams from 10 cities where fairs were regularly held. The tournament lasted three years. The winner was the Barcelona team.

From the second draw, the fight for the Cup was no longer fought by the teams of the “fair” cities, but by the clubs that had the appropriate “registration”. In the 1971–1972 season, the tournament changed its name (UEFA Cup) and expanded its geography: now clubs from “non-fair” cities could also participate in it.

Since 1999 - after the merger of the UEFA Cup with Cup of Cup Winners Holders of national cups and teams that took places in the championships of their countries immediately behind the participants in the Champions League are automatically allowed to participate in the tournament; the remaining participants are determined according to a special scheme.

In the 2008–2009 season, the tournament changed its name to the UEFA Europa League.

Other competitions.

The winning team of the Cup Winners' Cup (now the UEFA Cup) and the club that won the Champions Cup (now the Champions League) have been competing since 1972. UEFA Super Cup. Most often - 3 times each - it was won by Milan (Italy) and Ajax (Holland).

Since 1960, the strongest club in Europe and South America has played Intercontinental Cup. The Old World is represented by the winner of the Champions League, South America is the winner of the Libertadores Cup, which is played between the winners of national championships. In terms of the total number of victories, the representatives of the two continents are almost equal, and in the “individual competition” the Uruguayan “Nacional” and “Penarol”, as well as the Italian “Milan” distinguished themselves.

In January 2000, it was played for the first time in Brazil. world championship clubs. The winner was the Brazilian Corinthians. Since 2005, as a result of a merger with Intercontinental Cup the tournament was renamed to FIFA Club World Cup.

Football in Russia.

The origins of Russian football.

Officially, the birth date of domestic football is considered to be 1897, when a match between two local teams took place in St. Petersburg, information about which was recorded in the sports press. (But football began to be played in Russia much earlier: first of all, in the English “colonies”). There, in St. Petersburg, a city football league was formed in 1901 - the first such organization in the country. Soon she held the first St. Petersburg championship, which was won by the Nevka team (Nevsky Club). The first Russian referee was George Duperron, who did a lot to develop football theory in our country.

At the turn of the century, football, in addition to the two capitals, was cultivated in Kharkov, Tver, Odessa, Riga, Tbilisi, Kyiv and some other cities of Russia. At the beginning of the last century, several women's (or, as they said then, ladies') teams were created in Moscow. Children's football developed.

In 1907, the first official intercity match took place - between the teams of Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the same year, Russian football players made their debut on the international stage: the Sport club met with a team from Stockholm and lost 2:3.

In 1912, the All-Russian Football Union was founded, uniting more than 150 clubs from various cities and soon accepted into FIFA. In the same year, the first champion of the country was determined (the St. Petersburg team became it) and the official debut of our football players in international competitions took place. They took part in the Olympic Games, but lost both matches. The Russian team was let down by lack of teamwork and the absence of a coach, although it included many gifted players known throughout the country: the captain of the national team, a representative of the football dynasty Vasily Butusov, a man of amazing and mysterious destiny, goalkeeper Pyotr Sokolov, Mikhail Romm, who later wrote more than one football manual, Vitaly Bianchi and others.

Football in the USSR in pre-war times.

In 1920, the RSFSR championship was played for the first time. The Moscow team won. In 1923 she became the first winner of the USSR championship. (Until the mid-30s, not clubs, but teams of cities and republics participated in the national championships.)

In the first half of the 20s, several international matches took place with the participation of our teams, although the Soviet Union would receive official FIFA recognition only after the Second World War.

In 1928, the Dynamo Stadium was opened in Moscow - the largest stadium in the country and the first sports facility in the USSR that met international standards. (Until the opening of the V.I. Lenin stadium in Moscow Luzhniki in 1956, Dynamo remained the “football Mecca” of the country.) Also in 1928, another significant event took place: the All-Union College of Football Referees began its activities.

At the end of 1934, the USSR Football Section was formed (since 1959 – the USSR Football Federation). And on May 22, 1936, the first ever USSR championship among clubs kicked off with a match between the Leningrad Dynamo and the capital’s Lokomotiv: divided into spring and autumn. Less than two months later, the first champion, Dynamo (Moscow), became known. In August, the first winner of the country's Cup was determined: Lokomotiv Moscow, which beat Dynamo (Tbilisi) 2:0 in the final. The autumn championship was won by Moscow Spartak. It is noteworthy that the top scorers of both championships were representatives of the champion teams: respectively, “Dynamo” M. Semichastny (6 goals) and “Spartak” G. Glazkov (7). It was these two teams that shared the championship gold between themselves before the war: both clubs won it three times.

In the 20-30s, not only individual players shone in domestic football (Grigory Fedotov, Anatoly Akimov, Pyotr Dementyev, Boris Paichadze, Mikhail Yakushin, etc.), but also entire family “clans” - such as, for example, the Starostin brothers or Butusovs.

The national championship, which began in April 1941, was not completed. The history of domestic football includes games in besieged Leningrad and liberated from the Nazis, completely destroyed Stalingrad. Already in 1942–1944 the Moscow city championship was held. In 1944, the next USSR Cup was drawn, the winners of which were the players of the Leningrad “Zenith”. In May 1945, the first post-war national championship started, the victory of which was celebrated by Dynamo Moscow.

The trend that emerged before the war continued in the post-war period. Until the 60s, the title of national champion invariably went to the capital's clubs. In con. 40 – beginning In the 50s, a powerful winning streak was achieved by the “team of lieutenants” - CDKA (CDSA, now CSKA). Then “Dynamo” and “Spartak” alternately came out on top. But after the championship success of Moscow Torpedo, Dynamo Kyiv - in 1961 - for the first time violated the capital's hegemony. In total, the Kievites won gold medals as champions of the USSR 13 times, surpassing their Moscow teammates and their fellow Spartak players in this indicator (who, respectively, had 11 and 12 championship titles). Over the years, Dynamo Minsk and Tbilisi, Yerevan Ararat and Voroshilovgrad Zarya, Zenit (Leningrad) and Dnepr (Dnepropetrovsk) also became national champions.

The number of teams participating in the major league of the USSR championship (as well as its name itself and the championship formula) changed several times. In the early 60s, the final stage of the championship was preceded by preliminary group tournaments. In 1976, spring and autumn championships were competed in one season. As an experiment, in the event of a draw, the teams took a series of post-match penalties. A draw limit was introduced in 1978 and remained in effect for ten seasons. Several times it was necessary to hold a “golden match” to determine the champion.

Traditionally, the fight for the National Cup was fierce and uncompromising. More often than others (10 times) it was owned by the Moscow Spartak team.

The last USSR football champion was CSKA in 1991, which simultaneously won the country's Cup and thus made the last “double” in the history of Soviet football.

Post-war football revealed many new star names: A. Khomich, K. Beskov, V. Nikolaev, V. Bobrov, I. Netto, N. Simonyan, L. Yashin, E. Streltsov, V. Ivanov, V. Ponedelnik, S. Metreveli, A. Shesternev, M. Khurtsilava, E. Malofeev, E. Lovchev, E. Rudakov, O. Blokhin, D. Kipiani, R. Dasaev, A. Demyanenko, A. Zavarov, Kh. Oganesyan, V. Khidiyatullin, F. Cherenkov and many others. etc. The successes of our football clubs and the USSR national team are largely associated with the activities of outstanding coaches, among whom there were many former players: N. Simonyan, K. Beskov, V. Lobanovsky, etc.

In the USSR, massive all-Union football competitions were held for physical education groups and youth teams, and various regional tournaments. Children's team competitions for the "Leather Ball" prize were very popular. There were specialized children's and youth football schools in many cities.

Soviet football on the international stage (1945–1991). In the fall of 1945, Dynamo Moscow's triumphant tour of Great Britain took place: 2 wins and 2 draws in four matches. British experts and spectators were greatly impressed not only by the result, but also by the guests’ game itself: assertive, powerful, inventive and effective (19 goals).

CDKA's performance in Yugoslavia in December 1945 was also successful. And in the fall of 1947, the Moscow Dynamo team held a victorious tour of Scandinavia - after the USSR Football Section joined FIFA (in 1954 the USSR also joined UEFA).

In 1952, the USSR team made its debut at the Olympic Games. In a dramatic match with the Yugoslav national team, the Soviet team, losing 1:5, managed to draw the game 5:5. Our players had no strength left for a replay, and they lost with a score of 1:3.

The Melbourne 56 Olympics was a triumph for the Soviet team. Having won the final 1:0 against the Yugoslav team, our players took first place in an official international tournament for the first time. In total, the USSR national team has two Olympic gold medals and three bronze medals.

Our team also achieved considerable success at the European Championships: one gold and three silvers. The highest achievement of Soviet football players at world championships was 4th place at the 1966 World Cup in England. The latest successes of the USSR national team date back to the late 80s: Olympic gold at the 1988 Games and, in the same year, second place at the European Championships.

In 1965, Dynamo Moscow, the first Soviet team, took part in European Cup competitions (the Cup Winners' Cup). And in the spring of 1972 - also for the first time in the history of our football - Dynamo reached the final (of the same Cup Winners' Cup), but lost to Glasgow Rangers 2:3.

Dynamo's initiative was supported by their teammates from Kyiv and Tbilisi, who also distinguished themselves in the Cup Winners' Cup. The Kiev team beat Ferencvaros (Budapest, Hungary) 3:0 in the final in 1975, and the Tbilisi team beat Carl Zeiss (Jena, East Germany) 2:1 in 1981. In 1986, Dynamo Kiev repeated its success, scoring three unanswered goals against Atlético Madrid (Madrid, Spain) in the decisive match. Another achievement of the people of Kiev is the European Super Cup (1975).

Three times Soviet football players were awarded the Golden Ball (the prize for the best player in Europe is awarded based on the results of a survey conducted by the weekly France Football): Lev Yashin (1963), Oleg Blokhin (1975) and Igor Belanov (1986).

Modern stage.

In February 1992, the Russian Football Union (RFU, president - V.I. Koloskov) was founded, which became the legal successor of the USSR and CIS Football Federations. The RFU also includes the Professional Football League (PFL), headed by N.A. Tolstykh.

In the spring of 1992, the first Russian championship started, which was won by Moscow Spartak. The first winners of the Russian Cup were the capital's Torpedo team, defeating CSKA in the final in a penalty shootout.

In subsequent years, Spartak repeatedly confirmed its championship credentials, winning 9 out of 11 titles between 1992 and 2002. In 1995, Spartak-Alania (Vladikavkaz) became the champion, and in 2002, Lokomotiv (Moscow) became the champion, beating CSKA in the “golden match”.

The list of Russian Cup winners is more diverse, but it mainly includes Moscow clubs. In addition to Torpedo, the Cup was won in different years by: Lokomotiv (four times), Spartak (twice), Dynamo and CSKA. Only once - in 1999 - did a non-Moscow club, namely Zenit (St. Petersburg), manage to win an honorary trophy.

In the spring of 2003, the national champion and the Russian Cup winner played the Super Cup in a match between themselves for the first time. Its owner was Lokomotiv (Moscow).

The maximum that Russian clubs have managed to achieve in European Cup competitions today is to reach the semi-finals (Spartak and Lokomotiv managed to do this twice each).

The past decade turned out to be unsuccessful for the Russian national team as well. Inexpressive game at the World Championships 94 and Euro 96. The 1998 World Championship and the 2000 European Championship, as well as the last two Olympic football tournaments, took place without our participation at all. The Russian team made it to the finals of the 2002 World Championship, but performed poorly and dropped out of the competition already at the group stage.

Many leaders of Russian football in the 90s began their sports careers back in Soviet times: I. Tsymbalar, S. Cherchesov, I. Chugainov, I. Dobrovolsky, etc. At the same time, the past decade has revealed many new names: A. Tikhonov, I. .Titov, A.Smertin, A.Panov, S.Semak, D.Loskov, R.Gusev, M.Izmailov, D.Sychev and others. A sign of the new football era: many Russians now play for foreign teams. And more and more foreign players are appearing in our clubs, including leading players of some national teams - such as the Czech I. Jaroszek.

In recent years, attempts have been made to revive mass children's football, and competitions are held for school and neighborhood teams.

Konstantin Petrov

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Drewett D. Football. Sports for beginners. Per. from French M., 2003

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