The forms of organization of research and development can be different. A characteristic feature of the organization of R&D in countries with a market economy is the inextricable link between the production and marketing activities of the company with scientific research. Estimated R&D indicators are primarily market, sales indicators, and not only the characteristics of new equipment and technology. The organization of R&D management is constantly changing. However, there are a number of common points. In the most general form, four forms of organization of corporate research units can be distinguished:

1. For companies with a homogeneous single-product sphere of business activity and relatively poorly developed scientific departments, the organizational principle of centralization is characteristic. In such firms, research is carried out in a single center, headed by the vice president of R&D.

2. In highly diversified companies (corporations) they are guided by the principle of complete decentralization. Each product division of the company has its own research and development department, which functions in close cooperation with production and sales departments. He also reports to the VP of R&D.

3. Firms pursuing an active scientific and technical policy apply the principle of combined centralization of R&D. The business area of ​​firms is usually linked by a common underlying technology. This principle is typical for transnational corporations. It is typical to have a corporate-wide R&D center under the leadership of a vice president for R&D. All fundamental and applied research and development work is carried out in the center, and the laboratories of the firms' branches subordinate to the vice-president of this division are engaged in bringing innovations to the consumer.

4. Organization of science in the firm is associated with "innovative enterprises". This principle became widespread in the 80s. For development, industrial development and initial market penetration with a fundamentally new product or (service), special target groups are created. According to the conditions of creation, they are divided into "internal" and "external". "Internal target groups" are separated from the structure of the corporation for the period of creation and commercial development of the innovation. Typically this is a 2 year period. During this period, they are not subject to procedures (managerial, financial, etc.) that are mandatory for other divisions of the corporation up to the acquisition of the status of an independent company. Group members are selected by the leader on a voluntary basis. The use of "innovative enterprises" by large corporations allows them to combine their advantages with those of a small research business. This form of organization is effective in industries where the optimal size of the enterprise or market is small, small firms are able to penetrate limited or specialized markets, which for large corporations are unprofitable or ineffective; small firms often act as specialized suppliers of products or services to large firms at a low cost.

Let us consider the forms of organizing scientific research and development used in Russia.

Research and development includes basic, applied research and development in all areas of science - natural, technical, medical, agricultural, social and humanitarian. They are carried out by enterprises (institutions), the main activity of which is the implementation of research and development, regardless of their belonging to a particular branch of the economy, organizational and legal form and form of ownership.

In the structure of the scientific potential of Russia, four main sectors are distinguished: state, business, higher education and private non-profit.

Government sector:

1. Organizations of federal (central) ministries and departments, including the Russian Academy of Sciences and sectoral academies).

2. Organizations of governing bodies of republics, territories, regions, Moscow, St. Petersburg.

3. Organizations of local (municipal government).

Business sector:

1. Industry research institutes.

2. Design, design, technological organizations.

3. Design and design and survey organizations.

4. Industrial enterprises.

5. Experienced bases.

6. Others.

Higher education sector:

1. Universities and other higher education institutions.

2. Research institutes (centers) subordinate to higher educational institutions and (or) higher professional education management bodies.

3. Design, design and engineering organizations subordinate to higher educational institutions and (or) the governing bodies of higher professional education.

4. Clinics, hospitals, other medical institutions at higher educational institutions.

5. Experienced (experimental) enterprises subordinate to higher education institutions.

6. Others.

Non-profit sector:

1. Voluntary scientific and professional societies and associations.

2. Public organizations.

3. Charitable foundations.

4. Others.

The main form of organizing research in Russia is still research institutes, isolated from higher educational institutions and enterprises. The share of independent research and development organizations accounts for about 70% of all scientific organizations. The share of higher educational institutions and industrial enterprises (namely, they dominate the structure of research and development in countries with developed market economies) does not exceed 10% and 8%, respectively.

New for Russia was the emergence of a private, non-profit sector of science. The development of research activities in public organizations, professional scientific societies, charitable foundations is proceeding rapidly. Today it has about 60 social sciences academies, many of which have regional branches. About 50 scientific societies are united in the Union of Scientific Societies.

State scientific centers (SSC) are a promising organizational structure.

The organization of work at the stages of the product life cycle is of great importance. The initial stage of the product life cycle is research and development (research and development), which includes a set of theoretical and experimental studies carried out according to a single technical assignment (TZ R&D). Research work consists of the following stages:

1. Development of technical specifications for research.

2. Choice of areas of research.

3. Theoretical and experimental research.

4. Generalization and evaluation of research results.

The terms of reference for research work determines: the purpose, content, procedure for performing work at this stage and the way of implementing the results of research work. This is a mandatory document for starting research. It is agreed with the customer. The completed research work is discussed at the scientific and technical council or its section. The purpose of this discussion is to determine the conformity of the work carried out with the R&D TOR. The validity of the conclusions and recommendations of research work is also determined, an assessment of the research work carried out is given and directions for further work are developed at the following stages of the life cycle: , products, raw materials.

OKR is the second stage of the life cycle. At this stage, design documentation is developed. OKR consists of the following stages:

1. Technical proposal.

2. Draft project.

3. Technical design.

4. Working design documentation.

When performing OTR, normative and technical documentation (standards and technical conditions) and technological documentation are developed. As part of the OTR, design and development work can be carried out to create technological equipment for the manufacture of prototypes and batches of products.

The next stage of the life cycle is preparation of production and reaching capacity, which are defined by the standard as putting products into production. Here, a set of measures is carried out to organize the production of a new product or mastered by other enterprises.

Achievement of capacity begins after the completion of work on the preparation of production. In this case, the following work is performed:

1. Start-up and testing of technological equipment.

2. Launching the production of an installation series (the first industrial batch of a product is manufactured to check the ability of this production to provide industrial output in the planned volumes in accordance with the requirements of scientific and technical documentation).

The considered stages of the life cycle are pre-production. They form the product, its quality, the technical level of the product, its progressiveness.

The penultimate stage of the life cycle is the industrial production of the created product. The final stage is the transfer of the product to the consumer.

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of July 3, 2008 N 305n
"On the approval of professional qualification groups of positions of workers in the field of research and development"

With changes and additions from:

Professional qualification group of positions of scientific workers and heads of structural divisions

_____________________________

* Except for the positions of heads of structural divisions classified as 3 - 5 qualification levels

In order to differentiate the terms of remuneration, the positions of workers in the field of research and development are divided into 3 professional qualification groups: a professional qualification group of positions of scientific and technical workers of the second level; professional qualification group of positions of scientific and technical workers of the third level; professional qualification group of positions of scientific workers and heads of structural divisions.

In particular, the positions of a technician-designer, draftsman-designer, laboratory assistant-researcher are referred to the professional qualification group of positions of scientific and technical workers of the second level. The positions of scientific workers are included in the professional qualification group of positions of scientific workers and heads of structural divisions.

Within each skill group, positions are grouped by skill level.

Vocational qualification groups are formed on the basis of the level of professional training and qualifications required for the implementation of the relevant professional activity. Taking into account professional qualification groups, the Government of the Russian Federation sets base salaries (base official salaries) and base salaries for employees of state and municipal institutions.

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of July 3, 2008 N 305n "On the approval of professional qualification groups of positions of workers in the field of research and development"

Registration N 12001

This order comes into force 10 days after the day of its official publication.

This document is amended by the following documents:

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2008 N 740n

The changes take effect 10 days after the day of the official publication of the said order.

5 December 2019, Tatyana Golikova held a meeting of the organizing committee for the preparation of the International Congress of Mathematicians The Congress will be held on July 6-14, 2022 in St. Petersburg.

December 4, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Awarded awards of the Government of Russia in the field of science and technology for 2019 Order of November 29, 2019 No. 2846-r. In 2019, 131 applicants were awarded prizes. The prizes were awarded for work in the field of medicine, energy, geology, production technologies, materials science, mechanical engineering, transport, information technology, ecology and agriculture.

November 21, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova and Andrey Fursenko held a meeting of the Presidium of the Council for the Implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies The agenda includes a discussion of the results of the analysis of programs for the creation and development of world-class genomic research centers in terms of the acquisition of equipment and the creation of information systems, as well as requirements for the development of the instrumental base.

November 12, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Dmitry Medvedev's trip to the Novosibirsk region and a meeting.

October 12, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Awarded prizes of the Russian Government in the field of science and technology for young scientists for 2019 Order of October 7, 2019 No. 2323-r. In 2019, 25 applicants became laureates of the awards. Prizes, in particular, were awarded for the development and implementation of methods and systems for intelligent control of robots of various types and purposes, an integrated system for ensuring a sustainable life cycle of buildings and structures, forevacuum plasma electronic sources for processing and modifying dielectric materials.

13 September 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova and Andrey Fursenko held a meeting of the Council for the implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies The volume of financial support for the creation and support of genomic research centers for the period 2019-2024 from the federal budget will amount to 11.2 billion rubles.

September 9, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Dmitry Medvedev spoke at the opening ceremony of the congress.

September 7, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development The size of the awards of the Government of Russia in the field of science and technology for young scientists has been increased Resolution of August 31, 2019 No. 1121. Since 2020, the size of the monetary part of the Russian Government's awards in the field of science and technology for young scientists has been increased from 500 thousand rubles to 1 million rubles.

August 29, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova held a meeting of the Council for State Support for the Creation and Development of World-Class Mathematical Centers At the meeting, the winners of the competitive selection were determined and their creation and development programs were approved.

28 August 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Alexey Gordeev held a meeting on the creation of a new wintering complex at the Vostok Antarctic station The meeting was held on the eve of the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica by Russian mariners under the command of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.

23 August 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Indicators of the implementation of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development have been established, the dynamics of which is subject to monitoring Order of August 15, 2019 No. 1824-r. 11 indicators have been identified that reflect the progress of the Strategy implementation in the following areas: the impact of science and technology on the socio-economic development of Russia, including due to the transition to a model of great challenges; the state and effectiveness of the field of science, technology and innovation; the quality of state regulation and service provision of scientific, scientific, technical and innovation activities.