Research project "Influence of climatic conditions on traditional dwellings of people in different parts of the world"

The purpose and objectives of the project

Research methods

Novelty and practical significance:

The climatic zone is a latitudinal band of the earth's surface, which differs from other bands in the intensity of heating.

Types of housing in the equatorial belt

Tropical climate zone

Tropics and humid subtropics

temperate climate zone

Arctic and Atlantic belt

Practical part

Prospects for the development of research / project activities in the institution and the professional activities of the author.

"Natural zones of the cold belt" - "Ecological systems". Deserts and semi-deserts. Deserts. Mixed and deciduous forests. Taiga mixed broad-leaved forest forests. tundra ecosystem. natural areas of the earth. Steppes. Steppes of the semi-desert of the desert. Natural zones of the temperate zone. In the direction from the pole to the equator, natural zones replace each other in a certain order. cold moderate hot moderate cold.

"Climatic zones of the Earth" - Equatorial Tropical Moderate Arctic (Antarctic). Climatic zones of the Earth. At the equator, the sun's rays fall at ... an angle. Large volumes of the troposphere with the same properties are called ... Characteristics of the belts (work in groups according to textbooks). Winds that blow from the equator to the tropics are called .... In temperate latitudes blow .... winds.

"Thermal zones of the Earth" - Africa. Eurasia. Glaciers. Each card has its own ... . Summary of the lesson. 4. Image of the Earth on a plane. South America. Restore the story: One - rise, stretch. And the conditional image of the Earth's surface on a plane is called .... There are many types of geographic maps. Three - three claps in the hands, Three nods with the head.

"Temperate Forests" - The benefits of the forest. Topic: "Temperate forests." Answer the questions in a group: Working with a herbarium. Tree groups. Forest: coniferous (taiga) and deciduous. In a temperate climate, the seasons are sharply expressed: winter spring summer autumn. For a fish - water, for a bird - air, and for the beast - forest and mountains. Forest natural community?

"Belts of Russia" - Temperate belt. Ash. Ephedra. Balsam fir. White spruce. Taiga forest. Saxaul. Arctic desert. The taiga of the Urals is characterized by light coniferous forests of Scots pine. A vast part of the territory of the temperate zone is occupied by taiga. Dahurian rhododendron. Dwarf willow. The subarctic is dominated by tundra and forest tundra.

"Climatic zones of Africa" ​​- Why is there practically no precipitation in the northern hemisphere? What are the climate zones in Africa? For individual work with crossword puzzles, they receive an additional point in the grade book. How do major climatic zones differ from transitional ones? Use wall maps. Superimposed on the equatorial belt, the remaining parts, respectively, lean on the belts).

MBOU Makarich secondary school

GEOGRAPHY PROJECT

TOPIC:

"The influence of climate on human habitations in different parts of the world"

Head: Khramtsova Lyudmila Mikhailovna, teacher of geography

Performers: 7th grade students

Problem: which explains the variety of types of houses.

Objective of the project: : prove the relationship between climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people in different parts of the Earth and create a visual aid in geography that demonstrates this relationship.

Hypothesis: Does the type of dwelling depend on climatic conditions.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks:
1. Study the material of a geography textbook about climate and its types.
2. Collect and analyze information from various sources about the traditional dwellings of people in different parts of the world.
3. Determine whether the type of dwelling depends on the climate.
4. Select materials for making models of houses.
5. Construct models of houses from improvised materials and place them on the world map.
6. Analyze the results of the work and draw conclusions.

The novelty and practical significance of this research project lies in the fact that we have created a manual for geography lessons, which can be used in primary and secondary schools to increase interest in studying the subject.
object of our study are the traditional dwellings of people. Subject of study - the relationship between climate and structural features of dwellings.

At the beginning of the study, we assumed that there is a close relationship between the type of climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people: the more severe the climate, the warmer and more durable a person's house should be.

In the course of the study, we used methods:
1. Theoretical:
Selection and analysis of information from scientific sources about types of climate and traditional houses of people.
2. Comparison of types of dwellings.
3. Analysis of the received data

There are several zones on Earth with different weather conditions.

From weather forecasts that are broadcast on television and radio, published in newspapers and the Internet, it is clear that the weather is different in different parts of the Earth.
Changes in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation and moisture in the air, cloudiness occur in the lower part of the atmosphere. All these phenomena characterize the weather. Weather - This is the state of the lower layer of the atmosphere (troposphere) in a given place for a certain period of time.
The weather in the same place on Earth is constantly changing, but each area is characterized by a special weather regime, which is called climate.
The climate in each area of ​​the globe has its own characteristics. The main characteristics of the climate are average temperatures, the average amount of precipitation per year and the mode of precipitation, as well as information about the prevailing winds.

Climatic zones
Due to the uneven distribution of solar heat and precipitation on the earth's surface, the Earth's climates are very diverse. The famous climatologist Boris Pavlovich Alisov identified 13 climatic zones on Earth, which differ from each other in temperature conditions and air masses (Fig. 1). Climatic zones are divided into basic and transitional. Transitional climatic zones are located between the main zones, their names contain the prefix "sub", which means "under" in Latin. 1. Equatorial climate zone – from year to year the weather here is uniformly hot and humid;

2. Subequatorial belts - the climate changes in two seasons: in summer it is similar to equatorial, and in winter - to tropical;
3. tropical belts - here all year round very high temperature and little rainfall;
4. subtropical belts – the climate changes in two seasons: hot summer and warm winter;
5. temperate zones - the seasons are pronounced here (winter, spring, summer and autumn), much colder than in the tropics and a significant annual amount of precipitation;
6. Subarctic and subantarctic belts - two seasons are distinguished: moderate air prevails in summer, and arctic air prevails in winter;
7. Arctic and Antarctic belts - here, with little rainfall, year-round low temperatures and strong winds.

In our project, we will prove how the type of traditional dwellings and modern houses of a person depends on the climate, available natural materials, and human skills.

Dwelling types

1.Traditional dwellings of peoples living in equatorial climate zone. Equatorial Africa, Indonesia, Amazonia (South America). The sultry and humid equatorial climate implies protection from the sun, rain and poisonous insects in dwellings.
We can say about these places: “Here if it rains, then it rains, if a tree is so giant, if a butterfly is like a bird, and if a house is like that on stilts.” When the time of the Big Rains comes, the whole month pours like a bucket. Wherever you step, there is water everywhere. And in the houses it is dry, because the "stilts" raise them high above the ground. Can't get water. And it is difficult for snakes, insects and rodents to climb.
Houses here are built in the form of huts, tents and sheds, they are always raised above the ground.
Branches of low shrubs, bamboo, palm trees, and clay serve as building materials. Depending on the climatic zone, dwellings are covered with leaves of ficus, banana and other herbs. The connecting material is always clay, sand and camel dung.

New Guinea . The Korowai tribe live in tree houses, some of which reach 40 meters in height, thus they avoid the attack of large predators, a variety of small pests. The house is light, made of straw and branches, because protection from the cold is not required, since it is hot all year round.
Houses here are built in the form of huts, tents and sheds, they are necessarily raised above the ground so that there is no flooding.

2 .Traditional dwellings of the peoples living in subequatorial climatic zone.

3.Traditional dwellings of the peoples living in tropical climate zone.
Mexico, Sahara desert and southern Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Australia. The dwellings of people here should be protected from the scorching sun, sand storms.
Mexico. The Anasazi are a prehistoric Native American culture that existed in what is now the United States. The Anasazi are characterized by their own style of building dwellings: houses were built of clay or cut directly into the rock. Thick walls protected from the heat. Multi-storey dwellings with thick stone walls and small windows are typical of dry, hot climates.

Sahara Desert. The traditional dwelling for the Bedouins was tents made of felted camel or goat hair, painted black. Felij is the name of this tent. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as burning Samoum or Sirocco are not afraid of nomads who have taken refuge in tents.

5. In the temperate zone seasons are pronounced - winter, spring, summer and autumn.

In Russia, people from time immemorial lived in chopped wooden houses - huts, in winter it is warm in such a house, and in summer it remains warm. i'm cool .Master carpenters cut down the hut from spruce or pine logs and covered it with a roof made of boards. A log house with wooden walls has the properties of a natural air conditioner, providing air renewal twice a day. The thermal conductivity of wood is such that it keeps the house warm in winter and cool in summer. The corners of the house are tightly and securely connected in the castle and do not freeze through.

The North American Indians, due to their nomadic lifestyle, needed their home to be easily moved from place to place. Therefore, they came up with a special design of poles with skins thrown over them. Such a building is called a tipi, it is sometimes mistakenly called a wigwam. " T-pee" ("for life" in the language of the Lakota Indians). Tipis covered with birch bark, later with skins, are typical of the temperate continental climate of the Great Plains.

They built their houses on the same principle - yurts the ancient Mongols, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Yakuts and many other peoples who have not forgotten how this is done even now.

Yurt - this is a dwelling made of felt (specially dressed wool of domestic animals, for example, sheep). The yurt protects from the steppe climate of strong winds and temperature extremes. Felt coverings keep the hearth warm in summer and keep it warm in winter.
The word "yurt" means, translated from Turkic, "home, homeland".

6.Traditional dwellings of peoples, living in the subarctic and arctic climatic zones. Cold belt. There are low temperatures and strong winds all year round.
North of Canada, Yakutia, Karelia, Magadan, Kamchatka and Murmansk regions, as well as the islands of the Arctic Ocean and its seas.
Due to the harsh climate, this region is one of the most difficult for people to live in. Approximately 40 northern indigenous peoples live here - Eskimos, Nenets, Pomors, Enets, Chukchi, Evenks, Yukaghirs, etc. For many centuries they have preserved the traditional way of life established by their ancestors.

The Chukchi live in distant Chukotka, which they call Chau-chu, which means "rich in deer."

Yaranga - the dwelling of the Chukchi. Instead of walls, this house has poles covered with deer skins. Inside, a square room is fenced off with reindeer skins. Here people sleep and eat. And behind the canopy they have pantries and a kitchen. A fire crackles in an iron stove, warming the yaranga.

Neither caves nor wood are available to residents of the northern regions. They cut bricks for their dwellings from the most accessible material - snow. Such houses, which are called needle, northern peoples are building now.

igloo, built by Canadian Eskimos living beyond the Arctic Circle. It is made from large snow blocks. The furniture in the house is also made of snow. The building is given a domed character, due to which it retains heat in the room. Gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. An interesting fact is that when the air is heated, the internal surfaces of the walls of the igloo melt, but do not melt due to the fact that the snow quickly removes excess heat outside the house, and due to this, a comfortable temperature for a person is maintained in the room. Moreover, snow walls are able to absorb excess moisture, so the igloo is always dry.

Conclusion.
As a result of the study, we concluded that the type of traditional human dwellings depends on the climate, available natural materials, human skills and tools.
A person's dependence on weather and climate is direct, rigid and in many respects determining for his health, and economic activity, and life! Thus, the hypothesis that there is a close relationship between the type of climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people was confirmed.

So, if the climate is warm, without sudden changes in temperature, then the dwellings are quite simple, the walls are thin. The main thing in such conditions is to build walls and a roof that would protect from precipitation and heat. To build such houses, it is enough to be able to weave tree branches or dig holes.
If the climate is harsh, cold and windy, then people have to build warmer and more durable dwellings.

Knowledge of the main climatic factors and the features of their influence on the quality of building materials allows people to build houses on their own, as well as make it warm, dry and comfortable.

During the research work, we performed practical work. Using maps of the continents, we posted photographs of the inhabitants of the countries and their typical dwellings, characteristic of each climatic zone of the continents. Created these maps will be a guide for geography lessons.

Sources of information.

1. Gerasimova T.P. Geography. Initial course. Grade 6: textbook for educational institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukov. – M.: Bustard, 2013. – 159 p.

2. Korinskaya V.A. Geography: Geography of continents and oceans. Grade 7: textbook / V.A. Korinskaya, I.V. Dushina, V.A. Shchenev. – M.: Bustard, 2014. – 335 p.

3. Dietrich A., G. Yurmin, R. Koshurnikova. Why. Encyclopedia for children. - M .: Pedagogy, 1987.

4. Yandex pictures collection

Authors:

7th grade students

MOU SOSH with. Buturlinka

Olga Smyslova

Sergey Feduleev

Alesya Romanycheva

Research objectives and plan:

• Consider the features of human residential buildings in various climatic zones.

• Reveal the relationship of living conditions with climate and natural areas.

• Find similarities in the method and material of construction on different continents, but within the same belt.

• Find out if the way of life and traditional occupations of the population influence their type of dwelling.

• Make a conclusion: in the process of building your house, what does a person put in the first place: beauty, convenience or practicality?

What do we want to know?

• 1. What are houses built in different parts of the world?

• 2. How does climate determine the architecture of a building?

• 3. Do the way of life and traditional occupations of peoples affect the form, content, and appearance of a dwelling?

The climatic features of the construction site of the house have always had a significant impact on the types of housing.

Climatic zones of the Earth

Equatorial climate zone

The territory located within this belt is characterized by

the predominance of equatorial air masses and low atmospheric pressure; high air temperatures and high rainfall throughout the year.

Types of housing in the equatorial belt

Houses on stilts are common in the southeast. Asia, Oceania, some areas of Africa and South America. Such buildings

are reliable protection against floods. Light bamboo huts, covered with palm leaves, stand high above the ground, and the inhabitants are not afraid of either floods or predators.

Inhabitants of the equatorial forests

A humid and hot, stable climate, generously supplying a person with everything necessary, led to the emergence of peoples who are not inclined to long hard work. Some tribes of the rainforests do not know how to build dwellings, sculpt pots, till the soil

subequatorial belt

Inhabitants of the savannas and woodlands

Tropical climate zone

The territory within the tropical zone is characterized by high atmospheric pressure and the dominance of tropical air masses; in summer the air temperature is high, in winter it is cool. Rain is rare.

The area is sparse in vegetation.

Typical types of housing in the deserts of Asia

pueblo

In dry, treeless, as well as in foothill and mountainous regions, starting from the Neolithic, stone, adobe, mud-brick, adobe and combined dwellings of various types developed, which still exist today in Central, Central and Western Asia, in the Caucasus, on Yu.-V. Europe, in North Africa, in the south-west. North America, Mexico, Yucatan, Andean Highlands.

Often such dwellings, closely interlocking with each other and even piled one on top of the other, form multi-tiered stone or adobe structures (for example, settlements of the type pueblo to the southwest North America).

Desert dwellings

The nomadic Bedouin Arabs in Saudi Arabia still contemptuously call the settled Arabs people of clay, and proudly call themselves people of wool - because they live in tents made of coarse fabric, which Bedouin women make from goat hair. This wool is good because the material from it almost does not absorb water, otherwise the tent after the rain would be impossible to load on a camel - it is already quite heavy. In cold regions, tents usually have double walls, and the open side of the dwelling is hung with a special curtain.

Wet tropics and subtropics

Unlike the dry tropics, they are rich in forests.

In warm and humid zones - pavilion-type houses, for the possibility of through ventilation.

Traditional dwellings of the Australian Aborigines - windscreens, sheds, huts. In Oceania - frame-pillar with a high gable roof made of palm leaves.

temperate climate zone

This CP occupies vast areas of the Earth. Main features:

the predominance of temperate air and westerly winds; distinct seasons. Growing continental climate from west to east, cold winters and hot summers. Precipitation is plentiful but unevenly distributed.

The flora is diverse, with a predominance of coniferous and deciduous forests.

Typical housing types in the temperate zone

In regions with cold winters, compact houses were built with thick, insulated walls and small windows. Typical representative countries are Canada, Russia, Norway.

Since these latitudes are rich in forest, the main building material is wood.

Steppes and semi-deserts of the temperate zone

The steppes and semi-deserts of the arid zone of the temperate zone of Central Asia are characterized by the economic and cultural type of semi-nomadic and semi-sedentary pastoralists-farmers with portable, collapsible dwellings in the form of yurts of various types.

Arctic and Antarctic belt

The predominance of cold air masses, low air temperatures all year round, low rainfall.

The absence of almost any vegetation, except for mosses and lichens.

Arctic and Subarctic

An igloo is a house made of snow blocks, usually domed, which is built by the Eskimos of Canada and Greenland at winter camps.

Yarangi - traditional dwellings of the Eskimos, reindeer herders, which was also built from improvised material. The walls of the yarangas were often lined with turf, made of stones or boards.

As a conclusion:

The house is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Native dwelling gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, their culture and features of life are revealed to a large extent. The appearance of the dwelling, building materials and the method of construction depend on the environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter how it looks, among all peoples it is considered the center around which the rest of the world is located.

Progress has come a long way, but many peoples continue to live and build traditional houses that are characteristic of their area.

A man always called his house - a fortress.

Conclusion:

1. Housing is one of the most important elements of the material culture of every people.

2. The architecture of the peoples of the world always takes into account the natural and climatic conditions and the way of life of a person.

3. The dwelling must meet all the necessary requirements to ensure comfortable and safe living. When building his house, a person strives to ensure that it is for him first of all:

- practical, resisted and protected him from all natural adversities;

- convenient, so that life proceeds easily and usefully;

- and finally, beautiful, for the joy of the owner's eyes and beauty on Earth.

Sources of information:

• http:/ www.etnolog.ru/

• http://www.cultinfo.ru/

• http://images.geo/

• http://www.geoport.ru/