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"Primer" and "ABC" are the first books of a schoolchild.

Listen to a small excerpt from the ancient Russian book “The Tale of Bygone Years”: “It is great to crawl from the teachings of books... If you diligently seek the books of wisdom, then you will discover a great crawl of your soul...” - Did you understand what I read about? In modern language, this saying would sound like this: Great is the benefit of book learning... If you look for wisdom in books, you will find great benefit to your soul. What is this passage talking about?

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The primer is the first educational book that falls into the hands of a child. This is where literacy begins. Through it, children learn to read and write. Today I will tell you about how the primers were created, from which all children in our country learn.

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In ancient times, children also went to school, but they did not read from the ABC book and they did not write in notebooks. In the old days, letters were carved on wooden tablets and written in notebooks made of birch bark. Then books appeared on earth. At first, book sheets were made from animal skin, and later they were made from paper.

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Already in ancient times, people understood how important it is to be able to read books, because by reading books, you learn a lot of important and interesting things. At first, books were handwritten. They were copied by hand. Rewriting books took a lot of time, because of this the books were very expensive and there were few of them. Over time, people invented machines that could print any number of books. And then the first printed alphabet appeared on earth - the alphabet of Ivan Fedorov. The letters of this alphabet were a little similar to ours. But can you read what is written here?

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Name the first letters of the modern alphabet (A, B, C, D, D...). And before, these letters were written and called completely differently. For example: a - az, b - beeches, c - lead, d - verb, d - good, e - is, w - life, i - like, l - people, s - word, etc. What word comes from the name of the first Russian letters? (ABC).

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Learning to read in those days took 2-3 years. First, the teacher forced the children to memorize the names of the letters, then add syllables from them, then words. For example, beeches+people+az = blah, verb+on = go, = blah-go, word+people+on = slo, = blah-go-slo, vedi+izhe = vi, = blah-go-slo-vi . It was not by chance that I chose such an incomprehensible word. After all, in those days there were no special stories for children. And the children learned to read prayer texts that were completely incomprehensible to them. Can you imagine how difficult it was to learn to read then?

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Gradually, texts of prayers incomprehensible to children began to disappear from the primers, and texts of various instructions and teachings appeared in their place. For example, on the pages of “The Magnificent Russian Alphabet. A Gift for Kind Children,” one could read the following texts: Don’t talk much, and get used to listening more; be meek, quiet, modest. Don't tell everything that comes to mind; but always think about what you intend to talk about. What you really don’t know, don’t assert or dispute. What you borrow, give back; what you promised, fulfill what you received for free, for that give thanks. Honor your parents. teachers and elders, follow the orders of the former and listen to the advice of the latter. When elders speak, listen attentively and do not interrupt their speech. Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today.

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In those distant times, different primers were printed: some for children from rich families - colored, with beautiful elegant pictures, others for poor peasant and working children. For the common people, they made small, poorly printed books without illustrations. But there were also good, kind people living in our country who took care of children. For example, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, in his Yasnaya Polyana estate, used his own money to organize a school for poor peasant children. He created “ABC” especially for this school. In it he included short stories about the life of peasants. Many stories from Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's ABC are still used to teach children to read.

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Another great Russian teacher, Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky, created a textbook for children, “Native Word.” This textbook went through 147 editions. It consisted of two books: “ABC” and “The first book after the ABC.” In “ABC,” Ushinsky places drawings to depict them in cells to prepare the child for writing with the help of interesting drawings. Then he gives copybooks, written and printed alphabets. First, the children had to identify sounds in the simplest words (au, ua, osa), learned to write the letters denoting them, then read what was written.

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The primers were constantly improved. Your great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers learned from the ABC book of Dmitry and Elena Tikhomirov. This primer is very similar to modern primers. It was published more than 160 times. And now in some schools they study using the Tikhomirovs’ ABC book.

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When your moms and dads went to school, a new colorful primer was created. This primer remained virtually unchanged for 40 years. According to the content, the material in the primer is divided into three parts: preparatory, primer and post-primer periods. During the preparatory period, children learned to distinguish sentences, words and syllables. For this, various paintings, series of drawings, and object pictures were used. During the alphabet period, the main task was to learn to distinguish sounds and letters, read words and small texts. In the post-primer period, students read interesting, entertaining stories and poems.

Tablet with the alphabet.

Printed model

machine from the 16th century

Page from "ABC"

Ivan Fedorov.

Lviv. 1574

The very first primer printed by Ivan Fedorov, the founder of book printing in Rus', in Lvov in 1574.

The second edition of the primer by Ivan Fedorov. Pages from Ivan Fedorov's Ostrog alphabet of 1578

By the 16th century In Rus', handwritten teaching aids (grammars) appeared, in which ABC has already been allocated to a separate section. These alphabets offered several styles of each letter, gave their Slavic name, and the interpretation of words starting with a given letter. Gradually, the content of handwritten alphabet began to expand. Anyone who already knew how to read urgently needed reading material.

Another great Russian teacher, Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky, created a textbook for children, “Native Word.” This textbook went through 147 editions. It consisted of two books: “ABC” and “The first book after the ABC.” In “ABC,” Ushinsky places drawings to depict them in cells to prepare the child for writing with the help of interesting drawings.

K. D. Ushinsky

Not well tailored, but tightly sewn

• The white, sleek bunny said to the hedgehog: - What an ugly, scratchy dress you have, brother!“True,” answered the hedgehog, “but my thorns save me from the teeth of the dog and the wolf; does your pretty skin serve you the same way? Instead of answering, the bunny just sighed.

Two goats

Two stubborn goats met one day on a narrow log thrown across a stream. It was impossible to cross the stream at both times; one had to turn back, give way to the other and wait.

– “Make way for me,” one said.

– Here's another! Look, what an important gentleman,” answered the other, “backing away, I was the first to ascend the bridge.”

– No, brother, I am much older than you in years, and I have to give in to the milksucker! Never!

Here both, without thinking for a long time, collided with strong foreheads, locked horns and, resting their thin legs on the deck, began to fight. But the deck was wet: both stubborn men slipped and flew straight into the water.

On November 13, 1872, the first edition of L.N.’s “ABC” was published. Tolstoy. Autumn 1859 Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, which belonged to him. He announced that the school was free and that there would be no corporal punishment (caning).

At that time there were few books for children, and now a world-famous writer writes “The ABC” for children. It was published in 1872. In "ABC" Tolstoy used the best of fairy tales, fables, epics, proverbs and sayings. Three years later, a second edition appeared under the title “New ABC”. Somewhat later, four volumes of “Russian books for reading” were published. In total, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy wrote 629 different works for children.

Internet resources:

http://www.russia.edu.ru/edu/description/history_edu/911/

Sections: Primary School

Goals:

• give an idea of ​​the primer and Cyrillic alphabet;
• promote spiritual and moral education;
• develop creative thinking.

Equipment:

• modern Russian alphabet,
• alphabets and primers of different years of publication,
• photograph of the monument to Cyril and Methodius in Moscow by A.P. Konanykhin,
• illustrations from a textbook on the topic,
• phono recording "Epic tune" N. Rimsky-Korsakov.

Note:

• Program "School of Russia",
• textbook "Russian ABC" V.G. Goretsky.

During the classes

I. Org. moment. Statement of the topic.

(On the board there is an exhibition of books - alphabets and primers)

Guys, today we will plunge into history and learn a lot of new and interesting things.

Have you ever heard of such people as Cyril and Methodius? (Picture 1)

What do you know about them?

(Cyril and Methodius were brothers. And in order to communicate at a distance, they created the Slavic alphabet, i.e. the Slavic alphabet).

Why do you think Cyril and Methodius called their alphabet Slavic?

(Because there used to be Slavic people).

So, we will talk about Cyril and Methodius, we will find out what they did for the people.

II. Work on the topic of the lesson.

Now let's look at our textbook, you see that it is called "Russian ABC". Why do you think the alphabet was called Russian?

("Russian alphabet" was created in our time, i.e. by the Russian people)

Do you know who created your textbook?

To find out this we need to open the 4th page, and there we can read the authors of the textbook. (V.G. Goretsky, L.F. Klimanova).

So, in order for us to learn in more detail everything about Cyril and Methodius, about their Slovenian alphabet, we need to open the textbook on page 214.

I will now read to you the text “The First Teachers of the Slavs,” and you listen carefully, then tell me what you learned from this text.

(The teacher reads the text from the textbook, at this time the music “Epic Tuning” by N. Rimsky-Korsakov sounds).

In the text you will find such a word as EQUAL Apostles

(The word is put on the board)

Do you know who the Equal of the Apostles were called?

Equal to the Apostles are people who are equal before the Apostle.

AN APOSTLE is a disciple of Jesus Christ who brings his teaching to people (the definition is taken from the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov).

Guys, who is Jesus Christ?

JESUS ​​CHRIST is the son of God who came to earth in the form of a man who created the earth and heaven.

(Teacher reading the text).

What new did you learn from this text?

(Cyril and Methodius were disciples of the Lord and Jesus Christ. The writing of letters has changed a lot, some letters have disappeared, but the basis remains. On May 24, a holiday of Slavic writing and culture is celebrated in Russia).

Now read this text in a whisper and try to find sentences that can be attributed to this illustration. (Figure 2)

III. Physical education (visual gymnastics).

IV. Continuation of work on the topic.

Tell me, who wrote the first educational book?

To find out, we need to open the textbook on page 216.

Now I will read the text “The First Primer” to you, and you listen to it carefully.

This text will contain words that are unfamiliar to you:

• PRINTER
• PRAYER

(Words are put on the board).

Who is the first printer?

(This is the man who first introduced printing).

What is prayer?

(This is a specific text that believers read when addressing God and the saints).

(Teacher reading the text “The First Primer”).

What new did you learn from this text? Who wrote? When did you write it?

How did the first primer end?

(Prayers and teachings).

Now I’ll read the lesson again, and you tell me, what does it teach?

(This teaching teaches that “children obey their parents and then they will live long on earth”).

Guys, what do you think, is our alphabet different from the old, ancient alphabet?

Of course, the alphabet has changed over the years. For example, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy created his own alphabet, which consisted of 35 letters. If you look at them, you can see that some letters differ from our modern letters.

(On the board is an exhibition of books from different years of publication).

Let's look at the board. There are books here. They are arranged by age from the most ancient books to our modern textbook. As you can see, these are primers and ABCs.

(The teacher shows the books to the students, leafs through them, shows illustrations).

What information do they contain?

How are the alphabet and primer similar?

(They are similar in content).

That's right, they are similar in content, i.e. used for learning letters.

V. Physical education minute.

How many of you know the modern alphabet?

Let's play this game with you: now I will show the letters - if I show a letter denoting a vowel sound, you clap your hands, if it is a consonant sound, jump.

VI. Continuation of work on the topic.

(Music sounds).

A long time ago, Cyril and Methodius wrote on bundles of paper, and now we need to read these bundles, but they are written in Slavic letters, we need to correlate them with our Russian letters. To do this, we need to divide into six groups.

VII. Work in groups.

(Children work according to the teacher’s instructions: they match the letters of the Slavic alphabet with the modern one. The teacher posts their answers on the board.) (Figure 3-8).

VIII. Summing up the lesson.

Let's remember what we studied in class today.

(Words are written on the board)

Ivan Fedorov

What did you find out about him?

Cyril and Methodius

What new things have you learned about them?

What does this number “tell” you?

Now let's play a little.

IX. Physical education minute.

The game is called "Japanese Car". You probably all know that Japanese things are very good and comfortable, but if things break, they cannot be repaired. So, to play this game you need to know the movements and the alphabet. To avoid getting confused in the alphabet, you have pieces of paper on your tables with the correct pronunciation of letters. (Annex 1). And the movements are like this (clap your hands, clap your knees, snap your fingers). Repeat after me. The car will start when everyone performs these movements correctly. Now, for each clap of our hands, we will take turns calling out the letters, in alphabetical order. I start.

X. Reflection

Our lesson is over. What did he teach you? How many of you wanted to know even more about our alphabet? Thank you very much for your work in class. Well done today!

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Municipal budgetary educational institution - secondary school No. 66

Tula, 2015

Topic: Ancient alphabets and primers

Place and role of the lesson in the topic being studied: lesson of learning new material.

Target: to form in students ideas about the ancient alphabet and primer, teach to read scientific texts, stories, and comprehend them.

Tasks:

Cognitive:

consolidate children's knowledge of the letters they have learned;

introduce children to ancient alphabets and primers;

develop conscious and fluent reading skills;

Educational:

develop children’s grammatically correct speech, accuracy, completeness, emotionality, consistency and content in their answers;

develop skills in working with text;

develop speech, logical thinking and attention.

Educational:

cultivate an attentive, friendly attitude towards the answers and stories of other children;

instill perseverance and the ability to overcome difficulties;

to cultivate interest and respect for the history and culture of the Russian people.

Formed UUD:

comprehendreadabletexts and highlight the main idea in them;

reproduce the text read;

apply acquired knowledge and skills in practice;

work in pairs.

Didactic tools:

for the teacher: ICT tools (presentation), image of the ancient alphabet.

for students : textbooks,voting systemMimioVote.

During the classes

Motivation for activity. (1 min)

Target: motivate (self-determinate) students for learning activities. This stage of the learning process involves the student’s conscious transition from life activity to the space of learning activity. For this purpose, at this stage, his motivation for activities in the lesson is organized, namely:

1) the requirements for the student in terms of educational activities are updated (“must”);

2) thematic framework is established (“I can”);

3) conditions are created for the student to develop an internal need for inclusion in educational activities (“I want”).

To study well

You need to know a lot

Every day a treasure trove of knowledge

Be sure to replenish.

What do we learn in literacy lessons? Why do we need this? That's right, the most important thing is that we will learn to read well and know a lot.

Updating basic knowledge. (4 min.)

Target:

1) updating of the studied methods of action, sufficient for the construction of new knowledge, their verbal (in speech) and symbolic (standard) fixation and generalization;

2) updating of mental operations and cognitive processes sufficient for the construction of new knowledge;

3) motivation for a trial educational action (“need” - “can” - “want”) and its independent implementation;

4) students recording individual difficulties in performing a trial educational action or justifying it.

First, let's prepare our speech apparatus a little.

Breathing exercises. Exercise "Cockerel"

Smoothly inhale on a count from 1 to 4. As you exhale, say the phrase “In the morning, as soon as the dawn rises above the earth, our cockerel crows loudly in the yard.”

Working on diction.

What is a tongue twister?

In the pond near Polycarp -

Three crucian carp, three carp.

Let's remember what we talked about in the last lesson.

Crossword ( alphabet)

1. Smart Ivashka,
Red shirt,
Where it passes, it touches,
there remains a trace.
(Pencil)

2.On a little white page of an unusual book

The sea, the forest and the house may appear.

If you are not lazy, if you work hard,

And color the whole thing with pencils... (album)

3.I carry a new house in my hand

The doors of the house are locked.

The residents here are made of paper,

All terribly important.

(Briefcase)

4. We will write the entire lesson

It will be useful for us...

(Notebook)

5.Black, curves,

Everyone is mute from birth.

They will stand in a row - Now they will start talking.

(Letters)

6. I know everything, I teach everyone,

And I myself am always silent,

To make friends with me,

We need to learn to read and write.

(Book)

7. He only learns “four” and “five”

All children need to take an example from him

“A’s” decorate his diary.

Tell me guys, who is that student? (Excellent student)

What is the alphabet?

How did the word "alphabet" come about?

Who can list the letters of the alphabet for me?

Identifying the location and cause of the problem (3 min)

Target:

1) restore the operations performed and record (verbally and symbolically) the place - step, operation where the difficulty arose;

2) correlate your actions with the method of action used (algorithm, concept, etc.) and on this basis identify and record in external speech the cause of the difficulty - those specific knowledge, skills or abilities that are lacking to solve the original problem and problems of this class or like in general.

Work in pairs.

Do you think people in Rus' have always been able to read and write?

In front of you are cards with a sentence written down. What can you say about these recordings? Discuss this in pairs.

Explain why you couldn't read it? What's the difficulty?

What letters of the alphabet do these letters resemble?

Do you know when, where and how the first signs of writing appeared in Rus'?

Who invented the first alphabet?

Have any of you seen old books?

Building a project for getting out of a problem. (3 min)

Target: build a project to get out of the difficulty.

At this stage, students in a communicative form think about the project of future educational actions: they set a goal (the goal is always to eliminate the difficulty that has arisen), agree on the topic of the lesson, choose a method (addition or clarification), build a plan to achieve the goal and determine the means - algorithms, models, textbook and etc.

Have you guessed what we will talk about in class today? (About ancient books and alphabets)

What goals and objectives do we set for the lesson? Let's draw up an action plan.

What new things do we want to learn in class on this topic? (Learn about the origins of the alphabet. Learn about ancient alphabets and primers)

What are we going to learn? (Recognize ancient letters, read texts from ancient alphabets, etc.)

What will we develop in the lesson? (Reading technique, oral speech, memory, thinking).

Implementation of the completed project. (8 min.)

Target:

1) organize communicative interaction in order to implement the constructed project aimed at acquiring the missing knowledge;

2) organize the solution to the initial problem given for the trial action and record overcoming the difficulty;

3) clarify the general nature of the new knowledge.

So, what do “vintage” books mean? (That is, written a very, very long time ago)

What is the name of our educational book? (ABC)

How did this name come about? The ancient alphabet will help us answer this question. Look at the pink leaves on your desks.

You guessed it, the name of the first book of all schoolchildren comes from the name of the first letters of the Russian alphabet: az and beeches.

- The creators of this alphabet were the brothers Cyril and Methodius from Byzantium. Almost 1000 years ago, the ancient Russian prince Rostislav turned to the Byzantine emperor Michael with a request to send preachers who could spread Christianity toSlavic language (sermons in those parts were read in Latin, a language unfamiliar and incomprehensible to the people). Emperor Michael sent the Greeks - the scientist Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) and his older brother Methodius. Constantine set about creating the Slavic alphabet. Methodius, who also knew the Slavic language well, helped him in his work.

Now we will read a shortscientific article . What text do we call scientific?

“Scientific” means based on scientific facts. You need to read such a text slowly, thoughtfully, comprehending every word.

What are the oldest alphabets?

What did you learn about the letters of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet?

Each sign of the Old Russian alphabet was designated by a word, which carried great significance. The words were chosen in such a way that they formed a semantic phrase, for example: “Az beeches lead” - I will know.

“Lead the Verb” – know the teaching;

"Firmly Oak" - strengthen the law;

“Rtsy the Word is Firm” - speak true words, etc.

Of course, these letters of Old Church Slavonic writing will help us read the entry for the first task. Only the words themselves and their meaning have changed their meaning over time. Listen to an excerpt from the ancient Russian book “The Tale of Bygone Years”:

“Great is the gain that comes from book learning... If you diligently seek wisdom in the books, you will find great gain in your soul.”

Did you understand what I read? In modern Russian, this saying would sound like this: “There is great benefit from the teachings of books... If you look for wisdom in them, you will find in it great benefit to your soul.”

What message did we receive from the ancient sages?

Let's read one more wisdom in the alphabet.

“First “Az” and “Buki” - then all the sciences.” How do you understand this?

PHYSICAL MINUTE (2 min)

Primary consolidation. (7 min)

Target : organize children’s assimilation of a new method of action when solving standard problems with their pronunciation in external speech. At this stage, the constructed method of action is formalized in thinking (assimilation). Students, in the form of communicative interaction - first frontally, then in groups and in pairs - solve standard tasks with the solution algorithm spoken out loud. The stage is accompanied by reflection (thinking about) what is being done, how it is being done, and whether everything is clear.

Working with printed text (G. Sapgir “How they taught to read”)

Working with illustrations

Look at the illustration on p.80. Guess what this text will be about.

Who's in the picture?

What does it show?

What letters are these?

Read the story aloud in parts.

What color was the board?

What color was the coal?

Why did they write with charcoal?

What did the teacher write?

From what book have children learned to read and write since ancient times?

Why was each letter represented by a word?

What words were used to represent the letters?

How are they translated?

Who compiled the Primer for Children?

Re-reading the text. Working on expressiveness.

Work in groups on questions in the box.

Independent work (4 min)

Target:

1) check, based on comparison with the standard, your ability to apply new educational content in typical situations;

2) organize reflection on mastering a new method based on the results of independent work (particular attention to the principles of minimax and psychological comfort).

Look at the tasks on the sheets of paper .
Color the letter and the word it represents with the same color. (Children's independent work)

Standard check.

lead

think

live

az

beeches

verb

People

There is

good

Earth

8. Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition. (10 min)

Target:

1) identify the limits of applicability of new knowledge;

2) repeat the educational content necessary to ensure meaningful continuity.

A) Old ABC books.

Initially, books in Rus' were handwritten.

The very first primer printed by Ivan Fedorov, the founder of book printing in Rus', in Lvov more than 400 years ago.

The first Moscow manual for teaching literacy – Primer by Vasily Burtsov.

Published by the Moscow Printing House about 300 years ago.

Vasily Fedorovich Burtsov-Protopopov, a famous Russian publisher, worked at the Moscow Printing Yard under special conditions. Subsequently he headed his own “printing hut”.

Primer of the Slavonic language, that is, the beginning of teaching for children who want to learn to read scriptures" published in Moscow by Simeon of Polotsk another 50 years later. S. Polotsky's primer is already more voluminous compared to the previous ones - it contains 160 sheets.

Primer by Karion Istomin . Published in Moscow in 1694. Karion Istomin, a monk of the Moscow Chudov Monastery, at the same time a famous educator, poet, artist, bookmaker, served at the Moscow printing house first as a “reference officer” (editor), and then, from 1698, and his boss.

B) Reading a story from Leo Tolstoy’s ABC “Tanya”

L.N. Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children on his estate and created textbooks from which they studied.

B) Quiz.

What does the name "ABC" mean?

What is the oldest alphabet made of?

What does each letter mean in the Old Church Slavonic alphabet?

What letter does the word “Lead” stand for?

Who is the creator of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet?

D) Exhibition of modern primers

9. Reflection on learning activities in the lesson (lesson summary). (2 minutes)

Target:

1) record new content learned in the lesson;

2) conduct a reflective analysis of educational activities from the point of view of fulfilling the requirements known to students;

3) evaluate your own activities in the lesson;

4) record unresolved difficulties as directions for future educational activities.

Today our knowledge has been replenished with new information. What did they talk about in class?

Were we able to answer the questions from the lesson?

What did you learn about the ancient alphabet?

What did the letters stand for?

Who was the founder of the Russian alphabet?

What interested you in the lesson?

today I found out...

I realized that...

I managed …

I was surprised...

I wanted…

it was difficult…

Green – high activity in the lesson, everything worked out.

Yellow - Good activity in the lesson, a lot was achieved, but there were mistakes and shortcomings.

Blue - a lot of things in the lesson remained unclear.

Raise the lights, let's see what kind of light we have.

Amazing! I'm glad you liked everything. Thanks everyone for the lesson. See you again!