The foundation of a centralized state in England was laid by the Norman Conquest. William the Conqueror confiscated lands from a significant part of the Anglo-Saxon nobility and transferred them as fiefs to his associates. But their lands did not represent compact possessions, but were scattered throughout the country. In addition, all feudal lords, both large and small, were declared direct vassals of the king and had to pay him homage. The king retained huge domain possessions, which amounted to about a seventh of all cultivated land in the country. The entire territory of the state was controlled by the king through sheriffs, royal officials who had mainly administrative and fiscal powers (powers to collect taxes).

Further strengthening of royal power in England was associated with the reforms of King Henry II. As a result of the military reform, the compulsory service of the king’s vassals for their feud was replaced by “shield money,” which made it possible for the king to maintain mercenary troops that obeyed him unquestioningly. Judicial reform expanded the powers of the royal court: the king's traveling judges could conduct cases on criminal offenses, and cases related to land ownership, for a certain fee, could be tried in the royal court with the participation of jurors. According to the forest reform, all forests in England were declared the property of the king.

Thus, by the end of the 12th century. in England the main features of a centralized state were formed.

Royalty under the Capetian dynasty

In France, royal power in the 10th century. was extremely weak. After the death in 987 of the last representative of the Carolingian dynasty, Louis V the Lazy, the French nobility elected Count of Paris Hugh Capet as the new king of France, who became the founder of the new French royal dynasty - Capetian. However, in fact, only the royal domain, located between Paris and Orleans (Ile-de-France), was subordinate to him. But even on the territory of the domain, there were possessions of small vassals of the king, who behaved very independently and often showed their disobedience to the king.

However, compared to his vassals, even the most powerful ones, the king had a number of significant advantages. He was a suzerain, due to which he had the right to confiscate the fief if the holder did not fulfill his vassal obligations, the preemptive right to buy the fief, as well as the right to annex fiefs left without heirs to his domain. To expand their domain lands, the Capetians actively used marriage policy: they sought to marry their sons to heiresses of large feudal estates. The king, having undergone the coronation ceremony, became a sovereign, that is, a ruler towering over the entire feudal system, since his power was sanctified by the Divine will.

Coronation Rite

Capetians, starting with the second representative of this dynasty Robert II the Pious(996-1081), developed a complex, carefully thought-out coronation rite, aimed at emphasizing the sacred nature of their power. They were crowned only in Reims, the city where Clovis was baptized, and the sacred oil - myrrh - for the coronation was taken from a special bottle, brought, according to legend, from heaven by a dove during Clovis's baptism. Therefore, the ritual of anointing the king gave the king special qualities in the eyes of the people that distinguished him from mere mortals. So, according to legend, the king, by laying on his hands, could heal dangerous diseases, for example, scrofula.

Strengthening royal power in the XII-XV centuries

Skillfully using all their advantages, the French kings, starting with Louis VI Tolstoy(1108-1137), steadily strengthened their power and by the beginning of the 14th century. took it to a whole new level.

Under Philip II (1180-1223), the position of judge (bagli) was introduced, who had investigative powers in the territory of the royal domain.

At Louis IX Saint(1226-1270) the territory of the domain, which expanded sharply in previous years due to the confiscation of a number of English possessions and lands of the County of Toulouse, was divided into administrative districts - balyages. From that time on, the bailiffs carried out legal proceedings on behalf of the king, collected taxes and monitored the execution of royal decrees. Louis IX the Saint introduced a unified monetary system in the domain. Material from the site

By the time of the reign Philip IVBeautiful(1285-1314) the territory of the domain was three-quarters of the kingdom. At this time, the king's advisers put forward the idea that the king was the emperor in his kingdom, that is, his power was not limited by any customs, and his will had the force of law.

The victory in the Hundred Years' War further strengthened the power of the king in France: all the lands taken from the English king became part of the royal domain, and the national identity that arose in France precisely during the years of centuries-old confrontation with England made the king a symbol of national unity.

At Louis XI(1461-1483) and Charles VIII(1483-1498) the unification of France was completed.

Sections: History and social studies

Lesson objectives: to summarize the prerequisites for the transition to an absolute monarchy, to reveal its characteristic features using the example of France and England; develop the ability to analyze historical phenomena and establish connections between them; show the attitude of an absolute monarchy towards its people.

Lesson type: learning new material.

New terms: absolutism, class representation.

1. work with documents;
2. vocabulary work.

1. heuristic conversation;
2. conclusion.

1. working with textbook text;
2. drawing up diagrams;
3. comparison and conclusion.

(teacher's story).

1. working with a textbook;
2. drawing up a response plan.

VII. Homework p. 3, textbook “New History. 1500-1800.” Author A.Ya. Yudovskaya. Table “The meaning of establishing absolutism” for:

1. states; 2) personalities.

I. Today, we will get acquainted with the form of the feudal state characteristic of a number of countries in Western Europe, the Early Modern period - absolute monarchy or absolutism.

Let us consider and compare the emergence of absolutism and royal power in the 16th–17th centuries. in England and France. It was in these states that it manifested itself most clearly.

II. Definition of the concept “absolutism”.

What is absolutism or absolute monarchy? To find out, let's look at historical documents. (Annex 1)

Assignment: 1) “What are we talking about?”

“What is absolutism?”

2) cite passages that talk about the establishment of the absolute power of the king.

Conclusion: absolutism is the power of one person in the state.

Recording the definition of “Absolutism” in notebooks.

Absolutism is a form of government in which supreme power unlimitedly belongs to one person - the monarch and is inherited.

III. Consequences of absolutism.

Questions for conversation:

1) What do you think will be the position of the feudal nobility under absolutism? Will they maintain their independence? Why?

2) Absolutism and internecine wars, is their coexistence possible? Why?

3) How, in your opinion, should a monarch in the era of absolutism treat class representative bodies? Why?

Summarizing student responses and additional teacher story.

Indeed, under absolutism, the annexation of outlying territories continues and the attempts of the old feudal nobility to maintain their independence are suppressed.

For example, in France, the provinces of Normandy and Burgundy were subordinated to royal power.

In England, Henry VIII Tudor stripped the northern counties and Wales of their independence and subjugated them to London.

In order to prevent the repetition of bloody events like the War of the Roses, the English kings disbanded the feudal troops and razed the castles of the rebellious feudal lords.

The strengthened monarchical power always sought to get rid of class-representative bodies.

Students draw a conclusion and then write it down in a notebook.

“The consequences of the strengthening of royal power in the 16th-17th centuries”:

1. The independence of the feudal nobility is eliminated.
2. Internecine wars stop.
3. The activities of estate representative bodies are limited.

IV. Authorities in the XVI-XVII centuries. in England and France and their functions.

Let us consider the authorities in England and France that existed in the 16th - 17th centuries. (Figure 1, Figure 2)

Let's depict it in the form of diagrams for easy comparison.

1. – the class is divided into 2 groups: “England” and “France”;

– work with the text of the textbook;

– drawing up a diagram;

- writing in a notebook.

2. “English” - work on pages 24-27;

“French” - work on pages 28-29.

Figure 1. Authorities in the 16th-17th centuries. in England and their functions.

Figure 2. Authorities in the 16th-17th centuries. in France and their functions.

Compare and draw a conclusion.

1. In which state was the king's power stronger? Why?

Conclusion: FRANCE.

COMPARISON:

1. Parliament and Estates General:

a) powers;

b) when they were convened and how they were convened;

2) Privy Council - Council (government).

3) The judiciary of England and France;

4) Local government:

a) how you chose it;

b) powers.

Bottom line: from the diagrams you see that royal power stands above all powers: executive, legislative, judicial, and in France even legislative power was in the hands of the king.

In governing the state, monarchs relied on the army, police, and officials.

V. The monarch is God’s anointed.

In the 16th century, doctrines began to emerge that substantiated the need for absolutism.

The power of the king was proclaimed to be divine in origin. Religious teachings were also echoed by secular ones. In the 16th-17th centuries, the science of state and law was already developed in France, where the main provision was that the supreme legislative power was concentrated in the hands of the monarch.

In the 16th – 17th centuries, the cult of the king was highly developed. You can read about the life of the royal court, court service in Versailles, in France in the textbook (“Etiquette at the Court of Louis XIV”, p. 30).

VI. Absolutism and personality.

You and I have examined absolutism from the point of view of the state, whose interests it defended. Did absolutism protect the interests of people, individuals in the state?

Working with the textbook text, page 27.

We answer question 4, page 30. Did the strengthening of absolutism contribute to the strengthening of personal human rights in society?

VII. Homework p. 3, table “The meaning of establishing absolutism” for:

1. states; 2) personalities.

VIII. Result: conclusions of students and teachers; grading.

Absolutism is a form of government consisting in the unlimited power of the monarch. Characteristic features of absolutism: the presence of a regular army, a professional bureaucracy, uniform laws, an administrative structure, a state church, a unified tax system and unlimited monarchical power

Absolutism “He who is born a subject must obey.” “The will of God is that everyone born a subject should obey without reasoning” - these phrases express the meaning of absolutism.

One king - one country Lands were taken away from the old rebellious and wayward nobility, castles were destroyed, and bands of feudal lords were disbanded. The freedoms of cities were limited. After the Hundred Years' War, Normandy, Burgundy and other provinces came under the rule of the king in France. . In England, the king brought the remote northern counties and Wales under his authority (the Council of the North and the Council of Wales were created).

One king - one country During the period of absolutism, the bodies of class representation (English parliament, Spanish Cortes, French Estates General) lose their importance. Kings seek to get rid of their influence. To this end, the feudal lords are gradually deprived of their privileges and influence. Kings recruit nobles (a new class whose position depends entirely on their service to the king)

Limiting the role of class representation bodies Under absolutism, the monarch did not need the support of parliament. For example, during the 37 years of the reign of Henry VIII, parliament met only 21 times, and during the 45 years of the reign of his daughter Elizabeth - 13 times. The kings significantly limited their influence, thereby strengthening their absolute power.

Limiting the role of class representation bodies “I would like this edification of mine to replace more severe measures, so that you understand how dangerous it is to test a monarch; and may my consolation lift your fallen spirits and help you gain hope that your subsequent behavior will make amends for your past actions and you will regain the favor of your sovereign...” From the speech of Queen Elizabeth I of England before Parliament

Limitation of the role of class representation bodies “I don’t understand how my ancestors could allow such an institution.” “In my person, God has sent you a blessing. I am the husband, and the whole island is my legal wife. I am the shepherd, and the island is my flock.” From the speech of James I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Limitation of the role of the bodies of class representation In France, the Estates General were convened even less frequently than. In France, Francis I (1515 -1547) did not convene the Estates General during his reign. And from 1614 to 1789 the Estates General were not convened at all. “What the king demands, the law demands. “When issuing laws, Francis was guided solely by his own discretion, using the formula: “car tel est notre plaisir” (for it pleases us so). King of France Francis I (1515 -1547) Gallery of Francis I in the Fontainebleau Palace

Unified system of public administration. In England, even under the Tudors, the central administrative and executive body became the Privy Council, whose members were appointed by the monarch. The Privy Council, together with the king, determined the directions of the state's domestic and foreign policy, dealt with issues of finance and the defense of the country.

Unified system of public administration. In France, as in England, the head of state was the king, who had full power. He had a council, which was considered the government, but the monarch himself appointed its members and personally decided all issues. Members of the government were princes of the blood, high clergy, financiers, and lawyers, but in fact the country had personal rule by the king. The monarch is God's anointed one. Estates General.

Absolutism, judicial power and bureaucracy For the trial of state crimes, there was a Star Chamber, and crown courts worked locally, and elected magistrates' courts operated, the presence of which also raised the importance of central royal power at the expense of the feudal aristocracy. Star Chamber

Absolutism, judicial power and bureaucracy There were 17 parliaments and higher judicial authorities in France. The most influential of them was Paris - its competence extended to 1/3 of the territory of France. He had the right to appoint a regent in the event of the monarch's incapacity, and approved treaties and decrees of the king. These significant powers were limited during the reign of Louis XIV.

Absolutism, judicial power and bureaucracy England Star Chamber (judges, magistrates) Conducting trials Exposing conspiracies Collecting taxes Prosecuting vagabonds Suppressing rebellions France France Parliaments Appointing regents Appealing judicial and government decisions Review of treaties and decrees

Absolutism, judicial power and bureaucracy Royal power was realized through bureaucracy. In England it numbered 100-1500 people, in France - 8000 in the 16th century. , and 46,000 in the 17th century. In France, positions were inherited and sold. So great was the prestige of the royal servants.

Absolutism and finance The economic ideology of states in the era of absolutism is merantism. Mercantilism is an economic concept based on the idea that economic well-being depends on the concentration of financial resources (precious metals). The state did everything to develop national industry, to limit imports and expand exports.

Absolutism and finance J. B. Colbert, head of the government of Louis XIV, minister of finance, supporter of mercantelism, contributed to the development of the national fleet, trade and industry. He laid the economic prerequisites for the formation of the French colonial empire, created manufactories that produced new types of products and introduced new technologies. To support French industry, J. B. Colbert introduced a customs tariff

An army in the service of the king. Tax system England France Lack of a regular army People's militia Volunteer units Standing regular army Tax system Taglia on land and property Poll tax Salt tax and other taxes

The monarch is God's anointed one. The power of the king is divine in origin. The monarch is the vicar of Jesus Christ on earth. In England, under Queen Elizabeth, her name was mentioned in prayers. Collections of ballads and sermons were published, in which it was argued that the queen had led the people out of darkness.

The monarch is God's anointed one. Absolutism reached its fullest flowering in the second half of the 17th century. in France under Louis XIV, who received the name of the Sun King. Cult of the King. The sun was planted with literary works, paintings, graphics, and various kinds of spectacles. The slightest occasions were used to demonstrate popular adoration and worship.

The monarch is God's anointed one. All political power was in the hands of Louis XIV. Only he determined the religion of the state, administered a fair trial, declared war, entered into military alliances and concluded truces; issued laws and decrees; collected taxes; favored the nobility, etc. “The King of France is obliged only to God and the sword.” A. van der Meulen. Louis XIV with his wife Marie of Austria on the promenade in 1669

The monarch is God's anointed one. “Did you think, gentlemen, that you are the state? The State is me" Louis XIV, the Sun King 1638 - 1715 Palace of Versailles

Comparative characteristics of absolutism in England and France England Bureaucratic apparatus France Relatively insignificant One of the most numerous in Europe State participation Limited in the economic life of the country Significant Army Small in number Religion Protestantism One of the largest in Europe Catholicism

Lesson summary Absolutism was implemented in different ways in European countries, and these options were extremely different from each other: they had different natures and led to different consequences. Sun King

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Strengthening royal power in the 16th and 17th centuries. Absolutism in Europe Prepared by O.Sh. Latypova, history and social studies teacher of Federal State Educational Institution Secondary School No. 4.

2 slide

Slide description:

Absolutism is a form of government consisting in the unlimited power of the monarch. Characteristic features of absolutism: the presence of a regular army, a professional bureaucracy, uniform laws, an administrative structure, a state church, a unified tax system and unlimited monarchical power.

3 slide

Slide description:

“He who is born a subject must obey.” “The will of God is that everyone born a subject should obey without reasoning” - these phrases express the meaning of absolutism. Absolutism

4 slide

Slide description:

One king - one country Lands were taken away from the old rebellious and wayward nobility, castles were destroyed, and bands of feudal lords were disbanded. The freedoms of cities were limited. After the Hundred Years' War, Normandy, Burgundy and other provinces came under the rule of the king in France. In England, the king brought the remote northern counties and Wales under his authority (the Council of the North and the Council of Wales were created).

5 slide

Slide description:

6 slide

Slide description:

One king - one country During the period of absolutism, the bodies of class representation (English parliament, Spanish Cortes, French Estates General) lose their importance. Kings seek to get rid of their influence. To this end, the feudal lords are gradually deprived of their privileges and influence. Kings recruit nobles (a new class whose position depends entirely on their service to the king)

7 slide

Slide description:

Limitation of the role of class representation bodies Under absolutism, the monarch did not need the support of parliament. For example, during the 37 years of the reign of Henry VIII, parliament met only 21 times, and during the 45 years of the reign of his daughter Elizabeth - 13 times. The kings significantly limited their influence, thereby strengthening their absolute power.

8 slide

Slide description:

“I would like this edification of mine to replace more severe measures, so that you understand how dangerous it is to test a monarch; and may my consolation lift your fallen spirit and help you gain hope that your subsequent behavior will make amends for your past actions and you will regain the favor of your sovereign...” Limiting the role of class representation bodies From the speech of Queen Elizabeth I of England before Parliament

Slide 9

Slide description:

“I don’t understand how my ancestors could allow such an institution.” “In my person, God has sent you a blessing. I am the husband, and the whole island is my legal wife. I am the shepherd, and the island is my flock.” From the speech of James I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland. Limitation of the role of class representation bodies

10 slide

Slide description:

Gallery of Francis I at the Palace of Fontainebleau “What the king demands, the law demands.” When issuing laws, Francis was guided solely by his own discretion, using the formula: “car tel est notre plaisir” (for it pleases us so). King of France Francis I (1515-1547) In France, the Estates General were convened even less frequently than. In France, Francis I (1515-1547) did not convene the Estates General during his reign. And from 1614 to 1789 the Estates General were not convened at all. Limitation of the role of class representation bodies

11 slide

Slide description:

Unified system of public administration. In England, even under the Tudors, the central administrative and executive body became the Privy Council, whose members were appointed by the monarch. The Privy Council, together with the king, determined the directions of the state's domestic and foreign policy, dealt with issues of finance and the defense of the country.

12 slide

Slide description:

In France, as in England, the head of state was the king, who had full power. He had a council, which was considered the government, but the monarch himself appointed its members and personally decided all issues. Members of the government were princes of the blood, high clergy, financiers, and lawyers, but in fact the country had personal rule by the king. Unified system of public administration. The monarch is God's anointed one. Estates General.

Slide 13

Slide description:

: Absolutism, judicial power and bureaucracy For the trial of state crimes, there was a Star Chamber, and crown courts worked locally, and elected magistrates' courts operated, the presence of which also raised the importance of central royal power at the expense of the feudal aristocracy. Star Chamber

Slide 14

Slide description:

Absolutism, judicial power and bureaucracy There were 17 parliaments and higher judicial authorities in France. The most influential of them was Paris - its competence extended to 1/3 of the territory of France. He had the right to appoint a regent in the event of the monarch's incapacity, and approved treaties and decrees of the king. These significant powers were limited during the reign of Louis XIV.

15 slide

Slide description:

France France England Parliaments Star Chamber (judges, magistrates) Absolutism, judiciary and bureaucracy Conducting trials Exposing conspiracies Collecting taxes Prosecuting vagabonds Suppressing riots Appointing regents Appealing judicial and government decisions Review of treaties and decrees

16 slide

Slide description:

Royal power was exercised through the bureaucracy. In England it numbered 100-1500 people, in France - 8000 in the 16th century, and 46,000 in the 17th century. In France, positions were inherited and sold. So great was the prestige of the royal servants. Absolutism, judiciary and bureaucracy

Slide 17

Slide description:

Absolutism and finance The economic ideology of states in the era of absolutism is merantilism. Mercantilism is an economic concept based on the idea that economic well-being depends on the concentration of financial resources (precious metals). The state did everything to develop national industry, to limit imports and expand exports.

18 slide

Slide description:

Absolutism and finance Zh.B. Colbert, head of the government of Louis XIV, minister of finance, supporter of mercantelism, contributed to the development of the national fleet, trade and industry. He laid the economic prerequisites for the formation of the French colonial empire, created manufactories that produced new types of products and introduced new technologies. To support French industry, Zh.B. introduced a customs tariff. Colbert

Slide 19

Slide description:

An army in the service of the king. Tax system England France Lack of a regular army People's militia Volunteer units Standing regular army Tax system Taglia on land and property Poll tax Salt tax and other taxes