Social ecology is a branch of science that studies the interaction between the human community and nature. At the moment, this science is being formed into an independent discipline, has its own field of research, subject and object of study. It should be said that social ecology studies various groups of the population that are engaged in activities that directly affect the state of nature, using the resources of the planet. In addition, various measures are being studied to solve environmental problems. A significant place is occupied by environmental protection methods that are used by different segments of the population.

In turn, social ecology has the following subspecies and sections:

• — economic;
• — legal;
• - urban;
• - demographic ecology.

Main problems of social ecology

This discipline primarily considers what mechanisms people use to influence the environment and the world around them. The main problems include the following:

• — global forecasting of the use of natural resources by people;
• – study of certain ecosystems at the level of small locations;
• — study of urban ecology and the life of people in various settlements;
• - Ways of development of human civilization.

Subject of social ecology

Today, social ecology is only gaining momentum in popularity. The work of Vernadsky "Biosphere", which the world saw in 1928, has a significant influence on the development and formation of this scientific field. This monograph outlines the problems of social ecology. Further research by scientists is considering such problems as the cycle of chemical elements and human use of the planet's natural resources.

Human ecology occupies a special place in this scientific specialization. In this context, the direct relationship between people and the environment is studied. This scientific direction considers man as a biological species.

Development of social ecology

Thus, social ecology is developing, becoming the most important field of knowledge that studies a person against the background of the environment. This helps to understand not only the development of nature, but also of man in general. By conveying the values ​​of this discipline to the general public, people will be able to understand what place they occupy on earth, what harm they cause to nature and what needs to be done to preserve it.

1 The concept of social ecology

2 Social and environmental interaction

3 Socio-ecological education

4 Environmental aspects in Hughes' sociology

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Social ecology is the science of harmonizing relations between society and nature.

Social ecology analyzes the attitude of man in its inherent humanistic horizon from the point of view of its correspondence to the historical needs of human development, from the perspective of cultural justification and perspective, through the theoretical understanding of the world in its general definitions, which express the measure of the historical unity of man and nature. Any scientist considers the main concepts of the problem of interaction between society and nature through the prism of his science. The conceptual and categorical apparatus of socioecology is being formed, developed and improved. This process is diverse and covers all aspects of socioecology, not only objectively, but also subjectively, reflecting scientific creativity in a peculiar way and influencing the evolution of scientific interests and searches of both individual scientists and entire teams.

Social ecology's approach to society and nature may seem more intellectually demanding, but it avoids the simplification of dualism and the immaturity of reductionism. Social ecology attempts to show how nature slowly, in phases, transformed into society, without ignoring the differences between them, on the one hand, and the degree of their interpenetration, on the other. The everyday socialization of young people by the family is no less based on biology than the constant care of medicine for the elderly is based on established social factors. We will never stop being mammals with our primal instincts, but we institutionalized them and followed them through various social forms. Thus, the social and the natural constantly penetrate into each other, without losing their specificity in this process of interaction.

The purpose of the control work is to consider the environmental aspect in social work.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of the following tasks:

Define social ecology;

To study socio-ecological interaction;

Designate socio-ecological education;

Consider environmental aspects in Hughes' sociology.

1 The concept of social ecology

One of the most important problems facing researchers at the present stage of the formation of social ecology is the development of a unified approach to understanding its subject. Despite the obvious progress made in the study of various aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature, as well as a significant number of publications on social and environmental issues that have appeared in the last two or three decades in our country and abroad, on the issue of what exactly this branch of scientific knowledge studies, there are still different opinions. In the school reference book "Ecology" A.P. Oshmarin and V.I. Oshmarina gives two options for defining social ecology: in the narrow sense, it is understood as the science “on the interaction of human society with the natural environment”, and in the broad sense, the science “on the interaction of an individual and human society with natural, social and cultural environments” . It is quite obvious that in each of the presented cases of interpretation we are talking about different sciences that claim the right to be called “social ecology”. No less revealing is the comparison between the definitions of social ecology and human ecology. According to the same source, the latter is defined as: “1) the science of the interaction of human society with nature; 2) ecology of the human personality; 3) the ecology of human populations, including the doctrine of ethnic groups. One can clearly see the almost complete identity of the definition of social ecology, understood "in the narrow sense", and the first version of the interpretation of human ecology. The desire for the actual identification of these two branches of scientific knowledge, indeed, is still characteristic of foreign science, but it is quite often subjected to well-reasoned criticism by domestic scientists. S. N. Solomina, in particular, pointing out the expediency of breeding social ecology and human ecology, limits the subject of the latter to consideration of the socio-hygienic and medical-genetic aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature. With a similar interpretation of the subject of human ecology, V.A. Bukhvalov, L.V. Bogdanova and some other researchers, but strongly disagree with N.A. Agadzhanyan, V.P. Kaznacheev and N.F. Reimers, according to whom this discipline covers a much wider range of issues of the interaction of the anthroposystem (considered at all levels of its organization from the individual to humanity as a whole) with the biosphere, as well as with the internal biosocial organization of human society. It is easy to see that such an interpretation of the subject of human ecology actually equates it with social ecology, understood in a broad sense. This situation is largely due to the fact that at present there has been a steady trend of convergence of these two disciplines, when there is an interpenetration of the subjects of the two sciences and their mutual enrichment through the joint use of the empirical material accumulated in each of them, as well as methods and technologies of socio-ecological and anthropoecological research.

Today, an increasing number of researchers tend to broaden the interpretation of the subject of social ecology. So, according to D.Zh. Markovich, the subject of study of modern social ecology, understood by him as a particular sociology, is the specific relationship between a person and his environment. Based on this, the main tasks of social ecology can be defined as follows: the study of the influence of the environment as a combination of natural and social factors on a person, as well as the influence of a person on the environment, perceived as the framework of human life.

A somewhat different, but not contradictory, interpretation of the subject of social ecology is given by T.A. Akimov and V.V. Haskin. From their point of view, social ecology as part of human ecology is a complex of scientific branches that study the relationship of social structures (starting with the family and other small social groups), as well as the relationship of man with the natural and social environment of their habitat. This approach seems to us more correct, because it does not limit the subject of social ecology to the framework of sociology or any other separate humanitarian discipline, but emphasizes its interdisciplinary nature in particular.

Some researchers, when defining the subject of social ecology, tend to emphasize the role that this young science is called upon to play in harmonizing the relationship of mankind with its environment. According to E. V. Girusov, social ecology should first of all study the laws of society and nature, by which he understands the laws of self-regulation of the biosphere, implemented by man in his life.

2 Social and environmental interaction

L.V. Maksimova identifies two main aspects in the study of human relations with the environment. First, the whole set of influences exerted on a person by the environment and various environmental factors is studied.

In modern anthropoecology and social ecology, environmental factors to which a person is forced to adapt are commonly referred to as adaptive factors. These factors are usually divided into three large groups - biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic environmental factors. Biotic factors are direct or indirect effects from other organisms inhabiting the human environment (animals, plants, microorganisms). Abiotic factors - factors of inorganic nature (light, temperature, humidity, pressure, physical fields - gravitational, electromagnetic, ionizing and penetrating radiation, etc.). A special group is anthropogenic factors generated by the activities of man himself, the human community (pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, plowing fields, deforestation, replacement of natural complexes with artificial structures, etc.).

The second aspect of the study of the relationship between man and the environment is the study of the problem of human adaptation to the environment and its changes.

The concept of human adaptation is one of the fundamental concepts of modern social ecology, reflecting the process of human connection with the environment and its changes. Initially appearing in the framework of physiology, the term "adaptation" soon penetrated other areas of knowledge and began to be used to describe a wide range of phenomena and processes in the natural, technical and human sciences, initiating the formation of an extensive group of concepts and terms that reflect various aspects and properties of adaptation processes. man to the conditions of his environment and its result.

The term "human adaptation" is used not only to refer to the process of adaptation, but also to comprehend the property acquired by a person as a result of this process - adaptability to the conditions of existence. L.V. Maksimova believes, however, that in this case it is more appropriate to speak of adaptability.

However, even under the condition of an unambiguous interpretation of the concept of adaptation, its insufficiency is felt to describe the process it denotes. This is reflected in the emergence of such clarifying concepts as deadaptation and readaptation, which characterize the direction of the process (deadaptation is the gradual loss of adaptive properties and, as a result, a decrease in fitness; readaptation is the reverse process), and the term disadaptation (disorder of the body's adaptation to changing conditions of existence) reflecting the nature (quality) of this process.

Social ecology is a scientific discipline about the harmonization of the relationship between nature and society. This branch of knowledge analyzes the human relationship (taking into account the correspondence of the humanistic side) with the needs of development. At the same time, comprehension of the world in its general concepts is used, expressing the degree of historical unity of nature and man.

The conceptual and categorical structure of science is in constant development and improvement. This process of change is quite diverse and penetrates all ecologies, both objectively and subjectively. In this peculiar way, scientific creativity is reflected and the evolution of methods of scientific research and the interests of not only individual scientists, but also various teams as a whole are influenced.

The approach to nature and society that social ecology proposes to apply may, to a certain extent, seem intellectually demanding. At the same time, he avoids some of the simplification of dualism and reductionism. Social ecology seeks to show the slow and multi-phase process of the transformation of nature into society, taking into account all the differences on the one hand and, on the other hand, the degree of interpenetration.

One of the primary tasks facing researchers at the stage of the modern establishment of science is the definition of a general approach to understanding the subject of the discipline. Despite some progress that has been made in the study of various areas of interaction between man, nature and society, a large amount of material published over the past decades, there is still a lot of controversy on the question of what exactly social ecology studies.

An increasing number of researchers prefer an extended interpretation of the subject of the discipline. For example, Markovic (a Serbian scientist) believed that social ecology, considered by him as a private sociology, studies the specific connections that are established between a person and his environment. Based on this, the tasks of the discipline may consist in studying the influence of a combination of social and natural factors that make up the surrounding conditions on a person, as well as the impact of an individual on external conditions perceived as the boundaries of a person’s life.

There is also to some extent another, however, not contradicting the above explanation of the interpretation of the concept of the subject of discipline. So, Haskin and Akimova consider social ecology as a complex of individuals who explore the relationship between social structures (starting with the family itself and other small public collectives and groups), as well as between a person and the natural, social environment. Using this interpretation, it becomes possible to study more fully. In this case, the approach to understanding the subject of the discipline is not limited to the framework of one. At the same time, attention is focused on the interdisciplinary nature of the discipline.

Defining the subject of social ecology, some researchers tend to emphasize the importance that it is endowed with. The role of discipline, in their opinion, is very significant in the issue of harmonizing the interaction between mankind and its environment. A number of authors believe that the task of social ecology, first of all, is to study the laws of nature and society. In this case, these laws are understood as the principles of self-regulation in the biosphere, applied by man in his life.

social ecology

Social ecology is one of the oldest sciences. Interest in it was shown by such thinkers as the ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and astronomer Anaxagoras (500-428 BC), the ancient Greek philosopher and physician Empedocles (487-424 BC), the greatest philosopher and encyclopedist Aristotle (384-322 BC). The main problem that worried them was the problem of the relationship between nature and man.

Also, the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (484-425 BC), the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 BC), the famous scientist in the field of geography Eratosthenes (276- 194 BC) and the idealist philosopher Plato (428-348 BC). It is worth noting that the works and reflections of these ancient thinkers formed the basis of the modern understanding of social ecology.

Definition 1

Social ecology is a complex scientific discipline that considers the interaction in the "society-nature" system. In addition, a complex subject of study of social ecology is the relationship of human society with the natural environment.

Being a science about the interests of various social groups in the field of nature management, social ecology is structured into several main types:

• Economic social ecology - explores the relationship between nature and society in terms of the economic use of available resources;
• Demographic social ecology - studies the various strata of the population and settlements that simultaneously live throughout the globe;
• Futurological social ecology - highlights environmental forecasting in the social sphere as a sphere of its interests.

Functions and key tasks of social ecology

As a scientific direction, social ecology performs a number of key functions.

First, it is a theoretical function. It is aimed at developing the most important and relevant conceptual paradigms that explain the development of society in terms of environmental processes and phenomena.

Secondly, a pragmatic function in which social ecology implements the dissemination of multiple environmental knowledge, as well as information about the ecological situation and the state of society. Within the framework of this function, some concern about the state of the environment is manifested, its main problems are highlighted.

Thirdly, the prognostic function - it means that within the framework of social ecology both immediate and long-term prospects for the development of society, the ecological sphere are determined, and it is also possible to control changes in the biological sphere.

Fourthly, the function of nature protection. It involves the study of the influence of environmental factors on the environment and its elements.

Environmental factors can be of several types:

• Abiotic environmental factors - factors related to influences from inanimate nature;
• Biotic environmental factors - the influence of one species of living organisms on other species. Such influence can take place within one species or between several different species;
• Anthropogenic environmental factors - their essence lies in the impact of human economic activity on the environment. Such impact often leads to negative problems, such as excessive depletion of natural resources and pollution of the natural environment.

Remark 1

The main task of social ecology is to study the actual and key mechanisms of human impact on the environment. It is also very important to take into account those transformations that act as a result of such an impact and, in general, human activity in the natural environment.

Problems of social ecology and safety

The problem of social ecology is quite extensive. Today, the problems come down to three key groups.

Firstly, these are social problems of ecology on a planetary scale. Their meaning lies in the need for a global forecast in relation to the population, as well as to resources in the conditions of intensively developing production. Thus, the depletion of natural resources occurs, which calls into question the further development of civilization.

Secondly, social problems of ecology on a regional scale. They consist in the study of the state of individual parts of the ecosystem at the regional and district level. The so-called "regional ecology" plays an important role here. Thus, by collecting information about local ecosystems and their state, it is possible to get a general idea of ​​the state of the modern ecological sphere.

Thirdly, the social problems of microscale ecology. Here, great importance is given to the study of the main characteristics and various parameters of the urban conditions of human life. For example, it is the ecology of the city or the sociology of the city. Thus, the condition of a person in a rapidly developing city, and his direct personal impact on this development, is explored.

Remark 2

As we can see, the most basic problem lies in the active development of industrial and practical practices in human activities. This led to an increase in his intervention in the natural environment, as well as to an increase in his influence on it. This led to the growth of cities, industrial enterprises. But the downside is such consequences in the form of soil, water and air pollution. All this directly affects the state of a person, his health. Life expectancy has also declined in many countries, which is a rather urgent social problem.

Prevention of these problems can only be done by prohibiting the buildup of technical power. Or a person needs to abandon certain activities that are associated with uncontrolled and harmful use of resources (deforestation, drainage of lakes). Such decisions must be made at the global level, because only by joint efforts is it possible to eliminate negative consequences.

But the complexity of the subject of research itself, which includes three qualitatively different subsystems - inanimate and living nature and human society, and the short existence of this discipline lead to the fact that social ecology, at least at present, is predominantly an empirical science, and patterns are extremely aphoristic statements.
The concept of law is interpreted by most methodologists in the sense of an unambiguous causal relationship. A wider interpretation of the concept of law as a limitation of diversity is given by cybernetics, and it is more suitable for social ecology, which reveals the fundamental limitations of human activity. The main law can be formulated as follows: the transformation of nature must correspond to its adaptive capabilities.
One way to formulate socio-ecological patterns is to transfer them from sociology and ecology. For example, as the basic law of social ecology, the law of the correspondence of productive forces and production relations to the state of the natural environment is proposed, which is a modification of one of the laws of political economy.
Two directions are subordinated to the fulfillment of the tasks of social ecology: theoretical (fundamental) and applied. Theoretical social ecology is aimed at studying the patterns of interaction between human society and the environment to develop a general theory of their balanced interaction. In this context, the problem of identifying the co-evolutionary patterns of modern industrial society and the nature it changes comes to the fore.

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  Definition, thing, goals and tasks social ecology. Social ecology- a scientific discipline that considers the relationship of society with geographical, social and cultural environments, i.e. with the human environment.


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  Definition, thing, goals and tasks social ecology. Social ecology- a scientific discipline that considers the relationship of society with geographic, social ... more ».


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  Definition, thing, goals and tasks social ecology.
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