Make a mental image of the desired. In order not to hurt a person, share your feelings and needs, without forcing it at the same time to occupy a defensive position. Try to describe your feelings in detail and help understand the person what you really need.

• For example, you can say: "I had such a hard working week. How I dream to lie in bed all day. Can I ask you something about what? Are you not against if we do not see you tonight?"
• If you need much more time, explain in a different way: "Now it fell so much of everything, so I really need some time to rethink. Can I ask you about big favor? Do you mind if we do not see and communicate for a few weeks? "

Nature is constantly changing, everything is moving in it - from the bird to the mountain or the mainland. Nothing stops for a minute - neither a living thing, nor a tone. This movement, these changes are characterized by natural processes, which, in essence, can be physical, chemical, biological or complex. For the implementation of every process, energy is needed, the natural source of which is the sun and the Earth itself. Due to the energy, the substance moves, turns, is destroyed, it is created in the continuous process of natural circulation. The dimensions of the transformations depend on the properties of the substance and the energy potential, in the case of displacement, the dependence is characterized (5).

Analysis of dependence (5) using data Table. 2.2 detects that the most mobile of the above natural substances due to a low density is atmospheric air. To move one cubic meter of water at a certain speed, it is necessary to spend almost a thousand times more energy than for the same movement of air.

Solar energy is the cause of movement of air masses in the atmosphere, is clearly shown using the air condition equation

where Δt is a change in temperature as a result of heating (K); Q - absorbed energy (kcal kj); M mass of substance (kg); C is a specific heat capacity that is 0.24 kcal / (kg * hail) (1.0 kJ / (kg * degrees)).

From how much air warms up, its temperature depends and, as a rule, density. Light air rises, harder (i.e. colder) - down. Features of heating depend on the time of day, the features of the terrain and many other factors. On a planetary scale, this phenomenon manifests itself in the fact that tropical areas are heated, and there is a constant powerful stream of heated air up a few kilometers. At an altitude of 10-17 kilometers of air spreads from the Equator to the south and north. On the change of warm air to the equator move to the earth's surface of the counter flocks of colder air. The rotation of the planet rejects the streams - the top becomes western, and the lower - the eastern, which are called the trade winds.

In the global circulation circle of air, not only its temperature changes. Rising above the tropics at a height of more than 10 kilometers, the air is strongly cooled and loses almost all moisture. Dry air decreases, heats up the earth's surface and moves further as sukhov. It is on these latitudes (25-30 degrees) placed the deserts of sugar and Kalahari in Africa, Arabian and Tar in Asia, the desert in Australia.

An important element of the troposphere is the clouds - the accumulation of very small water droplets, which cover almost half the surface of the planet. The clouds are assembled with surface winds, which, in turn, are caused by a decrease in pressure on a separate territory of the earth's surface. The area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure is called cyclone. The anticyclone is called an area of \u200b\u200bincreased atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth. In the anticyclone, dry air is lowered from the upper layers of the troposphere. Therefore, here is a clear, cloudless sky. Cyclones and anticyclones have dimensions up to three thousand kilometers and a medium life of about a week. Therefore, they say that the "memory" of the atmosphere does not exceed the week.

As a result, the thunderstorm sometimes arises such a dangerous natural phenomenon as a whirlwind, or a tornado when two layers of air of different temperatures, humidity and density are formed in a small area. Vertically circular air flows are developing at a speed of 50-100 meters per second. In the vortex, the neighboring mass of air is fond of, and it begins to move above the ground. Tornado energy is huge: In 1945, the factory was completely destroyed in the French city of Monville, as a result of which hundreds of workers were killed. In 1984, a tornado at a speed of almost 100 m / s swept through the Ivanovo region of Russia and destroyed thousands of hectares of the forest, destroyed the building, lost her crops. Over the territory of the United States per year, about 700 tornadoes sweeps, which causes great harm to nature and people.

The physical processes in the atmosphere occur simultaneously with chemical transformations. At an altitude of 30-50 kilometers under the influence of the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation of the water molecule H 2 o disintegrate into hydrogen and oxygen. Light hydrogen in the amount of one kilogram per second rises up into a thermosphor, and oxygen remains (8 kg / s). The effect of thunder discharges and solar ultraviolet leads to the decay of some oxygen molecules to atoms, which, entering into reactions with oxygen molecules, form ozone about 3. At an altitude of 30 kilometers, the highest concentration of ozone is observed - one molecule in 3 falls on a hundred thousand molecules in 2 . If you remove all ozone, then at normal pressure (that is, at sea level) it will be located in a layer with a thickness of about three centimeters.

The normal natural state of the ozone layer is characterized by the values \u200b\u200bof 300-320 A.D. (Dobson units).

Water moves under the influence of various reasons. The wind, that is, the movement of atmospheric air, causes superficial reversing flows on all water bodies. These flows, in turn, become the temporary cause of vertical movements of the mass of water, the so-called Arevelling. Cold water rises in the place of superficial and saturated gases (in particular oxygen) water from the depths.

River water is moving under the influence of earthly gravitational force. The flow rate depends on the flow of the river w (m / s) and the sections of the flow of F (m 2):

Sea water masses move in the form of tides and tides from the action of the forces of the moon (to a greater extent) and the Sun (to a lesser extent).

Contrary to the forces of earthly attraction, water moves upwards in the soil and in plants due to the capillary effect of wetting and evaporation vacuum effect.

The sun is the cause of giant ocean flows - warm superficial golfstream and coolaxy and cold depths in the opposite direction of anti-countercords. Famous climatologist D. I. Voeikov called warm currents of the pipes of water heating of the globe. "Golf Stream tolerates 83 million cubic meters heated at the water equator in the northern direction, warming water for thousands of kilometers - its powerful effect is felt to the Barents Sea, where Coast of Polar Murmansk Water does not freeze harsh winter.

Even more powerful - 140 * 10 m / s - the circumpolar flow around Antarctica isolates the "ice" mainland and causes a more severe climate than in the Arctic.

Thanks to the baggage, mobility and heat capacity of water, the hydrosphere plays a major role in creating the climate of the Earth. The world ocean is a planetary battery - heat stabilizer, it is not difficult to show with the help of (6).

Given that the mass of water Ma is larger than the mass of atmospheric air M "258 times, we define how much the amount of accumulated heat will be with water and air:

The result obtained brightly confirms the priority value of the hydrosphere in the formation of thermal processes on the planet. At night and in winter, water heats the surface of the earth and the atmosphere, and in the heat absorbs part of their heat. It transfers heat from the equator to the polar regions than reduces the average temperature in the tropics and increases in cold edges. This process is uneven. There are districts of particularly active interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere - the so-called energy-based zones. Well known New Foundlandland Energotea region in the form of a hydraulic vortex with a diameter of about 200 kilometers in golfustime. Here, from each square meter of the water surface enters the atmosphere of 175 watts of energy per year.

The transmission of heat is accompanied by the process of evaporation of water to form in the atmosphere of rain clouds. Other gases are accumulated in these clouds - sulfur and nitrous from eruption of volcanoes and other lithospheric processes, nitrogen oxides, which are formed during thunderstorms from ionization of nitrogen molecules. Gazic clouds dissolved in moisture form are acidic acidity to rain.

Sunnyenergy before entering the earth's surface, passes "sieving". Four percent of solar radiation, namely ultraviolet, destructive for all living, spectrum (λ \u003d 220 ... 290 nanometers (nm \u003d 10 -9), is absorbed by ozone, the layer of which is located at an altitude of 20 ... 60 kilometers. Ozone This is partially destroyed. Its constant update occurs due to natural processes.

The infrared spectrum (λ\u003e 1000 nm) is partially absorbed by water vapor in the upper layers of the troposphere - these are four more percent of solar energy.

The absorbed solar energy increases the temperature of the atmospheric air in accordance with the dependence (6) by Δt.

92 percent of solar energy (290<λ <2 000 нм) проходит в нижние слои тропосферы. Половина не поглощается, а рассеивается воздухом, предоставляя небу голубой цвет. Вторая половина попадает на земную поверхность и частично поглощается литосферы, гидросферы, растениями. А так называемое альбедо, равное 28 процентам от излучения Солнца на Землю, отражается и возвращается в атмосферу.

The light energy of the Sun on the earth's surface passes into thermal - infrared, the return of which is interfere with the space (because absorbed) water vapor and carbon dioxide. This mechanism for increasing the temperature on the earth's surface and in the lower atmosphere received the name of the greenhouse effect (natural). It is characterized by the value of Δt \u003d 31-32 ° C. Without a natural greenhouse effect, the average air temperature on the planet would be negative (-16 ÷ 17 ° C).

The widespread natural process is the radioactive radiation - the conversion of unstable isotopes of the chemical element into other isotopes, accompanied by the radiation of elementary particles or nuclei, as well as rigid electromagnetic gamma radiation. There are about 50 natural radioactive isotopes, among which only uranium and thorium isotopes have a half-life, which is measured by geological time. All other natural isotopes are called secondary, since their stock is constantly updated due to the collapse of long-term. Natural radiation background is created by radiation of radioactive substances on the surface of the Earth, in the surface atmosphere, in water, in plants and animals. The main source of entering the environment of natural radioactive substances is rock rocks.

One of the greatest wonders of nature is the process of formation of an organic matter - the process of photosynthesis, when a green sudidal or aqueous plant creates its biomass due to the light energy of the Sun (K \u003d 380-710 nm), ox and carbon dioxide according to dependence (7)

During the year, the "average" plant (based on one kilogram of dry substance) absorbs 5.4 megalules of solar energy, consumes a 0.5 kilogram of carbon dioxide and 150 grams of water in the photosynthenthosis process, 450 oxygen temples highlights and forms 300 grams of organic matter. For the "respiration" of the plant, which occurs at night in parallel with daylight photosynthesis, uses 230 grams of oxygen, 200 grams of organic matter, which is oxidized to form 330 grams of carbon dioxide and 100 grams of water and with a release of 3.6 megaluel energy used for the physiological needs of the plant . Thus, the biological "harvest" is 100 organic substances, equal to ten percent of the increase in the initial biomass and 120 grams of oxygen.

Photosynthesis activity changes during the day: with pink-twilight light (in the morning, in the evening, with a small cloudiness) it is maximum. When the sun in the zenith - the processes slow down and even can stop.

The efficiency of using thermal rays in the process of photosynthesis is low. Theoretically is 15 percent, practically 1 (grain crops), 2 (sugar cane is one of the most productive plants) percent.

For wildlife, one of the main processes is the process of nutrition, with the peculiarities of which the body is classified as follows.

AVTOGROF - the body (green plant), which forms the substance of his body from the inorganic components and provides metabolism using the energy of the Sun (heliotrof or phototrofa) or energy that is released during chemical reactions (chemotrofses) of ammonia oxidation, hydrogen sulfide and other substances available in water , pound and soil. Avtotrofa is also called producers, because they are synthesized (produce) organic matter due to inorganic compounds.

Heterotrofam - The body that feeds on the finished organic substances is not capable of synthesize the organic matter from the inorganic. These organisms are also called consultations (in contrast to producers). Consiefs can be primary (1st order) if they use vegetable food, secondary (2nd order) - which are taken by animals, and microconsumens or reinstalls (mostly bacteria and mushrooms) - these are those that destroy dead bodies, feed on Part of the decay products and release inorganic biogenic substances that use plants.

Mesotrof - The body, which, depending on the conditions, feeds on the vehicle or as heterotrophs.

In turn, each of these groups can be divided into smaller, each of which has its own characteristics in the process. For example, there are heterotrophic bacteria that consume methane, which is poison for most living organisms.

After the livestock, the processes of its decomposition of two types occur - oxidation and fermentation. Oxidation occurs in the presence of oxygen and is described by dependence (7) in the opposite direction (right to left) with heat release, CO 2 and H 2 O. In the case when oxygen is absent, the process of fermentation occurs with the separation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen there is no (hydrogen fermentation) , or methane CH 4 (methane fermentation), or alcohol with 2 H 5 it (alcohol fermentation).

Check questions and tasks

1. Perform the necessary calculations and graphically construct the air movement speed in the atmospheric front of constant energy with a height of up to 10 kilometers, if the speed above the ground surface is 10m / s.

2. How much does the air temperature change in the room with dimensions 6 * 5 * 3 meters due to cooling 200 liters of water by 50 degrees?

3. What is the reason for Sukhovyev?

4. Record the reaction of the formation of oxygen, hydrogen and ozone in the atmosphere.

5. Give the ozone layer characteristic.

6. List the causes of the movement of the aquatic mass.

7. Determine the width of the river, the flow of 50 m 3 / s at a speed of 1 m / s, if the average depth of the river is 2 meters.

8. Why water rises on a tree trunk up?

9. What properties of water determine its primary role in providing the climate of the planet?

10. What are the reasons for the natural greenhouse effect?

11. Name the three positive effects of photosynthesis.

12. What processes occur after the natural intake of the living matter?

13. What is the principled difference between the oxidation and fermentation processes.

14. Is equation (7) possible to illustrate the processes in animal organisms?

Simulation of natural phenomena

and processes

in the lessons of natural science

An important task of studying natural science in elementary school is the development of children in the ability to identify causal relations in nature, to explain the mechanisms for the flow of some natural phenomena and processes. For this, the teacher organizes systematic targeted observation of students behind the surrounding objects. But how, for example, the child can see the eruption of the volcano or the movement of the glacier? Or see how the earth rotates around his axis and around the sun? The ideal solution is to show a training film. However, the teacher does not always have a video card for various subjects, especially for primary classes. It happens that there is no televouria, and a barometer in a faulty state.

In such a situation, the teacher can use models performed by him, students and their parents.

The model is a three-dimensional visual allowance that gives an image of an object or its individual parts in an enlarged or reduced form. They are collapsible, static or valid.

Studying with students of the Department of Initial Class Teachers of the Pedagogical Faculty, the discipline "Methodology of teaching natural science", we select the options for the rapid production of models from the simplest girlfriend. This method of work stimulates the cognitive interest of younger students, makes it possible to see a natural phenomenon or a process in miniature.

Here is a description of several models with a description of the technology of their manufacture and demonstration techniques.

Form of land

We offer together with students based on observations to obtain evidence of the shag-formation of the Earth, simulating some natural phenomena and processes.

Constantly round shape of the visible horizon.On a paper tape with a length of 1.5-2 m and 25 cm wide draw a large scale of the aqueous surface (Fig. 1). For this, the paper tape is pinned to the floor and an arc of a large radius is applied to it, imitating the bulge of the Earth. Instead of a circulation, you can use the rope fixed on the floor against the middle of the tape. In the middle of the ribbon draw the ship.

Output: We do not see that the Earth is a spherical, only because in the field of our vision there is a limited plot.

Rotation of land

Axial rotation.With the explanation of the evidence of the axial rotation of the Earth, it is possible to successfully use the model of the pendulum Foucault: through the tube to turn the thread with a load, pierce on the sides of three forks, to put the cuttings of the forks on a saucer with sand; At the edges of the saucer to write directions of the side of the horizon (main and intermediate); Soccer put on a large, turned upside down the bottom plate, on its parts also write the names of the side of the horizon.

The pendulum is out of a quiet state according to the meridian, that is, from the north to south, "the teacher swings the thread with a cargo from the north to the south so that the sharp end of the lines of the line in the sand, then with one hand holds a saucer with the design, and the other moves the plate counterclockwise , imitating the axial rotation of the Earth. "Look, guys, our land has slightly moved along the axis of rotation. Routing, the pendulum was above the new divisions, not C - Yu, and the Sv - Yuz, although in its plane swing (on the saucer) the direction of it is the same: sch. It seems that the swing plane changes. It can only happen due to the fact that the land under the pendulum turns (rotates). "

Orbital appeal.We offer two variants of modeling the orbital circulation of the Earth around the Sun.

1. Show movement in orbit using Yulia: On the base around the handle, stick out of the paper or cut out yellow rays from plasticine, imitating the sun, and around the circumference of Yula, along the widest part, put the plasticine harness - to arrange the orbital path - and plasticine on it Ball from a mixture of white and blue showing land. This model shows the circular orbit of the Earth and the direction of its appeal around the Sun, but does not reflect the axial rotation of the planet.

2. Perform a model from an apple pupeled with a needle, and candles.

Instead of an apple, you can inflate a small ball, paint it with a blue gouache. From paper cut out the mainstream contours, make a light hatching, stick on the ball. Denote the equator and poles, to the poles to glue paper tubes (imitation of the earth's axis). At the contrary, Eurasia is a red check mark approximately the location of its settlement. Pouring the ball around the lit candle and at the same time performing an axial movement, discuss with students: a mechanism for changing the seasons in the North and South Hemispheres; Features of lighting, angle of falling sunlight in its locality; The angle of tilt axis to the plane of the orbit (one can form an idea of \u200b\u200bits precession is slow, for 26 thousand years, the turn of the axis and space and the nation is periodic oscillations, changes in the location of the poles).

Body, substances, particles

When studying this topic on the program "Peace around us", A. Pleshakov is modeling the mutual arrangement of particles in a solid, liquid and gaseous state of the substance with the help of plasticine balls. There are two options for such a job:

Flat modeling - distributing balls on cardines, increasing or reducing the distances between them;

Volume modeling in the form of geometric structures - connect the balls with objects of different lengths, for example by matches, to simulate the distance between the particles in the liquid substance and the spokes - in gaseous.

Earthquake

The teacher can illustrate the earthquake mechanism using the following modeling and explanation. At the border of raising and lowering rocks are deformed most intensively: they have elastic stresses that are gradually increasing over time. At that moment, when the stresses reach the strength limit of rocks, their gap occurs, accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy.

On the surface of the earth there are wave-like movements. The analogy of the mechanism of this phenomenon: if in a bath with water (you can use a large rectangular glass container) slowly stretch a piece of rubber, then the surface of the water will remain calm until the tires are broken (Fig. 11). At the time of rupture, the energy accumulated as a result of stretching enters the earth's surface and waves occur.

Fig.11

Vulcanism

For this topic, we tried three variants of the volcanic eruption demonstration.

1. Make a brown cardboard cone, insert low plastic packaging into the upper hole, for example, from under yoghurt, pour soda drinking and mangalls there. To simulate an eruption, add hot water or vinegar to this mixture, and a viscous red mass, foaming, will move through the edge along the "slope" of the volcano.

2. Pour a teaspoon of drinking soda into a test tube, to add warm water into it by a third, thoroughly shake and mix. Add five drops of washing liquid and three drops of food dye to give "lava" natural color. Mix the mixture again and close the neck tubes with cotton swabs. From sand or land to make a "volcano" around the test tube so that he reached her neck. To simulate an eruption, remove cotton and pour a bit of vinegar into the test tube. As in the first case, the mixture will begin to foam and erupt, like a lava from the volcano.

3. Make a cone from cardboard with a hole at the top (or pour a slide sand with the ground, or to put a metal plate on a flat surface), pour orange powder - ammonium bichromate and light. His burning is brighter imitates the eruption - this is a real volcano in the miniature: flashes, sparks, emissions - and a raging orange-red slide turns into a gray-green ash. However, this substance must be taken in a small amount (several tablespoons), since the ash emissions covers a large distance and best demonstrate the "eruption" on the street or in a large recreation. In winter, the reaction does not occur in the snow. (Demonstration of this model does not cause fire!)

Types of clouds

To model the clouds of various types from pieces with students with students: layered, cumulus and cakes. On 1/2 Sheet of Watman make the background - drawing of the sky and mountains, indicate the location of the tiers: low, medium and high. Vertically, at a short distance from each other, to turn threads and attach clouds to them.

When repetition, it is possible to offer a student to arrange (moving the thread) in the correct order of "clouds" on tiers in the sky.

"Wandering" continents

This topic is proposed for studying in the 4th grade in the section "Planet of Mysteries" under the program A. Pleshakov in the course "Environmental Science". The technique of working with students is as follows:

Pre-task the disciples cut from the cardboard the contours of the mainland;

At the lesson, it is noted to carefully consider the outlines of the Atlantic Coast of South America, Africa, North America and Eurasia;

Combine the contours of all the mainland and conclude that they practically coincide;

To talk about the existence of a single mainland of Pangai, about how he split into two continents - Laucasia and Gondwan, and then divided into modern continents (this process is mimicing on a blackboard with the help of large contours, students are reproduced in their notebooks);

Explain the movement of continents due to the slip of their bases on the deep plastic shell of the Earth.

Thus, it is possible to find out with students, which form they have continents and oceans (triangular), and determine the pattern of their location: a wide basis of the mainland is treated to the North Pole, and the sharp - to the southern, and the oceans, on the contrary, are widely founded to the southern field of U, And sharp - to the North. Such the location of the mainland and oceans is called antipodal, i.e. Despite the fact that on the water planet is more than sushi, they are distributed so that if they mentally pierce the globe through his center, then at one point "puncture" will be the mainland, and in the other - water. This proves the stability of our planet as a space system.

Literature:

1. The world around us. - M.: Publishing House "Astrel"; Ed. AST, 2001.

2. Watt F. Planet Earth. - M.: Word, 1999 (Encyclopedia of the Ourry World.)

3. Poshezova O.T., Shilin V.D. The world around the world: a textbook for 3-4 classes. Part3.- M.: INPRO-RES, 1999