Dermatoglyphics is a science that studies patterns on fingers. Its founder was the Englishman Francis Galton, who published a monograph on fingerprints at the end of the 19th century. The term "dermatoglyphics" appeared less than a century ago - in 1926 and is translated as "skin engraving".

According to prof. Bogdanova, "engraving of the skin" is our second face, which can tell about us much more than the first.

Papillary patterns on the fingertips are formed in the womb and do not disappear after death (unlike the lines of fate on the palms). They do not change during life.
This drawing corresponds to the karmic plans of a person for a specific incarnation.

Fingers are bioresonators that receive vibrations from the information field with which a person interacts and each in his own strictly defined mode. Since the energy bodies open only in the area of ​​the fingers like a fan, then, as a result, each of the bodies gets the opportunity to directly contact the outside world. This bioenergy code of informational interaction is encrypted in the force lines of the papillary pattern. Torsion fields (information carriers) are constantly rotating, as if screwing into the human biofield along the carving of his papillary patterns.
Patterns form a person's attitude, his reactions to the world around him, the specifics of the nervous system, show some hereditary diseases, endurance, longevity, influence the choice of profession, sports inclinations, creativity, etc.

Knowledge of the morphological features of the skin is widely used today for the early diagnosis of diseases, the identification of risk groups, hereditary predisposition to diseases or longevity, the development of recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, career guidance, forensics, ethnography, etc. The earliest scientific reports on anatomical and the histological features of skin ribbing (scallops) and the depressions between them (grooves) date back to the 17th century, when drawings and descriptions of the patterns of human palms and fingers appeared in anatomical works. Advances in biology in the 19th century. contributed to the further study of skin patterns. At the beginning of the XIX century. J. Purkinė gave the first classification of skin patterns of the fingers, identified 9 main types. In the last third of the XIX century. For the first time, fingerprints were used for personal identification. The works of F. Galton played a big role here. At the beginning of the XX century. special comparative studies of the skin relief of primates and other mammals appeared. The American scientist W. Wilder in 1904 suggested using the features of comb lines and patterns on the skin of the palms and soles as an important ethnic trait. Then began the study of the embryonic development of finger patterns in connection with heredity. Many authors tried to clear palmistry from occult ideas, to get away from mysticism, to isolate positive knowledge. "Purified" palmistry was once called manual, chirosophy, palmistry, etc. The name "dermatoglyphics" was adopted in 1926 at the 42nd Congress of the American Association of Anatomists. In 1936, G. X. Cummins discovered and described the features of dermatoglyphs (skin patterns) in Down syndrome. At the end of the 1950s, when chromosomal hereditary diseases were studied, the study of correlative relationships between the characteristics of chromosome sets and skin patterns of hands began. Modern dermatoglyphics was born, which is increasingly being used in various fields of knowledge - from medicine to forensics and ethnography. Recently, fingerprinting and palmoscopy have been most widely studied and used. Even Galton, who proposed the first classification of finger patterns, identified three main types of patterns: curl (W), loop (L) and arc (A).

During the life of a person, the papillary pattern does not change, but only the thickness of the ridges and their density change. On the palm, 14 fields are distinguished, forming separate zones, with which you can determine the topography of the palmar lines.

What our fingers can tell

At all times, man wanted to know what awaits him. And there were always people who were ready to tell him this - fortune-tellers, gypsies, witches. To this day, many are skeptical about such predictions. However, modern scientists believe that there is a rational grain in fortune-telling.

Palmists were the first to predict the future of a person by skin patterns and lines on his hands. Later, criminologists became interested in drawings on their fingertips, creating the science of fingerprinting. And now the time has come for geneticists and dermatoglyphics specialists. The former use finger patterns to diagnose hereditary diseases. The latter easily determine how healthy a person is, accommodating, patient, suitable for certain types of activities.

“The palmists were not so wrong - the most important information about a person is really encrypted in the fingerprints,” says Tatyana Abramova, head of the laboratory of sports anthropology, morphology and genetics of the All-Russian Research Institute of Physical Culture. - Skin patterns on the fingers are finally formed at the 3-5th month of embryonic development and no longer change throughout life. The skin and the central nervous system develop at the same time and from the same embryonic bud. Therefore, finger patterns are called a marker of the features of the organization of the human brain. By fingerprints, one can not only learn about the weak points of the nervous system, but also determine the character of a person.

Of course, errors are inevitable. After all, the structure of fingerprints is extremely complex.

“At a certain stage, the idea arose to create a device that would supply the doctor with high-quality information about the dermatoglyphic type,” say the developers of such a system from the Moscow State Technical University. Bauman. “The device, created by Baumanka scientists, allows you to automatically determine the slope of the elements of the skin pattern, count the number of “ridges” and make the final calculation of the parameters.”

Fingerprints can reveal dozens of different diseases that have a genetic nature. By examining the papillary lines in women planning a pregnancy, you can get an accurate prognosis of the health of the offspring. Consultation with a dermatoglyphics doctor allows not only to predict the occurrence of diseases that are inherited, but also to calculate their course.

Dermatoglyphics often say that the fingerprint is the genome turned inside out. Its structure reflects the ability of a person to adapt to the world around him. With the help of fingerprints, it is possible to predict the actions of a person in extreme situations, therefore, athletes and rescuers are sent for a consultation with dermatoglyphics.

Three main patterns

People whose main pattern of finger patterns is a loop have an explosive temperament. They cannot stand long and monotonous work, they absorb information slowly, but remember it for a long time. "Sprinter" nature makes itself felt in love. "Loops" are windy, unstable and often have several parallel connections.

Loop "Peacock eye"

Single or double folded loop

double loop

The most complex loop pattern. Its owners are just as complexly organized - quivering, vulnerable, but extremely capable people. They are mobile, active, hardy, easily adapt to any conditions, but at the same time they concentrate on their inner world. The more curls on the hand, the more complex the nature and the stronger her tendency to self-criticism.

Curl elongated

Curl - spiral

Curl - target

The “arc” person has a small life potential and not the best health. But such a person uses the forces released by nature wisely and economically. Once having found its place, the "arc" does not waste energy in search of a better share. People who have arc patterns on their fingers are extremely conservative and authoritarian, they do not fit well with people. But, if such a person has become your friend, he will go through fire and water for you. In married life, "arcs" are distinguished by exceptional devotion, they never allow themselves intrigues on the side, but demand absolute fidelity in return.

high arc

Arc with a loop inside

Standard arc


Code

And the main body. The fingerprint indicates a practical and materialistic nature. The man with the arches on the fingerprints is closed, but hardworking. These people can be hard-hearted, insensitive, skeptical and unemotional. On the index and middle fingers, arches can reveal an inability to express themselves.

B Vaulted canopy. It is distinguished by the so-called<оперным шестом>that supports the vault. People with such lines are in many ways similar to those with the main arch, but are more impulsive and emotional. The owners of such fingerprints are very high-strung, artistic and obsessive - but stubborn.

B Main (or ulna) loop. This is the most common fingerprint pattern. The base of the loop points to the thumb, and the starting point of the loop points to the striking side of the palm (percussion). People who have such fingerprints on their hands are usually soft-spoken and straightforward, with a quick, lively and flexible mind.

G Reverse (or radial) loop. These loops are similar to the main loops, but start and end in opposite directions. Their owners have the same personality characteristics as the owners of the main loops, but they are more trusting and fearless. Back loops are much less common than main loops.

D Spiral curl. People who have spiral curls in their prints are individualists with a strong and clear personality. Potentially brilliant, they work best when they keep themselves busy. They can be inflexible and take a long time to make decisions, but before that, however, they prefer to stock up on time in order to reason about business.

E Concentric curl. The fingerprint is a series of closed circles, one inside the other. This is a rarer pattern than the spiral curl, but it indicates very similar character traits. Most often it occurs on the index or ring finger. A person with 10 similar prints will be highly empowered but stressed.

J Complicated. Complex fingerprints look like two loops stretched out in opposite directions. Often they can look like diurnal Chinese yin and yang symbols. Although these people have a broad outlook and are able to sympathize with others, they can be indecisive and even clueless personalities.

peacock eye

At a glance, fingerprints<павлиний глаз>look like a loop. However, upon closer inspection, you will see a curl in the heart of the loop, like an eye on a peacock's tail. This fingerprint is very auspicious, predicting great luck for its owner and bestowing protection on him.

And tri-radius. If you are having any difficulty in distinguishing one type of fingerprint pattern from another, then take a look at the tri-radius. This print pattern is determined by the presence, absence, or number of these triangular shapes. The master print does not have a tri-radius, the loop has one, and the curl has two tri-radii.

Fingerprints and Compatibility

To see how people with fingerprints of different shapes fit together, see next. table.

Fingerprints and career

Refer to this table to decide and rate people's work abilities according to their dominant fingerprint type.

“He sets a seal on the hand of every man, that all men may know his work” (Job 37:7).

Each of us is a unique and unrepeatable creation of God. And God's seal on the hand of each person - confirmation of His authorship - is also absolutely individual. The Creator gave a person individual prints (papillary patterns) on the fingers and palms, and there is not a single person in the whole world with the same prints as you. This is one of the reminders that man did not happen by chance, that each of us is unique and is not someone else's copy.

• A long time ago, man noticed patterns on the pads of his fingers. For example, the Chinese began to use the thumb print as a signature about 2000 years ago.
• But only relatively recently, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, people began to use fingerprints to identify criminals. The basis of the modern classification system for papillary patterns was developed by the Englishman Sir Edward R. Henry, former Inspector General of Police in Bengal. His system turned out to be so successful that it is used in many countries today, or formed the basis of other systems.
• Until now, there has not been a single case where the fingerprints of two people would be the same.
• Fingerprints appear in a person in the womb, at the age of 18 weeks after conception. They remain unchanged throughout life, while other lines on the palms are constantly changing.
• Even identical twins with identical DNA always have different fingerprints.
• No matter how a person tries to change the papillary lines, this is impossible (history knows many such attempts, including by transplanting the skin of another person onto the fingers - but the pattern is restored over time).
• The fingerprints of the right and left hands are not mirrored. They don't even come close.
• In addition to fingerprints and palm prints, humans have unique tongue prints, and cats and dogs have unique nose prints.
• Also, the identification of a person by the pattern of his iris is becoming more and more widely used. She, like papillary patterns, is also unique. But it is often more convenient and easier to capture and analyze prints, since this process does not require the use of sophisticated equipment (as is the case with the iris). Also today there are many other fairly accurate identification methods based on the analysis of various parameters and characteristics of the organism, in general they are called biometrics.
• The papillary patterns of the koala's fingers are so similar to human fingerprints that even specialists could confuse them when examining a crime scene.
• Iodine vapor is used to detect fingerprints on banknotes in forensic science.
• The scientific discipline that studies the signs of papillary patterns on the skin of the palms and feet of a person is called dermatoglyphics, a fingerprinting- this is a method of identification (identification) of a person by these patterns.
• Each race has characteristic papillary patterns, and an experienced dermatoglyph will be able to distinguish a representative of the Caucasoid race from, for example, the Mongoloid, by their fingerprints.
• Dermatoglyphics can help reveal some hidden diseases, or a tendency to them, since certain signs of papillary patterns are markers of some chromosomal, multifactorial or neurological diseases, as well as some intellectual disabilities.

Palmistry

Do not confuse dermatoglyphics and palmistry - a pseudoscientific theory that claims that the lines on the skin of the fingers and palms of a person speak of his fate, or that they encode data about the character or individual characteristics of this person. In fact, palmistry is a form of divination (along with astrology). The Lord forbids us to do such things. The fate and all events of a person's life are determined by his free choice and God's providence, and not by some rigid program that can be displayed and read on the surface of the palm of your hand. No lines on the hand or constellations can in any way predetermine or show our fate!

How fingerprints are formed

Human and animal skin consists of two layers – epidermis and skin proper (dermis, or corium). In cold-blooded animals, the epidermis covers the dermis perfectly smoothly, without forming any folds. But in mammals, these two layers of skin in certain places adjoin each other more densely, because of which, connecting with each other and interpenetrating each other, they form folds - papillary patterns.

These folds help to hold objects in the hands. The surface of the skin is created on the same principle as the surface of car tires, increasing the friction force. (See also the article Why our fingers get wrinkled from being in the water for a long time). In addition, this structure of the surface of the fingers protects them from blisters, otherwise the two layers of skin could easily separate, allowing fluid to collect in the resulting space, thereby forming a blister.

In most mammals, these "folds" are scattered randomly, without forming any pattern. In monkeys, they are arranged in parallel lines, so their "fingerprints" are very similar. But in humans, these lines form a well-defined unique pattern.

The basis of the modern classification of fingerprints for identifying people was laid by the Englishman Sir Edward R. Henry, the former chief of police in Bengal. His system served as the foundation for the modern system still in use today in many parts of the world. In accordance with this system, the elements of the fingerprint pattern are divided into loops, double loops, nested loops, whorls, arcs, and complex figures. A trivial count of the number of elements of different types and the distances between them allows each finger to be assigned to a specific group. For a complete description of the features of the fingerprints of a particular person, the prints of all ten fingers are taken into account.

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Fingerprints

The study of the ridged patterns on the fingertips is called dermatoglyphics. The presence of fingerprints in a person is detected at the age of 18 weeks after conception. Unlike other lines on the hand, fingerprints are permanent and unchanging. This property, as we know, is very useful in the search for criminals, as well as in determining the identity. If more than one type of fingerprint is present on the hand, then their various traits are combined in the personality. The number of fingers involved may give us an indication of the ratio in this mixture: a person with several fingers showing an arched canopy should probably be considered more stubborn than one with this feature on only one finger. There are three main types of fingerprints: loop, whorl, and arch (vault), with variations in each type. A person can have more than one type of fingerprint, so you must determine the dominant type. The larger the area of ​​a certain pattern, the more importance is attached to the features to which it indicates. So, analyze each finger separately as soon as you get pictures of their prints in order to get an idea of ​​​​the overall meaning. The location of the pattern on the finger is also important. If the heart of the drawing is located above the center of the phalanx, then the energy of a person is more expressed in an intellectual form than in a practical one. If lower, then everything is just the opposite.

Code

And the main body. The fingerprint indicates a practical and materialistic nature. The man with the arches on the fingerprints is closed, but hardworking. These people can be hard-hearted, insensitive, skeptical and unemotional. On the index and middle fingers, arches can reveal an inability to express themselves. B Vaulted canopy. It is distinguished by the so-called, which props up the vault. People with such lines are in many ways similar to those with the main arch, but are more impulsive and emotional. The owners of such fingerprints are very high-strung, artistic and obsessive - but stubborn.

A loop

B Main (or ulna) loop. This is the most common fingerprint pattern. The base of the loop points to the thumb, and the starting point of the loop points to the striking side of the palm (percussion). People who have such fingerprints on their hands are usually soft-spoken and straightforward, with a quick, lively and flexible mind.

G Reverse (or radial) loop. These loops are similar to the main loops, but start and end in opposite directions. Their owners have the same personality characteristics as the owners of the main loops, but they are more trusting and fearless. Back loops are much less common than main loops.

Curl

D Spiral curl. People who have spiral curls in their prints are individualists with a strong and clear personality. Potentially brilliant, they work best when they keep themselves busy. They can be inflexible and take a long time to make decisions, but before that, however, they prefer to stock up on time in order to reason about business. E Concentric curl. The fingerprint is a series of closed circles, one inside the other. This is a rarer pattern than the spiral curl, but it indicates very similar character traits. Most often it occurs on the index or ring finger. A person with 10 similar prints will be highly empowered but stressed.

J Complicated. Complex fingerprints look like two loops stretched out in opposite directions. Often they can look like diurnal Chinese yin and yang symbols. Although these people have a broad outlook and are able to sympathize with others, they can be indecisive and even clueless personalities.

peacock eye

At first glance, fingerprints look like a loop. However, upon closer inspection, you will see a curl in the heart of the loop, like an eye on a peacock's tail. This fingerprint is very auspicious, predicting great luck for its owner and bestowing protection on him.

And tri-radius. If you are having any difficulty in distinguishing one type of fingerprint pattern from another, then take a look at the tri-radius. This print pattern is determined by the presence, absence, or number of these triangular shapes. The master print does not have a tri-radius, the loop has one, and the curl has two tri-radii.

The term "dactyloscopy" was formed from two Greek words - "finger" and "look". This is a method that allows you to unmistakably identify a person by his fingerprints and palms. The concept of fingerprinting was first introduced by scientists from Bereslav University in the first quarter of the 19th century. But the idea that the drawing on the fingers is unique was known even in the Babylonian Empire and China. These stripes and curves on the fingers are called papillary patterns.

Why is fingerprinting needed?

Today, fingerprinting is a section of scientific and practical forensics that studies how a skin pattern is built in order to identify and register a person in order to be able to carry out search and identification. The imprint of the surface of the fingers and palm is regulated by law and is done to obtain a sample, which later helps to quickly compare and recognize the fingerprinted person.

There is a ruling that the investigator, when on duty, has the right to demand and receive a sample of the imprint of the hands of a suspect or accused person for a comparative study. Obtaining a sample of prints according to the law is carried out by a specialist. Then the check and study of the comparative nature of the impressions is carried out.

The process and procedure for obtaining an impression

In order for the data to be accurate, before the procedure, you need to wash your hands and wipe dry. The procedure then looks like this:

1. A thin layer of paint is applied to a sheet of glass. When you run your finger over it, the entire layer should be removed.
2. Place your palm or fingertips on this sheet, or roll it over your fingers, applying a layer of paint.
3. On the dactylo card, roll the nail phalanges, pressing them evenly so that the drawing is printed “unfolded”.

In prints, it is important that the order of their arrangement is observed. The sequence is strict, and a control print is necessarily made. In the control impression, four fingers are imprinted side by side, and the thumbs are below. Papillary drawings of two phalanges of fingers should be printed. On the back of the fingerprint card, prints of both palms of the hands are made entirely. This procedure is designed for fingerprinting a living person.

Notes are made on the card according to the fingerprinted person, when and where he was born, when the fingerprinting was performed, the name of the specialist who performed the procedure is indicated. Additionally, the criminal inclinations of the person, if any, are entered. If there are early convictions, then they must also be indicated in the card.

After the end of the procedure, the paint is washed off both from the hands of the subject and from the glass on which it was applied.

To carry out the procedure with minors, the presence of parents or guardians is required, as well as the sanctions of the prosecutor's office or a court order.

Hidden or covert fingerprinting is carried out with the aim of promptly disclosing or preventing a crime. It is carried out by operational officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Permission for a covert procedure is issued by the head of the department. In preparation for covert fingerprinting, a plan is drawn up where the following items are indicated:

1. The method of fingerprinting.
2. How will the prints be obtained?
3. Persons who need to be involved in this process.
4. What measures will be taken regarding the secrecy of the event.
5. Description of the necessary technical support for the procedure.

The data obtained make it possible to distinguish a person by the patterns of papillary intricacies, which are purely individual and never repeat, are considered stable anatomical signs of a particular person.

This immutability of prints comes from genetic characteristics. During the formation of the fetus in the womb, papillary lines are already formed in the fifth month. They never change. The growth and maturation of a person leads to a change in proportions. In ancient times, people already noticed these lines on their hands and even dedicated drawings on rocks to them. Such prints are also on the surface of the skin of the feet. In some exceptional circumstances, foot impressions are taken.

In forensics, anthropometry (measurement of body parameters - weight, height, leg size, and so on) faded into the background after the technique of fingerprint cards appeared.

There are several ways to take fingerprints:

• Physical: with the help of a powder, by the method of infrared irradiation, inhalation, the use of developers, fumigation with iodine fumes.
• visual ways.
• chemical methods.

Gene fingerprinting

DNA analysis plays a leading role in this method. By analysis, much more subtle information can be obtained. Conventional fingerprinting has its errors, and genetic fingerprinting excludes errors.

Genotyping was developed at the end of the 20th century. It is based on the fact that the sequence of nucleotides is different for all people, which determines its individual appearance. Genomic fingerprinting is used to establish family relationships.

Gene fingerprinting allows you to make a DNA passport. To obtain genetic material, a swab is taken from the inner surface of a person's cheek using a cotton swab. When it is not possible to obtain genetic material in an official way or by voluntary surrender, then, by decision of the prosecutor's office, other personal belongings are used. Most often, this is a toothbrush or a razor. Any things where there are traces of saliva or blood can be selected.

The resulting material is examined, compared, and almost one hundred percent accurate data is established.

Scope of genetic data

Genomic fingerprinting has been widely used, especially in forensics. A suspect can be charged and proven guilty if skin remains are found under the victim's nails, and their DNA matches that of the perpetrator.

Other domestic disputes about inheritance or paternity can be resolved using this procedure. Even in animal husbandry, DNA analysis is used to develop new breeds or maintain a pure breed.

Who needs to be fingerprinted

In addition to criminal aspects, everyone who wishes to visit the Schengen countries must be fingerprinted. In this case, even children after 12 years old are rented. Those who do not have hands are exempted from taking impressions. There is no need to give fingerprints to government officials who are traveling on a work visa. For the rest, the picture of drawings on the fingers is charged regardless of the purpose of the trip.

For a Schengen visa, fingerprints are submitted once until the end of the visa validity period. If the hand is damaged, fingerprinting will have to be redone, since scars on the fingers can change the picture, make it inaccurate.

To take impressions, you should go to the embassy, ​​where a consular representative scans your fingerprints on a special device. First, four fingers of one hand are scanned, then 4 fingers of the other hand, and both thumbs are scanned last.

This procedure takes little time and is not painful at all. Data is stored for 5 years, so if you need to get a Schengen visa again, then you will not have to undergo fingerprinting. If the biometric card has already been issued, then a snapshot of the fingers is also entered into it.

Mandatory collection of fingerprints is subject to:

• conscripts;
• Military personnel;
• Employees in the Ministry of Internal Affairs;
• Employees of the federal security service;
• Intelligence service;
• Employees of bodies for the control of the circulation of narcotic substances;
• employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations;
• customs services;
• Private detectives, as well as those applying for this title;
• Fire Service;
• Aviation crew members of any form;
• Stateless citizens who, due to physical reasons, are unable to disclose their identity;
• For forensic reasons suspected and accused of committing crimes;
• Stateless persons who are presented for deportation;
• Refugees from other countries who arrived in the Russian Federation in search of asylum of a political or other nature;
• All foreign citizens who are on the territory of Russia.

Refusal of fingerprinting is possible if its receipt is dictated by the need to identify the person, and the person is able to name his identity or provide documents.

Are you traveling abroad? Fingerprints!

For several years, by law, it has been mandatory to take fingerprints of handprints when traveling to:

1. USA. Since the early 2000s, US laws have required fingerprints to be taken at embassies around the world.
2. European Union countries. Also, according to the laws, fingerprints are required from 2014.
3. England. The UK government has introduced fingerprint controls for those entering the state.
4. Japan. Biometric data are taken from all entering foreigners.
5. Brazil is required to collect data from travelers from the United States.

In addition, mandatory fingerprinting is required in South Korea, Indonesia, Iran and Malaysia.

Temporary registration

For all those who are temporarily in Russia, a temporary residence permit is required - RVP. It is issued for three years, after which the person either leaves the country or applies for a residence permit, before obtaining citizenship.

Temporary residency has benefits

• you can officially work and live in the territory of the state,
• employment takes place under an employment contract,
• free medical care,
• opportunity to start a business.

In addition to collecting and preparing documents for RVP in Russia, it is necessary to undergo a fingerprinting procedure for RVP.

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INTRODUCTION

Since ancient times, people have used fingerprints. Their traces are preserved on many of the most ancient monuments of the planet, it is reliably known that even in Ancient Babylon, using clay tablets, fingerprints were made. It was believed that with this imprint, various kinds of documents of a state nature should be reserved, because. it was actually a painting, which was considered unique in its kind. Through our fingers, we receive a huge percentage of information about the world around us only because there are a lot of nerve endings at the fingertips. It can be said that we absorb knowledge about the environment by passing information through these patterns, and our emotions, reactions to external stimuli also pass through our papillary drawings.

The relevance of research is that life in the modern world makes more and more demands on security systems. One of the main directions is the creation of effective human identification devices.

Object of study: 8th grade students.

Subject of study: student fingerprints.

Objective: learn how fingerprints can identify a person's personality and temperament.

Hypothesis: suppose that fingerprints are a unique code that allows you to accurately identify a person and that a person's temperament can be determined from fingerprints.

Tasks:

Analyze literature data on the topic.

Learn to take fingerprints.

Organize experimental research.

Conduct a sociological survey.

Analyze the received data and draw a conclusion.

Research methods: work with scientific literature, experimental work; comparative analysis of fingerprints. Empirical method - open observations; polling method - questioning; generalization (conclusion).

Practical significance: knowledge of their fingerprints will enable students to further self-determination in choosing a profession.

MAIN PART

History of science

Dermatoglyphics is the science that studies the patterns on the fingers. Its ancestor was the Englishman Francis Galton, who published a monograph on fingerprints at the end of the 19th century. The term "dermatoglyphics" appeared less than a century ago - in 1926 and is translated as "skin engraving". Papillary patterns on the fingertips are formed in the womb and do not disappear after death. They do not change throughout life.

Genetic passport of a person. What's this? Each of us has it. If you say that you have never held it in your hands, you will be wrong. He is always with us. We carry this most important document at our fingertips. The lines that adorn the upper phalanges of the fingers (they are called papillary lines) are the genetic passport of a person.

Through fingers, touch, we receive a huge percentage of information about the world around us only because there are a lot of nerve endings at the fingertips. It can be said that we absorb knowledge about the environment by passing information through these patterns, and our emotions, reactions to external stimuli also pass through our papillary drawings.

Fingerprints - what is it?

Look at your fingertips, do you see patterns? These are our prints. Fingerprints are papillary lines (from lat. Papilla - nipple) of skin scallops that form a pattern on the fingertips. These patterns are formed in the child as early as 3-5 months of the mother's pregnancy. From this moment on, a patterned pattern begins to be created on them. The final formation of papillary patterns ends at the 6th month of fetal development. That is, we are born with a predetermined pattern on our fingers. And then it does not change throughout life. Therefore, more and more new personal identification devices are being created and used in various fields of human activity. The Englishman Francis Galton was the first to undertake a detailed study of the relief of the skin. His research showed that papillary lines are individual and do not change throughout a person's life and can tell a lot about a person's character. Since then, research in this field of science has come a long way. Today there is the Institute of Dermatoglyphics, which is located in Yekaterinburg. Fingerprinting (from the Greek daktylos - finger, skopeo - I look) is a method of identifying a person by fingerprints (including fingerprints and palm prints), based on the uniqueness of the skin pattern. It is widely used in criminalistics to identify the identity of the offender. It is based on the ideas of the Englishman William Herschel, who put forward a hypothesis in 1877 about the invariability of the papillary pattern of the palmar surfaces of human skin. This hypothesis was the result of long research by an author who served as a police officer in India.

What does the fingerprint pattern say?

Fig 1. Loops predominate

The loop is the most common pattern (Fig. 1.). A good-natured person, adapting well to life circumstances, average in all respects. Easy to communicate, instantly grasps the essence of various intellectual concepts, quickly responds to changes in the social situation. Characteristic - openness of consciousness, kindness and gentleness. Often follows the line of least resistance, as it prefers peace and tranquility. Easily expresses himself, and gravitates more to the arts than to the sciences, but with emotional upheavals can rush from one extreme to another. Can fit in almost any situation. Works well in a team. A very versatile person who cannot concentrate on one thing.

Under normal circumstances, it works like a jet engine. He reacts quite emotionally and violently, often takes offense, but quickly forgives offenders. It is easy to communicate with him. The type of pattern on the fingers indicates a light character and a willingness to make contact. It is distinguished by a quick reaction, loves thrills and therefore leads a rich, varied, ebullient life. A sense of humor is well developed, but jokes can be very offensive and caustic. With regard to studies, he belongs to the type of people who are easily interested and quickly cool down. The information that is of interest will remain in the memory for a long time and will certainly be applied in practice, and that which is not interesting, even under the condition of intensive cramming, will remain beyond memory.

The main disadvantage is the inability to listen. However, despite such character traits, it turns out to be a reliable friend. Many friends and acquaintances who will always come to the rescue. Loops at the fingertips give good health. Since childhood, he has a strong immune system, so he rarely gets sick with viral diseases characteristic of children. The weak point is the nervous system and the digestive tract. From early childhood, they are subject to various kinds of mental disorders: hysteria, sleep disturbances, lack of appetite, at an older age these phenomena intensify. With all the pluses and minuses - the ideal leader, capable of satisfying everyone, albeit at a minimum. Feels at ease in public. Easily agrees to a variety of things, quickly adapts to the environment. The negative traits are a lack of focus, a lack of individualism, and a strong influence that the world and people around have.

Rice. 2. Arcs dominate

A person with such an imprint (Fig. 2.) is often closed, immersed in himself, secretive and protects his inner world from external interference. The need for support and praise is expressed. Practical and materialistic person. Closed, but hardworking. You can easily be hard-hearted, insensitive, skeptical and unemotional. The main positive features are psychological stability, realism and practicality, negative qualities are a reluctant perception of change, a lack of responsiveness. Inherent reliability, at a critical or difficult time, will not let you down. Skillful hands. Love to make things with your own hands. As a rule, it is easier to express your thoughts not with words, but with actions. Very stubborn, purposeful, authoritarian and responsible. Most often focused on their opinions, their beliefs. In general, it is difficult to find contact with others. The contradiction is manifested in the fact that he does not tolerate a hard invasion of his inner world and violation of boundaries. Appreciates simple things and pleasures, does not like invention, new and original, new - prefers the old and proven. Easily can be inflexible, domineering and proud person. Prefers to deal with familiar faces and things. The predominance of arcs characterizes as a practical, hardworking and down to earth person. Doesn't shirk when it comes to getting the job done - and tend to see things through to the end. He does not like to discuss his personal affairs in front of everyone. Caution in approach to life is pronounced, will not blindly follow fashion or accept new things, prefers to wait until changes enter the lives of other people. Takes life seriously, sometimes with stern determination, but lacks ingenuity and cunning. It is not easy to be influenced by others. Very concrete and straightforward thinking, truthful and frank. It is difficult to adapt and change to the opinions of other people. As a rule, he does not listen and does everything in his own way. "Pressures" on others, trying to impose his will and his opinion everywhere and everywhere. Compromises are very difficult or not at all. It gives the impression of a real "ram", which can crush everything in its path. Everything must go strictly according to plan, law and rules. Everything has its own, different from the generally accepted view. Attractiveness lies in the way of thinking, temperament, the ability to lead people to make the right decision. Prefers deeds to conversations. A tireless worker, he knows how to bring what he started to the end, he is always practical, he tries to benefit from everything. Restrained character, does not like to show his feelings to others. Everything in life has to be achieved with great effort.

Fig.3. The curl predominates

A person with such an imprint (Fig. 3.) has a pragmatic behavior, rarely - you will do something just like that or on pure enthusiasm, he tries to benefit from everything. Individualist and specialist in his field. He has an out-of-the-box thinking and can easily formulate his opinion on any issue. The desire to become a specialist or an expert in a certain field or to find one's place in life, the need to be needed by society and the people around is clearly expressed. Distinguished by a high level of individuality and originality, confidence, which often develops into self-confidence, very big plans for life and ambitions in general. It is often quite difficult to recognize the point of view of your interlocutor, does not like rules and traditions, strives for something new and original. He really does not like when they influence or exert pressure, indicate how to act or act, fetter activity or activity. The curl pattern betrays a reformer, a person striving for everything new and easily generating new ideas.

Often dissatisfied with the established order of things and those who do not like change. Sometimes prone to loneliness, both in life and in work. It is difficult to adapt to a new team or circle of friends. If you have formed your opinion on any issue, it is extremely difficult to change your mind. A very persistent and purposeful person, he can easily engage in innovative research or experiments. The internal organization is very complex and multifaceted, he is inclined to think over various ideas for a long time, to return to them again and again. A very creatively gifted person, easily and quickly learns new material, learns quickly, but constantly strives for something new, as a result of which he loses interest in what he has learned. But if you managed to get interested, you can achieve significant success and become a specialist in the chosen field. The inner world is very complex, has a subtle psyche and an excitable nervous system. He is prone to self-discipline and introspection, he is inclined to look out for his shortcomings. Sufficiently hardy and can achieve results due to willpower. Charged to achieve the goal, rather stubborn, somewhat distrustful of others. A great desire for independence and freedom is clearly expressed, he always acts independently, thinks and acts as he sees fit. More prone to leadership than other people. High level of responsibility. Reaction speed is low, likes to think about problems and questions, rarely shows his emotions. He likes to go his own way, pave his own way in life. Some external detachment seems to others, but by nature he is endowed with an inquisitive mind, he grasps any information literally on the fly, he is capable of learning, he is very intelligent. An important feature is the memory, which can be called truly phenomenal. He may have encyclopedic knowledge, but modesty and self-doubt prevent him from achieving high results. An excellent interlocutor, he knows how to support any conversation and patiently listen to any interlocutor. However, it is more pleasant to communicate with people who are balanced and logical. Very few close friends and truly devoted partners. In terms of health, the greatest burden falls on the work of the heart. The second problem is metabolism. It is difficult to digest fatty, spicy and spicy foods, does not tolerate dairy products. It should be noted that the most common diseases of this type of people are diseases of the endocrine system. The reaction speed is low, but wins due to the coordination of movements. Very often, the predominance of curls in a drawing indicates the presence of a special talent or ability that distinguishes it from others. They prefer novelty, creativity, to everything and the unknown. He has great potential, but the irony of fate is such that he often has a poor idea of ​​what he is really capable of. Strong-willed, purposeful person. Strong personality, easily achieves success, hardworking and independent.

PRACTICAL PART

The topic of my research interested me very much and I decided to find out what my classmates know about fingerprints and papillary drawings. To do this, a survey was conducted among classmates.

Diagram 1. Survey results

Conclusion: during the survey, it was revealed that not everyone knows what the science of dermatoglyphics does.

Experiment #1

The purpose of the experiment: to show that twins have individual fingerprints.

Hypothesis: Suppose twins have the same fingerprints.

Equipment: paint, roller and fingerprint.

Table 1. Fingerprints of twins

When comparing the fingerprints of Ekaterina and Marina, we saw that almost all the prints are very similar, but upon closer examination, differences are visible. The loop pattern prevails. And the fingers of the right hand are different and have different types of print patterns.

Conclusion: our hypothesis was not confirmed. This experiment proved that fingerprints are not identical, even for twins. They may be very similar, but you can always find differences.

Experiment #2

Researchers note such a pattern that males have more curls on their fingers, and females have more loops.

Purpose of the experiment: to prove this pattern, to find out what type of fingerprint pattern prevails, to characterize our class.

Hypothesis: suppose that males have more whorls on their fingers and females have more loops.

The experiment involved 13 classmates (9 girls and 4 boys, aged 14-15 years).

For clarity, a table was compiled on the types of fingerprint patterns of classmates.

Table 2. Fingerprint results of 8th grade students (Appendix 2)

When counting the number of loops, arcs and curls in boys and girls of our class, it turned out to be as follows: for girls - 50 loops, 28 curls, and 12 arcs, for boys - 9 loops, 29 curls and 2 arcs. As a result, on the fingers of our classmates it turned out “Loops” -59, “Curls” -57, and “Doug” -14.

Conclusion:

Experiment #3

Researchers note such a pattern that a person's temperament can be determined from the fingerprints of the index fingers.

Purpose of the experiment: to prove this pattern, to find out what type of temperament prevails among students, to characterize our class.

Hypothesis: Is it possible to find out the type of human temperament by the index fingers.

Table 3. Results of the study of temperament types (Appendix 3)

Conclusion:

CONCLUSION

The result of the research activity was the achievement of the set goal, the mastery of the skills to take fingerprints. Knowledge can be used not only in forensics, but also in various other areas of information technology. Fingerprint recognition is an extremely adaptive identification method and is suitable for a variety of applications, including for objects where keys, access cards and passwords are traditionally used. Fingerprint identification technology is already being used everywhere. Having studied the literature and conducted my own research, I can conclude that my hypothesis: fingerprints are a unique code that allows you to accurately identify a person and a person's temperament can be determined from fingerprints - was confirmed.

CONCLUSION

The results of the research work can be applied at school in biology lessons, class hours and assisting graduates in professional self-determination.

LIST OF USED SOURCES AND LITERATURE

Big encyclopedic dictionary. M., 2001.

Bagira M., Leokum A. Children's encyclopedia "Tell me why? .." 1994

Bogdanov N.N. Reader on dermatoglyphics (collection of articles). M., 2006.

Edzhubova L.G. and N.N. Bogdanova, M. A Papillary patterns: Identification and determination of personality characteristics (Dactyloscopy and dermatoglyphics), 2002

http://www.infolifes.ru [electronic resource]

https://ru.wikipedia.org [electronic resource]

Annex 1

Table 2. Fingerprint results of 8th grade students (fragment) Girls

boys

Conclusion: our hypothesis was confirmed and we proved the pattern that males have more curls on their fingers, and females have more loops.

Appendix 3

Table 3. Results of the study of temperament types (fragment)

Conclusion: our hypothesis was partly confirmed. Most types of temperaments according to the results of Aizenko's diagnostics coincide with the results of a study of fingerprints. The “Loop” type pattern prevails on the fingers of our classmates, which means that our class is a class of cheerful people who easily adapt to any situation, are sociable, tolerant and enduring, responsive, having a wide range of interests.

Appendix 4

Type of temperament on the index fingers

Table 1 Interrelation of the main patterns of papillary lines with the type of temperament

The provisions that formed the basis of the anthropological methodology for determining the type of temperament using dermatoglyphics:

"Clean" option sanguine on both index fingers should have patterns, such as: loop-loop. "Mixed" option: loop-curl. And the "retrograde" option: a loop-arc. "Clean" option choleric on both index fingers should have patterns, such as: arc-arc. "Mixed" option: arc-loop, arc-curl. And the “retrograde” option in this case does not exist, since this is the simplest type of papillary line patterns. "Clean" option phlegmatic on both index fingers should have patterns, such as curl-curl. "Mixed" option - does not exist, since this is the most complex type of papillary line patterns. And the “retrograde” version: curl-loop, curl-arc.

"Pure" and "mixed" the melancholic variant does not exist, since it is a "collective image" that is formed by the retrograde sanguine and phlegmatic variants. According to anthropologists who have studied the patterns of papillary lines, they must have at least one “arc” or more, which corresponds to the retrograde variants of the sanguine person (loop-arc) and phlegmatic (curl-loop; curl-arc). And in people (women) who have repeatedly made suicidal attempts, there is a retrograde type of sanguine person (loop-arc).

Annex 5

Diagnosis of determining the type of temperament according to Eysenck

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT