Sections of the site
Editor's Choice:
- Ancient sovereign. Spur of the sovereign. Election of Saul as king
- The beard of the partisans in the Patriotic War of 1812
- Volyn Life Guards Regiment Listed in the lists of the regiment
- Guards units in the army: foundation, history
- Day of military glory of Russia - Day of the Battle of Borodino
- Biographies of the leaders of the secret office
- Sergei Platonov full course of lectures on Russian history
- Sergei Platonov - a full course of lectures on Russian history
- Who canceled the feeding system
- History of the Republic of Mordovia
Advertising
| The hydrosphere is the water shell of the earth. The water shell of the Earth is the hydrosphere. Lithosphere - the solid shell of the Earth |
|
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which partially covers the solid surface of the earth. According to scientists, the Hydrosphere was formed slowly, accelerating only during periods of tectonic activity. Sometimes the Hydrosphere is also called the World Ocean. We will use the term Hydrosphere to avoid confusion. About the World Ocean, as part of the Hydrosphere, you can read in the article THE WORLD OCEAN AND ITS PARTS → . For a better understanding of the essence of the term Hydrosphere, below are a few definitions. Hydrosphere
For a better understanding, let us briefly formulate what we mean by the Hydrosphere within the framework of this material and within the framework of this site. Under the hydrosphere, we will understand the shell of the globe, which combines all the waters of the globe, regardless of their state and location. In the hydrosphere, there is a continuous circulation of water between its various parts and the transition of water from one state to another - the so-called Water cycle in nature. Parts of the hydrosphereThe hydrosphere interacts with all geospheres of the Earth. Conventionally, the hydrosphere can be divided into three parts:
The atmosphere contains 12.4 trillion tons of water in the form of water vapor. Water vapor is renewed 32 times a year or every 11 days. As a result of condensation or sublimation of water vapor on suspended particles present in the atmosphere, clouds or fogs are formed, while a sufficiently large amount of heat is released. With the waters on the surface of the Earth - the World Ocean, you can find in the article The great and mighty world ocean. Groundwater includes: groundwater, moisture in soils, pressure deep waters, gravitational waters of the upper layers of the earth's crust, waters in bound states in various rocks, waters found in minerals and juvenile waters ... Hydrosphere - the water shell of our planet, includes all water, chemically unbound, regardless of its state (liquid, gaseous, solid). The hydrosphere is one of the geospheres located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere. This discontinuous envelope includes all oceans, seas, continental fresh and salt water bodies, ice masses, atmospheric water, and water in living things. Approximately 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by the hydrosphere. Its volume is about 1400 million cubic meters, which is 1/800 of the volume of the entire planet. 98% of the waters of the hydrosphere is the World Ocean, 1.6% is enclosed in continental ice, the rest of the hydrosphere falls on the share of fresh rivers, lakes, groundwater. Thus, the hydrosphere is divided into the World Ocean, groundwater and continental water, and each group, in turn, includes subgroups of lower levels. So, in the atmosphere, water is in the stratosphere and troposphere, on the earth's surface the waters of the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, glaciers are released, in the lithosphere - the waters of the sedimentary cover, the foundation. Despite the fact that the bulk of water is concentrated in the oceans and seas, and only a small part of the hydrosphere (0.3%) accounts for surface water, it is they that play the main role in the existence of the Earth's biosphere. Surface water is the main source of water supply, watering and irrigation. In the water exchange zone, fresh groundwater is rapidly renewed during the general water cycle, therefore, with rational use, it can be used for an unlimited period of time.
During the development of the young Earth, the hydrosphere was formed during the formation of the lithosphere, which, over the geological history of our planet, has released a huge amount of water vapor and underground magmatic waters. The hydrosphere was formed during the long evolution of the Earth and the differentiation of its structural components. Life was born in the hydrosphere for the first time on Earth. Later, at the beginning of the Paleozoic era, living organisms came out onto land, and their gradual settlement on the continents began. Life without water is impossible. The tissues of all living organisms contain up to 70-80% water.
The waters of the hydrosphere constantly interact with the atmosphere, the earth's crust, the lithosphere, and the biosphere. At the boundary between the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, almost all sedimentary rocks are formed that make up the sedimentary layer of the earth's crust. The hydrosphere can be considered as part of the biosphere, since it is completely populated by living organisms, which, in turn, affect the composition of the hydrosphere. The interaction of the waters of the hydrosphere, the transition of water from one state to another manifests itself as a complex water cycle in nature. All types of water cycle of various volumes represent a single hydrological cycle, during which the renewal of all types of water is carried out. The hydrosphere is an open system, the waters of which are closely interconnected, which determines the unity of the hydrosphere as a natural system and the mutual influence of the hydrosphere and other geospheres. Related content: Lecture 3 The hydrosphere is the water shell of the earth. Pollution of the hydrosphere. Sources of pollution of the hydrosphere. Water quality control methods. Water protection measures. Waste water treatment methods. The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth. Hydrosphere- the water shell of the Earth, including all waters in liquid, solid and gaseous states. The hydrosphere includes the waters of the oceans, seas, groundwater and land surface waters. Some water is found in the atmosphere and in living organisms. Water occupies the predominant part of the Earth's biosphere (71% of the total area of the earth's surface). The hydrosphere already 4 billion years ago was represented by the following three components: terrestrial (World Ocean, river, soil, lake waters, glaciers), underground (waters of the lithosphere), air (vaporous water of the atmosphere). The hydrosphere includes the following types of water (in brackets, the share of the total volume of water in the hydrosphere,%, according to M.I. Lvovich, 1974): World Ocean (94.0); groundwater (4.3); glaciers (1.7); land waters (lakes, river waters, soil moisture) (0.03); atmospheric vapors (0.001). Water is a part of living matter as an essential component (70–99%). In fact, living matter is an aqueous solution of "living" molecules. It is water that keeps them alive. Terrestrial life originated in the aquatic environment, and therefore it can be considered a derivative of water. Fundamental properties of water: 1. First property hydrosphere - unity and ubiquity"(in the words of V. I. Vernadsky) natural waters. All waters are interconnected and represent a single whole. This unity of natural waters is determined by: a) easy transition of water from one phase state to another. Three states are known within the limits of terrestrial temperatures: liquid, solid, and vapor. The plasma state of water exists at high temperatures and pressures in the deep parts of the bowels; b) the constant presence of gas components in the water. Natural water is an aqueous solution (gas, suspended solids, minerals). 2. Second property hydrosphere is determined special structure of the water molecule. The structure and properties of water provide the most favorable conditions for the development of life on earth. We know from physics that all bodies expand when heated and contract when cooled. Water behaves differently. If it contracted when it turned into ice (cooling), the ice would be heavier than water and sink to the bottom of rivers and lakes. The rivers would be frozen to the bottom, and life in these reservoirs would be impossible. Ice is an insulator that keeps the water below the ice from freezing, which protects all underwater life. If it were not for this property, then the Earth would turn into an ice-bound planet. The special structure of the water molecule provides manifold structure it when changing external factors (temperature, pressure, chemical composition). In winter, we had to observe the diversity and beauty of ice patterns on the windows, snowflakes, frost on the trees. Just as no two drops of water are exactly alike, so no two types of water are identical in structure. 3. Third property hydrosphere is expressed in its geologically eternal mobility. The movement of water is very diverse and manifests itself in numerous cycles. The main movement of water is the geological cycle of matter. Every second, under the influence of solar heat, millions of cubic meters of water rise up and form clouds. The wind sets the clouds in motion. Under the right conditions, moisture falls in the form of rain or snow. Raindrops have a favorable size for everything earthly and fall quietly, softly. Are all life-friendly coincidences accidental? Thus, water is involved in a kind of cycles of matter and energy. This system was established on Earth with the advent of free water and continues to this day. Why is there movement? Movement can occur under the action of: a) gravity; b) solar (thermal) energy; c) molecular motion with a change in the phase state. 4. Fourth property hydrosphere is determined by high chemical activity of water. Under the conditions of the earth's crust, there are no natural bodies that would not dissolve to some extent in natural waters. Water in the biosphere acts as a universal solvent, because, interacting with all substances, as a rule, it does not enter into chemical reactions with them. This ensures the exchange of substances between land and ocean, organisms and the environment. The most important abiotic factors of the aquatic environment are the following: 1. Density and viscosity. The density of water is 800 times and the viscosity is about 55 times that of air. 2. Heat capacity. Water has a high heat capacity, so the ocean is the main receiver and accumulator of solar energy. 3. Mobility. The constant movement of water masses contributes to maintaining the relative homogeneity of physical and chemical properties. 4. Temperature stratification. A change in water temperature is observed along the depth of the water body. 5. Periodic (annual, daily, seasonal) temperature changes The lowest water temperature is considered to be - 2 ° C, the highest + 35-37 ° C. The dynamics of fluctuations in water temperature is less than that of air. 6. Transparency and turbidity of water. Determines the light regime under the water surface. The photosynthesis of green bacteria, phytoplankton, higher plants, and, consequently, the accumulation of organic matter, depends on transparency (and its opposite characteristic - turbidity). Turbidity and transparency depend on the content of substances suspended in water, including those entering water bodies along with industrial discharges. In this regard, the transparency and content of suspended solids are the most important characteristics of natural and waste waters that are subject to control at an industrial enterprise. 7. Salinity of water. According to the degree of salinity, all water bodies are conventionally divided into fresh with salinity less than 0.50/00, brackish water - salinity ranges from 0.5 - 16 0 / 00, salty - more than 16 0 / 00. The salinity of oceanic water bodies is 32 - 38 0 / 00, Salt lakes have the highest salt content, where the concentration of electrolytes reaches 370 0/00. Main difference sea water from river salt is that the vast majority of sea salt is chlorides, and in river water dominated carbonic salts. A person uses only fresh water for life support. Of the total water resources on earth, share of fresh water account for no more than 3%. 8. Dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. Excessive consumption of oxygen for the respiration of living organisms and for the oxidation of organic and mineral substances entering the water with industrial discharges leads to the depletion of the living population up to the impossibility of living in such water for aerobic organisms. 9. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH). All hydrobionts have adapted to a certain pH level: some prefer an acidic environment, others prefer an alkaline environment, and still others prefer a neutral one. Changes in these characteristics can lead to the death of hydrobionts. Hydrosphere - the water shell of the Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, groundwater and glaciers, snow cover, as well as water vapor in the atmosphere. The Earth's hydrosphere is 94% represented by salt waters of the oceans and seas, more than 75% of all fresh water is conserved in the polar caps of the Arctic and Antarctica (Table 1). Tables 1 - Distribution of water masses in the Earth's hydrosphere
Water on Earth is present in all three states of aggregation, however, its largest volume is in the liquid phase, which is very significant for the formation of other features of the planet. The entire natural water complex functions as Without water, there could not be a person, animal and plant world, since most plants and animals consist mainly of water. In addition, temperatures in the range from 0 to 100°C are necessary for life, which corresponds to the temperature limits of the liquid phase of water. For many living beings, water serves as a habitat. Thus, the main feature of the hydrosphere is the abundance of life in it. The role of the hydrosphere in maintaining a relatively unchanged climate on the planet is great, since, on the one hand, it acts as a heat accumulator, ensuring the constancy of the average planetary temperature of the atmosphere, and on the other–Due to phytoplankton, it produces almost half of the total oxygen in the atmosphere. The water environment is used for catching fish and other seafood, collecting plants, mining underwater deposits of ore (manganese, nickel, cobalt) and oil, transporting goods and passengers. In production and economic activities, a person uses water for cleaning, washing, cooling equipment and materials, watering plants, hydrotransportation, providing specific processes, such as power generation. An important circumstance inherent in the aquatic environment is that infectious diseases are mainly transmitted through it (approximately 80% of all diseases). The simplicity of the flooding process in comparison with other types of burial, the inaccessibility of depths for humans and the apparent isolation of water have led to the fact that mankind is actively using the aquatic environment to dump production and consumption waste. Intense anthropogenic pollution of the hydrosphere leads to serious changes in its geophysical parameters, destroys aquatic ecosystems and is potentially dangerous for humans. The ecological threat to the hydrosphere has set the task for the international community to take urgent measures to save the human habitat. Their peculiarity is that not a single state, even with the help of strict measures, is able to cope with the environmental threat. Therefore, there is a need for international cooperation in this area, the adoption of an optimal environmental strategy, which includes the concept and program of joint actions of all countries. These measures must comply with the principles of contemporary international law. 2. ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE HYDROSPHERE
Analysis of the bioeconomy of the seas and oceans includes several methodological aspects of determining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of bioresources, the conditions for their use in the national economy. The results of this analysis are the basis for the development or improvement of the economic and organizational management system for the rational use of bioresources. The controlled bioeconomic system of the oceans includes many defining and resulting ecological and economic indicators, parameters of their interconnections and interdependencies. The level of controllability of the bioeconomic system is determined mainly by the knowledge of processes and phenomena at each hierarchical level (international, interstate and regional), the existence of interstate agreements on the rational use of resources of the seas and oceans and their protection. The rational use of bioresources of the hydrosphere in general terms can be considered as a system of public events of a legal, economic, economic, and scientifically standardized nature, determined by the need for the systematic maintenance and reproduction of commercial bioresources, as well as reliable protection of natural conditions and their aquatic environment. Over the past century-long history of management, mankind has formed an understanding of the need for careful attitude to the use of natural resources. In recent decades, various evaluation approaches to the creation of a system of program measures for the protection of land, water, forest and other resources have been intensively developed. Bioeconomic assessment of hydrosphere resources is sometimes carried out using the cadastre. However, it should be noted that the use of the bioeconomic cadastre in the Russian Federation is fundamentally different from its use in some other countries. In our country, in the adopted land legislation, a special section “State Land Cadastre” is allocated, which states that in order to ensure the rational use of land resources, the cadastre must contain a set of necessary information about the natural, economic and legal status of lands, soil appraisal and economic valuation of lands. A distinctive feature of the bioeconomic cadastre from the land cadastre is that its compilation, processing of hydrological, physicochemical characteristics, as well as the species composition of the living resources of the hydrosphere are more strictly centralized in official documents. The formation and use of the bioeconomic cadastre of the hydrosphere is at a high level, which makes it possible to widely apply data processing information systems and create data banks. In general terms, under bioeconomic cadastre implied a significant set of documents in which the necessary information about specific types of aquatic biological resources and their habitat, natural, legal, economic and organizational conditions for their economic use are systematized in an orderly form in a national or regional context. The main tasks of the bioeconomic cadastre are to generalize and approach the objectivity of the available information on the distribution, habitat conditions and reserves of specific types of the hydrosphere, on the conditions of economic activity and exploitation in the interests of maximizing the satisfaction of society's needs for food and non-food products. The bioeconomic cadastre acts as a recommendatory, and sometimes as a directive document that provides the functions of national economic management related to the development, use, protection and reproduction of aquatic biological resources. The bioeconomic cadastre of the seas and oceans functionally provides the following main activities: 1) accounting and environmental - economic forecasting of stocks, distribution and status of specific types of biological resources in national and international waters; 3) comprehensive planning of the activities of other sectors of the national economy that have a certain impact on the state and dynamics of the abundance of bioresources in the hydrosphere; 5) development and implementation of long-term programs of environmental protection and reproduction activities at the regional, national and international levels; 6) implementation of measures for economic and mathematical modeling of bioeconomic processes in the hydrosphere; 7) determination of the amount of mutual settlements for the use of biological resources by national and foreign organizations; 8) determination of the amount of damage, as well as compensation by sectors of the national economy of bioresources of the hydrosphere; 9) development of integrated environmental — economic programs for the long-term use of resources by region and individual economic tasks related to the development of the World Ocean, etc. The practical needs for the development and implementation of bioeconomic cadastres involve their implementation and classification according to certain criteria, depending on the spatial and geographical distribution of the aquatic environment and bioresources and depending on their international legal status. Under these conditions, there are objective social needs for the development of ecological - economic evaluation of natural resources in general and bioresources in particular. In the investigated object of bioresources of the hydrosphere, their initial stock, which is not equal to zero, must certainly be present, while for artificially created resources (seaculture, etc.) this rule is not so mandatory. With regard to stocks of bioresources, there are two possible approaches to the construction of a bioeconomic cadastre. They are associated with the minimum or maximum state of stocks at the time of making a decision on the reproduction of the resources of the seas and oceans and their protection. For the construction of a bioeconomic cadastre of the hydrosphere, it is important to study the properties of these reserves, taking into account the persistence, mobility, recoverability, inclusion in consumption, reactivity, and uniqueness. Persistence manifests itself in the fact that the reserves of bioresources of the hydrosphere in terms of volume or composition can exist only for a certain time, after which they either decay into smaller reserves, or are lost for use altogether, or require some kind of increase costs, etc. Mobility manifests itself in the possibility of redistributing reserves or concentrating the extraction of bioresources hydrosphere. Recoverability - this is a full or limited bringing the stock to the desired level. Under certain environmental conditions, the stock of bioresources may not be restored at all. Inclusion in consumption as a property manifests itself in the ability of bioresources to be used without certain conditions or in the presence of such, for example, appropriate environmental conditions, the level of development of fishing equipment, etc. Reactivity involves the study of the reaction of the influence of individual factors on the stocks of bioresources in quantitative and qualitative sections. Uniqueness or ordinaryness is expressed in varying degrees of dispersal and availability of bioresources in the hydrosphere. Modern data on the mineral, energy and chemical resources of the World Ocean are of considerable practical interest for the national economy, especially the mineral resources of the shelf - oil, natural gas, sodium, etc. Therefore, the marine environment can be considered as an object "nature - production", where processes creation of material resources for society and their reproduction. Under shelf seas and oceans should be understood underwater continuations of the mainland towards the sea with a depth of 20 to 600 m. The width of the shelf can be on average about 40-1000 km, and the area is about 28 million km 2 (19% land). For example, commercial oil production in the Caspian Sea began as early as 1922, and now more than 18 million tons of oil are produced here annually. Offshore drilling began in 1949 off the coast of Brazil in the Gulf of Makapkan, and now more than 60 countries are drilling the seabed, and 25 of them are extracting oil and natural gas from the depths of the sea. World oil production in 1972 amounted to 2.6 billion tons, and according to forecasts in 2000 it will be 7.4 billion tons. 150 billion tons will be produced. In 1975, international oil concerns produced products worth about $40 billion, and the total value of marine minerals mined in 1976 was estimated at $60-70 billion. subsoil of the seabed in England, Japan, Canada, Chile. Significant coal deposits are hidden in the bowels of the shelf off the coast of Turkey, China, about. Taiwan, off the coast of Australia. The largest iron ore deposits on the seabed are concentrated off the east coast of about. Newfoundland, where the total ore reserves reach 2 billion tons. Australia's marine placers are world famous, where they found gold, platinum, rutile, ilmenite, zircon, and manganese. In the USA, more than 900 kg of platinum is mined annually from sea placers, and about 200 thousand carats of diamonds are mined in South-West Africa. Currently, 1/3 of the world's salt production, 61% of metallic magnesium, 70% of bromine are obtained from sea water. Fresh drinking water is becoming increasingly important. Now more than 500 million people fall ill every year from the consumption of poor-quality water by the population of some regions of the globe. In the near future, on an increasing scale, it will be necessary to replenish fresh water resources on land by desalination of sea water. However, water desalination is a very energy-intensive production, so it becomes necessary to find ways to use additional marine resources for these purposes. With the exception of oil and natural gas production, the energy resources of the seas are poorly used. Therefore, the relatively high cost of desalinated water is sometimes the main reason for the introduction of scientific and technological progress. According to preliminary estimates, the cost of desalinated water using electric energy from tidal and other conventional power plants is 6-20 thousand den. units / m 3, and when using nuclear power plants - 1-4 thousand den. units / m 3. The total power of tidal energy is just over 1 billion kW. Since 1968, the Kislogubskaya tidal power plant with a capacity of 1,000 kW has been operating; in France, a similar station has been built on the Cotentin peninsula with a capacity of 33 million kW. The activation of the development of the resources of the World Ocean, the development of energy are not without causing damage to it. Complex biological and other natural processes take place in the World Ocean, for example, more than half of all terrestrial oxygen is produced, and the violation of the ecological balance leads to a decrease in the productivity of phytoplankton, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the oxygen content and an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. At present, the fauna and flora of the World Ocean are seriously threatened by pollution: municipal, industrial, agricultural and other effluents - a source of bacterial, radioactive pollution; emergency releases; leakage of oil from tankers; air pollutants, etc. Every year, about 2 million tons of oil fall onto the surface of the ocean from tankers and offshore drilling rigs. For the seas and oceans, not only offshore drilling is dangerous, but also seismic methods of oil exploration, since explosions kill eggs, larvae, juveniles and adult fish. Thus, the problem of protecting the World Ocean is of national and international significance, and its successful solution will contribute to progress in the field of biosphere protection within the framework of an individual state and the entire planet. The country cooperates with Germany, the USA, Canada, France, Japan, Sweden, Finland to protect the marine environment from pollution, and actively participates in the activities of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and other international organizations. On the protection of water resources in our country, a number of resolutions have been adopted “On measures to prevent pollution of the Caspian Sea”, “On measures to prevent pollution of the Volga and Ural river basins by untreated sewage”, “On measures to preserve and rationally use the natural complexes of Lake. Baikal, etc. The multifaceted use of the ocean gives rise to problems and inconsistencies in the development of many industries. For example, oil production in coastal waters damages the fish and resort industries. Pollution of the hydrosphere has a negative impact on biological resources and on humans, it causes enormous damage to the economy. The available methods make it possible to determine the amount of economic and social damage caused to nature by the branches of the national economic complex of our country. A further task of improving the environmental and economic efficiency of nature management is the improvement of the economic mechanism that makes it possible to transfer environmental measures from the state budget to economic accounting. Under these conditions, it will be possible to rationally use and protect resources, the hydrosphere, i.e., the World Ocean will be able to ensure the progress of mankind only if the reasonable interaction between society and nature is taken into account. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF HYDROSPHERE POLLUTION
The growth of opportunities for industrial, agricultural production and the non-productive sphere complicates the relationship between society and nature, as a result, there is a need to preserve and improve the life support system in the global and regional contexts. External environment hydrosphere, atmosphere and metasphere becomes a direct participant in the production of a social product. Therefore, here, as well as in the main production, systematic accounting, control and planning of the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection are required. The effectiveness of these measures is closely related to determining the amount of economic and social damage caused to society and nature by negative anthropogenic impact. Under economic and social damage
should be understood losses in the national economy and society, directly or indirectly resulting from negative anthropogenic impact, leading to environmental pollution with aggressive substances, noise, electromagnetic or other wave effects. In the general interpreted understanding, the specific damage is the value of the decrease in national income from a unit of emitted aggressive substances in hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere. It can be calculated for 1 km 2 of the sea, 1 ha of agricultural land, 1 ha of forests, per 1000 people, 1 million den. units fixed assets, etc. Using the calculated characteristics of the change in the amount of damage from the concentration of an aggressive substance in the environment and the duration of its impact on a subject or object, it is possible to develop a pollution assessment monogram hydrosphere, lithosphere or atmosphere, in which zones are distinguished according to the degree of danger. When determining the zone of danger of pollution of water bodies, the directions of use of water resources should be taken into account. For example, the requirements for water quality are different when a person uses it for cooking or for cultural and domestic needs. The absolute and comparative effectiveness of environmental protection measures is closely related to the requirements to maintain the quality of water and other natural resources. The criteria for the comparative effectiveness of environmental protection measures can be the achievement of growth in national income by preventing economic damage at the minimum cost of environmental protection measures. From this it follows that the magnitude of economic damage can act as a generalizing measure in optimizing the relationship between society and nature. The need to optimize resource-saving and environmental protection measures is of particular importance, since their implementation requires more than 20% of all capital investments in the national economic complex. At the same time, comparative indicators ecological— The water shell of the Earth is the hydrosphere. Didactic goal: create conditions for the primary assimilation, awareness and comprehension of new educational information by means of technology of developing education. Content goals. Educational : contribute to the formation of knowledge about the hydrosphere, as the shell of the Earth, its constituent parts, the world cycle Water in nature. Developing: create conditions for the development of cognitive activity, intellectual and creative abilities of students; promote the development of skills to identify, describe and explain the essential features of the main concepts of the topic; promote the development of skills for independent work with geographical texts, textbook, geographical map, multimedia presentation materials, diagrams, make generalizations and conclusions. Educational : contribute to the education of geographical culture, culture of educational work, a sense of responsibility, careful attitude towards the environment, promote the development communication skills; develop interest in the subject subject. Planned results. Personal : awareness of the value of geographical knowledge as an essential component of the scientific picture of the world. Metasubject: the ability to organize their activities, determine their goals and objectives, the ability to conduct an independent search, analysis, selection of information, the ability to interact with people and work in a team; to express judgments, confirming them with facts; mastering the practical skills of working with a textbook. Subject: knowledge and explanation of the essential features of concepts, their use for solving educational problems. Universal learning activities (UUD). Personal : be aware of the need to study the topic. Regulatory: plan their activities under the guidance of a teacher, evaluate the work of classmates, work in accordance with the task, compare the results with the expected ones. Cognitive: extract, select and analyze information, extract new knowledge from ESM sources, process information to obtain the desired result. Communicative: be able to communicate and interact with each other (in a small group and in a team). Lesson type- a lesson in the assimilation of new knowledge. Forms of organization of student activities- group (the class is divided into 5 working groups), individual. Teacher equipment:- multimedia presentation; Video film "Hydrosphere of the Earth"; Computer, projector; Physical map of the hemispheres. Equipment for students: a computer and a file folder with tasks on the table for each group; A. A. Letyagin's textbook “Geography. Beginning course: Grade 5 "- M .: Ventana - Graf, 2012; atlas of geography; dictionaries and encyclopedias; EOR; equipment needed for the experiments: a measuring cup, a raw chicken egg, two bottles of drinking water of 0.5 liters each, two bottles of mineral water (one chilled, the other at room temperature), 4-5 tbsp. tablespoons of table salt, a tablespoon, a glass, 2 plates, edible ice cubes. During the classes. 1. Organizational stage. Target: emotionally - a positive attitude to the lesson, creating an atmosphere of success, trust. Teacher: I'm glad to see you at the geography lesson. Today we work in groups. Everything you need each group for the lesson (computer, file folder with forms assignments, textbooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias) is on your desks. coordinators help me organize the work of each group: Anufrieva Varya Zhidkova Lera Stepanova Katya Chobanu Grisha Saleev Sergey We continue our acquaintance with the geospheres of the Earth. ---Slide 1. Geospheres of the Earth: lithosphere - met atmosphere - get to know each other hydrosphere biosphere Find in the table of contents of the textbook the topic that we studied in the last lesson. (Man and atmosphere). ---Slide 2. The water shell of the Earth is the hydrosphere (from the Greek "water" and "ball") After reviewing text of paragraph 15 , what are the main questions that we have to consider in today's lesson (highlighted in the text subheadings ). Highlight key concepts of the topic (highlighted in the boxes and in the text). On the board under the name of the topic, signs are posted in turn, formulating the main points of the lesson. HYDROSPHERE - value In the course of mastering the topic according to this plan, there will be - properties to move the cursor, denoting the stage, on - the composition of which will be in a certain - The world moment of the lesson. circulation water Task for groups: using a variety of sources of information (dictionaries, encyclopedias, the Internet), formulate additions to the definition of the hydrosphere on the slide. On the board around the concept of "hydrosphere" cards are posted with sounded from different sources of information components of this term: oceans seas groundwater ice and snow rivers lakes Swamps of the reservoir circulation of more than 70% of the earth's surface - ti 4 billion years liquid state solid state gaseous state 2. Actualization of knowledge. Goal setting. Target: based on the basic knowledge of students on the specified topic, formulate tasks for this lesson. Teacher: let's remember what you already know about water? Where on Earth can you find water? Give examples of reservoirs. What are the three states of water in nature? (fig.56, page 85) 3. The stage of joint discovery and assimilation of new knowledge. Target: to acquaint students in the course of research and problem - search work with the meaning of water, its properties, the composition of the hydrosphere and the global water cycle in nature. - Statement of a problematic question. Teacher: talking about the meaning of water, I suggest you listen to an excerpt from the story of the French writer, pilot, participant in the Second World War Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Planet of the People." --- Slide 3. Exupery's statement: “Water! You are not only necessary for life, you are life. ……you give us infinitely simple happiness.” You have no taste, no color, no smell, you cannot be described, you enjoy you without understanding what you are. You are not only necessary for life, you are life. With you, a bliss spreads throughout the being, which cannot be explained only by our five senses. You return to us the strength and properties on which we already gave up. With Your mercy, the dried-up springs of the heart open again. You are the greatest wealth in the world, but also the most fragile - you, so pure in the bowels of the Earth ... ... ... You do not tolerate impurities, you cannot stand anything alien, you are a deity that is so easy to frighten off ... But you give us infinitely simple happiness.” Students talk about the importance of water. Teacher: In order to formulate the basic properties of water, I invite each group to do a little research. (3 min.) (* - properties) Detailed instructions for experiments in the section "School of the geographer-pathfinder" to paragraph 15. 1 group– is engaged in the study of taste, color, smell of water; and also turns ice into liquid and then into water vapour. 2 group- finds out information about the processes associated with the transition of water from one state to another. The task: match (performed using cards with concepts and wordings from the file folder). 1. Evaporation. A. The transition of water from a liquid to a solid state. 2. Freezing (crystallization) B. The transition of water from a gaseous state to a liquid state. 3. Condensation. B. The transition of water from a liquid state to a gaseous state. 4. Melting (melting) D. The transition of water from a solid to a liquid state. Answers: 1 - B; 2 - A; 3 - B; 4 - G. 3 group– explores the density of fresh and salt water (experiment with a chicken egg in a glass of fresh and salt water). 4 group– explores the property of water to dissolve gases (experiment with chilled and warm bottles of mineral water). 5 group– working with the text of paragraph 15 (p. 84), formulates the main properties of water. In the course of work, each group fills out their technological maps and reports on the results of their research. --- Slide 4 . Three states of water. (after the performance of group 1). Checking the work of group 2 (the concepts selected for each term are spoken out). EVAPORATION FREEZING (crystallization) CONDENSATION MELTING (melting) --- Slide 5 . Study of the density of fresh and salt water. (Group 3). 1. The density of fresh (drinking) water is less than the density of an egg, so the egg sinks in fresh water. 2. The density of salt water is greater than the density of the egg, so the egg does not sink in salt water. --- Slide 6. Study of the properties of water to dissolve gases. (Group 4). A lot of gases were released from the chilled mineral water, therefore More gases can be dissolved in chilled water than in mineral water at room temperature. --- Slide 7 . Properties of water: (to the answer of group 5). - has no smell, taste and color; - dissolves more substances than any other liquid; - destroys solid rocks; - oxidizes metals; - expands when frozen; - absorbs a large amount of heat; - conducts electricity well. HOME TASK: write down conclusions based on the results of experiments in the DGS. (* - composition) (*-World circulation Water) Questions related to the composition of the hydrosphere and the global water cycle in nature will help to answer video fragment that is viewed with pauses, so that the guys have time to catch the main points. During the viewing process, the guys are offered work with individual card , in the text of which you need to fill in the gaps using the words for selection. --- Slides 8 - 11. Video fragment "Why. Hydrosphere". (5 minutes.) Card - task . 1. The composition of the Earth's hydrosphere includes the World Ocean, ____________ and water in the atmosphere. 2. World _________ occupies 96% of the Earth's surface. 3. The composition of the World Ocean includes several oceans: the Pacific, _________, Indian, Arctic and Southern. 4. The largest of them is the _____________ ocean. 5. A more important role in human life is played by fresh water, concentrated in rivers, lakes, _________ and underground. 6. All parts of the hydrosphere participate in the World ___________ water in nature. Selection words: Atlantic, glaciers, land water, Pacific, circulation, ocean. After watching, the attention of students is drawn to water cycle diagram Earth - fig. 57, p.86. --- Slide 12. Completed text. Self-test (test according to the sample ). Text appears on the screen with the gaps filled in, students check their work and evaluate themselves (put themselves + for each correct answer). Guys, are there among you those who correctly chose 4 answers? You did a good job! Do we have those who picked up 5 correct answers? You did a good job! Raise your hands those who have 6 found answers. Well done! You did an excellent job! --- Slides 13, 14, 15 Physical education minute. We fly like seagulls And the seagulls are circling over the sea, Let's follow them together. Splashes of foam, the sound of the surf, And over the sea - we are with you. Swimming movements with hands : We are now sailing on the sea And frolic in space. More fun rake And chase the dolphins. Walking in place : Look: seagulls are important They walk along the sea beach. Sit down, children, on the sand, We continue our lesson. --- Slide 16. “A person does not appreciate water until the source runs dry” (Mongolian proverb). ? What thought does this Mongolian wisdom lead you to? ? How can we help nature? (do not pollute water, save, etc.) Test and self-test (performed in groups on computers, each answer is immediately checked). Let's get back to the lesson plan. All points of the plan have been completed. --- Slide 17. Homework . - Reflection. Students are invited to fill out an individual card in which they need to underline the phrases that characterize the student's work in the lesson in three areas (cards for each are in the file folder for each group). And also give yourself an assessment for the work in the lesson, including the test results.
Raise your hands, who was interested. What would you like to tell your parents from what you learned in the lesson? Raise your hands, who worked in class. What did you learn about yourself today? Raise your hands, who understood today's material. What was the most difficult for you today? There are in the class who did not understand material? In the last file, the folders of each group are light blue and dark balloons. Everyone in the group is invited to choose and inflate corresponding ball. If a person was interested, he worked and figured out the material, then he can inflate a blue balloon; and if a person was bored, indifferent, and he had a rest at the lesson, then the color of his ball will be dark. Each group forms a wave from their balloons. By the color of the formed waves, one can draw a conclusion about the results of the lesson. |
| Read: |
|---|
New
- Texts on history, the reign of Ivan the Terrible
- Denikin: the main strategist of the civil war What happened to Denikin after the civil war
- “Mother went to the bathhouse through the forest ...”
- "Captains", analysis of the cycle of poems by Gumilev Gumilev captains read
- Enter at sunset - presentation
- Alexander Blok and Lyubov Mendeleeva: a strange family union in which the third was not superfluous Young publisher and playwright
- "In the depths of the Siberian ores ..." A
- Dante and Beatrice: Man's Love for an Angel Dante's Beloved
- Evgeny Yevtushenko quotes
- Food in the school cafeteria is a special issue. Photo by Tamara Khamitsevich
