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Neptune - the eighth planet farthest from the Sun, closes the row of planets Solar system after Pluto left the planetary list. The planet is so far away that it cannot be found without instruments, so they found out about it not so long ago, and the location was determined by mathematical calculations. Neptune is a planet shrouded in fog (more precisely, gas), which periodically storms so that the winds there reach sonic speeds. Let's try to understand the secrets of the formation of Neptune and recall the most amazing facts about this planet.

The distance of Mercury from the Sun is 57,909,176 kilometers. Also, Mercury does not have its own satellites. Scientists believe that the bulk of the planet is made up of an iron core. The planet's surface is covered with polynomial depressions with huge cracks. Oxygen, hydrogen, helium and vapors of calcium, sodium and potassium are found in the atmosphere of Mercury. Also, the density of the planet is extremely low.

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun, located at a distance of 5.2 astronomical years from the latter. If these years are converted into the measures of length familiar to earthlings, it will turn out to be approximately 775 million km. The planets of the solar system are subdivided into terrestrial planets and gas planets. Among the gas giants, Jupiter is deservedly considered the largest.

Astronomers Trujillo and Sheppard suspected the existence of a ninth planet back in 2014. They claimed to have discovered a large celestial body at a distance of 250 astronomical units from the Sun.

In 2016, astronomer scientists Brown and Batygin tried to refute the research of colleagues, but came to the conclusion that the object still exists. According to them, new planet is similar to Earth and weighs 10 times more. She, like Neptune, is completely made of gas.

The asteroid belt is a special area between Jupite and Mars, which is filled with many small celestial bodies... There are similar regions in other parts of the solar system, for example, beyond the orbit of Neptune, so in order to distinguish this one, they began to call it the main belt.

Astronomers were interested in it as early as the 18th century, but only by the 20th did a theory emerge to explain its appearance.

Mysterious and elusive black holes. The laws of physics confirm the possibility of their existence in the universe, but many questions still remain. Numerous observations show that holes exist in the universe and there are more than a million of these objects.

While studying Venus, scientists have discovered such unique phenomena as super rotation and lightning. Lightning is one of the signs of life, since thanks to it there is a separation of discharges, as well as lightning is a necessary stage in the formation of new microelements. Is there life on Venus?

Most of all I owe you, your labors, sacrifices and courage, ”wrote Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky to the Leningrad professor Rynin. Indeed, Rynin was an ardent propagandist of Tsiolkovsky's ideas, space flights, in the feasibility of which I deeply believed.

RECORD FLIGHT

He was the only scientist in the world who had the diplomas of an aeronaut pilot, aviator and airship. More than once he made long-distance and high-altitude flights on free balloons and balloons. He flew in 1914 on "Ilya Muromets" - the largest airplane at that time. He flew a Zeppelin airship.

The most outstanding flight of Rynin in a hot air balloon took place on September 21, 1910. Then he and Lieutenant Colonel S. I. Odintsov managed to set a new All-Russian record, having risen to an altitude of 6400 meters. Of course, at such an altitude, the aeronauts had to use oxygen pillows, which Rynin had prudently bought at the pharmacy before the flight.

Aviation improved literally before our eyes. The planes flew farther, higher, faster. Having become a certified aeronaut, Rynin decided to go further: to master also a winged aircraft.

The airfield was located in Gatchina, near St. Petersburg. Flights were usually made either early in the morning or in the evening when the air is calm, and, of course, only in good weather. Rynin settled in Gatchina with an engineer friend. A little light ran to the airfield, to the airplane, learned to fly, and then hurried to the city to lecture to students of the Institute of Railways, where he taught. In the evening he returned to Gatchina again.

BARELY NOT A CATASTROPHE

On April 23, 1911, one of Nikolai Alekseevich's training flights with instructor Sredinsky almost ended in disaster. No sooner had their "Farman" rise to a height of several meters, when a gust of wind threw it down. The Petersburg magazine Avtomobil i aeronautics wrote: “Having hit the ground, the car was smashed to smithereens. Only the engine remained intact, the rest of the parts were completely broken. " Both aviators miraculously survived, escaping with only minor bruises.

Rynin became the twenty-fourth pilot to receive a Russian aviation diploma. And three months later, having practiced flying in airships, Rynin also received a diploma of an airship pilot.

In the spring of 1914, the Third All-Russian Aeronautical Congress took place in St. Petersburg. About two hundred figures of Russian aeronautics gathered at this congress. It took place in the building of the Institute of Railway Engineers on Zabalkansky Avenue. Tsiolkovsky arrived from Kaluga. Here the founder of cosmonautics and Rynin met.

They never saw each other again, only corresponded. However, this only meeting with the patriarch of the starship was of great importance in the life of Rynin.

ALL ABOUT SPACE

The meeting with Tsiolkovsky awakened Rynin's deep interest in rockets and space flights. Nikolai Alekseevich wrote: "Tsiolkovsky's ideas found a lively interest in my soul." Working on space themes, Rynin more than once turned to the great scientist for advice and, for his part, did his best to help him.

“I am now writing the history of the development of space flights - a lot of work,” Rynin reported to Kaluga in June 1926. He was working at that time on his famous space encyclopedia. I had to re-read mountains of books, get acquainted with thousands of newspaper and magazine publications, study archival documents, ancient manuscripts.

In 1928, in Leningrad, the first issue, the first book of the space encyclopedia was published. Rynin called it Interplanetary Travel. Dreams, Legends and First Fantasies ”. Soon a second issue, entitled Interplanetary Communications in the Fantasies of Novelists, appeared. The third book dealt with the methods of communication of interplanetary travelers with the Earth.

"YES, THE GOAL IS ACHIEVED!"

Nine books, nine issues made up the space encyclopedia of Professor Rynin. Many years have passed since the creation of this amazing, the world's only encyclopedia about flights to interplanetary space. But so far it has not lost its significance.

Back in the 30s, 80 years ago, Nikolai Alekseevich asked the question: how will large accelerations and overloads affect living organisms? To answer this important question, he builds a special centrifugal machine, a prototype of modern centrifuges for pilots and astronauts, and with its help tests flies, beetles, mice, and rabbits for overload.

Before the war, Nikolai Alekseevich fell seriously ill. When the Great Patriotic War began, the sick scientist was evacuated from Leningrad to Kazan. There, on July 28, 1942, Nikolai Alekseevich was gone. In Kazan, he was buried at the Arsk cemetery.

The last years of his life, Rynin worked on a new, tenth, book of his space encyclopedia. He could not finish it. The manuscript remained. It contains the following lines: “When in 1924 I began to get acquainted in detail with interplanetary communications, at first I was confused by the question: am I not chasing a chimera, are they achievable and are they feasible? However, such doubts and hesitations soon gave way to firm conviction. I realized: yes, the goal is achievable! " And this confidence of the remarkable scientist was fully justified.

The "Russian Space" disc belongs to the "1C: Cognitive Collection" product line, which presents quite interesting projects. In April we considered two discs from the same series: "Battle for Moscow" and "From the Kremlin to the Reichstag". I must say, they left the most pleasant impression. "Russian space" was created by another developer, the Kaluga company "DOS". "1C" acted as publisher. The disc cannot be called new (the year 2003 is indicated on the box), but it is still of interest. Our expert was Evgeny Alexandrovich Kovyazin, candidate pedagogical sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Physics Didactics, VyatSUH.

No special installation is required - it is launched directly from the disk, and a couple of shortcuts are added to the menu. After launch, we are greeted by a kind of black screen.

However, on another computer, a video was displayed on the splash screen. As you can see, we have before us the 3rd edition of the small space encyclopedia. Here you can start or exit the encyclopedia. In our opinion, this screen is completely redundant.

By clicking on the "Start" button, we get to the main screen. I must say that the resolution of the encyclopedia is fixed: 800x600, and interface scaling is not supported. As a result, you will see a black frame on a modern monitor. But a similar defect is found everywhere in encyclopedias.

The main screen is accompanied by background music, which for some reason disappears after 10 seconds. In general, we had problems with background music. It turned on after any sound produced by the program, but then stopped. From the main screen, you can select one of nine sections: "Games", "Search", "Photo gallery", "Video", "Space technology", "Scientists and designers", "Astronauts", "Museums" and "Encyclopedic Dictionary". There are also keys "Exit" and "Information about authors".

For some reason, each developer considers it his duty to create his own interface, striving to surpass any Windows there, if not by an order of magnitude, then by a third. But creating an interface is a very difficult question, and we constantly see how developers step on the same "rake". We started our acquaintance with information about the authors. We are presented with a tiny 444x380 screen (including the frame). There are hyperlinks in the text. For example, "Firm" DOS ". The result of clicking on this link is shown in the second illustration. Two triangles at the top of the window allow you to move back and forth (like in a browser). Unfortunately, the window cannot be scaled. Given the tiny size of the window, you have to practice scroll wheel An even funnier thing happens if you hover your mouse cursor over a photo of one of the developers: it will take the form of a magnifying glass with a plus sign in the center.

For which the developers disliked themselves so much that they did not apply full versions photos, we do not know. However, enough about the developers. Let's get down to the content.

We are offered four games: "Cosmic Mosaic", "Create the World", "Find the Constellation" and "Assemble the Crew". Interestingly, to select a game, you need to click its name in the radar zone. Apparently, it's more fun.

In the game "Space Mosaic" you need to put together a photo from pieces. Here, a remark immediately arose: if you drag all the pieces to the right side, the game will not let you change their order and will display a message about defeat.

So it will not be possible to engage in selection. By the way, having agreed with the defeat, you will move on to assembling the next picture, and not fix the previous one. In addition, dragging a fragment from the right side back to the left, if you have chosen the wrong move, will also fail. In the upper part of the window there are red squares - these are available pictures, which will turn gray as the assembly is successful. You cannot move from one picture to another by clicking on the squares.

In the game "Create a World" you need to arrange the planets' icons in orbits. At the same time, information about each planet is displayed on the left side, and after placing the planets, they begin to move in orbit - this allows you to compare their speed.

The third game "Find the constellation" displays on the screen a part of the starry sky map, where you should find the required constellation. In the upper part, red squares are displayed corresponding to the number of available constellations. If you guessed right, the square turns gray, and a picture from the star atlas of Jan Hevelius is displayed on the screen.

In the fourth game "Assemble the crew" you need to drag the astronauts into the rocket and press the "Start" button. If you find the correct crew for the flight indicated (top right), the rocket will take off.

Here it is enough to enter the desired word and press the "Find" key. After that, the program will display a list of articles and other objects where the required word is found. By clicking on the article, you can go to it. The same complaints - a tiny window.

Photo gallery

You can select the desired section and look at the photos in it.

A slideshow mode is available, moreover, you can set the delay (in the upper left corner). Unfortunately, you cannot get an alphabetical list of photos - this is the gallery's biggest drawback. Therefore, to find the desired frame, you will either have to scroll through the entire selection, or guess under which red square the photo is hidden. There are no enlarged versions of the photos, you cannot "pull out" the photos for use in a presentation or document. However, they are all present on the disk in an open form, so there will be no problems.

It just displays a list of videos, sorted in an incomprehensible way. By clicking on the video, you can watch it in the same tiny window. Of the two computers tested, the first machine (Dell laptop, Windows XP SP2) refused to display videos. Although everything worked great through the Media Player.

If you click on the play triangle, then on the first machine you get an endless series of division by zero errors.

However, if you have the same problem, then the videos can be played directly from the disc through the Media Player - they are located in the "Video" folder. Unfortunately, the video resolution is limited to 352x288. In general, here we recommend developers not to reinvent the wheel, but to call the standard Media Player - unlike its own tiny window of the Russian Space program, it allows you to scale video to full screen. Then the error will probably also disappear.

Space technology

Going to the "Space technology" section, we find ourselves in a new interface. The contents of the section are listed in the left part of the window, and all available articles are displayed at once. On the right side you can see the subsections "Spaceports", "Launch vehicles", etc. They allow you to navigate to the corresponding part of the left-hand list. In addition, in the right part at the very top there are links to the sections "Museums", "Cosmonauts", "Scientists and Designers", "Space Technology" and "Encyclopedic Dictionary".

By clicking on the article, we go to its text. The text is provided with hyperlinks to other articles, as well as photographs that can be viewed in an enlarged form. Generally, good selection illustrations to the text - a big plus of the disc "Russian space". Text can be selected, but not copied to the clipboard.

Unfortunately, again, complaints arise about the tiny window with the text - it is inconvenient to read it, you have to scroll all the time.

You can go back to the table of contents using the "Contents" button at the top of the window. And the wheel between the "Contents" and "Text" keys is responsible for exiting the section. Who would have thought!

Scientists and designers

The interface corresponds to the "Space Engineering" section, so the features and notes will be the same. On the left side there is a list of scientists and designers (including foreign ones), and on the right side you can go directly to the biographies of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, A.L. Chizhevsky, S.P. Queen.

Cosmonauts

The interface corresponds to the "Space Engineering" section, so the features and notes will be the same. On the left side there is a list of cosmonauts, and on the right side you can go directly to the biographies of Yuri Gagarin, Valentina Tereshkova and Alexei Leonov.

encyclopedic Dictionary

The interface corresponds to the "Space Engineering" section, so the features and notes will be the same. A table with letters has appeared on the right side, which helps to quickly navigate to the list of terms starting with the selected letter.

Museums

The interface corresponds to the "Space Engineering" section, so the features and notes will be the same. In total, the disc contains three museums: the Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, the House-Museum of K.E. Tsiolkovsky and the K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Borovsk.

All museums are divided into separate rooms, and text information is richly sprinkled with photographs.

Although, of course, here we would like to see a virtual tour, like an excursion to Stalin's dacha on a disk "From the Kremlin to the Reichstag" .

Disc "Russian Space" is a small space encyclopedia designed for young PC users interested in space exploration. Immediately after starting the program, you can select one of nine sections: "Games", "Search", "Photogallery", "Scientists", "Space technology", "Video", "Cosmonauts", "Museums" and "Encyclopedic Dictionary", and See also information about the authors.

Working with the disk is simple, the interface is quite accessible to any student. Only the "Search" section can cause complaints. After calling it, a window appears where you need to type in the desired concept. Unfortunately, in almost all cases, after calling a term, many other concepts are displayed in the window that are not at all related to the "order". "Clicking" on any of them highlights another - the left - window, in which either a photograph or a textual explanation of the term is given.

At the same time, a list of sections ("Cosmonauts", "Spaceports", "Scientists", etc.) appears in the upper right part of the screen. The left window of the screen allows you to quickly view all the information on this section presented on the disc.

The second important remark can be made to the interface of the "Photo Gallery" section. It offers a mode of automatic change of photos after a certain, preset number of seconds. This can be done by the user himself, but the automatic frame change mode is not disabled at the same time, which sometimes leads to an unexpected change of the viewed photo to the next one. (Adding an editorial site: the slideshow mode is turned off if you click on the delay time digit).

I have no other essential remarks about the interface. In addition to the above, I note that the content of the selected material itself or its presentation are not always, in my opinion, successful. Here are some examples.

In the "Games" section, the first game, drawing up a portrait of an astronaut from the cited nine fragments, is very primitive, reminiscent of a kindergarten game of blocks, while the "Encyclopedic Dictionary" section explains such terms as "Two-body problem", "True anomaly" and others. A very wide range of levels of complexity of the information provided.
In the game "Make the World" in place of the Sun there is for some reason a nebula. In addition, if the planets are placed in their orbits correctly, a passage from the Bible (?) About the creation of the world is displayed on the screen. This is hardly reasonable.
In the game "Collect the Crew", if the answer is correct, the rocket flies away, and if the answer is incorrect, it remains in place and, for some reason, the sound of a car starter appears (?), Which does not start. In addition, it is difficult to demand knowledge of the names of all our cosmonauts and on which ship they flew. Hardly anyone remembers this now.
In the game "Find a constellation" sometimes the names of some very famous constellations (Eagle, Lyra, etc.) do not appear, and sometimes you need to guess the name of a constellation that is not visible at our latitudes.

There are several more such examples. Despite this, the overall impression of the disc is positive.

Disc "Russian space" contains a rich selection of materials, including text with hyperlinks, photographs, videos. In addition, the disc also contains themed games. All materials of the manual are presented on CD in open form, and you can use the disc as a library while preparing presentations, articles or abstracts. Moreover, all text information is written in the form of HTML files, in which hyperlinks work. So you can view the contents of the disc using a browser.

Such openness of content is pleasantly pleasing. But, on the other hand, it is limited to a very inconvenient interface. You have to settle for 800x600 resolution, tiny text boxes and awkward searches. It seems to us that developers should take a step forward and completely build an interface on open web technologies, and translate games into flash format. Then we will get an intuitive, convenient and high-quality interface - and the disk will serve for a very, very long time. In the meantime, alas, the interface is outdated.

We will not evaluate the quality of the filling - for this, refer to the opinion of our expert. In general, the disc is quite affordable. Hopefully, the developers will release an updated version in the near future.

In conclusion, it should be noted that this is almost the only encyclopedia that fully reflects Russia's contribution to space exploration.

The editors would like to thank the company "1C" for the provided program.

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