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| Book ex-libris. Edward Getmansky. Book sign of the Russian Empire Seven Arts. Favorsky's doctrine of fonts |
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Ex-libris (from Lat. "From books") - a book sign indicating that the book belongs to one or another owner. The first bookplate appeared, probably with the appearance of the first books. Before typography was invented, bookplates were drawn directly on the book. The first handwritten book sign in Russia is considered to be a calligraphic vignette-stamp of Hegumen Dorotheus, the founder of the library of the Solovetsky Monastery (15th century). In the West, with the advent of typography, the book sign takes the form of a miniature print embossed from an engraved copper or wood board. Usually, the ex-libris shows the owner's name and surname and a drawing that concisely and figuratively speaks about the owner's profession, interests, or the composition of the owner's library. Germany is considered the birthplace of the ex-libris, where it appeared shortly after the invention of printing. In Russia, the ex-libris appeared under Peter I.
Ex libris(from Lat. ex libris - "from books") - a book sign certifying the owner of the book. Ex-libris is glued or stamped most often on the left endpaper. The ex-libris marked on the outside of the book (cover or spine) is called superexlibris. Usually, the ex-libris shows the owner's name and surname and a drawing that concisely and figuratively speaks about the owner's profession, interests, or the composition of the owner's library. Germany is considered the birthplace of the ex-libris, where it appeared shortly after the invention of printing. The simplest bookplate is a paper label with the name of the owner of the book (sometimes combined with a motto or emblem). Artistic bookplates are works of printed graphics. They are created by various engraving techniques - they are engraved on copper, wood or linoleum, they are performed using zinc or lithographic techniques. Among the authors of art bookplates, one can name such outstanding artists as Albrecht Durer, V.A.Favorsky and many others. Artistic bookplates are distinguished:
The oldest Russian bookplate is a hand-drawn book sign of Abbot Dositheus, found in the books of the Solovetsky Monastery for the years 1493-1494. Bookplates represent both a separate direction of collecting, and a sign that increases the value of an antique book, often many times over. The ownership of a book by a known owner has a significant impact on demand. Ex libris of the Bavarian State Library (Royal Library, 19th century) Ex-libris of Abbot Dositheus Ex-libris Marco Fragonara (1998)
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A.V. Predtechensky was born in the town of Konsk in the former Radom province (now part of the Lodz Voivodeship in Poland). His father, a military doctor, served in one of the military units quartered in Konsk. In 1899, in connection with the transfer of his father, the family moved to Moscow. In 1903 A.V. Predtechensky entered the 7th Moscow gymnasium. Since 1908, after the death of his mother (his father died in 1905), he moved to St. Petersburg, where he lives with his older sisters. In 1911 A.V. Predtechensky graduated from the Vvedensky gymnasium and entered the history and philology faculty of St. Petersburg University. All this time he had to live on his father's modest pension and the funds earned by lessons. For military service A.V. The Baptist was not called due to loss of vision in the right eye as a result of an accident. In his high school and student years, he studied music professionally, took piano lessons from A.I. Yurasovsky, published reviews of concerts in various magazines, tried to compose music himself. At the university attended seminaries A.E. Presnyakov and S.F. Platonov. Probably, then the interest of A.V. Forerunner to the history of Russia, and especially to the Alexander era, the time of the Decembrists. In 1918, after graduating from the university course, but not having time to pass the state exams, A.V. Predtechensky was forced to leave Petrograd. Sent on the line of the Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of Russia (KIPS), just created at the Academy of Sciences, he found himself first in the Orenburg province (in Miass), and then in Tomsk, in the territory occupied by whites. He worked, gave occasional lectures (including at music courses in Tomsk), collaborated in local newspapers. At the end of 1920, after the defeat of the whites, A.V. Predtechensky managed to return to Petrograd. For the next decade, he was absorbed in hard teaching work. First, Anatoly Vasilyevich lectured on history at the Naval Technical School, then - for more than 10 years - at the V.I. M.V. Frunze, taught lessons in ordinary labor schools, factory teachers, technical schools, workers' faculties for machine builders, railway workers, geologists. Even then, the lecturing skills of Anatoly Vasilyevich received high recognition. It is no coincidence that one of his first published works was the "Working Book on History", written jointly with the historian A.A. Vvedensky and survived in 1928-1929. four editions. In 1924 A.V. Predtechensky resumes his studies in science. A year earlier, he managed to get a university diploma. Since the mid-1920s A.V. Predtechensky actively participates in the work of the Leningrad session on the study of the Decembrists and their time under the All-Union Society of Political Prisoners and Exiled Settlers, which at that time was headed by A.E. Presnyakov. The publications of the Society of Political Prisoners also published the first serious works of Anatoly Vasilyevich: the publication "Memoirs of Polina Annenkova" (1929); Nikolaevskaya Russia (1930); "Chronicle of the Peter and Paul Fortress" (1931); "Unrest of workers in the era of serfdom" and others. In 1933 A.V. Predtechensky was hired as a staff member at the Leningrad branch of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences. In 1935 he received his Ph.D. in history without defending a thesis, in March 1941 he defended his doctoral dissertation "Government policy and public attitudes in the early 19th century." In 1934 A.V. Predtechensky was invited to the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute named after M.N. Pokrovsky, and in 1937 - at Leningrad State University as a professor at the Department of History of the Peoples of the USSR, Faculty of History. Both at the pedagogical institute and at the university, he teaches a general course on the history of Russia, a number of special courses - on the history of domestic and foreign policy in the first quarter of the 19th century, the history of Russian culture, special courses "The Patriotic War of 1812", "The Decembrists". His brilliant skill and erudition captivate the student audience. The pre-war years, however, were overshadowed by misfortune for the family: in 1938, on a denunciation by the GPU, the son of A.V. Predtechensky Anatoly, student of the history department of the university. After 11 months in prison, he was released among the few amnestied after Yezhov's "exposure" and Beria's arrival at the NKVD leadership. In the first months of the Great Patriotic War A.V. Predtechensky continued to work actively at LOII and the university. On November 5, 1941, he was evacuated from besieged Leningrad together with a group of LOII employees to Tashkent. He lived in evacuation until August 1944 - he taught at the Tashkent Pedagogical Institute of Friendship of Peoples, went to lectures in military units, published brochures on military topics. After the war A.V. Predtechensky was awarded medals "For the Defense of Leningrad" and "For Participation in the Great Patriotic War." In 1944, after the return of the main staff of Leningrad State University from evacuation, A.V. Predtechensky was summoned from Tashkent and reinstated at the Department of History of the USSR. In 1946, he was approved in the rank of professor, led a special seminar at the Faculty of History on the history of social thought and government policy under Alexander I, and continued to read special courses on this era. In 1949, during the struggle against "cosmopolitanism and groveling" in science, the situation became more complicated. A.V. Forerunner within the walls of the University and LOII. The historian was subjected to unfounded criticism, reminiscent of sanctioned persecution. He was accused of "objectivism", "admiration for foreignism." It was almost impossible to print anything in such a situation. Book A.V. Predtechensky in November 1949 was destroyed already in the set, his other works were returned by the editors. In 1953, during the campaign to liquidate LOII, A.V. Predtechensky was charged with scientific unproductiveness, which was reflected in a special resolution of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. After the closure of the LOII, the historian turned to the Presidium with a personal letter, arguing that the charges were futile. The consequence of this, apparently, was permission to move to the recently opened Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology at the Academy of Sciences, where Anatoly Vasilyevich worked for the last 11-12 years, which became the most fruitful in a creative sense. Here his talent as an editor and organizer of large-scale publications was fully revealed. A.V. Predtechensky actually headed the preparation of two volumes of the History of the Academy of Sciences (1958, 1964) and, in addition, was one of the authors of this publication; he also took part in writing "Sketches of the History of Leningrad" (1st and 3rd volumes). Since 1958 A.V. Predtechensky is also a professor at the newly opened faculty of journalism at Leningrad State University. In the late 50s A.V. Predtechensky began to collect material for future research on military settlements in Russia, and managed to publish two small articles on this topic. However, a serious illness stopped the work already unfolding. A.V. Predtechensky died on April 29, 1966, leaving, in addition to his books and articles, a richest archive with unpublished manuscripts, including articles on the history of journalism, culture, social thought, memories of the concert life of his native city and outstanding musicians, several letters to S. V. Rachmaninov, sketches about music, letters, diaries. In 2001, the book collection of A.V. Predtechensky, numbering 935 copies, was purchased with the money of a grant from the Open Society Institute Soros Foundation No. HBC813 under the "Chair Support Program" received by the Department of History of Pre-Revolutionary Russia and transferred to our library. Many of these books were published in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Prof. A.V. Predtechensky purposefully engaged in the selection of books on the history of Russia in the first half of the 19th century, and this included the history of art, and the history of journalism, and literature, as well as the history of St. Petersburg - Leningrad. The collection contains many books donated by the authors. Among them are such famous historians and philologists as Yu.M. Lotman, M.V. Nechkina, B.M. Eichenbaum, M.K. Azadovsky, S.N. Kovalev, V.V. Mavrodin, many Karelian scientists. The catalog of the Scientific Library of PetrSU contains all the books in the collection of A.V. Predtechensky are marked with the letter "P" in front of the cipher; there is also a printed catalog of the collection. Ex-libris A.V. Predtechensky, created after his death, belongs to the "memorial" book signs, which began to be used long before the XX century. |
The word "ex libris" in translation from Latin means "from books." An ex-libris is a paper label pasted on a book, mainly on the inner side of the binding, which indicates who the owner of the book is, and, as a rule, there is a plot picture, reflecting the profession, circle of interests, hobbies, literary affections of the book lover, the theme or nature of the library. These signs are made by artists using the technique of engraving on wood, linoleum, plastic, metal, plexiglass; there are also drawings with a pen, ink (with subsequent zinc-printing). Artistic bookplates are works of printed graphics. The book sign, well executed, well printed, neatly pasted into the book, decorates it, is its kind of passport. The presence of a library bookplate turns a simple book collection into a full-fledged library.
Artistic bookplates are distinguished:
The ex-libris, as it stands today, emerged shortly after the invention of printing in the 16th century in Germany. From those times, graphic miniatures of such great masters as Albrecht Durer, Lucas Cranach, Hans Holbein M. fallen have come down to us. In Russia, engraved bookplates appeared under Peter 1. However, in the 60s of the last century, painted signs of the founder of the local library Dositheus were found on some of the handwritten books of the Solovetsky Monastery; These signs date from the beginning of the 90s of the 15th century. For many centuries, ex-libris served as a utilitarian function. He first of all informed about the owner of the book. So, until the 19th century, most of the personal libraries belonged to the privileged estates, so most bookplates were heraldic with the image of the owner's family coat of arms. Monogram book signs were also popular. But an even more effective way to designate the owner was a super-ex-libris: the same coat of arms, but embossed in gold on the top cover of the book cover. In the 19th century, more and more writers, scientists, artists, the enlightened bourgeoisie became the owners of libraries, and the subject (artistic) bookplate supplants the coat of arms. The end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century is the time of the revival in Russia of the art of the book sign as a branch of graphics. It was at this time that a new form of ex-libris was finally found. In contrast to the heraldic bookplate, artists - members of the World of Art - A. Benois, E. Lansere, K. Somov, G. Narbut, M. Dobuzhinsky, I. Bilibin, E. Mitrokhin, S. Chekhonin and others - gave everything features of a quality graphic work. This is the harmony of the composition, filigree precision of details, individuality, subtle plot. In each sign the artist put a particle of his soul into each sign, the graphic handwriting of the master is guessed in each. Among the Russian artists who contributed to the art of bookplate are such great masters of painting and graphics as M. Vrubel, V. Vasnetsov, B. Kustodiev. In the 1920s-1930s. leading graphic artists - V. Favorsky, A. Kravchenko, N. Kupreyanov, N. Piskarev, P. Shillingovsky, N. Brimmer and others joined the creation of the ex-libris. In the post-war years, well-known artists E. Golyakhovsky, G. Kravtsov, V. Frolov, A. Kalashnikov, N. Kalita, G. Ratner, M. Verkholantsev, V. Kartovich and many others. The great fashion for ex-libris came again in the 1960s – 1970s. This was caused not so much by the flourishing of graphics as by the rise of book collecting, the massive bibliophile movement in the country. At the beginning of the XXI century, interest in bookplate returns. And he returns, as always, in a slightly new incarnation. First of all, there is a revival of interest in the bookplate, as a personal book sign, as the keeper of the family history. Manufacturing technologies have also undergone changes. Now the most widespread in the modern book world are bookplates, made in the form of an imprint of a cliche made of rubber. Modern equipment allows engraving ex-libris clichés of such high quality that the smallest details of the drawing become visible. Such a manufacturing technique opens up richest opportunities for the owner of a book mark, as it allows the most complex artistic concept to be realized. For a long time, collecting ex-libris has been widespread throughout the world. Thanks to this hobby, scientists can research the stages of book printing, the peculiarities of publishing handwritten books, and track the migration paths of books. There are thousands of collections of these graphic miniatures. There are two ex-libris museums, one of them is located in Moscow. There is an opinion that the growing popularity of book signs will help maintain the image of Russia as the most reading country in the world. Sources: |
Praise to the ex-libris No, not sick with a maniac's dream, Cutting through the lines of twilight, Thirteenth constellation of the Zodiac You will erect above us, Book sign! Always one, tirelessly new, Aren't you always ready to resurrect Heraldry forgotten bases For new thoughts and unexpected words? Engravings with a black and white line, Child of a bibliophile and dreams, With exquisite fun sometimes You will lie on a multi-colored endpaper. The quivering blood is worried by the indistinct grace of the Bibliophile, When the bookplate with the highest seal Seals book love. E.F. Hollerbach 
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