The decoding of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was known to everyone who lived in the Soviet Union. This republic had two stages in its history. The first of them began shortly before the Great Patriotic War. At the very end of 1936, a new Stalinist constitution was adopted. It contained the provisions according to which the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was withdrawn from the North Caucasian Territory. This is how the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, and then the decoding of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became known.

Soon after the outbreak of World War II, a small part of this region was occupied by German troops, and remained in this position throughout 1942 and 1943.

In 1944, one of the most unpleasant chapters in the history of the Chechens and Ingush opened, when the authorities officially accused them of collaboration. They were suspected of deliberate and voluntary cooperation with the enemy to the detriment of their state and in its interests. As a rule, this term is used in a narrower sense, implying cooperation with the occupiers.

As a punishment, he was massively deported to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan as part of Operation Lentil. And in March of the same year, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was abolished, and for a while we had to forget about decoding the Chechen-Ingush Republic. As a result, the Grozny District appeared, which became part of the Stavropol Territory. The Dagestan Republic included Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Vedensky, Cheberloevsky, Sayasanovsky, Sharoevsky and Kurchaloyevsky districts. By decision of the Presidium of the RSFSR, the district was abolished, and the former territory of the republic became the Grozny region. The abolition of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was officially approved by the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet; its mention was excluded from the 1937 constitution.

Second Life

In fact, the republic's second life began shortly after Stalin's death, in 1957. It was restored by decrees and the RSFSR. It is noteworthy that this time it was formed within significantly larger boundaries than when it was abolished. In particular, it included the Shelkovsky and Naursky districts, which were transferred in 1944 to the Grozny region from the Stavropol Territory. Mostly the Russian population lived there. It is interesting that the Prigorodny District, which was previously part of it, remained within the borders of North Ossetia. After restoration it was 19,300 square kilometers.

The decision of the presidium was approved by the Supreme Soviet in February 1957, the corresponding article was returned to the Soviet constitution. It formalized the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Mass riots

It should be noted, however, that the situation in the region remained extremely tense. For example, in the mountains. Grozny Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in August 1958 riots took place, which lasted about a week. The reason for them was the murder on ethnic grounds. It all started with a fight between representatives of different nationalities.

On August 23, in a suburb of Grozny, where the workers of the local chemical plant lived, a company of Chechens, which included one Russian guy, drank alcoholic beverages. During the feast, a quarrel occurred between them. Chechen Lulu Maltsagov stabbed Russian Vladimir Korotchev in the stomach. After that, the company went to dance at the House of Culture. Another conflict arose there. This time with the workers of the plant Ryabov and Stepashin. Stepashin was beaten, inflicted five stab wounds, from which he died. There were many witnesses around who called the police. The suspects were detained. At first glance, an everyday crime was made public due to interethnic tensions. All this led to actions against the Chechen population.

Rumors of the murder of a factory worker spread quickly. The youth reacted unusually violently. The murderers were demanded to be severely punished, but the authorities did not react to this in any way. The situation was aggravated by the general political and economic situation in the country, causing the behavior of Chechens towards Russians.

On August 25, workers asked to organize an official farewell at the factory club, but the authorities considered this inappropriate, fearing a further aggravation of the situation. The farewell was arranged in the garden in front of his bride's house. It turned into a mass protest rally, spontaneous protests began near Stepashin's coffin. Everyone demanded that measures be taken to stop hooliganism and murders by the Ingush and Chechens.

On August 26, a mourning meeting was banned. Then a group of 200 people moved to Grozny with the coffin of the deceased. He was supposed to be buried in the city cemetery, the road to which went through the city center. It was planned to stop near the building of the regional committee and hold a memorial meeting there. Many people joined the procession on the way. Gradually the procession turned into an anti-Chechen demonstration. The authorities blocked the passage to the center of the mountains. Grozny Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. However, the cordon was broken.

In the evening, an aggressive part of the crowd broke into the building of the regional committee, staged a pogrom in it. The riots were suppressed only in the evening of August 27, when troops were brought into the city.

Once again, the situation escalated in 1973, when the Ingush rally continued for several days in Grozny, who demanded that the issue of territorial rehabilitation be resolved, for example, the return of the Prigorodny District to the republic, in which the Ingush were predominantly inhabited. The rally was dispersed by the troops using water cannons.

The collapse of the republic

The events that began in 1990 led to the next disintegration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, this time final. The Republican Supreme Council adopted a declaration on state sovereignty. In May 1991, amendments were made to the constitution, which approved the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic.

In June, on the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, proclaiming the formation of the National Congress of the Chechen People. Almost immediately after that, the Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho was proclaimed, the leaders of the Supreme Soviet were declared usurpers.

Aggravation of the situation

The August events in Moscow became a catalyst for a socio-political explosion. After the failure of the State Emergency Committee, there were demands for the resignation of the local Supreme Soviet and the holding of new elections. Dudayev's supporters occupied the parliament and the television center.

During the seizure of the Supreme Soviet, a meeting of the parliament was going on in it, which was assembled in full, including consultations with heads of enterprises and local clergy. Dudayev and his supporters decided to take the building by storm. It began about a quarter of an hour after the capital's emissaries left the Supreme Soviet.

As a result, about forty deputies were beaten, the separatists threw the chairman of the city council of Grozny Kutsenko out of the window. Then he was finished off in the hospital.

At the same time, in fact, the structures of legal power on the territory of the republic remained for several more months after the end of the coup. For example, the regional State Security Committee and the police were abolished only at the very end of 1991. The prosecutor of the republic spent about a week in the basement, who was captured by the rebels when he called Dudayev's actions illegal.

After negotiations with the participation of Khasbulatov, who at that time was the acting chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, a temporary body of power was formed - the Provisional Supreme Council.

Administrative division

After the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the republic included 24 districts and one city of regional subordination - Grozny. In 1944, the Novogroznensky and Goragorsky districts were created, which were then liquidated in 1951.

After the restoration of the region in 1957, it included only 16 districts and two cities of republican subordination. Malgobek became the second after Grozny.

In 1990, the republic already included five cities of republican subordination - these are Grozny, Nazran, Gudermes, Malgobek and Argun. There were also 15 regions of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. These are Achkhoy-Martanovsky, Vvedensky, Grozny, Gudermessky, Itum-Kalinsky, Malgobeksky, Nadterechny, Naursky, Nazranovsky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sunzhensky, Urus-Martanovsky, Shalinsky, Shatoevsky, Shelkovsky.

Population

The number of the ASSR increased most throughout the 20th century. If in 1939 about 700 thousand people lived on the territory of the republic, then in 1959, soon after the restoration of the region, the number of local residents remained at about the same level.

According to the results of the 1970 census, more than one million people settled in the republic, the peak was reached by 1979, when one million 153 thousand inhabitants lived in the republic. According to the 1989 census, there were one million 275 thousand people in Chechen-Ingushetia.

National composition

As of 1959, the majority of local residents were Russian, about 49 percent, against 34 percent of Chechens. The situation changed dramatically in 1970, when there were already about 48% of Chechens, and 34.5% of Russians.

In 1989, almost 58% of Chechens, 23% of Russians, about 13% of Ingush, slightly more than 1% of Armenians lived on the territory of the republic.

Grozny

Throughout this time, Grozny was the capital of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Germans did not manage to take it. But they bombed the oil tank and oil fields. The resulting fires were extinguished for several days. The local authorities were able to restore the work of industrial facilities in the shortest possible time in order to send the necessary oil products to the front and rear.

After the deportation, Grozny in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became the center of the Grozny District, which was part of the Stavropol Territory. However, a few weeks later the Grozny region was formed. After the rehabilitation of the Ingush and Chechens, the city again turned into the capital of the autonomous republic.

Gudermes

For many years this city was actually the second most important city in the republic. At the same time, the settlement acquired the status of a city only in 1941. At that time, more than ten thousand people lived in it.

By the end of the existence of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, almost forty thousand inhabitants already lived in Gudermes. Currently, the population has increased by fifty-three thousand people. The overwhelming advantage of local residents is the Chechens. There are more than 95 percent of them. About two percent of Russians, almost one percent of the inhabitants are Kumyks.

Main article: Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

5th of December 1936 year the region was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Armed anti-Soviet demonstrations continued in Chechnya until 1936, and in mountainous regions until 1938. In total, from 1920 to 1941, 12 major armed uprisings (involving from 500 to 5 thousand militants) and more than 50 less significant ones took place on the territory of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Military units Red army and internal troops from 1920 to 1939, 3564 people were killed in battles with the rebels. (unavailable link)

In January 1940, Chechnya began new armed anti-Soviet uprising under the direction of Hasana Israilova.

1. The Great Patriotic War

Main article: Chechnya during the Great Patriotic War

1. Chechen Republic

   1. "Chechen revolution"

In the summer of 1990, a group of prominent representatives of the Chechen intelligentsia came up with an initiative to hold a Chechen National Congress to discuss the problems of reviving national culture, language, traditions, and historical memory. ... On November 23-25, the Chechen National Congress was held in Grozny, which elected an Executive Committee headed by its chairman, Major General Dzhokhar Dudaev... On November 27, the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, under pressure from the executive committee of the ChNS and mass actions, adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic ... On June 8-9, 1991, the 2nd session of the First Chechen National Congress was held, which declared itself By the National Congress of the Chechen People(OKCHN). The session adopted a decision on the overthrow of the Supreme Council of the CIR and proclaimed Chechen Republic Nokhchi-cho, and proclaimed the Executive Committee of the OKChN headed by D. Dudayev as a temporary authority .

Events of 19-21 August 1991 became a catalyst for the political situation in the republic. August 19 on the initiative Vainakh Democratic Party a rally in support of the Russian leadership began on the central square of Grozny, but after August 21, it began to be held under the slogans of the resignation of the Supreme Soviet together with its chairman for "Aiding the putschists" as well as parliamentary re-elections ... On September 1-2, the 3rd session of the OKChN declared the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush Republic deposed and transferred all power in the territory of Chechnya to the Executive Committee of the OKChN ... On September 4, the Grozny television center and the Radio House were seized. Dzhokhar Dudayev, Chairman of the Grozny Executive Committee, read out an appeal in which he named the leadership of the republic "Criminals, bribery, embezzlers" and announced that with "On September 5, before the holding of democratic elections, power in the republic passes into the hands of the executive committee and other general democratic organizations."... In response, the Supreme Soviet declared a state of emergency in Grozny from 00:00 on September 5 to September 10, but six hours later the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet canceled the state of emergency ... September 6 Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR Doku Zavgaev resigned, and and. O. Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR became chairman Ruslan Khasbulatov... A few days later, on September 15, the last session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic took place, at which a decision was made to dissolve ... As a transitional body, the Provisional Supreme Council (BBC) was formed, consisting of 32 deputies , which was chaired by the Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKChN Khusein Akhmadov ... NCCHN created the National Guard headed by the leader of the Islamic Way party Beslan Kantemirov .

By the beginning of October, a conflict arose between the supporters of the Executive Committee of the OKChN headed by Akhmadov and his opponents, headed by Y. Chernov. On October 5, seven out of nine members of the Air Force decided to remove Akhmadov, but on the same day the National Guard seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Air Force sat, and the building of the Republican KGB ... Then they arrested the prosecutor of the republic Alexander Pushkin ... The next day the Executive Committee of the OKChN "For subversive and provocative activities" announced the dissolution of the Air Force, assuming the functions "Revolutionary committee for a transitional period with full power" ... The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR demanded that the Dudayevites surrender their weapons by midnight on October 9. However, the OKChN Executive Committee called this requirement "An international provocation aimed at perpetuating colonial rule" and announced gazavat, calling to arms all Chechens from 15 to 55 years old .

Political system. Ch.-I. The ASSR is a socialist state of workers and peasants, an autonomous Soviet socialist republic. The current constitution was adopted on June 22, 1937 by the Extraordinary 3rd Congress of Soviets of Ch.-I. ASSR. The highest bodies of state power are the unicameral Upper Council of Ch.-I. ASSR, elected by the population for 5 years at the rate of 1 deputy from 6 thousand inhabitants, and its Presidium. The Supreme Council forms the government of the republic - the Council of Ministers. Ch.-I. The ASSR is represented in the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by 11 deputies. Local government bodies - city, district, settlement and village Councils of People's Deputies - are elected by the population for a term of 2.5 years.

Supreme Council of Ch.-I. The ASSR elects the Supreme Court of the republic, consisting of 2 courts, for a period of 5 years. collegia (for criminal and civil cases) and the Presidium of the Supreme Court. Prosecutor Ch.-I. The ASSR is appointed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR for 5 years.

Nature. Along the southern borders of the republic is the Lateral Ridge with the peaks of Tebulosmt (4493 m - highest point of Ch.-I.), Diklosmt (4285 m) and etc.; to the north, there are parallel cuesta ridges: Skalisty, Pasture, Black Mountains. The Chechen Plain is located to the north of them. In the north stretches the Terek-Kumskaya lowland with sandy ridges and hills. In the west, the Tersko-Sunzha Upland, which consists of the Tersk and Sunzha ranges, separated by the Alkhanchurt Valley.

In the northern part, the climate is continental. On the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland, the average January temperature is -3 ° С, in July 25 ° С; precipitation 300-400 mm in year; growing season 190 days On the Chechen Plain, the average January temperature is -4 ° С, July 24-22 ° С; precipitation 400-600 mm in year. In the mountains, the average January temperature is from -5 ° С in the low mountains to -12 ° С and lower in the highlands; July, respectively 21 ° С and 5 ° С; precipitation 600-1200 mm in year.

Almost all rivers belong to the Terek basins. The largest ones - Terek, Sunzha, Argun, Assa - begin in the highlands from glaciers. High water in spring and early summer due to the melting of seasonal snow and glaciers. Rivers originating in low mountains have summer rainfall floods. River waters are widely used for irrigation.

The soils on the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland are chestnut and light chestnut, on the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya upland - carbonate chernozems. On the Chechen Plain, meadow soils prevail, and in elevated areas - leached chernozems, in river valleys - alluvial and meadow-boggy soils; in the mountains - mountain-forest and mountain-meadow.

On the Terek-Kuma lowland, wormwood-saltwort plant formations are widespread; in more humid areas - fescue-feather grass dry steppe, in places along depressions on the sands - communities of shrubs (sucker, hawthorn, etc.). On the Chechen Plain, there is steppe and forest-steppe vegetation. In the mountains up to an altitude of 1800-2200 m - broadleaved forests, higher - subalpine and alpine meadows. The forest area is 361 thousand sq. ha(18.7% is the territory of the republic); dominated by beech (48.8% of the forested area), birch (10.9%), hornbeam (9.9%), oak (9.6%).

There are many rodents and reptiles in the steppe and forest-steppe; from birds - bustard, wild ducks, geese, along river valleys - Caucasian pheasant. The mountains are inhabited by stone and pine martens, brown bear, wild boar, tur, roe deer, forest cat, wolf, chamois, badger. In the alpine meadows - black-headed vulture, mountain turkey (snowcock), Caucasian black grouse, stone partridge (partridge). In Ch.-I. - 8 sanctuaries.

N.V. Pribytkov.

Population. In the republic live: Chechens (508.9 thousand people; here and below the data of the 1970 census), Ingush (113.7 thousand people), Russians (366.9 thousand people), the peoples of Dagestan (Kumyks, Nogais, Avars, Laks, Dargins, etc.; 19.7 thousand people), Armenians (14, 5 thousand people), Ukrainians (12.7 thousand people), Tatars (5.6 thousand people), etc.

From 1926 to 1977 the population increased 2.2 times. The average density is 60 people. by 1 km 2 (as of January 1, 1977). The most populated is the piedmont plain; very weak - steppe and highlands. The share of the urban population increased from 19% (1926) to 44% (January 1, 1977). All cities, with the exception of Grozny (387,000 inhabitants as of January 1, 1977), were formed during the years of Soviet power; Gudermes, Malgobek, Nazran, Argun.

Historical sketch. The territory of Ch.-I. was inhabited in the era paleolithic. From the era bronze (2nd millennium BC), mainly burial monuments have been preserved in the mountainous and lowland zones. The basis of the economy was pastoral cattle breeding and agriculture, the social system was primitive. Monuments of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (late 2nd - 1st half of the 1st millennium BC) testify to a significant level of socio-economic development of tribes, the presence of a developed metallurgy of copper, and then iron, about relations with Scythia, Transcaucasia and Asia Minor. In the early Middle Ages, most of the plain and part of the foothill regions of Ch.-I. were part of the early feudal state association - Alanya. The mountains were inhabited by the direct ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush, whose primitive communal system underwent intensive decomposition. In the 13th century. Ch.-I. underwent devastating invasions of the Mongol-Tatars, at the end of the 14th century. the troops of Timur invaded here. The low level of development of the productive forces contributed to the preservation of the remnants of the primitive communal system for a long time. On the territory of Ch.-I. there were separate clans and societies (mainly on the plain), uniting several clans, sometimes at enmity with each other. Until the beginning of the 20th century. there was a blood feud.

After the 10th century. in Ch.-I. Christianity began to penetrate from Georgia; from the end of the 16th century. Islam began to spread from Dagestan, which in the 1st half of the 19th century. became the dominant religion. In the 16th century. in Ch.-I. feudal relations were born. At the beginning of the 18th century. the ethnic name of the Chechens (from the aul Chechen) was approved for the Nakhcho tribe, and from the 2nd half of the 19th century. behind the Galgai tribe - Ingush [from the village of Angush (Ingush)].

In 1722, during the Persian campaign, Peter visited Chechnya. From that time on, the Chechens and Ingush, especially those living on the plains, began cultural and economic ties with Russia. At the same time, the colonial policy of tsarism caused the growth of the national liberation struggle (in particular, the popular movement in the North Caucasus, led by the Chechen Ushurma, 1785). In 1810 the Ingush voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship, their lands were not colonized; The tsarist government encouraged the resettlement of the Ingush to the plain, as a result of which the bulk of them did not participate in the war against Russia. Strengthening the military colonization of the North Caucasus (building fortresses, pushing Chechens and other mountain peoples into the mountains, settling fertile lands with Cossacks, etc.) caused the movement of highlanders led by imams Gazi-Magomed , Gamzat-bey and Shamil (cm. Caucasian War 1817-64 ). After Shamil's surrender in 1859, Chechnya completely and finally became part of Russia, which contributed to the economic and cultural development of the Chechen and Ingush peoples, shattered the patriarchal clan system and subsistence economy in the villages of Ch.-I. At the end of the 19th century. a commercial and industrial bourgeoisie appeared, which owned oil fields, factories, and trade enterprises. In the early 90s. through Ch.-I. the Vladikavkaz railway was carried out. The Grozny oil industry began to develop rapidly (the first well was drilled in 1893). The working class was formed from an immigrant, mainly Russian, population. By 1905 there were more than 10 thousand workers in Grozny, by 1917 - up to 20 thousand. Commercial agriculture and cattle breeding were developing. Only in 1913 from Ch.-I. 6816 thousand poods of grain were exported.

In the early 1900s. Social-Democratic circles arose in Grozny, and in 1903 a Bolshevik organization took shape, in the creation of which I.T. Fioletov. The city's proletariat actively participated in the Revolution of 1905-07. In the spring and summer of 1905, there was a wave of peasant uprisings, mainly in the Vedeno district.

After the February Revolution, on March 4 (17), 1917, the Civil Committee was created in Grozny, which was the organ of the bourgeois Provisional Government. On March 5 (18), the Grozny Council of Workers, Soldiers and Cossack Deputies was formed. On March 14 (27), the Chechen Congress was held in Grozny, at which the bourgeois-nationalist "Chechen National Council" of sheikhs, merchants and officers, as well as the Ingush National Council, were elected. By the fall of 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by N.A. Anisimov won the majority in the Grozny Council; the Grozny garrison went over to the side of the October Revolution. On October 26 (November 8), Soviet power was proclaimed in the city.

The establishment of Soviet power in Ch.-I. accompanied by a fierce class struggle. In mid-November, at the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian native cavalry division (the so-called "Wild Division") were killed. Cossack and mountain counter-revolution, led by the ataman of the Terek Cossack army M.A. Karaulov and the Chechen oil industrialist A.-M. A. Chermoev, used this incident to present an ultimatum on November 23 (December 6) demanding the Grozny Soviet to disarm the workers and revolutionary soldiers. On November 24 (December 7), counter-revolutionary units captured Grozny; On December 31, 1917 (January 13, 1918) they were driven out with the help of the revolutionary troops who arrived from Mozdok; power passed into the hands of the Military Revolutionary Committee.

On January 25-31 (February 7-13), 1918, the 1st Congress of the Peoples of the Terek Region was held in Mozdok, one of the leaders of which was S.M. Kirov. The congress created the Terek People's Council and prevented an interethnic war started by the Cossack leaders. The 2nd Congress of the Terek Peoples in Pyatigorsk (March 1-18, 1918) recognized Soviet power on March 17 and created Terek Soviet Republic as part of the RSFSR. After the congress, the working people of Chechnya convened a congress of the Chechen people in the village of Goity and elected the Goitinsky People's Council (chairman T.E. Eldarkhanov). The Ingush National Council was reorganized, headed by G. Akhriev. The Goyty People's Council and the Ingush National Councils declared their support to the Soviet authorities.

In the summer of 1918, the Cossack counter-revolution of the Terek, headed by G.F.Bicherakhov (see. Bicherakhovs ) started an anti-Soviet rebellion. In the battles near Grozny (August 11 - November 12, 1918) the Bicherakhovites were defeated. The defense of the city was led by N.F. Gikalo , A. Sheripov , A.Z.Dyakov. Extraordinary Commissioner of the South of Russia in the North. GK Ordzhonikidze was in the Caucasus.

In February 1919, Ch. captured the White Guard troops of General A. I. Denikin; on the night of February 3, Soviet troops left Grozny. In the mountains Ch.-I. partisan detachments were created, which continued the fight against the counter-revolution. On the night of December 23, 1919, an uprising of workers and political prisoners took place in Grozny, suppressed by the Denikinites.

With the approach of the Red Army to the North Caucasus, by the decision of the Caucasian Regional Committee of the RCP (b) in January 1920, the Terek regional group of rebel troops was created under the command. Gikalo. In March, the 11th Army and the insurgent forces launched an offensive against Grozny; The city was liberated on March 17. By the end of March 1920, Soviet power in Ch.-I. was finally restored.

On November 17, 1920, at the congress of the peoples of the Terek region in Vladikavkaz (now Ordzhonikidze), the formation of the Mountain ASSR was proclaimed (decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 20, 1921), which included Chechnya and Ingushetia as the Chechen and Nazran districts. On November 30, 1922, the Chechen Okrug was separated from the Mountain ASSR, which was transformed into an autonomous region of the RSFSR. By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of July 7, 1924, the Mountain ASSR was abolished, and the Ingush Autonomous District was created on part of its territory. The Soviet power freed the working people of Ch.-I. from national oppression and eliminated national inequality in all areas of social, political, economic and cultural life. In 1921-26 in Ch.-I. with the help of the Russian and other fraternal peoples, the national economy was restored. In 1924 the Grozny proletariat was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its heroic struggle against counter-revolution and the restoration of the oil industry.

During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, the industry and oil fields of Grozny were radically reconstructed, new powerful oil refineries, chemical, machine-building plants, as well as canning and other food industry enterprises were built. The process of collectivization went through successfully. The percentage of collectivized peasant farms by 1933 was 40.5 in Ingushetia and 32.4 in Chechnya. In 1939, 73,744 farms (96%) were united in 472 collective farms. Successes in the field of agriculture were achieved in the conditions of the struggle against kulaks and mullahs, who used remnants of the tribal system and religious beliefs against collectivization.

During the years of Soviet power, a culture that was national in form and socialist in content was created in the republic. In 1920, among the Chechens there were only 0.8% literate, among the Ingush - 3%. In 1923-25 ​​writing was created in the Chechen and Ingush languages. By 1940, literacy among the Chechens was 85%, and among the Ingush - 92%. The cadres of the national intelligentsia have grown. A lot of educational work was carried out to eliminate patriarchal clan survivals. Measures were taken to involve Chechens and Ingush in industrial production. On the basis of successes in economic and cultural development, on January 15, 1934, the Chechen and Ingush autonomous regions were united into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous District, which on December 5, 1936 was transformed into Ch.-I. ASSR.

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the working people of Ch.-I. The ASSR actively helped the front. The oil industry worked with great stress, supplying the front with gasoline and lubricants. Agriculture held at the 1940 level and supplied the army with food. In the fall of 1942, fascist German troops invaded the western part of the republic, but were stopped at the distant approaches to Grozny; in January 1943 the territory of Ch.-I. The ASSR was liberated. During the Great Patriotic War, Chechens and Ingush fought on the fronts, took part in a partisan struggle against the fascist invaders. Several thousand people awarded orders and medals, 36 people. awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1944 Ch.-I. The ASSR was abolished; By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 9, 1957, the national autonomy of the Chechen and Ingush peoples was restored.

In the 60s and 70s. Ch.-I. The ASSR achieved new successes, which was facilitated by the constant and disinterested assistance of the peoples of the entire Soviet Union. By 1977, there were 32 Heroes of Socialist Labor in the republic, in total 13060 workers were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. For the successes achieved in the development of the national economy, Ch.-I. The ASSR was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1965; in 1972 - the Order of the October Revolution and the Order of Friendship of Peoples.

V. B. Vinogradov, N. P. Gritsenko.

National economy. During the years of socialist construction, Ch.-I. turned into a republic with a highly developed industry and diversified agriculture. The basis of the economy is the oil, oil refining, petrochemical industries, as well as energy, mechanical engineering and metalworking. The building materials industry and the food industry have undergone significant development.

Industry. The volume of industrial output in 1976 increased 9 times over 1940. production of the most important types of industrial products, see table. 1.

Tab. 1 ¾ Production of the most important types of industrial products.

S. farm specializes in the production of fruits, grapes and vegetables. The area of ​​orchards, berry and vineyards in 1945 amounted to 3.9 thousand. ha, and 1976 - 44.6 thousand. ha(including vine plantations 23.5 thous. ha). Gross collection in 1976 (thous. T): cereals 519.8 (190 in 1940), vegetables 177 (43.9 in 1940), sugar beets 207, fruits 80.1, grapes 112.3.

Fine-wool sheep breeding, meat and dairy cattle breeding, poultry breeding are developing in the republic. Livestock (at the beginning of 1977, thousand): cattle 301.5 [(249.7 in 1941), including cows 118.1 (106.2)], pigs 148.3 (45.1); sheep and goats 744.8 (470.4). Measures are being taken to transfer livestock breeding to an industrial basis. Livestock production in 1976: meat (slaughter weight) 30.5 thous. T(10.2 thous. T in 1940), milk 206.9 thous. T(78 thous. T), eggs 110 mln. pcs. (52.9 million pieces), wool 3592 T (451 T).

Government purchases in 1976 amounted to (thous. T): grain crops 174.2 (72.5 in 1940), vegetables 131 (18.3), sugar beet 192, sunflower seeds 8.1 (5.7), fruits 70.4 (1.1), grapes 110.6 (0.4), tobacco 2.7; livestock and poultry 32.1 (8.3), milk 78.7 (6.1), eggs 65.7 mln. (15.2 million pieces), wool 4306 T (369 T).

Transport. Operational length of railways 362 km (1976; 150 km in 1913). The territory of Ch.-I. crosses the highway Rostov-on-Don - Beslan - Baku and the railway. line Cool - Mozdok - Astrakhan. Large railway node - Gudermes. Length of roads 3181 km, including hard-coated 2574 km(1976). The Moscow-Baku highway passes through the territory. Airlines connect Grozny with Moscow, Sochi, Rostov-on-Don and other cities. Pipeline transport is developed.

Ch.-I. supplies products of oil refining, chemical industry, mechanical engineering, etc to other regions of the USSR; receives from other regions coal, metals, some building materials, oil, gas, etc.

The economic card of Ch.-I. see to Art. North Caucasian economic region.

The well-being of the people is steadily increasing as a result of the successful implementation of the program of economic and cultural development. The retail turnover of state and cooperative trade, including public catering, increased 1.4 times in 1971-76 and reached 600 million rubles. In 1971-1976, built at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population 2005 thousand. m 2 total area of ​​residential buildings.

E. V. Bryksin.

Healthcare. In 1913 there were 10 paid hospitals with 236 beds; employed 21 private practitioners; there was not a single honey. an indigenous worker. By January 1, 1977, there were 83 hospital institutions with 11.2 thousand beds (9.7 beds per 1 thousand inhabitants), 556 feldsher-obstetric points, antenatal clinics, children's clinics and other outpatient clinics, 19 sanitary-epidemiological stations. There were 2.7 thousand doctors (1 doctor per 430 inhabitants) and 7.8 thousand nurses. Spa Resorts Sernovodsk , climatic Armkhi, 9 sanatoriums, a rest house.

Tourism. The main tourist routes (including 7 of all-Union significance) are from the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters to the Caspian Sea, from Grozny through the Main Caucasian ridge to Georgia. Tourist bases in Grozny and with. Benoy.

Public education and cultural and educational institutions. In 1914/15 study. On the territory of the republic there were 153 general education schools (12.8 thousand students), there were no secondary specialized educational institutions and universities. In 1976/77 academic year In 569 general education schools of all types, more than 288 thousand students studied, in 29 vocational educational institutions - 15 thousand students, in 12 secondary specialized educational institutions - 15 thousand students, in 2 universities ( Chechen-Ingush University and the Oil Institute in Grozny) - 11.7 thousand students. In 1976, 31,000 children were educated in 326 preschool institutions.

As of January 1, 1977, there were: 466 public libraries (over 6.2 million copies of books and magazines); 2 museums in Grozny (the Chechen-Ingush Museum of Local Lore and the Museum of Fine Arts); 401 club establishments, 317 stationary cinema installations, 41 out-of-school establishments. See also sections Music, Drama theater.

Scientific institutions. All scientific institutions were created during the years of Soviet power. The oldest research institutes are GrozNII (1928) and the Institute of History, Sociology and Philology (1926). There are also the North Caucasian Research and Design Institute of the Oil Industry (1965), the Chechen-Ingush State Agricultural Institute. an experimental station (1944), a research station for vegetable growing and fruit growing (1973), and others. Scientific work is carried out at the departments of universities: the Chechen-Ingush University and the Grozny Oil Institute. There are over two thousand scientific workers in the republic (1976).

Printing, radio broadcasting, television. In 1976, the book publishing house published about 200 books and brochures with a circulation of 1.5 million copies. Republican newspapers are published: Lenian Nek (Leninsky Put, in Chechen, since 1923), Serdalo (Svet, in Ingush, since 1923), Grozny Rabochy (since 1917), Komsomolskoe Tribe ”(Since 1928), almanacs“ Loaman Iyyre ”(“ Morning of the Mountains ”, in Ingush, since 1958) and“ Orga ”(“ Argun ”, in Chechen, since 1958). The programs of the 1st program of the All-Union Radio and "Mayak" are broadcast 32 h per day. Republican broadcasts 11 h The volume of 2-program TV broadcasting is 15.9 h per day, of which Central Television retransmission 12.9 h, local broadcasts in Chechen, Ingush and Russian 3 h

Literature. After the October Revolution of 1917, Chechen and Ingush literatures, similar in historical fate and related in language, developed as written Soviet literatures, relying on national folklore, on the one hand, and on the experience of Russian classical and Soviet literature, on the other.

The founder of Chechen literature was S. Baduev (1904-43), the author of the first printed Chechen work of fiction - the story "Hunger" (1925), the first Chechen novel "Petimat" (1930) about the fate of a mountain woman, the plays "Law of the Fathers" (1929), The Red Fortress (1930) and others. Plays (The Struggle, 1932) and stories were created by Sh. Aiskhanov (1907-37), plays (The Sprout of Our Epoch, 1934) and poems (Lesnaya Polyana. 1933) N. Muzaev (b. 1913). In the early 30s. the first poems of M. Mamakayev (1910-73), essays and plays by Kh. Oshaev (1898-1977), the creator of the first Chechen alphabet on a Latin basis, appear; the historical novel by S. Arsanov (1889-1968) "Two Generations" (1930) is devoted to the pre-revolutionary situation in Chechnya.

In the 40s. patriotic plays by A. Mamakayev (1918-58) "Anger" (1940), "In the native village" (1941), a collection of poems by Muzaev "In the flash of lightning" (1940), poem by M. Sulaev (b. 1920) "The Sun will win ”(1944). The intensive development of literature began in the 50s. A collective collection of works by Chechen writers "Druzhba" was published in Alma-Ata. At the same time, Arsanov's historical and revolutionary novel "When Friendship Is Cognized" (in Russian) was published, which became a major milestone in Chechen prose. There were published collections of poems by A. Mamakayev "Valley of the Terek" (1958), M. Mamakayev "Roads of the Motherland" (1960), Muzaev "A Handful of Earth" (1960), R. Akhmatova (b. 1928) "Hard Love" (1963) and other Poetry of the 60-70s, while remaining faithful to the traditional themes of civil-patriotic, internationalist and proper lyrical sound, strives for a deep-philosophical solution to them, for scale, for the perfection of language and art form.

In prose 60-70s. genres of essay and story are successfully developing, novels on contemporary themes appear more and more often. Muzaev's novels "In the Argun Valley" (1965), "The Power of Dreams" (1971), M. Isaeva (1898-1977) "The Root of Happiness" (books 1-2, 1964-70 ), "Creators" (1970), the story of Z. Abdulaev (b. 1926) "On the banks of the Assa" (1975), etc. Problems of moral education, the establishment of communist morality - in the center of Sulaev's novels "Tavsultan Leaves the Mountains" (1966) , M. Musaeva (b. 1915) "After the shot" (1969), U. Gaisultanova (b. 1920) "Who are you?" (book 1-2, 1969-71). Artistic comprehension of the historical past is typical for the novels of M. Mamakayev "Murid of the Revolution" (1962) and "Zelimkhan" (1968), A. Aydamirov (b. 1933) "In the Name of Freedom" (1968), "Long Nights" (1973), tetralogy Oshaeva "Fiery Years" (book 1-4, 1959-64). In children's literature, Gaisultanov (collection of stories and stories "Let the sun laugh to everyone", 1968), Kh. Edilov (b. 1922; fairy tale poem "The Iron Wolf", 1966), Musaev (story "Anzor", 1966) and dr.

Since the end of the 50s. Chechen dramaturgy acquires a wide thematic range: plays about the Civil War of 1918-20 - “Aslanbek Sheripov” (1958) by Oshaeva, “Girl from the Mountains” (1960) by A. Khamidov (1920-69); about the life of a collective farm village - "The Light Way" (1961) by Muzaev, "In one aul" (1962) by Musaev; about the Great Patriotic War - "Waves of the Terek" (1961) by Musaev, "Immortals" (1969) by Khamidov; about moral, ethical and everyday problems - "Believe a Man" (1961) by Muzaev, "Sovdat and and Daud" (1958) and the satirical comedy "The Fall of Bozh-Ali" (1967) by Khamidov.

The first printed work of Ingush literature was the play by Z. Malsagov (1894-1935) "The Kidnapping of a Girl" (1923); the newspaper Serdalo published poetry and prose, including excerpts from the story "Early Spring" by T. Bekov (1873-1938), the poem "Kalym and Tamara" by S. Oziev (b. 1904). In the 30s. the poets Kh. Mutaliev (1910-1964), J. Yandiev (b. 1916), A. Oziev (1902-37) and others are performing; prose writer A. Goigov (1896-1948), author of essays and stories on historical and revolutionary themes; playwright and prose writer I. Bazorkin (b. 1911). During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, patriotic and anti-fascist poems of Yandiev, M. Khashagulgov (1904-77), Kh. Osmiyev (b. 1909) and others were published. Bazorkin's plays "Captain Ibragimov" (1941), "Birth hatred "(1942). In the 50s. literature is entering a period of intense growth. Collections of poems by Mutaliev, Yandiev, S. Oziev are published. Prose confidently masters the genre of the story: The First Days (1960) by Mutaliev, The Name of the Republic (1962) and Nine Days in the Life of a Hero (1964) by B. Zyazikov (1908-65), At the Fork (1965) Vedzizhev (b. 1919) and others. The first novel in Ingush literature by S. Chakhkiev (b. 1938) "Golden Pillars" (1966) is devoted to the problems of moral education and the establishment of communist morality in the struggle against the remnants of the past; his novel "Wolf Nights" (1970) and the novels of A. Bokov (b. 1924) "Sons of Beka" (1967), M. Pliev (b. 1929) "Difficult Pass" (1974) are written on a historical-revolutionary theme. Bazorkin's historical epic "From the Darkness of Ages" (1968) covers more than a hundred years of the life of the people. In the field of children's literature, Vedzizhev (the story "Gapur - the hero's namesake", 1968), Chakhkiev (the story "Enver", 1966) and others are actively working. Ingush drama, which began in the 1920s. her way with plays by Z. Malsagov and Mutaliev, she achieved serious success in the late 50s. and in the following decades: "Roads of love" (1966) Bazorkin, "When sons die" (1968) Chakhkiev and G. Rusakov, "I will not be alone" (1973) Ah. Malsagova (b.1922) and others.

Literary criticism and literary criticism in the Chechen and Ingush literatures develop in close interconnection, which was reflected, in particular, in the creation of the general "Sketch of the History of Chechen-Ingush Literature" (1963). Since the beginning of the 70s. Abu Malsagov (born 1939), a researcher of Ingush literature, and Kh. Turkayev (born 1938), are actively involved in Chechen literature. In 1973, the book by Y. Aidaev (b. 1938) "Chechen-Ingush Soviet Drama 1920-1940" was published, in 1975 - the book by I. Dakhkilgov (b. 1936) "Ingush Literature" (1975). The center of research work is the Chechen-Ingush Institute of History, Sociology and Philology.

The works of Chechen and Ingush writers have been translated into Russian and other languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR; in the republic published in the Chechen and Ingush languages ​​works of the classics of Russian and foreign literature, books by many writers of the peoples of the USSR. Organizational and creative work among writers is carried out by the writers' organization of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (G. Grozny).

In Christian religious architecture of the 11-13th centuries. (the Tkhaba-Yerdy temple near the village of Khairakh), which combined Georgian and local building traditions, was dominated by geometric simplicity of forms and strict elegance of decor. In the mountainous regions Ch.-I. in the Middle Ages, from roughly hewn stones were built barrier walls (near the village of Verkhniy Alkun), residential (2-3-tier, with a flat roof and arched openings) and combat (4-5-tier, with loopholes, mashiculi and a pyramidal-stepped roof) towers, sometimes forming majestic complexes (for example, in the villages of Kezenoy, Targim, Khoy, Egikal, Erzi, all - 14-18 centuries). Near the mountain villages, which make up picturesque terraced compositions on the slopes, there were numerous above-ground, semi-underground and underground (rectangular, square and round in plan, with 2-pitched, pyramidal stepped and conical smooth roofs) crypts, as well as over-grave steles (for example, "City of the Dead" Tsoi-Pede near the village of Malkhista, 11-18 centuries). Almost all the villages had sanctuaries identical in shape to the 2-slope oversight.

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