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Stolypin Petr Arkadievich. Biography Stolypin Peter Arkadievich (1862 - 1911) Stolypin Petr Arkadevich.
Biography
Russian statesman, Minister of Internal Affairs and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire. Pyotr Arkadievich Stolypin was born on April 15 (old style - April 2) 1862 in Dresden (Germany). Descended from an old noble family, dating back to the beginning of the 16th century. The great-grandfathers of P.A. Stolypin were Arkady Alekseevich Stolypin (1778-1825; senator, friend of the greatest statesman of the early 19th century M.M.Speransky) and his brother - Nikolai Alekseevich Stolypin (1781-1830; Lieutenant General, killed in Sevastopol during a riot), great-grandmother - Elizaveta Alekseevna Stolypina (by her husband Arsenyev; grandmother of M.Yu. Lermontov). Father P.A. Stolypin - Arkady Dmitrievich - Adjutant General, a participant in the Crimean War, who became a Sevastopol hero, a friend of L.N. Tolstoy; at one time he was the orderly chieftain of the Ural Cossack army of the eastern Russian outpost, located in the vicinity of the Saratov province, where Stolypin had an estate; Through the efforts of Stolypin Sr., this Yaitsky (Ural) town significantly changed its appearance: it was replenished with cobbled streets and was built up with stone houses, for which the local population christened Arkady Dmitrievich "Peter the Great of the Ural Cossacks". Mother - Natalya Mikhailovna - nee Princess Gorchakova. Brother - Alexander Arkadyevich Stolypin (born in 1863) - journalist, one of the main figures of the "Union of October 17".
The Stolypin family owned two estates in the Kovno province, estates in the Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Penza and Saratov provinces. Pyotr Arkadievich spent his childhood in the Srednikovo estate near Moscow (some sources indicate the estate in Kolnoberzh, not far from Kovno). He graduated from the first 6 classes at the Vilna gymnasium. He received further education at the Oryol male gymnasium, tk. in 1879 the Stolypin family moved to Oryol - at the place of service of his father, who served as the commander of an army corps. Of particular interest to Pyotr Stolypin was the study of foreign languages and exact sciences. In June 1881, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was issued a certificate of maturity. In 1881 he entered the natural sciences department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University, where, in addition to physics and mathematics, he enthusiastically studied chemistry, geology, botany, zoology, and agronomy. Among the teachers was D.I. Mendeleev.
In 1884, after graduating from university, he entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior. Two years later, he was transferred to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, where he held the position of assistant clerk, corresponding to the modest rank of collegiate secretary. A year later, he joined the Ministry of the Interior as the Covenian county leader of the nobility and chairman of the Covenian congress of world mediators. In 1899 he was appointed governor of the nobility of the Kovno province; soon P.A. Stolypin was elected an honorary judge of the peace in the Insar and Kovno judicial-peace districts. In 1902 he was appointed governor of Grodno. From February 1903 to April 1906 he was the governor of the Saratov province. At the time of Stolypin's appointment, about 150,000 inhabitants lived in Saratov, 150 factories and factories worked, there were more than 100 educational institutions, 11 libraries, 9 periodicals. All this created the glory of the "capital of the Volga region" for the city, and Stolypin tried to consolidate this glory: the ceremonial laying of the Mariinsky women's gymnasium, an overnight house took place, new educational institutions and hospitals were built, the asphalting of Saratov streets, construction of a water supply system, gas lighting, modernization of the telephone network began. Peaceful transformations were interrupted by the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War. In the post of governor of Saratov, Stolypin was also found by the first revolution (1905-1907). Saratov province, in which one of the centers of the Russian revolutionary underground was located, found itself in the center of revolutionary events, and the young governor had to confront two elements: the revolutionary, opposition to the government, and the "right", "reactionary" part of society, standing on monarchist and Orthodox positions. ... Already at that time, several attempts were carried out on Stolypin: they shot at him, threw bombs, terrorists in an anonymous letter threatened to poison Stolypin's youngest child, the three-year-old son of Arkady. To fight the insurgent peasants, a rich arsenal of means was used, from negotiating to the use of troops. For the suppression of the peasant movement in the Saratov province, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin - chamberlain of the court of His Imperial Majesty and the youngest governor of Russia - received the gratitude of Emperor Nicholas II.
April 26, 1906 P.A. Stolypin was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs in the cabinet of I.L. Goremykin. On July 8, 1906, after the dissolution of the First State Duma, Goremykin's resignation was announced and his replacement was Stolypin, who thus became the chairman of the Council of Ministers. The portfolio of the Minister of the Interior was left to him. During July, Stolypin negotiated with Prince G.E. Lvov, Count Heyden, Prince E. Trubetskoy and other moderate liberal public figures, trying to attract them to his cabinet. The negotiations did not lead to anything and the cabinet remained almost unchanged, having received the name "the cabinet for the dispersal of the Duma." Heading the Cabinet of Ministers, P.A. Stolypin proclaimed a course of social and political reforms. The agrarian ("Stolypin") reform was launched (according to some sources, the idea of the agrarian "Stolypin" reform belonged to S.Yu. state insurance of workers, about religious tolerance.
The revolutionary parties could not come to terms with the appointment of a convinced nationalist and supporter of strong state power to the post of prime minister, and on August 12, 1906, an attempt was made on Stolypin's life: bombs were detonated at his dacha on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg. At that moment, in addition to the family of the head of government, there were also those who came to see him at the dacha. As a result of the explosion, 23 people were killed, 35 were injured; among the wounded were Stolypin's children - three-year-old son Arkady and sixteen-year-old daughter Natalya (Natalya's legs were disfigured and she was permanently disabled); Stolypin himself was not injured. As it soon became clear, the assassination attempt was carried out by a group of maximalist Socialist-Revolutionaries who had separated from the Socialist Revolutionary Party; the party itself did not take responsibility for the assassination attempt. At the suggestion of the sovereign, the Stolypin family moved to a safer place - to the Winter Palace. In an effort to stop the wave of terrorist attacks, the instigators of which often evaded retaliation due to court delays and lawyer tricks, and to implement reforms, a number of measures were taken, among which was the introduction of "rapid-fire" military field courts ("rapid-fire justice") , whose sentences were to be confirmed by the commanders of the military districts: the trial took place within 24 hours after the act of murder or armed robbery. The examination of the case could last no more than two days, the sentence was carried out in 24 hours. Stolypin was the initiator of the creation of military courts and the use of the death penalty (the rope for hanging began to be called among the people the "Stolypin tie"), claiming that he looked at the repression only as a temporary measure necessary to establish peace in Russia, that the military courts - a temporary measure, which should "break the wave of crime and go to eternity." In 1907, Stolypin achieved the dissolution of the 2nd State Duma and passed a new electoral law, which significantly strengthened the position of the right-wing parties in the Duma.
In a short time, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was awarded a number of Tsarist awards. In addition to several Highest rescripts with expressions of gratitude, in 1906 Stolypin was granted the position of chamberlain, on January 1, 1907, he was appointed a member of the State Council, in 1908 - state secretary.
Having fallen ill in the spring of 1909 with croupous pneumonia, at the request of the doctors, Stolypin left Petersburg and spent about a month with his family in the Crimea, in Livadia. A talented politician, economist, lawyer, administrator, orator, Stolypin almost gave up his personal life, giving all his strength to the Russian state: chairmanship of the Council of Ministers convened at least twice a week, direct participation in meetings on current affairs and on legislative issues (meetings often dragged on until morning); reports, receptions, careful scanning of Russian and foreign newspapers, study of the latest books, especially those devoted to issues of state law. In June 1909 P.A. Stolypin was present at the meeting between the Emperor Nicholas II and the German Emperor Wilhelm II. The meeting took place in the Finnish skerries. On the yacht Shtandart, a conversation took place between Prime Minister Stolypin and Wilhelm II, who subsequently, according to various testimonies, said: "If I had such a minister, to what height would we raise Germany!"
"The tsar was an extremely weak-willed person and just as stubborn. Nicholas II did not tolerate in his surroundings neither people with a strong character, nor those who surpassed him in intelligence and breadth of outlook. He believed that such persons" usurp "his power," wipe away " autocrat into the background, his will is “raped.” That is why he did not come to the court of S.Yu. did not threaten the foundations of autocracy, but the revolution was defeated, and, as Nicholas II and his prompters from the Council of the United Nobility believed, defeated forever, and therefore no reforms were required at all. It was decided to create a Naval General Staff of two dozen people. held the budget. This was immediately followed by a denunciation to Nicholas II, who was the "supreme leader of the army" and believed that all matters about the armed forces were his personal competence. Nicholas II defiantly did not approve the bill on the states of the MGSH passed through the Duma and the State Council. At the same time, the "holy elder" G. Rasputin, who had been whirling around the court for several years, acquired a significant influence on the exalted queen. The scandalous adventures of the "elder" forced Stolypin to ask the tsar to expel Rasputin from the capital. In response to this, with a heavy sigh, Nicholas II replied: "I agree with you, Pyotr Arkadyevich, but it would be better to have ten Rasputins than one empress's hysterics." Having learned about this conversation, Alexandra Feodorovna hated Stolypin and, in connection with the government crisis when approving the staff of the Naval General Staff, insisted on his resignation. "
“In March 1911, a new and this time more serious crisis broke out for Stolypin. He decided to establish a zemstvo in the western provinces by introducing national curiae during the elections. The results of the vote came as a complete surprise for Stolypin, not because he did not know what the position of Durnovo, Trepov and their supporters was, but because they could not disobey the will of the tsar. Voting meant that Nikolai betrayed his prime minister Stolypin could not help but understand this. At the next audience with the tsar, Stolypin resigned, declaring that the Legitimist leaders "are leading the country to destruction, that they say:" There is no need to legislate, but only to govern, "that is, to refuse from any modernization of the political system and its adaptation to the changed situation. "Stolypin was sure that he would receive a resignation, but this did not happen for two reasons. First, the tsar did not recognize the ministers' right to resign of their own accord, believing that this was the principle of a constitutional monarchy, while the autocrat should deprive the ministers of their posts only at his own discretion. And secondly, he was subjected to a rather unanimous attack by the Grand Dukes and the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, who believed that Stolypin was still the only person capable of leading Russia to a "bright future." Thus, Nikolai did not accept the resignation of Stolypin, who, believing in his own strength, put forward a number of harsh conditions to the tsar. He agreed to take the resignation back if, firstly, the Duma and the State Council were disbanded for three days and the bill was passed under a special 87-p article, which provided for the government's right to issue laws during the breaks of the legislative chambers. His main opponents are P.N. Durnovo and V.F. Trepov - Stolypin demanded to be removed from the State Council, and from January 1, 1912, 30 new members of his choice be appointed there. The king did not say yes or no, but in the evening he was again attacked by the grand ducal family, demanding to yield. To some of the members of the Duma, Stolypin showed a sheet of paper on which the tsar's hand had written down all the conditions set for him. One should have known well his sovereign, who had never forgiven anyone for such "forceful methods" in dealing with himself. [...] Rumors spread about the imminent resignation of the prime minister. Stolypin's health began to fail, angina pectoris intensified. [...] But, despite the illness and the clearly growing disgrace of the tsar, the Prime Minister stubbornly continues to work on reform projects - he plans to organize eight new ministries (labor, local government, nationalities, social security, confessions, research and exploitation of natural resources, health care, resettlement), to maintain them seeks measures for a threefold increase in the budget (the introduction of direct taxes, turnover tax, an increase in the price of vodka), plans to lower the zemstvo qualification in order to allow the owners of farms and workers who owned small real estate to local government. [...] In August 1911, Stolypin was vacationing at his estate in Kolnobrezh, where he worked on his project. Both vacation and work had to be interrupted for a trip to Kiev, where, in the presence of the tsar, a monument to Alexander II was to be unveiled on the occasion of the recently celebrated anniversary of the Great Reform. The Prime Minister's stay in Kiev began with insults - they made it clear to him that he was superfluous here and he was not expected. There was no place for Stolypin in the cars in which the tsar and his retinue followed. He was not even given a government-owned crew. The chairman of the Council of Ministers had to look for a cab. " ("PA Stolypin, We need a great Russia ...". Introductory article by KF Shatsillo. Moscow, "Young Guard" 1991) His last public speech in the State Duma P.A. Stolypin pronounced on April 27, 1911.
According to various sources, from 10 to 18 attempts were made on the life of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin. Pyotr Arkadievich Stolypin died on September 18 (according to the old style - September 5) 1911 in Kiev. From the memoirs of the governor of Kiev: “September 1, 1911 was the fourth day of Emperor Nicholas II's stay in Kiev. [...] At 8 o'clock in the morning I went to the palace to be at the departure of the Emperor for maneuvers. the Head of the Kiev Security Department, Colonel Kulyabko, approached and addressed the following words: “Today is a hard day; at night, a woman arrived in Kiev, who was entrusted with a military squad to carry out a terrorist act in Kiev; the victim is, apparently, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, but an attempt at Regicide is not ruled out [...] General Trepov went to P.A. Stolypin and asked him to be careful. "I asked Kulyabko what he intends to do if the terrorist cannot be found and arrested. To this he replied that he would keep his informant agent who knew the terrorist by sight near the Tsar and the Ministers all the time. [...] By 9 o'clock (in the evening) the congress of those invited to the theater began. Strong police squads were stationed in the theater square and the surrounding streets, and police officials at the outer doors were instructed to carefully check tickets. In the morning, all the basements and passages were carefully examined. In the hall, shining with lights and luxury of decoration, the chosen society gathered. I personally supervised the distribution of invitations and the allocation of seats to the theater. The names of all those who sat in the theater were personally known to me, and only 36 seats in the orchestra, starting from row 12, were sent to the disposal of the head of the security General Kurlov, for security ranks, at his written request. At 9 o'clock the Tsar arrived with his Daughters. Stolypin walked to his chair, to the first aisle from the left, on the right side, and sat down in the first row. [...] "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" was being performed in a new, wonderful production. It seemed to me that you can be calm here: after all, everyone sitting in the theater is known, but outside it is well guarded and no one can break in from the street. [...] At the very beginning of the second act, when the Tsar and the Family withdrew into the depths of the forefront, and P.A. Stolypin got up and, turning his back to the stage, talked with Count Fredericks and Count Joseph Potocki, I went to the entrance for a minute to make some order. [...] Returning, I slowly walked down the left aisle to my chair, looking at the figure of P.A. who stood in front of me. Stolypin. I was on the 6th or 7th row when a tall man in a civilian dress coat got ahead of me. On the line of the second row, he suddenly stopped. At the same time, a revolver flashed in his outstretched hand, and I heard two short dry shots, one after the other. " The Browning bullet had crisscross cuts and acted as an explosive bullet. "St. Vladimir's cross saved from instant death, into which a bullet hit and, crushing which, changed the direct direction in the heart. This bullet pierced the chest, pleura, abdominal obstruction and liver. Another bullet pierced the left hand through and through." ("PA Stolypin, We need a great Russia ...". Moscow, "Young Guard" 1991) "In the theater, they spoke loudly and only a few heard the shot, but when shouts were heard in the hall, all eyes turned to PA Stolypin, and for a few seconds everything fell silent. PA did not seem to immediately understand what had happened. He bowed his head. and looked at his white frock coat, which on the right side, under the chest, was already filled with blood. With slow and confident movements he put his cap and gloves on the barrier, unbuttoned his frock coat and, seeing the vest, thickly soaked in blood, waved his hand, as if wishing to say : "it's all over." Then he sank heavily into a chair and clearly and distinctly, in a voice audible to everyone who was not far from him, said: "happy to die for the Tsar." but the Tsar did not move and continued to stand in the same place, and Peter Arkadyevich, in full view of everyone, blessed him with a wide cross. desks era, his passage was blocked. Not only young people came running, but also old people, and they began to beat him with swords, swords and fists. Someone jumped out of the mezzanine box and fell beside the killer. Colonel Spiridovich, who went out into the street during the intermission on duty and ran to the theater, prevented the lynching that almost took place: he took out a saber and, announcing that the criminal was arrested, forced everyone to leave. I nevertheless followed the murderer into the room where he was taken. - How did you get to the theater? I asked him. In response, he took a ticket out of his vest pocket. It was one of the seats in the 18th row. I took the theater plan and the list and found a note opposite the armchair number: "sent to the disposal of General Kurlov for security officials." [...] When the audience had departed, I entered the room where P.A. Stolypin. From the professors around him, famous Kiev doctors, I learned that they had ordered to take the wounded man to the hospital of Dr. Makovsky, which is on Mal. Vladimirskaya, and that an ambulance is already at the entrance to the theater. When P.A., deathly pale, was carried on a stretcher into the carriage, he opened his eyes and looked at those around him with a mournful, suffering look. [...] The next day the Emperor went to Ovruch. Upon leaving the palace, His Majesty announced that he wanted to visit Stolypin. [...] On the same day, at the initiative of a group of members of the State Duma from the party of nationalists and zemstvo vowels of the Territory, at 2 pm, a solemn prayer for Stolypin's recovery was served in the Vladimir Cathedral. The cathedral was overcrowded, the assembled prayed earnestly and many cried. The next two days passed in anxiety, the doctors still did not lose hope, but on the issue of the possibility of surgery and the extraction of the bullet, the council, with the participation of Professor Zeidler, who had arrived from St. Petersburg, made a negative decision. On September 4 in the evening, P.A. immediately deteriorated, his strength began to fall, his heart was weak, and at about 10 pm on September 5, he quietly died. (A. Girs, "Death of Stolypin. From the memoirs of the former Kiev Governor." January 18, 1927 Paris) In the opened will of Stolypin, written long before his death, in the first lines it was punished: "I want to be buried where they kill me." On September 6, Emperor Nicholas II returned from Chernigov and arrived at the hospital. According to the memoirs of the daughter of Peter Arkadievich Maria Bok (Stolypin), the sovereign "knelt before the body of a faithful servant, prayed for a long time, and those present heard him repeat the word many times." Forgive me. " was elected Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. [...] On September 9, in the morning, in the Refectory Church, covered with wreaths with national ribbons, the Government, representatives of the army and navy and all civilian departments, many members of the State Council, the center and almost the entire right wing of the State Duma, as well as more hundreds of peasants who arrived from nearby villages to pay their last respects to the deceased. The Governor-General of Kiev, Adjutant-General Trepov, at the behest of the Emperor who left on September 7, represented His Person. After the funeral, the coffin was taken out and lowered near the church, next to the historical grave of another Russian patriot Kochubei. Now after the death of Stolypin, in the same group of zemstvo vowels and members of the State Duma from the nationalist party, the idea arose of erecting a monument to him in Kiev. The stay in Kiev of the Sovereign Emperor and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Kokovtsev was used, and the All-Russian collection of donations already on September 7 in the morning was followed by the Highest assent. Donations poured in so abundantly that in three days a sum was collected in Kiev alone that could cover the cost of the monument. The location of the monument was chosen in the area near the City Duma, on Khreshchatyk, and its execution was entrusted to the Italian sculptor Ximenes, who was in Kiev. In 1912, exactly one year after the death of P.A., the monument was unveiled in a solemn atmosphere, among his admirers who had come from all over Russia. Stolypin was depicted as if speaking from the Duma pulpit, the words he said, which became prophetic, are carved on the stone: "You need great upheavals - we need Great Russia." The Bolsheviks could not bear the sight of the monument and they destroyed it. " (A. Girs, "Death of Stolypin. From the memoirs of the former Kiev Governor." January 18, 1927 Paris) The murderer of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin turned out to be the assistant to the attorney at law Dmitry Bogrov, the son of a wealthy Kiev homeowner. According to the materials of the investigation, the name of the offender is Mordko Gershovich Bogrov, of the Jewish faith. This circumstance became the reason for the agitated moods that arose in Kiev both among the right-wing and nationalists, and among the Jews who were expecting pogroms. In the course of the investigation, it turned out that the detained attacker was the same agent of the Kiev security department who had warned about the attempts that were being prepared during the Kiev celebrations. Even in his student years, Bogrov was involved in revolutionary activities, was arrested several times, but was quickly released. At the height of the revolutionary unrest in Kiev, he was a member of the revolutionary council of student representatives and at the same time carried out agent work. According to the testimony of the head of the security department, Lieutenant Colonel Kulyabko, Bogrov betrayed many political criminals, prevented terrorist acts and thus earned his trust. This was the official reason that, in violation of the existing instructions, he was given a ticket to the parade performance to prevent a possible assassination attempt. The history of this extremely complex case still has a lot of ambiguities. No political party claimed responsibility for this murder, although most researchers were inclined to believe that Bogrov acted on behalf of the socialist revolutionaries. The most widespread version is as follows: after being exposed by the revolutionaries, the secret police agent was forced to kill the head of government. One of the versions of the murder suggested a Masonic trace. Bogrov was executed. The haste of his trial and his speedy execution gave rise to a mass of natural suspicions that have not been dispelled to this day. It is curious that the cousin of Dmitry Bogrov, who is hiding behind many pseudonyms, Sergey (Veniamin) Evseevich Bogrov, better known as Nikolai Valentinov, was familiar with Lenin. Quite generous in his literary biographies S. Bogrov - N. Valentinov did not utter a word about such a remarkable kinship, although from various sources it follows that his influence on Dmitry Bogrov when they lived together in a St. Petersburg apartment was quite large. It is also interesting that Lenin, who came to power in 1918, personally helps Dmitry Bogrov's relative, Valentina Lvovna Bogrova, and Bogrov's brother, Vladimir, to leave Russia for Germany, and then endures Bogrov-Valentinov in his government in the diplomatic service, despite the former him a disagreement, about which the latter wrote in detail in his "Meetings with Lenin", widely known in Russia. (based on materials from the P.A.Stolypin Saratov Cultural Center) Stolypin tried to maintain a healthy lifestyle. He did not smoke, drank alcohol only in exceptional cases, did not like playing cards, considering this occupation empty and even harmful, which often put his colleagues and subordinates in a difficult position. "Tall, personable, superbly well-mannered, well-educated, spoke loudly, convincingly. Great nobility exuded from his words and deeds, which even attracted his political opponents to him. When necessary, he acted decisively ... He was an exemplary family man. cordial, cheerful and witty, when he was not preoccupied with something; he was the model of all male virtues. Strict towards himself and condescending to the mistakes of his subordinates. He was not ambitious, and everything ignoble and unclean was disgusting to his high soul. " (Prince A. V. Obolensky, "My Memories and Reflections")“As a man, PA Stolypin was distinguished by his straightforwardness, sincerity and selfless devotion to the Tsar and Russia. He was alien to pride and arrogance due to the extremely rare qualities of his balanced nature. He always treated other people's opinions with respect and understanding. hypotheses, he shunned intrigue and intriguing. According to his political views, PA Stolypin did not depend on any party pressures and claims. Firmness, persistence, resourcefulness and high patriotism were inherent in his honest open nature. Stolypin especially did not tolerate lies, theft , bribery and self-interest and persecuted them mercilessly; in this respect, he was an ardent supporter of senatorial revisions. " (PA Stolypin. Obituary, published in the newspaper "Novoye Vremya" September 6, 1911)"There is never a void behind his words" (AF Kerensky) The assessment of the activities of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, given by both his contemporaries and historians, has never been unambiguous: according to some, Stolypin was a talented time program of reforms, but also striving for their implementation by the most "soft means", according to others, Stolypin - "a strangler and a hangman", "a conductor of a policy that went down in history under the name of Stolypin reaction." Pyotr Arkadievich Stolypin was married to the daughter of the honorary guardian Olga Borisovna Neidgart (some sources indicate the surname Neigardt; great-granddaughter of A.V. Suvorov). Had five daughters and a son. Maria Petrovna- eldest daughter; was born in 1885 in St. Petersburg (the rest of the children were born on the Stolypin family estate Kolnoberzhe near Kovno); married a naval officer from the Baltic states Boris Bok; after long journeys to Germany, Japan, Poland, Austria, at the end of the 40s, the Bock family moved to America, where Maria Petrovna died in San Francisco at the age of 100. Natalia Petrovna was born in 1889; August 12, 1906, at the time of the assassination attempt on her father, who was prime minister, was in his residence; as a result of the terrorist attack, Natalya's legs were disfigured and she was permanently disabled; became the maid of honor of the empress; in 1915, together with her sister Olga, she fled to the front, but the fugitives were arrested and returned to their parental home; married Prince Yuri Volkonsky, who disappeared after a series of unsuccessful financial transactions in 1921; moved to France, where in the fall of 1949 she died of cancer. Elena Petrovna; married Prince Vladimir Shcherbatov; during the revolution, she left with her children, mother, brother Arkady and sisters Olga and Alexandra to the Shcherbatov estate in Ukraine; in 1920 the estate was occupied by the Reds, Elena managed to catch the last Red Cross train to Warsaw; in 1923 she married Prince Vadim Volkonsky; she lived in the luxurious palace of the Stroganovs in Rome, inherited from the Shcherbatovs, was engaged in the upbringing of her younger brother Arkady; the risky investment of Volkonsky's capital led to the ruin of the family; Elena Petrovna died in 1985 in France. Olga Petrovna was born in 1897 (?); in 1915, together with her sister Natalya, she fled to the front, but the fugitives were arrested and returned to their parental home; lived with her mother, brother Arkady and sisters Elena and Alexandra in the Shcherbatov estate in Ukraine; in 1920, the Reds who occupied the estate beat 23-year-old Olga to a pulp. Alexandra Petrovna was born in 1898 (?); in 1920, during the massacre of the Reds over the Shcherbatovs, she was on their estate in Ukraine, looking after her dying sister Olga; in 1921 in Berlin she married Count Keiselring; the young family moved to Latvia, but after the confiscation of all property from the Keiselringes, they emigrated to France, then to Switzerland; Alexandra Petrovna died in 1987. Arkady Petrovich born on August 2, 1903; August 12, 1906, at the time of the assassination attempt on his father, who was the prime minister, was in his residence; as a result of the terrorist attack he was wounded; in 1920, observation helped him and his mother escape during a round-up of the Chekists in the Shcherbatovs' estate (they hid in a ditch all night and escaped execution); for some time he lived in the family of his sister Elena in Italy, then in France, where he spent most of his life; in 1924 he entered the military school Saint-Cyr, but for health reasons he had to leave the army; engaged in self-education; in 1930 he married the daughter of the former French ambassador to St. Petersburg; in 1935 he joined the STC solidarity movement, the goal of which was to replace the communist idea of class struggle with the idea of solidarity and moral responsibility of man; in 1937 he became a member of the NTS executive bureau; in 1941 he was elected chairman of the NTS in France; in 1944 he was arrested by the Germans, but released; in 1949 he became an employee of France-Presse; actively supported dissidents, remained a monarchist; did not accept French citizenship; died Arkady Petrovich in Paris in 1990. (Ekaterina Rybas, "The Children of the Leaders Carry Their Cross")
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Sources of information: Site dedicated to Pyotr Arkadievich Stolypin. Materials provided by the P.A. Stolypin A. Stolypin, "PA Stolypin, 1862-1911". Paris, 1927, A. Girs, "Death of Stolypin. From the memoirs of the former Kiev Governor." January 18, 1927 Paris. Stolypin, "We need a great Russia ...". Complete collection of speeches in the State Duma and the State Council. 1906-1911. Moscow, "Young Guard" 1991. "PA Stolypin. Obituary". Published in the newspaper Novoye Vremya on September 6, 1911. Ekaterina Rybas, "The Children of Leaders Carry Their Cross. Children of Pyotr Arkadievich Stolypin" Russian Biographical Dictionary "
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Peter Arkadevich Stolypin(2 (14) April 1862, Dresden, Saxony - 5 (18) September 1911, Kiev) - statesman of the Russian Empire. Over the years, he held the posts of the district marshal of the nobility in Kovno, the governor of Grodno, the Saratov governor, the minister of internal affairs, and the prime minister. He is known as an orator, reformer, a man who suppressed the revolution of 1905-1907. In 1906, the emperor offered Stolypin the post of Minister of Internal Affairs. Soon, together with the State Duma of the first convocation, the government was also dissolved. Stolypin was appointed the new prime minister. In the new position, which he held until his death, Stolypin passed a number of bills that went down in history as the Stolypin agrarian reform, the main content of which was the introduction of private peasant land ownership. The government's law on courts-martial has increased the punishment for serious crimes. Subsequently, Stolypin was sharply criticized for the harshness of the measures being taken. Among Stolypin's other measures as prime minister, the introduction of the zemstvo in the western provinces, the limitation of the autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Finland, the change in electoral legislation and the dissolution of the Second Duma, which put an end to the revolution of 1905-1907, are of particular importance. During his speeches before the deputies of the State Duma, Stolypin's oratorical talent manifested itself. His phrases "Do not intimidate!" and "They need great shocks, we need a great Russia" became winged. Of the personal traits of character, his contemporaries especially stood out for his fearlessness. 11 assassination attempts were planned and committed on Stolypin. During the last one committed by Bogrov in Kiev, Stolypin was mortally wounded, from which he died a few days later. BiographyFather - Arkady Dmitrievich, ataman of the Ural Cossack army, who later reached the highest general rank. Mother - Natalya Mikhailovna, nee Princess Gorchakova. 1862-1874
Pyotr Arkadyevich spent his childhood in the Serednikovo estate in the Moscow region, the Kolnoberzhe estate of the Kovno province, the family also traveled to Switzerland. He received a good education at home. When it was time for the children to study, their father bought a house in Vilno. 1874
P.A. Stolypin was enrolled in the second grade of the Vilna gymnasium, where he studied until grade 6. 1879
Transferred to the Oryol classical gymnasium, at the request of his father. 1881-1885
P.A. Stolypin studied at St. Petersburg University. His penchant for the exact sciences was revealed even in the gymnasium. Upon graduation, he received a diploma on awarding the degree of candidate of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Pyotr Stolypin married early, while still a student in 1884. Olga Borisovna Neidgardt, A.V.'s great-great-granddaughter, became his wife. Suvorova, daughter of the chief of the chamberlain, the actual privy councilor B.A. Neidgardt, maid of honor of Empress Maria Feodorovna. Olga was the fiancee of Mikhail Stolypin, who was killed in a duel in 1882. The young people were brought together by a common misfortune. Pyotr Arkadievich shot himself with the murderer of his brother Prince Shakhovsky and was seriously wounded in the arm. There is, however, another version, which was told, in particular, by S.N. Syromyatnikov, who knew P.A. Stolypin in the service. His hand began to dry out in his gymnasium years. P.A. Stolypin was received by D.I. Mendeleev, he became so interested, listening to the brilliant answers of the student, that he began to ask him questions that were not included in the curriculum. “My father, who studied and read on natural subjects with passion, answered everything in such a way that the exam began to turn into something like a scholarly debate, when the professor suddenly stopped grabbing his head and said:“ My God, what am I? Well, pretty, five, five, great. " 1886-1889
Service in the Ministry of State Property with the rank of collegiate secretary, January 13, 1st in the old style, 1888 received the first court rank (chamber-junker). 1889
March 31 Appointed, at his own request, the leader of the nobility of the Kovno district and the chairman of the Kovno congress of world mediators, and then the provincial leader of the nobility. 1902
, June 12 Appointment of the correcting governor of Grodno, the beginning of a career as an administrator of large territories. At the first meeting of the Grodno committee, he presented a program for the economic reorganization of the province. The important points of which were: land reclamation, credit for agriculture and social insurance. Trade schools were opened under him. 1903
, February 28 (15th according to Art. Art.) Appointment of the Saratov governor; March 21 (8th according to Art.) P.A. Stolypin to Emperor Nicholas II. Saratov province was prosperous, but at the same time the most difficult. The frequent change of governors did not solve the problems of land disputes, then peasant unrest and worker discontent. The new governor immediately set about improving the city. Started asphalting, repairs and gas lighting of streets, modernization of the telephone network, construction of water pipelines, hospitals and educational institutions. P.A. Stolypin reorganized the government of the province, getting rid of corrupt officials. Summer 1905 Saratov province became one of the main centers of the peasant movement. With the Cossacks, he traveled around the revolting villages, personally persuading the peasants to calm down, threatening Siberia and hard labor. Amateur peasant organizations were resolutely dispersed, the ringleaders were searched and arrested. For the suppression of the peasant movement in the Samara province, P.A. Stolypin was awarded the highest gratitude of Nicholas II. July 31, 18 according to Art. Art. - the first attempt on Stolypin's life (3 shots). In Saratov, the political and economic views of P.A. Stolypin and the program of his first reforms. April 1906 Mr. P.A. Stolypin, received a telegram from the Chairman of the Council of Ministers I. L. Goremykin with an order to immediately leave for St. Petersburg. May 9, April 26, old style 1906 P.A. Stolypin became Minister of Internal Affairs. From that time until the end, Stolypin attended weekly reports with the emperor. Head of government for changePyotr Arkadievich Stolypin belonged to a noble noble family. The future reformer at the university was going to become a chemist. However, in 1899 he was appointed the provincial marshal of the nobility in Kovno. Stolypin, 39, turned out to be the youngest governor in Russia. During the 1905 revolution, Saratov governor Stolypin suppressed peasant unrest, using harsh measures, including executions. On April 26, 1906, Stolypin became Minister of the Interior.
While still the governor of Saratov, Stolypin proposed an agrarian reform in Russia, which would make it possible to make strong masters of the peasants. The importance of the issue was also understood by some officials, for example Witte. The peasants were 75% of the population, the future of Russia depended on their position. 21 July, 8th according to the old style 1906 after the resignation of S.Yu. Witte and the dissolution of the I State Duma P.A. Stolypin took over as chairman of the Council of Ministers. He set about suppressing unrest throughout the empire. P.A. From the very beginning of his tenure as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Stolypin was aware of the need for reforms and the inevitability of grave consequences for those who take responsibility for their implementation. No wonder he wrote in his will: "Bury me where they kill me." In two years, 4,000 estates were burned down and 17,000 protests were suppressed. The most dangerous for the authorities terrorist party of socialist-revolutionaries, acting under the slogan "Land for the peasants", had a social base in the countryside among the peasants, the overwhelming majority of whom were poor. 12th old style 1906
Socialist-Revolutionary maximalists made an unsuccessful attempt on Stolypin's life. Two suicide bombers in gendarmerie uniforms detonated two bombs during office hours at the ministerial dacha on Aptekarsky Island. Stolypin himself remained unharmed. However, his children were seriously injured: 14-year-old daughter Natalya had crushed leg bones, so she could not walk for several years, and 3-year-old son Arkady was wounded in the head. A total of 33 people died (27 instantly, 6 died of wounds), 32 were injured. September 1, August 19, old style on the initiative of P.A. Stolypin approved the provision on military-field courts, which passed sentences in cases of terrorism within 2 days, and carried them out within 24 hours. From August 1906 to April 1907, 1,100 people were executed. According to the verdict of the military-field courts, the hanging was given to the deputy of the Duma F.I. Rodichev's reason to call the noose "Stolypin's tie." Too harsh and incorrigible sentences gave rise to many personal accounts of the government among people far from politics (the most striking example is V.I.Chapaev, who did not forgive the noble estate for the death of his elder brother) When the unrest began to subside, Stolypin put forward his main project - peasant reform. He envisioned the creation of a class of prosperous peasant landlords on whom the government could rely. On the initiative of the head of government, the emperor issued a decree of October 18, 5th according to the old style, 1906, on peasant liberties. He equalized the rights of the peasants with the rest of the population. The peasants received freedom of movement, the right to obtain a passport, admission to educational institutions and government service, prosperous peasants with a large amount of land could now participate in zemstvo elections. Decree from November 22, 9th according to the old style of the same year pursued the goal of disbanding the community and the transition of those who wish to separate bran and farm households. During the Stolypin reforms from 1907 to 1915, 3 million owners left the community, 1.6 million farms and cuts were formed. The head of government, who had a reputation as a "rightist", defended the existence of the Duma as a legislative body and spoke 19 march On the 6th, according to the old style, 1907, before the Duma members with a rather radical program: it was proposed to make primary education universal, to adopt laws on the inviolability of the person and home, and to introduce a system of social insurance. The Duma left the declaration unanswered. Stolypin considered the establishment of peace to be the most important condition for carrying out reforms. In 1907 the government managed to establish allies with recent adversaries - Japan and Great Britain. 29th of November On the 16th, according to the old style, Stolypin spoke to the Third State Duma with a program of reforms, linking their beginning with the adoption by the Duma of laws on peasant reform. The Duma also adopted for discussion the law on universal primary education, the introduction of which began in the localities in 1910. V 1908
Stolypin succeeded in obtaining from the Duma appropriations for the construction of the Amur railway, which connected Siberia and Vladivostok with a route passing through the territory of Russia. The railway was commissioned in 1916, which completed the construction of the Great Transsib. Summer 1908 the government allocated land for the peasants-migrants in Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, the resettlement of those wishing to the East began. Political struggle and new ideas of the head of government in 1911Stolypin spent a significant part of his forces on the internal political struggle. The critical moment has arrived 18th of March, 5th Old Style 1911, when Stolypin resigned. Considered his draft law on the introduction of zemstvos in the western provinces. The head of government proposed electing zemstvo officials on the territory of modern Poland and Belarus without class restrictions for different curiae, separating the Polish voters from the Russians, Belarusians, and Lithuanians. This was done to increase the influence of the peasant landlords and limit the power of the Polish landowners. The problem of the Western Territory was known to Stolypin from his work there in his youth. In the evening 14 september On the 1st, according to the old style, the royal court and members of the government gathered in the Kiev City Theater. There was an opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Tale of Tsar Saltan". In the second intermission (before which the famous "Flight of the Bumblebee" sounded) Stolypin got up from his seat, leaned against the fence of the orchestra pit and talked with the Minister of War Sukhomlinov. Suddenly, an unknown young man approached him and fired point-blank from a Browning. Stolypin, wounded in the chest, stepped to his chair, sank into it and lost consciousness. The shooter, Socialist-Revolutionary Dmitry (Mordekai) Grigorievich Bogrov, froze in a daze. Everything happened in front of the king and his daughters. There were still a lot of people in the hall, everyone froze and waited for what would happen next. The terrorist was the first to come to his senses - he rushed to run, but on the way out he was captured by officers from the public, disarmed and severely beaten by the crowd. When Bogrov and Stolypin were taken out of the hall, the audience sang "God Save the Tsar." They sang with enthusiasm, because they considered it a miracle that in the presence of the first person of the state, the criminal shot in the second person. The head of the Council of Ministers soon woke up and said that now he was doomed. Doctors did not share this point of view - the injury was considered moderate - according to the official bulletins, the bullet did not touch any vital organ. For some unknown reason, the medical workers decided not to remove the bullet, which led to blood poisoning, from which the first minister died 4 days later. Before his death, he asked to give him papers unknown to those around him for signature. The Kiev press, already on the third day after the assassination attempt, during Stolypin's lifetime, exposed an agent of the Security Department in Bogrov. Suspicious facts regarding Stolypin's death- Even for the officer who took up the post under patronage, the head of the Kiev security department N.N. Kulyabko acted too unprofessional: he allowed the appearance of his agent, provocateur D.G. Bogrova, in the theater, where the top officials of the state were. Bogrov promised to show him in the theater terrorists plotting against the tsar and Stolypin, Kulyabko trusted him and did not even search him.
- The emperor did not visit the dying Stolypin in the hospital, dissuaded from more important matters, and did not attend his funeral.
- At the trial, Bogrov behaved very confidently, as if he was convinced that he would be saved.
- The terrorist was hanged very quickly, already on September 24th, the 11th old style.
- Only one official paid for the incident (the head of the Kiev security department Kulyabko), all the others were not punished at all.
- The new head of government, V.N. Kokovtsov, reported to the tsar that there was more to the Stolypin murder case than just a stupid oversight of the Security Department, and asked for a more thorough investigation. This demand remained unanswered.
Stolypin's work on the future political structure of Russia, written in recent days, containing ideas for new reforms, disappeared without a trace after his death.
150 years ago, on April 15, 1862 (April 3, O.S.), Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (1862-1911), Russian statesman, minister of the interior and chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (1906-1911), was born.
Peter Arkadievich Stolypin was born on April 15 (according to other sources April 14) 1862 in Dresden (Germany).
Father, Arkady Dmitrievich, was a participant in the defense of Sevastopol, during the Russian-Turkish war he was the governor-general of Eastern Rumelia in Bulgaria, later commanded the grenadier corps in Moscow, then was the commandant of the Kremlin Palace. Mother, Natalya Mikhailovna, nee Princess Gorchakova. Pyotr Stolypin spent his childhood first in the estate of Srednikovo in the Moscow province, then in the estate of Kolnoberzhe in the Kovno province (Lithuania). In 1874 he was enrolled in the second grade of the Vilna gymnasium, where he studied until the sixth grade. He received further education at the Oryol male gymnasium, since in 1879 the Stolypin family moved to Oryol - at the place of service of his father, who served as the commander of an army corps.
In the summer of 1881, after graduating from the Oryol gymnasium, Pyotr Stolypin left for St. Petersburg, where he entered the natural sciences department of the physics and mathematics faculty of St. Petersburg Imperial University.
In 1884 he began serving in the Ministry of the Interior.
In 1885 he graduated from the university and received a diploma on the award of the degree of candidate of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty.
In 1886, Stolypin was enlisted to serve in the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry of the Ministry of State Property.
In 1889, he was first appointed as a district leader, and in 1899 as a provincial leader of the nobility in Kovno. In 1890 he was promoted to honorary magistrate. Stolypin initiated the creation of the Kovno Agricultural Society. At his suggestion, a "People's House" was built in Kovno, which included an overnight section and a tea house for the general population.
In 1902 he took over as governor of Grodno. Here Stolypin defended the idea of creating farms on the German model; on his initiative, trade, Jewish and women's parish schools were opened in Grodno.
In February 1903, Pyotr Stolypin was appointed governor of one of the most troubled provinces - Saratov. In 1905, Saratov province became one of the main centers of the peasant movement, which was decisively suppressed by Stolypin.
Under Stolypin in Saratov, the ceremonial laying of the Mariinsky women's gymnasium and an overnight house took place, new educational institutions and hospitals were built, the asphalting of Saratov streets, the construction of a water supply system, gas lighting, and the modernization of the telephone network began.
In April 1906, Pyotr Stolypin was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs, in July 1906, after the dissolution of the 1st State Duma, he became the head of the Council of Ministers of Russia, retaining the post of Minister of Internal Affairs.
In August 1906, an attempt was made on Pyotr Stolypin's life (in total, 11 attempts were made on Stolypin's life). Soon a decree was adopted in Russia on the introduction of military courts (after that, the gallows was called "Stolypin's tie").
In January 1907, Stolypin was included in the State Council.
On June 3, 1907, the 2nd State Duma was dissolved and changes were made to the electoral law, which allowed the Stolypin government to begin reforms, the main of which was the agrarian one.
In January 1908, Stolypin was promoted to the rank of state secretary.
Stolypin went down in history as a reformer. He proclaimed a course of socio-political reforms, which included a broad agrarian reform (later called "Stolypin"), the main content of which was the introduction of private peasant land ownership. Under his leadership, a number of major bills were developed, including on the reform of local self-government, the introduction of universal primary education, and on religious tolerance.
The reforms carried out by him allowed Russia on the eve of the First World War to take the fifth place in the world in terms of economic growth in a short time, create a favorable investment and tax climate for industry and entrepreneurship.
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was awarded with a number of Russian awards: the Orders of the White Eagle, Anna 1st degree, Vladimir 3rd degree, as well as foreign orders: Iskander - Salis (Bukhara), Serafimov (Sweden), St. Olaf (Norway); Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Mauritius and Lazarus (Italy); Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle (Serbia); Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (Great Britain); the Order of the Prussian Crown, etc.
He was an Honorary Citizen of Yekaterinburg (1911).
Pyotr Stolypin was married to Olga Neidgardt (1859-1944), daughter of the Chief Hoffmeister, the actual privy councilor of Boris Neidgardt. They had five daughters and a son.
On September 14 (1 old style), 1911, at the Kiev Opera House, in the presence of Tsar Nicholas II, another assassination attempt was made on Stolypin. Dmitry Bogrov (a double agent who worked simultaneously for the Social Revolutionaries and the police) fired at him twice from a revolver. Four days later, on 18 (5 according to the old style) September 1911, Pyotr Stolypin died.
He was buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. A year later, on September 6, 1912, in Kiev, on the square near the City Duma, on Khreshchatyk, a monument was erected, erected with public donations. The author of the monument was the Italian sculptor Ettore Ximenez. Stolypin was depicted as if speaking from the Duma pulpit, the words he said, which became prophetic, were carved on the stone: "You need great upheavals - we need Great Russia." The monument was demolished in March 1917.
The tombstone from Stolypin's grave in the early 1960s was removed and preserved for many years in the bell tower in the Far Caves. The grave site was asphalted. In 1989, with the assistance of the People's Artist of the USSR Ilya Glazunov, the tombstone was restored in its original place.
Upholstered in red velvet, armchair number 17 of the second row of the stalls of the Kiev City Theater, near which Stolypin was killed, is currently in the Museum of the History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Kiev.
In 1997, the "Stolypin Cultural Center" was opened in Saratov, in 2002 on the square not far from the Saratov Regional Duma
Pyotr Stolypin was born on April 1 (14), 1862 in Dresden. As a high school student, he stood out for his curiosity, strong character and fairness.
In 1881 he graduated from high school and left for St. Petersburg, where he entered the natural department of physics and mathematics. DI Mendeleev was one of his teachers. He highly appreciated the abilities of the young man and gave him “excellent” in the chemistry exam. Start of activity
Getting acquainted with the short biography of Stolypin Petr Arkadievich ,
one cannot help but be surprised at the swiftness of his career.
In 1884, while continuing his studies, he entered the service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. A year later he was promoted to collegiate secretary. A year later, Stolypin became assistant to the head of the Department of Agricultural Industry and Agriculture.
In 1888 he was promoted to chamber-cadet. In the autumn of the same year, he was promoted to titular advisor. In March 1889 he was promoted to marshal of the nobility.
Service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs
The beginning of the activities of Peter Arkadievich coincided with the beginning of the work of the State Duma. It was mainly represented by liberals who constantly oppose the authorities. Stolypin's relations with the deputies were complicated. Every time they tried to disrupt his performances. Stolypin was helped only by the fact that he was a wonderful orator.
Stolypin immediately reacted to revolutionary inclinations. He believed that order in Russia should be protected "justly and firmly."
After the dissolution of the Duma and the government of I. L. Goremykin, Petr Arkadievich became the new prime minister.
Agrarian reform
The beginning of the reform of the "peasant question" was preceded by the November decree of 1906. A wide range of measures was proclaimed to destroy the collective land tenure of an agricultural society and create a peasant class. The peasants were the full owners of the land, according to this decree.
The decree stated that the one who owns the land on the basis of communal law may at any time demand that certain plots of it be secured as personal property.
The assessment of this Stolypin reform is difficult due to the fact that it was not fully implemented.
Foreign policy
With regard to foreign states, Stolypin tried to adhere to a policy of non-interference. The exception was the Bosnian crisis, which threatens to escalate into a war with the Balkan countries, the Republic of Ingushetia, the German and Austro-Hungarian empires.
Pyotr Arkadievich believed that Russia should not interfere because of its unpreparedness for military action. The result of the crisis was the moral defeat of the Republic of Ingushetia. After that, at the insistence of the Prime Minister, the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, A. P. Izvolsky, was dismissed from his post. Kiev attempt and death
In the summer of 1911, Stolypin, together with Nicholas II, arrived in Kiev. After the unveiling of the monument to Alexander II, the emperor and the prime minister went to the city's opera house.
The attempt on the life of Pyotr Arkadievich was carried out by secret informant D. Bogrov. During the second intermission, he went up to Stolypin and shot him twice.
The wound was fatal. Pyotr Arkadyevich passed away on September 5, 1911. On September 9, the body of the Prime Minister was buried with honors in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
Other biography options
- Stolypin prophetically predicted his death. Shortly before his death, he said that he would soon be killed, and members of his guard would be killed.
- The personality of the prime minister was admired by Kaiser Wilhelm II. On June 4, 1909, Stolypin warned him about the inadmissibility of war between their countries. The Kaiser admitted that he was right when he was already in exile.
- In total, 11 attempts were made on Stolypin.
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Peter Stolypin became the youngest Prime Minister of the Russian Empire. The last major transformations in the country are associated with his name. Among them are the agrarian reform, the development of Siberia and the settlement of the eastern part of the country. Throughout his years in the civil service, Stolypin fought against separatism and the revolutionary movement. Stolypin's brilliant careerPyotr Stolypin was born into a noble family in Germany. His father was a military man, so the family had to move frequently. The boy spent his early childhood in the Serednikovo estate in the Moscow province, then the family moved to a small estate in Lithuania. Petr Stolypin received his primary education at home, at the age of 12 he entered the second grade of the Vilna gymnasium. Here he studied for five years, until in 1879 his father was transferred to Oryol. The young man entered the seventh grade of the Oryol male gymnasium. After graduating from high school in 1881, Pyotr Stolypin, contrary to the noble tradition, chose not military service, but entered the physics and mathematics department of St. Petersburg University. The young man studied diligently, therefore, upon completion of his studies, the Council of St. Petersburg University approved him as a "candidate of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics." In addition, Stolypin received the rank of collegiate secretary, which corresponded to the X grade in the Table of Ranks, although usually graduates graduated from the university in the XIV grade and very rarely in the XII grade. While still a student, Pyotr Stolypin joined the Ministry of Internal Affairs. But the young official was more interested in agriculture and land management of the Russian Empire, so in 1886, at Stolypin's request, he was transferred to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry of the Ministry of State Property. Two years later, he received the title of chamber-junker of the Court of His Imperial Majesty, which corresponded to the V class according to the Table of Ranks. Thus, in just three years, Stolypin rose by five ranks on the Table - an unprecedented achievement in such a short period. Pyotr Stolypin. Photo: khazin.ru 
Pyotr Stolypin. Photo: m1r.su In 1889, Stolypin returned to serve in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. First, he was appointed the Kovno district marshal of the nobility and Chairman of the Kovno congress of world mediators, and in 1899 - the Kovno provincial leader of the nobility. In total, Stolypin spent 13 years in the service of the Lithuanian Kovno - from 1889 to 1902. He paid special attention to agriculture: he studied advanced technologies, bought new varieties of grain crops, and bred pedigree trotters. The productivity of peasant farms increased, and they themselves became better off. The state celebrated Stolypin's work with new ranks and awards. He received more and more titles, titles and orders, and in 1901 he became a state councilor. A year later, the Minister of Internal Affairs Vyacheslav von Plehve appointed Stolypin as governor of Grodno. First of all, Pyotr Stolypin liquidated the insurgent societies in the province. Then he began to develop farming: he bought modern agricultural tools and artificial fertilizers. The governor paid attention to the education of the peasants: he opened vocational schools and special women's gymnasiums. Many noble landowners condemned his reforms and believed that "Education should be available to the wealthy classes, but not to the masses ..."... To which Stolypin replied: "Education of the people, correctly and reasonably organized, will never lead to anarchy". Soon Stolypin was appointed governor of the Saratov province. When he took office, the first revolution swept the country. Saratov province turned out to be one of the most radical-minded: here was one of the centers of the revolutionary underground. Workers' strikes began in the cities, and peasant riots in the villages. The governor personally calmed the protesters and spoke to crowds of rioters. The revolutionaries began to persecute him.
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