Order of the Grand Palace. Order of the Big Parish. The Order of the Grand Treasury The Order of the Grand Palace is a state institution in charge of the "sovereign" (palace) lands. This, in particular, received income from these lands, including customs duties.
An order was given to some - to the west, and to others - another order ... After that we all together went home to Alexander Fedorovich, surprising the long-liver with the purpose of our journey. - And I would love to fly with you, but only I have an idea
the author Smolich Igor Kornilevich
7. The Order of the Grand Palace and the Monastic Order Based on the Code of 1649, a new institution was created, the so-called Monastic Order, which in reality did not have much importance in deciding the question of monastic possessions, and in fact it did not
Libmonster ID: RU-9788
Pushkarsky order in the Moscow state in the 17th century. was the main artillery and military engineering department. We say "the main one", since part of the concern for artillery was shared with him by the Discharge and some regional orders, for example, the Novgorod and Ustyug quarters (orders), the Kazan Palace, the Siberian order 1.
The roots of the Pushkar Order go back to that unknown to us artillery administration, which should have appeared in the Moscow Grand Duchy simultaneously with the adoption of "fiery shooting" and "armature". The latter appeared with us at the end of the XIV century, according to the news of the chronicle of the Golitsyn list, in 1389 2. According to the annals of other lists, Muscovites had "cannons" and "mattresses" in 1382, when repelling the next invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tokhtamysh 3.
If NE Brandenburg was inclined to consider the "cannons" of that time as throwing weapons, then the "mattresses" were already, no doubt, firearms 4.
In the XV century. Russian artillery continued to develop, and we meet cannons not only at the Moscow Grand Duke 5, but also at the Galician 6, in Pskov 7, in Novgorod.
Preserved indications of the existence of "artillery control" and foundry and cannon business in the 70s reptiles of the 15th century. The chronicles have preserved news about foreign masters who were engaged in cannon business, mainly Italians, who were ordered by the Moscow government in the period 1475-1505. There is an indication of the existence of a "cannon hut" in 1488 8.
A number of documents contain information about Russian cannon masters of the late 15th century: about "Yakov" and his students "Vanya and Vasyuk", about a certain "Fedka the cannon" 9.
In the collection of the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army in Leningrad, along with the most ancient iron tools, the pishchal of 1492 (1485), made by the aforementioned master Yakov, is also kept - the oldest monument of the Russian foundry cannon production.
In the XVI century. artillery occupies a very prominent place in the military affairs of the Moscow state. We have received information about the existence in the XVI century. cannon and gunpowder factories, about craftsmen, gunners, beepers, tools. The most monuments of foundry art have also survived 10. "Gunners" and "beepers" constituted a definite and, apparently, the first permanent military unit in time 11.
In 1510 the Moscow government, having subjugated Pskov, left there 500 writers 12, and in 1545 freed them and gunners from the powder tax: in the service of the sovereign "13.
This decision testifies to the fact that the artillery, "cannon" service by the middle of the XVI century. was considered state ("sovereign") and, undoubtedly, was regulated by the appropriate institution, which was in charge of personnel, and "dress" and "potion", and master-specialists.
From the testimony of 14 contemporaries, Russians and foreigners, we get very valuable
1 G. Kotoshikhin "Russia in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich". Ch. Vii. "About orders". 3rd ed. SPB. 1884; Bogoyavlensky S. "On the Pushkarsky Prikaz". "Collection of articles in honor of M. K. Lyubavsky", p. 364, ate. Ptrgr. 1917.
2 Karamzin N. "History of the Russian State". T. V, p. 119. St. Petersburg. 1817.
3 Complete collection of Russian chronicles (PSRL). T. XI, p. 75; vol. XX, part 1, p. 203; vol. XXIV, p. 151.
4 N. Brandenburg "Historical catalog of the St. Petersburg Artillery Museum". Part 1, p. 45. St. Petersburg. 1877.
5 PSRL. T. XII, p. 76.1451.
6 Ibid., P. 75.1450.
7 Ibid. T. XII. p. 140. 1471; vol. IV, p. 224.1463.
8 Ibid. T. XII. 1475 - 1505.
9 Lebedyanskaya A. "Sketches from the history of cannon production in Moscow Russia. Ornamented and signed guns of the late 15th - first half of the 16th centuries". "Collection of research and materials of the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army". T. I, p. 62, ate. M. and L. 1940.
10 Brandenburg N. Decree. op. Part 1; Strukov D. "Guide to the Artillery Historical Museum". SPB. 1912.
11 Obruchev N. "Review of manuscript and printed monuments dating back to the history of military art in Russia up to 1725", pp. 15 - 16. St. Petersburg. 1853.
12 PSRL. Vol. IV, p. 288.
13 "Acts of the Archaeographic Expedition". T. I. N 205, p. 184.
14 PSRL. T. XIII, XIX and others, especially the Kazan campaign and the Livonian wars of Grozny: Kurbsky A. "The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow". Op. T. I. St. Petersburg. 1914; Herberstein, Heydenstein, Fletcher, etc.
news about the state of artillery work in Russia in the 16th century. In the Artillery Historical Museum there are wonderful weapons made in our country by Russian and foreign craftsmen 1.
All this required a certain organization. We have traces of such an organization of "Cannon Prikaz", the predecessor of "Pushkarsky", since the 70s of the 16th century. Let's dwell on a few of them, the earliest. In the list of "boyars, okolnichy and noblemen who serve from the selection of 85" (7085, that is, in 1577), two names of senior officials of the order are named: "In the cannon order, Prince Semyon Korkodinov, Fyodor Luchko Molvyaninov" 2, - both are marked: "with the emperor" (in the campaign).
The second piece of news dates back to 1581-1582. "The story of the passage of the Lithuanian king Stepan (Stefan Batory) to the great and glorious city of Pskov" 3 tells us the name of "the clerk of the Cannon Order Terenty Likhachev", who was at the military council.
The third piece of news dates back to 1582 and contains the most valuable information about the nitrate business, which was in charge of the "cannon order". By a letter of October 29, 1582, Grozny allowed the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery to install saltpeter pot casings and ordered to send all the boiled saltpeter to the "cannon order" 4.
Finally, in the "Expenditure book" of the state court for 1584 - 1585. 5 mentions the names of clerks, Moscow gunners, blacksmiths, green craftsmen and a carpenter who served in the "cannon order". From the "memoirs" - service notes - it is clear that gunners and "artisans" received the usual annual salary - "cloth".
Mentions in the "Expense book" about "memories" with the names of employees of the "cannon order" are evidence of the existence of the order archive, which was formed from its pending correspondence with various institutions and persons. Unfortunately, almost nothing has reached us from the archive of the "cannon order". He was in the Kremlin, in "the same building with other orders, and was exposed to fires and all other hardships of wartime. In 1571, the Kremlin was badly damaged during the last invasion of the Tatars, the Crimean Khan Devlet-Giray and during the struggle of the Russians with the Polish invaders who occupied him in 1610, P.M.Stroyev considers it possible and the deliberate destruction of documents of the early 17th century by the government of Mikhail Romanov 6.
Finally, what survived from the order archives could have perished from the subsequent fires of Moscow in 1626, 1737 and 1812 7.
This, in fact, explains the almost complete absence of documents from the archives of Moscow orders, including the "cannon", for the 16th century. and the first years of the 17th century. "Cannon Order" at the beginning of the 17th century. was renamed into "Pushkarsky Prikaz" and became the main artillery and military engineering department, about whose activities we know from the remains of documents from its archives, from the archives of other orders, as well as from the news of contemporaries.
From the beginning of the 17th century. (1610 - 1613) the nameless "Note on the royal court, church officials, court ranks, orders, troops, cities, etc." has been preserved. It gives a brief description of the Pushkar order: "The Pushkar order. Here the boyar and the clerk are in charge of the whole outfit in Moscow and in all cities - cannons and squeaks and gunpowder and any kind of battle driven" 8.
The above record briefly but expressively indicates the nature and scope of the Pushkar order: everything related to artillery in Moscow and in all cities of the Moscow state was under its jurisdiction.
From the middle of the 17th century. we have received a more detailed description of the activities of the order, drawn up by a Moscow official, clerk of the Ambassadorial order Grigory Kotoshikhin, about the structure, morals and customs of the Moscow state.
In chapter VII of his book, Kotoshikhin describes in detail the structure of the central control of orders, including the Pushkar order. Let's give this description in full: "On orders ..." 11. Pushkar order, and in that Order there is a boyar and two clerks. And in that Order, the cannon yards, Moscow and city police, and the treasury, and gunners, and all kinds of cannon supplies and fees are known; and the cities in that order are small and collect money a year from half-3000 rubles. And they take money for buildings and factories according to the Order of the Big Treasury. And there will be gunners and sinkers and artisans of all sorts of people with 600 people in Moscow, except for the police. And cannon copper is brought to the building from the Arkhangelsk city and from the Szensk state, and Galaptsy and Lyubchenya and Amburtsy are contracted to make other cannons and brought to the Arkhangelsk city. And for the gunpowder building, courtyards and mills have been set up in Moscow and in other places, and the masters of that business come from other states and Russian people, and the workers are Russian people. "
1 Brandenburg N. Decree. op. Part 1; Pechenkin N. "Description of the guns in the Main Artillery Directorate". SPB, 1905.
2 "Acts of the Moscow State". T. I, No. 26, p. 39.
3 "Readings in the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University", N 7, IV, p. 22. M. 1847.
4 "Acts" by P. M. Stroev. T. I, latest edition; "Russian Historical Library". T. 32.SPB. 1915 N 300; the first - in the "Acts of the Archaeographic Expedition". T. I, N 317, pp. 379 - 380.
5 Supplement to "Historical Acts". T. I, No. 131.
6 Barsukov N. "Life and works of P. M. Stroev", p. 221. St. Petersburg. 1873.
7 Ibid., Pp. 221, 398.
8 Historical acts. T. II, N 355, p. 424. St. Petersburg. 1841.
9 Kotoshikhin G. "About Russia during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich". Ch. VII, pp. 119 - 120.3rd ed. SPB. 1884.
The above description of the order is fully confirmed by the documents that have come down to us. Kotoshikhin mentions artillery and indirectly about the order in the next, VIII chapter, which he called "On the dominion of kingdoms and states, and lands, and cities that lie under the Russian kingdom." Here he speaks of "police" and "monastery" artillery, about "police" and "monastery" gunners.
Of the foreigners who visited Russia in the 17th century, very many talk about the state of Moscow artillery, the Pushkar order and its activities. Olearius 1, who twice visited Moscow (in 1632 - 1635 and 1643), tells us some details about his boss, Peter Trakhanistov, and Coyet 2, speaking of the order, calls it "De Cancelary van de Rijcks Artillerye", that is, the office state artillery.
More complete information about the activities of the Pushkar Prikaz has been preserved in its archives, in fragments of documents that have come down to us.
These documents can be divided into two large groups. The first group includes the correspondence of the office of the order with the institutions subordinate to it - Cannon yard, Garnet yard, powder mills, etc. To the second - interdepartmental correspondence, with other orders, with local provincial administrations and with individuals. In addition to correspondence, the order had receipts and expense books, various "receipts", drawings and technical books on artillery, foreign and translated into Russian 3. Fulfilling the defense tasks of the state, the order conducted extensive correspondence with all orders and provincial directorates and was supposed to have a colossal archive. In 1701, the Pushkar Order was renamed into the "Order of Artillery", and its archive passed into the jurisdiction of the latter.
So far, nothing can be said about the fate of the "old cases" archive. When analyzing the funds of the 18th century files stored in the archives of the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army, it will undoubtedly be possible to reveal valuable information about the archive of the Pushkar Prikaz. The first 20 - 30 years of the 18th century. "The affairs of the 17th century, while still being relevant, had official significance. In the 18th century, the archive of the" old files "of the Artillery Directorate was at one of its Moscow branches, and it can be assumed that it was never exported from Moscow.At the beginning of the 19th century, the archive was located in the building of the Moscow arsenal.In 1812, before Napoleon's army left Moscow, the Kremlin and the arsenal were blown up, and the archive of the Pushkarsky Prikaz was almost completely destroyed.
We have received eyewitness notes about the death of the Moscow archives, which we quote in full: "Having reached the Resurrection Gate, I found the corner tower near the Iverskaya chapel and the adjacent part of the Arsenal building, as well as the upper part of the Nikolskaya tower up to the icon case of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker , blown up ... Walking around the Kremlin from Mokhovaya Street, between the blown-up corner tower and the Trinity Gate from the upper part of the Kremlin wall, a flowing whitish-gray moving mass, which, in the form of a waterfall, with an extraordinary noise, plunged into the former moat. to the agitated mass, it turned out that the imaginary waterfall was nothing more than scribbled paper thrown by enemies from various Kremlin archives. " Among these papers were documents from the archive of the Pushkar Prikaz.
Since the 1820s, the remains of the Pushkarsky Prikaz archive have become the property of Russian historical science and are the main and irreplaceable documentary source for the history of Russian artillery in the 17th century. Numerous guns of that time, which are in the collection of the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army, are excellent illustrations for these documents.
I. Hamel was one of the first Russian scientists to use the remains of the archive in his work on the Tula Arms Factory. At the same time, he provided valuable information about the state of the archive of the Pushkar Prikaz in the 1920s. "The old papers stored in the Moscow Kremlin Arsenal, between which there are also the columns of the former Pushkar order, were scattered in 1812, during the explosion of the Arsenal itself, and for the most part were lost," he writes. , so I had to revise these papers by pieces of paper, in order to extract from this chaos what is now in my book in connection and briefly presented "5.
In his collection of old acts 6 I. Kh. Hamel included a large number of documents of the Pushkar order.
1 Olearius A. "Description of the journey to Muscovy and through Muscovy to Persia and back." Front. A. M. Lovyapiyaa, p. 264, el., 281. St. Petersburg. 1906.
2 Coyet "Embassy of Kunrad fan Klenk to Tsars Alexei Mikhailovich and Fyodor Alekseevich", pp. 192, 492. Transl. A. M. Lovyagina. SPB. 1900.
3 Obruchev N. "Review of manuscript and printed monuments dating back to the history of military art in Russia up to 1725". SPB. 1853.
4 "Eyewitness memories of the stay of the French in Moscow in 1812", pp. 266 - 267. M. 1862. On a copy of the publication of the State Public Library in Leningrad, the author's name is written in pencil - "Doctor Ryazanov".
5 Gamel I. "Description of the Tula arms factory in the historical and technical terms". Foreword, p. III, approx. M. 1826.
6 The collection is in the Leningrad branch of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (inventory N 175) and partially in the archives of the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army (fund N 1).
After the publication of the documents of the Pushkar Order by Gamel in the Moscow depot, measures were taken to sort out the "old papers". Unfortunately, no big order was put in place, as the famous Russian archaeographer P.M. Stroyev reported in 1832. The latter saved the remains of the archive of the Pushkar Prikaz for Russian science during his "archaeographic expedition" (1829 - 1834). In the spring of 1832, P.M. Stroyev found these precious remains in the Moscow arsenal.
This is how he describes the state of the archive in his letter dated April 15, 1832 to N.P. Fus, the secretary of the Academy of Sciences: dumped in the damp corner of the local Arsenal. I don’t know yet what to do with this messy and littered heap of papers, even more mixed in recent times. Since the month of May will come a convenient time to resume travel, I intend to make possible efforts to finish work in the Patriarchal Library; Pushkar archive may remain in reserve until my return to Moscow "1 .
To study in the archives of the Moscow arsenal, it was necessary to obtain permission from the military authorities. The director of the artillery department, general of artillery Ignatiev, was ordered to "issue an immediate order to allow Stroyev to sort out the papers of the Pushkar order."
Having received permission to work in the archive, P.M.Stroyev, in view of the imminent departure on the expedition, turned to the Moscow artillery depot, which was in charge of the arsenal, with a request to conduct a preliminary analysis of the papers according to formats. "Intending to tackle the pile of old papers lying in the Moscow arsenal, and a member of this depot, Colonel and Cavalier Prebsting, indicated to me yesterday, I find it necessary that this pile of Syla be preliminarily disassembled into paper formats, namely: a) sheet notebooks, b) quarterly, c) pillars and d) excerpts, which work can be done very conveniently by anyone who will be entrusted with this. the above-described sorting of papers (by 18th of this April) and notify me about the subsequent "3.
Stroyev's request was granted. In April, P.M.Stroyev began to take account of the materials and studied them for about a month. In a letter to the same P.N.Fus of May 11, he informs about his studies in the arsenal as follows: the volume still needs a week and a half for the perfect completion. Likewise, I have revised some of the papers of the Pushkar Order, the rest will remain until another time. "
Having begun a survey of the archive in 1832, P.M. Stroyev finished it in the next spring, 1833, about which he informed P.N. , we managed to finish the analysis of the former Pushkarsky Prikaz, which I began last year, and put in order a large chest with various papers in the Patriarch's Library, which has not yet been dismantled. All this has given the archaeographic collection an interesting increase. "
PM Stroev's hope of finding "many interesting acts" in the archive was fully justified. A few years later, in 1839, in a letter to Prince S. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov dated June 30, he gives a brief description of his finds in the arsenal: in 1833, permission to revise the remnants of the papers of the Pushkarsky order, which were then in the Moscow arsenal, now in the Artillery depot. This order, like all orders, was divided into tables (departments, expeditions); forests in the present provinces of Kaluga, Tula and Ryazan, everything else was wasted in 1812 or rotted away.
Unfortunately, the archive of the "Archaeographic Expedition" was divided between the Academy of Sciences and the State Historical Museum, and the Moscow part of the materials remained unknown to us, with the exception of excerpts given by Stroev's biographer, NP Barsukov.
Of some curious finds, we can note the materials related to "factories and plants in Russia", about which P. M. Stroyev at the same time reported to I. Hamel 7.
It has not yet been possible to find out whether there is any trace of the work of P. M. Stroev in the archives of the Moscow arsenal (depot) in the form of an "inventory" of the documents found. It can be assumed that the disassembled "papers" were somehow taken into account and the corresponding materials may have been preserved in the above archives, early as copies of the "lists" about which P.M. S. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatoz. Samples of such handwritten "lists" of P.M.
1 Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences, f. IV, op. 2, No. 7.
2 Barsukov N. Decree. cit., p. 234.
4 "Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences", f. IV, op. 2, d. N 7.
6 Ibid, f. 133, op. 1, d. No. 200; "1833" instead of "1832" - in the original.
7 Barsukov N. Decree. cit., p. 234.
Stogo and I. N. Tsarsky, are kept in the archives of the Academy of Sciences 1.
At the time when P.M.Stroyev took into account the remains of the archive of the Pushkarsky Prikaz in the Moscow arsenal, some of its materials were in the private collections of Hamel, Count F.A.Tolstoy 2, Count N.P. Rumyantsev 3 and the merchant-collector I.N. . Tsarskoho 4 .
Somewhat later, a number of documents of the order appeared in the collections of M.P. Pogodin. P.M. Stroev, Counts S.S. and A.S. Uvarovs, S. D. Sheremetev, as well as in the collections of the former Archaeographic Commission and the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army. Many documents have been described and partly published, but most are still awaiting processing and study. A summary of the materials of all the named collections is indicated below.
Later, the famous historian of Russian military antiquity, N.I. Obruchev, was interested in the archive of the Pushkarsky Prikaz. In his "Review of manuscript and printed monuments relating to military art in Russia up to 1725" 5, he wrote about the archive: the collection of the Imperial Public Library contains only a part of them. And the Pushkar Order, as you know, played a very important role in the number of our military departments, it was subject to all cases for the manufacture of gunpowder, shells and weapons, and sometimes the very order of service "6.
The collections of documents of the order mentioned by N.I. Obruchev, kept in the Public Library, were sold to the government by M.P. Pogodin in 1851 7.
In the 60s - 90s of the last century, the greatest connoisseur of military antiquity, N.E.Brandenburg (1839 - 1903), paid much attention to the archive of the Pushkarsky Prikaz. He not only used the materials of the archive for his works 8, but also removed from the Moscow arsenal the documents that are now kept and constitute "Fund No. 1" of the "Archive of Russian Artillery" of the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army.
"In the library of the museum, - wrote N. Ye. Brandenburg - in 1889," there is also a certain number of documents of the 17th century, found recently in the former Moscow arsenal "9. Unfortunately, he does not indicate whether he removed all the materials or whether some of them remained in place.
At the same time, he noted the presence of "not only individual documents, but entire cases" of the 17th century. in the archival materials of the 18th century, "stored in the same museum" 10.
In 1891 V. S. Ikonnikov devoted a few words to the archive. In his "Experience in Russian Historiography" 11 he talks about the publication of some documents in the "Acts of the Archaeographic Expedition" and indicates the location of the documents in the archives of the Artillery Historical Museum, without mentioning other repositories.
Finally, in 1917, S. K. Bogoyavlensky, in his work "On the Pushkarsky Prikaz", considers the archive of the order to be "lost": "Only a few fragments survived, now scattered across state and private archives" 12. Of these archives, he notes only the former Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the former collection of Gr. A.S. Uvarova. In addition, he points to some editions of documents. “In general,” he writes, “the material is insufficient, and to get acquainted with the activities of the Pushkar order, we have to involve the office work of other orders, mainly of the Discharge and Quarter orders, which had some relations with our main artillery department.”
SK Bogoyavlensky, like all the previous researchers, is right in noting that the archive has died. Nevertheless, if we take into account its remains in all storage facilities, it is possible year after year to restore the history of the Pushkar order, to find out its role and significance in Russian military affairs and in the development of the defense industry in the 17th century. Additional-
1 Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences, f. IV, op. 2, d.N 11.
2 K. Kalaydovich and P. Stroyev "Detailed description of the Slavic-Russian manuscripts stored in Moscow in the library of Count F. A. Tolstoy", pp. 50 - 51, N 105. M. 1825.
3 Vostokov A. "Description of Russian and Slovenian manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum", N CII (102). SPB. 1842. The museum entered the treasury in 1828.
4 Stroyev P. "Slavic and Russian manuscripts belonging to I. N. Tsarsky", NN 346, 750. M. 1848. The collection joined the collection of gr. A.S. Uvarov, see below.
5 "Military Journal" NN 4, 5 for 1853. Separately - St. Petersburg. 1853 (1854).
6 Ibid., No. 4, p. 49, approx. 2.
7 Barsukov N. Decree. cit., p. 391.
8 Brandenburg N. "Materials for the history of artillery in Russia. A descriptive book of cannons and squeaks. Manuscript of the 17th century."; "Artillery magazine" N 3, 1867. "Iron factories in Tula, Kashirsky and Aleksinsky districts in the 17th century"; "Weapons collection" N 1, 1875, p. 24. "Materials for the history of artillery control in Russia. Order of artillery, 1701 - 1720". SPB. 1876. "On the judicial jurisdiction of the Pushkar order in the 17th century"; "Artillery magazine" N 4, 1891. Preface to the work of D. P. Strukov; "Archive of Russian artillery". T. I, 1700 - 1718 SPB. 1889, etc.
9 Strukov D. "Archive of Russian artillery". T. L. 1700 - 1718, ed. N.E. Brandenburg. Foreword by NE Brandenburg, p. I. St. Petersburg. 1889.
10 Ibid., P. III.
11 Ikonnikov V. "Experience of Russian historiography". T. I. Book. 1st bldg. 480. Kiev. 1891.
12 Bogoyavlensky S. "On the Pushkarsky Prikaz". "Collection of articles in honor of M. K. Lyubavsky", pp. 361 - 385. Ptrgr. 1917.
However, the use of the necessary materials from the archives of not only the Rank and Quarter, but almost all other orders will help to comprehensively illuminate the history of one of the main central military institutions of the Moscow state.
If N.I. Obruchev in the 50s of the last century and S.K.Bogoyavlensky at the beginning of this century (1917) complained that the materials of the archive of the Pushkarsky Prikaz were "scattered among private and state repositories", now the situation is completely different ... The Great October Socialist Revolution returned all archival materials to the state, and one can name all the repositories that possess these materials.
Currently, you can specify two groups of such repositories. The first group includes five main repositories, which contain archival materials of the Pushkar Prikaz. The second group includes three repositories in which such materials are undoubtedly available, although they have not yet been identified.
The first group of repositories consists of: the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army (Leningrad); All-Union Public Library named after V.I. Lenin (Moscow); State Public Red Banner Library named after Saltykov-Shchedrin (Leningrad); State Historical Museum (Moscow); Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Leningrad Branch).
The second group consists of: the State Archives of the Feudal-Serf Era (Moscow); Central Military Historical Archive (Moscow); Archive of the Armory (Moscow).
Hamel's collections were transferred to the Main Artillery Directorate in 1863. They formed the basis of "Fund No. 1" of the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army.
In 1938 this museum received a number of documents from the collection of an unknown person from the USSR Academy of Sciences. At present, the entire collection is "Fund No. 1" of the "Archive of Russian Artillery" kept in the museum, and contains about 500 titles (storage units) of documents and books from 1628 to 1700. These materials reflect almost all the main aspects of the order's activities, with the exception of the case of "saltpeter" and "zasechny". The bulk of the materials concern the personnel of the Pushkar department and administrative, economic and production issues. There are also materials on the supply of military units - Strelets' orders and various regiments - as well as Don Cossacks and monasteries with guns, weapons and ammunition. Both "cases" and individual documents and books are mostly incomplete and poorly preserved. The materials were partially used by researchers and published 1.
In addition to the original documents, the museum contains a large number of photocopies from the documents of the order stored in the State Public Library in Leningrad. The collection of documents of the Pushkar Order came to the All-Union Public Library named after V.I. Lenin from the former collection of manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum.
The entire collection is a volume of bound documents (289 sheets) dating back to the 80s of the 17th century. and containing various materials, including on the history of iron factories - Tula, Kashira and Olonets. A description of this collection was published almost a hundred years ago by A. Kh. Vostokov 2, the first head of the museum. Certain documents have also been published 3.
The collection of documents of the Pushkar Order of the State Public Library in Leningrad is prefabricated in its composition. It includes materials from various old collections of Count FA Tolstoy, MP Pogodin, Count SD Sheremetev and others.
The collection contains over 700 titles of documents and books, of which very few at different times were published by eye in the "Collection of Prince Khilkov" (1872) and are described 4. The bulk is almost never used. The collection has no other inventory than the titles on the covers of the documents. The content of the materials reflects the activities of the order from 1627 to 1701 and concerns all the main parties of the departments. Incidentally, it has a well-represented “deeds” “zasechnoye” and “saltpeter”, which are absent or poorly represented in other collections.
Apparently, that part of the documents of the "slash table", which was mentioned by P. M. Stroyev as the best preserved, got here.
Until the beginning of 1942, photocopies were made from all the materials of the Pushkar Prikaz in the State Public Library for the collection of the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army.
The collection of documents of the Pushkar order came to the State Historical Museum from the former collection of gr. S.S. and A.S. Uvarovs and I.N. Tsarsky 5, and part
1 From the latest editions, we indicate "Proceedings of the Archeographic Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Materials on the history of the economic development of Russia. Serf manufactory in Russia", Part 1 "Tula and Kashira iron plants". Foreword, pp. XXXII - XXXIV. L. 1930.
2 Vostokov A. "Description of Russian and Slovenian manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum", N CII (102), pp. 170 - 171. "Cases of the Moscow Pushkar Prikaz 1681, November 30-1685, January 1". SPB. 1842.
3 From the latest editions we indicate "Proceedings of the Archeographic Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Materials on the history of economic development of Russia. Serf manufactory in Russia". Part 2. "Olonets Copper and Iron Plants". L. 1931.
4 Loparev H. "Description of the manuscripts of the Imperial Society of Lovers of Ancient Writing". Part 1. N CXXIV, p. 224. St. Petersburg. 1892. Documents from 1689 to 1690.
5 Karsky E. "Slavic Cyril Paleography", page 19. L. 1928.
materials, such as the drawings of Moscow, executed by the draftsman of the Pushkarsky order, was delivered by P.M.Stroyev. The collection contains over 100 titles of documents, which mainly relate to 1640-1641. and represent excerpts from cases of administrative and economic content. The meeting was described by 1.
The documents of the Pushkarsky Prikaz in the Leningrad branch of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR are in the materials of two collections - I. Kh. Gamel and P. M. Stroev. The collection of I. Kh. Hamel contains about 400 titles of documents for different years of the 17th century. on administrative and business and production issues. Many documents date back to the 50s and concern the bell business. The collection of P.M.Stroev was compiled by an archaeographer during the expedition and contains several dozen documents. They belong to different years of the 17th century and reflect different aspects of the life of the Order. For the most part, these documents were published in the first half of the 19th century. in "Acts of the Archaeographic Expedition", "Acts of Legal" and other publications. At the beginning of the 20th century, they were all described 2 with the indication of old editions and partly republished 3.
The documents are included in the bound volumes of "Acts of P. M. Stroev". The documents of the Pushkar order are available not only in the main state repositories. They, no doubt, are also in local archives and collections, but have not yet been identified.
Almost all documents containing news about the production of guns, bells, ammunition, about the construction of city fortifications, are pinpointed, connected with the activities of the Pushkar order and come from its archives. A lot of materials about the Pushkar order are found in a wide variety of documents and historical works related to the 17th century 4. It is difficult to collect all these materials in one repository, but it is necessary to take into account as fully as possible. This could be done by compiling a concise summary index of documents. From the colossal archive, only pitiful remnants and scraps have come down to us, which nevertheless reflect well all the main aspects of the order's activities in about 75 years, from 1625 - 1627. until 1701.
No documents from the first quarter of the 17th century have survived. The activities of the order during this period are known from materials from other archives, visually palace 5, and the archive of the Armory 6. In 1701, the Pushkar Order was replaced by the "Order of Artillery", which for the first time retained the functions of the Pushkar Order, the old structure and the old cadres of employees.
All the documents of the order that have come down to us can be divided into five groups according to the main tasks of the order: 1) cadres - the personnel of the entire department, starting with the senior officials of the order and ending with auxiliary workers; 2) "outfit" - artillery; 3) ammunition - gunpowder and shells; 4) "city business" - city fortifications in Moscow and other cities, monitoring their condition and taking care of repairs; 5) "zasechnoe business" - forest fortifications, "notches" in the "reserved" forests on the southern and southeastern borders of the state.
Almost all of these tasks, with appropriate changes, were included in the range of activities of all artillery directorates following the Pushkar Order of the 18th - 20th centuries.
The personnel of the Pushkar order was divided into two parts - the personnel of the order - management - and the personnel of the institutions subordinate to it.
The documents comprehensively characterize the numerous bureaucratic, servicemen and artisans, name the names of various persons of the "gunman rank", describe their activities, significance and the historical, economic, industrial, cultural and everyday environment in which they lived and bred.
The judicial jurisdiction of the order is reflected in a number of documents of various "court" cases, both the officials of the order and the employees of the gun department among themselves, and in the claims of unauthorized persons against them. In the order there was a special "judiciary", where the ranks of the orders were summoned to the court, like Moscow, like and police.
The worries of the order for the allotment of land to their employees - the younger ones - in the "Pushkar" settlements, the middle and senior ones - in the cities - were also reflected in the documents. Remains of traces of "reviews" of all ranks of the order and the entire department.
The second group of documents refers to "alongside" - artillery, its material part in the broad sense of the word. Documents characterize the manufacture of the "outfit", its
1 Kataev I. and Kabanov A. "Description of the acts of the meeting of A. S. Uvarov". Section III. "Former Cases of the Pushkar order NN 90 - 233". M. 1905.
In the staff of the "cannon yard", along with the "cannon" masters and "litz", there were always "bell" masters, apprentices and apprentices. In the documents, there are occasional indications of the "chandelier" and "smelting" masters and their students. As "foundry workers", they were part of the "cannon yard".
The bullets were also cast in the "cannon yard". The Moscow government did not confine itself to making the "outfit" on its own and ordered a lot from abroad. The documents have kept us informed about these orders and about the tests in the order of the Dutch and German "outfits", as well as foreign hand-held firearms. The order supplied military units, city administrations and monasteries with manufactured "attire" and "messenger" bells. Part of the correspondence with the Discharge, the Streletsky Order, the governors and monasteries about the release of their "outfit" and bells has been preserved.
The order kept a careful record of all the artillery equipment of the country - "alongside", bells (messengers) and "potions", as well as stocks of materials, and its results were recorded in special receipts and expenditures and "city" books that have come down to us, albeit in a small quantity. When the voivode changed, the second copies, or copies, of the transfer "lists" were sent to the Pushkarsky Prikaz. Fragments of such "paintings" are among the documents of the order.
The third main task of the order was ammunition - "green" (gunpowder) and "grenade" business, that is, the manufacture of gunpowder and shells, their storage and supply of them to military units, institutions and individuals or groups.
The production of "potion" - gunpowder - was carried out on "green" mills, of which there were two: "lower" and "upper", or old and new. The mills were serviced by an appropriate staff of specialists and additional auxiliary workers, and were operated by gunmen. Sometimes state-owned mills were leased to foreign gunpowder masters. The documents have preserved for us traces of correspondence between mills and orders, with "cannon yards", with foreigners - "persuasions."
An integral part of the "green" business was the "saltpeter" business. The order was in charge of this industry. He carried on extensive correspondence with the governors about the search and exploitation of new salt-bearing lands and sent his masters to train local people. This correspondence is especially richly represented in the collection of documents of the order, located in the State Public Library in Leningrad.
The manufacture of shells was in charge of the Pomegranate Yard. In addition to shells, they also prepared everything needed for "amusing fiery shooting." Known guidelines for the manufacture of gunpowder and shells of that time, remnants and excerpts of various correspondence with "green" mills and the Garnet yard. Correspondence mainly with local authorities has been preserved about the "police" and "zasechnoye" cases.
The order was also engaged in "city building", that is, monitoring the state of fortifications in Moscow and other cities, supervised the repair or renewal of old and construction of new fortifications.
For the "city structure" in the order there were specialists - "city builders" - military engineers who supervised the work; "wells" who made "wells" and performed various hydraulic works, and "draftsmen" who made plans and drawings. Many drawings of city fortifications available in various state repositories were probably carried out in the drawing room of the Pushkar order or by its draftsmen, since the Pushkar order sent its draftsmen to other orders and to places.
The order monitored the state of the "spotted" in the protected forests on the southern and southeastern borders. Special "serif" heads, "serif" governors, "serif" watchmen were in charge of the "serifs" on the ground, in the center - the order - there was a special "serif" table. The center's correspondence with local officials was extensive; its remains have survived and are mainly kept in the collection of the State Public Library in Leningrad.
Iron factories, according to some sources, were at times under the jurisdiction of the Pushkar order, but administrative communications are poorly reflected in the documents. Several documents in the collection of the Artillery Historical Museum, related to the Tula Iron Works, come from the archive of the "Armory Chamber", which had a "department of iron factories" 1.
It would be important to collect the names of special manuals and books that the order had at its disposal, as well as to try to find the works of the draftsmen of the Pushkar order in a significant collection of old drawings.
To illustrate the "working day" of the Pushkar order, we present a list of archival materials dated by the same number, for example, "June 2, 1641 (7149)". For this day, five documents are known that describe the work of the order in different directions 2:
1. "Memory" (rough) from the Pushkar order to the bailiff Mitrofan Korshunov with the instruction to "correct" the "riding copper cannon" on the watchmen of the Pushkar order on Stepan Fedotov and Savva Prokofiev (missing).
2. "Memory" (draft) from the Pushkarsky Prikaz to the "cannon yard" to the head of Vasily Ivanovich Bludov about the performance of some carpentry work in the Tsareborisovsky yard.
3. "Painting", given by the cannon and bell pupil Stepan Arefiev, on the amount of red copper and rod tin required for pouring a large evangelism (bell), broken in the Ivanovo nunnery.
4. "Memory" (from the order of the Big Parish) to the okolnich prince Andrei Fedorovich Litvinov-Masalsky and clerks Stepan Pustynnikov and Posnik Zadonsky about the release of gunpowder and lead, following the example of 146 in the regiments of Alexander Krafert, Valentin Rosform and Yakov Vyms for training new device three thousand man soldier. "
5. "Memory" to the heads of Vladimir Mikhailovich Molchanov and Konon Ivanovich Vladychkin about the leave according to the memory from the order of the Great Parish (see No. 4) of six poods of "hand potion" to the regiments of Alexander Krafert, Valentin Rosform and Yakov Vyms for training "new instrument soldiers".
The documents cited paint us part of the working day of the Pushkar order, our eyes, undoubtedly, do not exhaust it entirely.
Having selected the documents in chronological order, more precisely, by compiling a chronological index, one can trace day after day the entire work of the Pushkar Order for the entire century and identify the participants and all stages of this complex and responsible work, especially important in wartime.
Further detailed study of these materials with the involvement of materials from other orders and other collections will make it possible to identify a number of new data, clarify and deepen old ones related to the history of the archive of the Pushkar order and the order itself - the Main Artillery Directorate of the Moscow State in the 17th century.
1 These documents were published in 1930 by the Archaeographic Commission of the Academy of Sciences in volume I of "Serf manufactory in Russia". - "Tula and Kashira iron plants". Foreword, pp. XXXII - XXXIV.
. Google... Yandex PUSHKAR ORDER
PUSHKAR ORDER
, a central government agency. He supervised the production, accounting and distribution of artillery pieces and ammunition, supervised the state of fortresses in most cities. The gunmen and state blacksmiths were subordinate to the P. n. It was first mentioned in 1577. In 1678-82 it was a member of the Reitarsky Prikaz. In 1701, an Artillery Order was created on the basis of the Petrograd Regiment.
A source: Encyclopedia "Fatherland"
central military establishment of Russia XVI-XVII centuries. It was first mentioned in 1577. The Pushkar order were subordinate to gunners, zatinschiki, collars and state blacksmiths of Russian cities (excluding the lower, Pomor and Siberian). The Pushkar order was in charge of the manufacture, distribution and accounting of artillery and ammunition (the Cannon Yard, the Granatny Dvor and state "green" mills were subordinate to it), monitored the state of fortifications in most cities and monitored the state of the markings. It was ruled by boyars (less often by dealers) and two clerks and was divided into three tables - a policeman, a servant and a money one. In January 1678, the Pushkarsky Dvor became part of the Reitarsky Prikaz, from 1682 it again became independent. In 1701, an Artillery Order was created on its basis.
V. Nazarov A source: Encyclopedia "Russian Civilization"
See what "PUSHKAR ORDER" is in other dictionaries:
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Central State Institution 2nd floor 16 early. 18th century in Russia. He supervised the production, accounting and distribution of artillery pieces and ammunition, gunners, state blacksmiths, controlled the state of fortresses in most cities ... Political science. Dictionary.
The central state institution of the second half of the 16th and early 18th centuries. in Russia. He supervised the production, accounting and distribution of artillery pieces and ammunition, gunners, state blacksmiths, controlled the state of fortresses in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Central military establishment of Russia 16-17 centuries. It was first mentioned in 1577. Pushkars, state blacksmiths of Russian cities (excluding cities on the southern zasechnye line (see Zasechnye lines), Pomor and Siberian cities) were subordinate to the Pushkars. P. and. knew ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Centre. military institution of Russia 16-17 centuries. For the first time it was mentioned in 1577. The P. n. Were subordinated to gunners, zatinschiki, collars and state blacksmiths of Russian. cities (excluding the lower, Pomor and Siberian). The item was in charge of manufacturing, distribution and accounting ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
PUSHKAR ORDER- main artillery control; first mentioned in 1577, Vedal, in addition to the firearms "outfit" - artillery - the construction of border towns and fortifications. Subsequently, the construction was carried out by the Order of Stone Affairs, organized in ... ... Russian statehood in terms. IX - early XX century
