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| Who canceled the feeding system. Feeding. See the meaning of Feeding in other dictionaries |
OrdersIn the middle of the XVI century. The system of orders was finally formed. In addition to the already existing orders: the Big Treasury, the Palace, the Posolsky, a number of others appeared. The discharge order was in charge of the organization of the army, the Robber was engaged in the fight against criminal offenses, the Local - the distribution of land on the estate. A special petition order appeared, which was in charge of complaints filed in the name of the king. At the head of the order was usually a boyar or okolnichy, clerks and clerks were in charge of office work. Cancellation of feedingsUnder John the Terrible, there were significant changes in local government. In 1555 - 1556. feedings were cancelled. Power in the counties passed from the governors-feeders into the hands of elected representatives of the local nobility - the labial elders, and in those counties where there were no private lands - to the zemstvo elders, elected by the black-haired peasants and townspeople. The entire local government was in the hands of the labial and zemstvo elders, however, their work was not paid. Army reformsA number of reforms were carried out to strengthen the troops. A thousand nobles received estates in the volosts closest to Moscow and made up an elected regiment - "Thousand". A special "Code of Service" determined the duties of the nobles and the size of the land plots with which they were allocated. The average allotment of a serviceman was 300 quarters, from each quarter a man "horse, crowded and armed" had to leave. A streltsy army was created from ignorant people. It was armed with firearms - squeakers. Streltsy carried out constant service under the command of their "heads". In peacetime, they lived with their families in special urban settlements, engaged in gardening, trade, crafts. Ivan the Terrible paid special attention to the creation of artillery. In Moscow, the "Cannon Yard" was built, which cast cannons of fairly good quality. Each gun had its own name. The famous “Tsar Cannon”, which was cast by the foundry worker Andrei Chokhov, has survived to this day. This structure was created similarly to the Western European fief-office - an administrative, appointed position in the province. Appointments "to places" took place "from above", by special order of the king or prince. Feeding in Russia is an analogue of the fief-office, in which, instead of money, the state provided other forms of remuneration for service. Local authoritiesIn specific times, the Russian state organized under the leadership of volostels and various governors sent from the capital by special decree. Payment for their work was carried out locally, although an indication of the amount of remuneration was usually issued in the royal chambers. The feeding system in Ancient Russia implied that such temporary representatives of the tsarist government would be supported at the expense of local authorities. Along with monetary allowance, they were given food, horses, servants and funds for their maintenance. Feeding in Ancient Russia is, first of all, a real opportunity for a person who consists of supporting himself and his family, using only his official powers and rights granted by the princely, and later by the royal authorities.
The formation of the governorshipAt first, the permanent presence of governors in county towns was not required, but sometimes the content was so impressive that gradually the governors indicated their stay at the place of service as permanent. Accordingly, their term in the service of the prince also increased - which means that feeding also increased. In Ancient, occupation was found attractive not only by representatives of the local population, but also by foreigners. Representatives of the younger clans of famous European families did not at all shy away from being governors in Russia - this occupation made it possible to return to their homeland as a well-to-do person.
Russia MoscowDuring the time of Muscovy, the system of local self-government was still based on vicegerency. As before, the governors and volosts disposed of on the ground, ruled the court and collected taxes. Feeding in Muscovite Russia was the maintenance of such visiting servicemen. The place of service of the governor was usually located in the center of the county. Here he repaired the court and the council in all administrative cases within the city and the outskirts, and also ruled the court in criminal cases within the small counties, which the Russian state was so rich in. Within the county borders, the governor's competence included military forces, an arsenal and strategically important objects - bridges, dams, and so on.
ViceroysRepresentatives of well-known families were usually chosen as governors, often passed from father to son. For example, the well-known family of the Protasievs ruled in the Meshchersky region for almost two centuries - from the beginning of the 15th to the end of the 16th centuries. This noble surname, along with the names of other governors, is known in Russia in a series of prominent statesmen and associates of the tsar. All these honorary titles would have been impossible without a strong material rear, most of which were rich offerings from local authorities. Thus, feeding in Russia was called quite a decent position with inexhaustible resources that could guarantee a comfortable life for several generations. hairdressersVolostites held court and council independently of the governor, they had separate districts under their control, but the list of cases under their jurisdiction was different. Usually they analyzed minor offenses, economic disputes, considered administrative offenses. Unlike the governors, the representatives of the unnamed boyars or impoverished nobles became volosts. At the beginning of their career, the biographies of volosts are full of positions of tyuns, clerks, clerks, city clerks. That is, their social level was an order of magnitude lower than that of the governors. Nevertheless, feeding in Ancient Russia not only helped them cope with the problem of living, but also allowed them to enrich themselves well at the expense of local authorities.
Usually, work in local government was considered as a position that allows you to have a good income. Feeding in Russia is a source of unjust enrichment for many nobles who were not very eager to fulfill their immediate duties. Instead of themselves, they sent their servants to the places - tiuns and closers. They were also fed. In Russia, this occupation was so attractive that serious bribes were given for the position of tiun. The chiuns had the right to administer justice and deal with cases on behalf of the governor, in fact, they directly performed his duties and had a good profit from this. Income from feedingThe list of income from feeding consisted of several parts. A certain proportion of the feeding was collected locally with money, but basically feeding in Russia is requisitions with natural products. Feeding was going two or three times a year, on major church holidays - Easter, St. Peter's Day, Christmas. Entry feeding was also known - they usually met the new governor in the county. The collection was carried out by specially appointed people, who were usually chosen from among the locals. They were assigned positions of sotsk and elders. Usually, in addition to collecting food, they collected taxes on the ground, and also forced the local population to perform various duties.
Abolition of feedingAt the beginning of its development, the Russian state consisted of small principalities, the size of which was small, and the judicial and administrative activities of local authorities were all in sight. The ancient laws and customs were still strong, and ordinary people could always complain to the prince about the arbitrariness of his serfs or change their place of residence, having moved out of the negligent ruler to another principality. But when the collection of lands around Moscow was almost completed and the centralization of power became strong, ordinary people had a hard time. It was then that the proverb arose: "Toward God is high, but far to the king." The viceroyal system practically ceased to fulfill its duties, which its representatives were supposed to perform in exchange for feeding. In Russia, this concept quickly became synonymous with bribes and extortion. The scale of corruption has taken such proportions that the central government seriously thought about the reform of local self-government. The organization of local self-government became possible thanks to the reform of Ivan the Terrible. One of its main stages was the transfer of more powers to the bodies of the voivodeship administration. Gradually, the volosts and governors disappeared, and with them the feeding system ceased to function. Feeding the system of maintaining officials (governors, volostels) at the expense of the local population in Russia until the middle of the 16th century. Initially, feedings were episodic. In accordance with the norms of Russian Truth, vira collectors, city builders and other categories of service people received in-kind allowances from the population. In the 12th-14th centuries, feeding played a significant role in the formation of the local government system. During this period, feeding was a kind of award of the great and specific princes to their proxies. The prince sent boyars to cities and volosts as governors and volosts, other service people - tiuns. The population was obliged to support them ("feed") during the entire period of service. Representatives of the local princely administration usually received "feed" three times a year - at Christmas, Easter and St. Peter's Day. When the feeder took office, the population paid him “entry feed”. Feeders received their food in kind (food), oats and hay were supplied for horses. In addition, the feeders collected various fees in their favor: judicial fees, for branding (“staining”) and the sale of horses, “polavochny”, washing. Due to these fees, they lived and supported their servants. The feeding system reached its greatest development in the 14th-15th centuries. Feeding gave rise to abuses by local officials interested in enrichment during their time in power. From the 15th century, the Grand Dukes of Moscow regulated the income of feeders by issuing special "fed" and statutory letters. At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century, natural feed was converted into cash. As a result of the Zemstvo reform of 1555-1556, the feeding system was eliminated. In 1555, a decree was issued on the abolition of feedings, which was applied, however, not immediately and not everywhere: sources mention feedings during the second half of the 16th century. Fees for the maintenance of feeders were transformed into a special tax in favor of the treasury (“fed payback”), set at a certain amount for various categories of land (noble, black, palace). Tax collection was carried out on black lands by zemstvo elders, and in areas of estate-patrimonial land ownership by special collectors or city clerks.
"Feeding" in booksFeedingauthor Baranov AnatolyFeedingFrom the book Your Dog's Health author Baranov AnatolyFeeding If your pet has an appetite, it means that he is on the mend and the disease is receding. But don't forget: a recovering dog needs dietary nutrition, especially in the first seven days after the disappearance of signs of this serious illness. FeedingFrom the book, the Kid knows better. Secrets of calm parents author Solomon DeborahFeeding Whether you are breastfeeding your baby, bottle milk or solid food at the table, it is important that your expectations for your baby are met and that a suitable – predictable and safe – environment is created. If this is provided, the baby will be able Feedingby Cave SimonFeeding Total milk per day: about 450-600 ml (30-90 ml at a time) Schedule: irregularly, up to 12 times a day In the first week, your main task is to get your baby to feed. This can be tricky because newborns don't really know what to do yet. FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeeding Total milk per day: 540-690 ml (up to 90 ml at a time) Schedule: irregular, up to 12 times a day will be confused. Does he drink from a bottle or FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeeding Total milk per day: 600–750 ml (up to 105 ml at a time) Schedule: 7–10 times per day This week, you may notice the first signs that your baby is entering a feeding schedule every three hours. But do not put pressure on him, because he is still very small and his FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeeding Total milk per day: 600–750 ml (up to 120 ml at a time) Schedule: 7–10 times per day for him and for you, another thing is more important - that he gain weight. FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeedings Total milk per day: 660-840 ml (up to 120 ml at a time) Schedule: 7-10 times per day Your baby can now swallow faster, which means that feedings are more likely to last 40 minutes, and not for a whole hour. The advantage is that the breaks between feedings FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeeding Total milk per day: 660–900 ml (up to 135 ml at a time) Schedule: 7–10 times per day When your baby was first born, he needed to be fed on demand throughout the day and night, and you probably fed him often, but little by little. Now his stomach is bigger and FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeeding Total amount of milk per day: 660-900 ml (up to 150 ml at a time) Schedule: 6-10 times a day. Growth spurt may require more frequent feedings than usual FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeeding Total milk per day: 720-960 ml (up to 150 ml at a time) Schedule: 6-9 times per day when he cries from exhaustion. To FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeedings Total milk per day: 720-960 ml (up to 180 ml at a time) Schedule: 6-9 times per day Now you understand your baby better and can notice if he feels bad after feeding. Parents of children around two months of age very often suspect FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeeding Total milk per day: 720-960 ml (up to 210 ml at a time) Schedule: 6-9 times a day If you have a demanding baby or he suffers from colic, then you are probably already desperate to find a way to calm him down. You have to go through countless reasons FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeeding Total milk per day: 720-1020 ml (up to 210 ml at a time) Schedule: 5-8 times a day It is quite common this week for children to suddenly stop being hungry little gluttons and even seem to become indifferent to food. Instead of gulping, baby FeedingFrom the book Your baby week by week. From birth to 6 months by Cave SimonFeeding Total milk per day: 720-1080 ml (up to 210 ml at a time) Schedule: 5-8 times per day Whether you are breastfeeding or bottle feeding, you no longer have to worry about whether you are doing it right and whether the child eats enough. So now is the time a way of keeping officials at the expense of the local population in Russia until the middle of the 16th century. The prince sent governors and other service people to the cities and volosts. The population was obliged to support them ("feed") during the entire period of service. According to the Zemstvo reform of 1555-1556. K. was liquidated, and the government turned the fees for the maintenance of feeders into a special tax in favor of the treasury. Great Definition Incomplete definition ↓ FEEDINGin Russia in the 14th-16th centuries. a system of local government, whose officials were supported by fees from the population of the administered territory. It existed on lands not assigned to the princely palace, privately owned and black. Governors and volostels were appointed by the supreme state power for K., in large principalities there were counties consisting of a city and rural communities (volosts and walls). The apparatus of governors and volostels included tiuns, closers, and rightists. All of them received allowances from the population in kind, later - in money. Vicegerencies were usually given to more noble service people, boyars, volostelstva - to less well-born, from free servants. Gradually, the goal of appanage government was reduced to extracting income from the administered district (hence the term "feeding"). The content of the steward consisted of feed and duties. Feed was brought in at a certain time by entire societies, duties were paid for by specific government acts. Feeds were one-time (entry) and annual (Christmas, Petrovsky, in some places Velikodensky), they were distributed according to taxable units (soks). In a reduced amount, such salary fees were levied in favor of volostels, tiuns and other government officials. Judicial duties were levied (a percentage of the amount of the claim or a penalty from the guilty, equal to the amount of the claim), customs (from the goods sold), wedding, etc. K. received the greatest development in Northern Russia in the 14th-16th centuries. By the end of the 14th century the central government began to regulate the order of k. to limit the arbitrariness of the feeders. During the 15th century a number of so-called. statutory letters of the vicegerent administration in the name of the population of the area. They established the terms, sizes of feed and the procedure for bringing complaints about the abuse of feeders. With the strengthening of the Muscovite state, there was a sharp increase in the number of service people, boyars and boyar children, which caused the need to establish a term for K. (1-3 years), crushing K. (two governors were appointed in half of the city). In K. began to favor certain items of income: fur, writing, camping, turning, etc. In the 16th century with the development of monetary relations, they tried to replace natural feed with monetary contributions, which did not eliminate arbitrariness and abuse. For the income received, the feeders were responsible; they were reduced mainly to a criminal and civil court for all classes of the population, except those with immunities. The increase in complaints against feeders and the need to reorganize local government led in the 16th century. to partial and then complete abolition of K. Gradually, the collection of fodder passed from the hands of the feeders themselves to those elected from society (community, elders), the most important judicial and administrative cases were removed from the competence of the feeders. In 1539, the first lip charter was issued, which transferred the right to judge to local elected bodies (from the nobility and boyar children), and zemstvo elected representatives were introduced into the court of governors and volosts. In 1555, a decree was issued on the abolition of k. and replacing it with heads, elders and kissers. However, feeding in a number of places, according to some sources, existed until the 1960s. 18th century Even in 1726, clerks often did not receive a salary, but were content with the practice of pre-Petrine times. 1) Feeding- a way of keeping officials at the expense of the local population in Russia until ser. 16th century Russkaya Pravda contains information about "feeds" for virniks and gorodchiks. In the XIII-XIV centuries. a whole system of local government is being formed through the institute of feeders. The great or specific prince sent boyars to the cities and volosts as governors ("in place of" the prince) and volosts, and other service people - tiuns and various duty officers. The population was obliged to support them ("feed") during the entire period of service. The representatives of the local princely administration usually received the obligatory ("lesson") food for the governor, volostels, etc., usually three times a year - at Christmas, Easter and St. Peter's Day. When the feeder took office, the population paid him "entry feed". The feed was given in kind: bread, meat, cheese, etc., oats and hay were supplied for horse feeders. In addition, the feeders collected various fees for their own benefit: judicial fees, for spotting and selling horses, "halving", washing, etc. Due to all these fees, they not only fed themselves, but also supported their servants. The feeding system reaches its greatest development in the XIV-XV centuries. From the 15th century the Grand Dukes of Moscow regulate the income of feeders by issuing special "fed" and statutory letters. In k. XV - n. 16th century the government began converting natural feed into cash, while abolishing a number of articles. As a result of the zemstvo reform of 1555-56, the feeding system was eliminated, and the government turned fees for the maintenance of feeders into a special tax in favor of the treasury. N. Nosov 2) Feeding- - the system of maintaining officials (governors, volostels, etc.) at the expense of the local population in Russia. When they took office, the population paid "feeders" in kind, and then - "feed" in kind, usually 3 times a year (on Christmas, Easter and St. Peter's Day). In addition, the feeders collected various fees for their own benefit: court fees, for branding and selling horses, "cooking" money, etc. Eliminated by the zemstvo reform of 1555-1556. 3) Feeding- - in Russia, a system of payment in kind, maintenance at the expense of the local population of certain categories of officials serving in favor of the prince. This system was abolished under Ivan IV by the zemstvo reform of 1555-1556. 4) Feeding- the system of maintaining officials (governors, volostels, etc.) at the expense of the local population. It was liquidated by the Zemsky reform of Ivan IV. Feeding a way of keeping officials at the expense of the local population in Russia until the middle. 16th century Russkaya Pravda contains information about "feeds" for virniks and gorodchiks. In the XIII-XIV centuries. a whole system of local government is being formed through the institute of feeders. The great or specific prince sent boyars to the cities and volosts as governors ("in place of" the prince) and volosts, and other service people - tiuns and various duty officers. The population was obliged to support them ("feed") during the entire period of service. The representatives of the local princely administration usually received the obligatory ("lesson") food for the governor, volostels, etc., usually three times a year - at Christmas, Easter and St. Peter's Day. When the feeder took office, the population paid him "entry feed". The feed was given in kind: bread, meat, cheese, etc., oats and hay were supplied for horse feeders. In addition, the feeders collected various fees for their own benefit: judicial fees, for spotting and selling horses, "halving", washing, etc. Due to all these fees, they not only fed themselves, but also supported their servants. The feeding system reaches its greatest development in the XIV-XV centuries. From the 15th century the Grand Dukes of Moscow regulate the income of feeders by issuing special "fed" and statutory letters. In k. XV - n. 16th century the government began converting natural feed into cash, while abolishing a number of articles. As a result of the zemstvo reform of 1555-56, the feeding system was eliminated, and the government turned fees for the maintenance of feeders into a special tax in favor of the treasury. N. Nosov The system of maintaining officials (governors, volostels, etc.) at the expense of the local population in Russia. When they took office, the population paid "feeders" in kind, and then - "feed" in kind, usually 3 times a year (on Christmas, Easter and St. Peter's Day). In addition, the feeders collected various fees for their own benefit: court fees, for branding and selling horses, "cooking" money, etc. Eliminated by the zemstvo reform of 1555-1556. - in Russia, a system of payment in kind, maintenance at the expense of the local population of certain categories of officials serving in favor of the prince. This system was abolished under Ivan IV by the zemstvo reform of 1555-1556. |
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