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The collapse of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Great Patriotic War

Ethnic differentiation in the CHI ASSR was initially motivated by political considerations. Having a modest history of existence since its formation (1936), this autonomous republic was abolished in 1944 in connection with accusations of the Chechen-Ingush population of collaborationism (the Germans occupied only part of the republic during the Great Patriotic War). As a result of the special operation "Lentil", tens of thousands of Chechens and Ingush whole families were deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the shortest possible time. Very many of them died on the way or died due to unbearable conditions in their new place of residence.

The mountain villages were empty, but did not die out - they began to fill with strangers, mostly Russians. In Russian literature, this process is perhaps best described by the Abkhazian Fazil Iskander, although Fazil Abdulovich never lived on the territory of the ChI ASSR. But his father was also deported in 1938, since then 9-year-old Iskander has never seen him.

It was the consequences of the deportation of the indigenous population that led to the fact that by the 1950s the number of the Russian population in the CHI ASSR had so visibly increased. In early 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was officially restored to its former status. Naursky and Shelkovskaya districts of the Stavropol Territory (territorially originally belonging to the CHI ASSR) with a predominantly Russian population were transferred back to the restored autonomy.

Before Dzhokhar Dudayev came to power, there were more than 200,000 Russians in the Chechen Republic, which had already broken away from Ingushetia, they accounted for more than a third of the total population of Chechnya. With the beginning of interethnic conflicts and the war that flared up as a result of an unsettled internal political crisis, the outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the republic increased sharply.

Main article: Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

5th of December 1936 the region was transformed into an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Armed anti-Soviet demonstrations continued in Chechnya until 1936, and in the mountainous regions until 1938. In total, from 1920 to 1941, 12 large armed uprisings (with the participation of 500 to 5 thousand militants) and more than 50 less significant ones took place on the territory of Chechnya and Ingushetia. military units Red Army And internal troops from 1920 to 1939 they lost 3564 people killed in battles with the rebels. (unavailable link)

In January 1940, Chechnya began new armed anti-Soviet uprising under the direction of Hasana Israilova.

      1. The Great Patriotic War

Main article: Chechnya during the Great Patriotic War

    1. Chechen Republic

      1. "Chechen Revolution"

In the summer of 1990, a group of prominent representatives of the Chechen intelligentsia took the initiative to hold the Chechen National Congress to discuss the problems of the revival of national culture, language, traditions, historical memory . On November 23-25, the Chechen National Congress was held in Grozny, which elected the Executive Committee, headed by the chairman, Major General Dzhokhar Dudayev. On November 27, the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, under pressure from the executive committee of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic . On June 8-9, 1991, the 2nd session of the First Chechen National Congress was held, which declared itself National Congress of the Chechen people(OKCHN). The session adopted a decision to depose the Supreme Council of the CHIR and proclaimed Chechen Republic Nokhchi-cho, and proclaimed the Executive Committee of the OKCHN headed by D. Dudayev as a temporary authority .

Events 19-21 August 1991 became a catalyst for the political situation in the republic. August 19 at the initiative Vainakh Democratic Party a rally in support of the Russian leadership began on the central square of Grozny, but after August 21 it began to be held under the slogans of the resignation of the Supreme Council, along with its chairman, for "Aiding the Putschists", as well as parliamentary re-elections . On September 1-2, the 3rd session of the OKChN declared the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic deposed and transferred all power in the territory of Chechnya to the Executive Committee of the OKChN . On September 4, the Grozny television center and the Radio House were seized. Chairman of the Grozny Executive Committee Dzhokhar Dudayev read out an appeal in which he named the leadership of the republic "criminals, bribe takers, embezzlers" and announced that with “On September 5, before the democratic elections are held, power in the republic passes into the hands of the executive committee and other general democratic organizations”. In response, the Supreme Council declared a state of emergency in Grozny from 0000 hours on September 5 to September 10, but six hours later the Presidium of the Supreme Council lifted the state of emergency . September 6, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Doku Zavgaev retired, and about. chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov. A few days later, on September 15, the last session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic took place, at which a decision was made to dissolve itself. . As a transitional body, the Provisional High Council (VVS) was formed, consisting of 32 deputies , which was chaired by the Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of OKCHN Hussein Akhmadov . The OKChN created the National Guard headed by the leader of the Islamic Way party Beslan Kantemirov .

By the beginning of October, a conflict arose between supporters of the OKCHN Executive Committee, headed by Akhmadov, and his opponents, headed by Yu. Chernov. On October 5, seven of the nine members of the Air Force decided to remove Akhmadov, but on the same day, the National Guard seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Air Force met, and the building of the Republican KGB . Then they arrested the prosecutor of the republic, Alexander Pushkin. . The next day, the OKCHN Executive Committee "for subversive and provocative activities" announced the dissolution of the Air Force, taking over the functions "revolutionary committee for the transitional period with full power" . The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR demanded that the Dudayevites hand over their weapons by midnight on October 9th. However, the OKCHN Executive Committee called this requirement "an international provocation aimed at perpetuating colonial rule" and announced gazavat, calling to arms all Chechens from 15 to 55 years old .

|
the USSR

Status
Was part of
Administrative center
Date of formation

1936-1947, 1957-1993
Chairman of the Supreme Council

Doku Zavgaev (last)
official languages

Russian, Chechen, Ingush
Population (1989)
Area
Timezone
Coordinates: 43°19′00″ s. sh. 45°40′59″ E  / 43.31666666999999648623998° N. sh. 45.68333333000000351° in. e. / 43.31666666999999648623998; 45.68333333000000351(G)(O)
History of Chechnya
History of Chechnya in the Middle Ages
Chechnya and Russian Empire

Caucasian war

North Caucasian Imamate

Terek region

Terek Cossacks
Chechnya in the Civil War

Mountain Republic (1917-1919)

Terek Soviet Republic (1918-1919)

North Caucasian Soviet Republic (1918)

North Caucasian Emirate (1919-1920)

Mountain ASSR (1921-1924)

Chechen national district (1920-1922)
Chechnya in the USSR

Chechen Autonomous Region (1922-1934)

Chechen-Ingush ASSR (1934-1944)

Deportation of Chechens and Ingush (1944)

Grozny region (1944-1957)

Chechen-Ingush ASSR (1957-1991)
Chechnya after the collapse of the USSR

Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991-2000)

First Chechen War (1994-1996)

Khasavyurt agreements (1996)

Interwar crisis (1996-1999)

Second Chechen War (1999-2009)

Chechen Republic (since 2000)
Portal "Chechnya"
Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Grozny, Augustovskaya street, USSR stamp 1960.

(Chechen-Ingush ASSR) (Chech. Nokhch-GІalgІayn Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Ingush. Nokhch-GІalgІay Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) is an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR that existed from 1936 to 1947 and from 1957 to 1993.

The capital is the city of Grozny.

  • 1. History
    • 1.1 First period 1936-1947
    • 1.2 Second period 1957-1993
    • 1.3 Liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR
  • 2 Administrative divisions
  • 3 Population
  • 4 See also
  • 5 Notes
  • 6 Links

History

First period 1936-1947

With the adoption of the new Stalinist constitution of the USSR on December 5, 1936, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was withdrawn from the North Caucasian Territory and transformed into Chechen-Ingush ASSR.

During the Second World War in 1942-1943. small part Chechen-Ingush ASSR was occupied by Germany. In February 1944, Chechens and Ingush were accused of collaborationism and deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (Operation Lentil). On March 7, 1944, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished and the Grozny District was formed as part of the Stavropol Territory. The composition of the Dagestan ASSR included the following districts of the abolished republic: Vedensky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sayasanovsky, Cheberloevsky, as well as Kurchaloevsky and Sharoevsky regions, with the exception of the northwestern part of these regions, and the eastern part of the Gudermes region. However, already on March 22, by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the district was also abolished, and the former territory of the republic became the Grozny region of the RSFSR. On June 25, 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR excluded the mention of the CHIASSR from Article 14 of the 1937 Constitution of the RSFSR. On February 25, 1947, the mention of autonomy was excluded by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from Art. 22 of the Constitution of the USSR.

Second period 1957-1993

On January 9, 1957, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored, and within slightly different boundaries than during the abolition; Naursky and Shelkovskaya districts with a predominantly Russian population transferred in 1944 from the Stavropol Territory to the Grozny Region remained in its composition, but the Prigorodny District, which remained in North Ossetia, was not returned to it. The area of ​​the republic after the restoration was 19,300 km².

On February 11, 1957, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the decree of its Presidium of January 9 and returned to Art. 22 of the Constitution of the USSR, mention of autonomy.

In August 1958, mass riots took place in Grozny, the reason for which was a domestic murder.

In 1973, after the pogroms in the Chechen-Ingush capital (January 15-18), a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On anti-social nationalist manifestations in the city of Grozny" was adopted. A group of workers from the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR left the republic. After the group returned to Moscow, the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Department of Organizational and Party Work of the Central Committee of the CPSU prepared a special report, which, in particular, stated that nationalist-minded individuals allowed insults, threats, hooliganism, violence against citizens of other nationalities, especially Russians. , which forced the latter to travel outside the republic. as an example, the Sunzhensky district is cited, which "over the past three years" left 9 thousand Russians, including 780 people in the first quarter of 1973.

Liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR

November 27, 1990 Supreme Council Chechen-Ingush ASSR adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic, and on May 24, 1991, in accordance with the amendments to Art. 71 of the constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called Chechen-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic. However, the deprivation of Checheno-Ingushetia of the status of the ASSR was contrary to Art. 85 of the current Constitution of the USSR. Thus, before the collapse of the USSR, these decisions to change the status of the republic were doubtful.

On June 8, 1991, at the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN). This was followed by the announcement Chechen Republic(Chechen Republic of Ichkeria), and the leaders of the Supreme Council of the republic were declared usurpers.

The events of August 19-21, 1991 in Moscow became the catalyst for a socio-political explosion in Checheno-Ingushetia. The organizer and leader of the mass movement was the Executive Committee of the OKChN, headed by Dzhokhar Dudayev. After the failure and self-dissolution of the GKChP, the Executive Committee of the OKCHN and organizations of a national-radical persuasion demanded the resignation of the Supreme Council of the CHIASSR and the holding of new elections. On September 1-2, the 3rd session of the OKChN declared the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic deposed and transferred all power on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia to the Executive Committee of the OKChN.

On September 6, 1991, Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican power structures. The Chechen guards occupied the building of the television center and the Radio House, stormed the parliament, where a meeting of the Supreme Council was taking place. On this day, the Supreme Council met in full force, heads of local councils, clergy, and business leaders were invited for consultations. Dzhokhar Dudayev, Yaragi Mamadayev and other leaders of the OKChN decided to take the building by storm. The assault began at 16-17 pm, 15-20 minutes after the Moscow emissaries - among them was a member of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Aslambek Aslakhanov - left the building. More than 40 deputies of parliament were beaten, and the separatists threw the chairman of the city council of Grozny Kutsenko out of the window, and then finished off in the hospital.

On September 15, Ruslan Khasbulatov, Acting Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, arrived in Grozny. Under his leadership, the last session of the Supreme Council of the republic was held, at which the deputies decided to resign Doku Zavgaev, a supporter of the State Emergency Committee, from the post of chairman of the Supreme Council and to dissolve the parliament. As a result of negotiations between Ruslan Khasbulatov and the leaders of the OKChN Executive Committee, as a temporary body of power for the period before the elections (scheduled for November 17), the Provisional Supreme Council of the CHIASSR (VVS) was formed from 32 deputies, shortly reduced to 13 deputies, then to 9.

Hussein Akhmadov, Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKChN, was elected Chairman of the Interim Supreme Council of the CHIASSR, Yury Cherny, assistant to Khasbulatov, was elected Deputy Chairman of the Air Force.

By the beginning of October 1991, a conflict arose in the Air Force between supporters of the OKCHN Executive Committee (4 members, headed by Khusein Akhmadov) and its opponents (5 members, headed by Yuri Cherny). Khusein Akhmadov, on behalf of the entire Air Force, issued a number of laws and decrees that created the legal basis for the activities of the OKCHN Executive Committee as the highest authority, and on October 1 announced the division of the Chechen-Ingush Republic into the sovereign Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho and the Ingush Autonomous Republic within the RSFSR.

On October 5, seven of the nine members of the Air Force decided to remove Kh. Akhmadov and to cancel the illegal acts. On the same day, the National Guard of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Air Force met, and also seized the building of the KGB of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On October 6, the Executive Committee of the OKCHN announced the dissolution of the Air Force (“for subversive and provocative activities”) and assumed the functions of a “revolutionary committee for the transitional period with full power.”

On October 27, 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKCHN executive committee, elections were held for the president and parliament of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Chechen-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, heads of a number of regions of the autonomous republic. On November 2, 1991, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR declared these elections illegal. The decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 7, 1991 on the introduction of a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia radically changed the balance of power. The leaders of the opposition parties and movements declared their support for President Dudayev and his government, which took on the mission of protecting the sovereignty of Ichkeria. The Provisional High Council and its militia disintegrated in the first days of the crisis.

On November 8, Chechen guards blocked the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, as well as military camps. The blockade used civilians and fuel trucks.

Ingush Republic (subsequently renamed the Republic of Ingushetia) after the collapse Chechen-Ingush ASSR headed for the loyalty of Russia, while the Chechen Republic, which in October 1991 was headed by Dzhokhar Dudayev, announced its secession from Russia and enjoyed de facto independence until the start of the First Chechen War in December 1994. The Constitution of the ChRI was adopted by the parliament of the republic on March 2, 1992 and canceled the effect of the 1978 ChIASSR constitution.

On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the Law "On the Formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation." The creation of the republic was submitted for approval by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies approved the formation of the Ingush Republic by its resolution and made a corresponding amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978: Checheno-Ingushetia was divided into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic, the border between which has remained unapproved even to this day. This law was published on December 29, 1992 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta and entered into force on January 9, 1993 after 10 days from the date of official publication.

Administrative division

After the transformation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region into Chechen-Ingush ASSR The republic included 1 city of regional subordination Grozny and 24 districts.

In 1944, by disaggregating the Nadterechny and Gudermes regions, the Goragorsky and Novogroznensky regions were created, which were liquidated in 1951.

After recovery Chechen-Ingush ASSR On January 9, 1957, it included 2 cities of republican subordination (Grozny and Malgobek) and 16 districts.

As of 1990, the republic included 3 cities of republican subordination:

  • Grozny
  • Gudermes
  • Malgobek

and 15 districts:

  1. Achkhoy-Martanovsky - with. Achkhoy-Martan
  2. Vedensky - s. Vedeno
  3. Grozny - Grozny
  4. Gudermessky - s. Gudermes
  5. Itum-Kalinsky - s. Itum-Kale
  6. Malgobek - Malgobek
  7. Nadterechny - s. Znamenskoye
  8. Nazranovsky - Nazran
  9. Naursky - stanitsa Naurskaya
  10. Nozhay-Yurtovsky - with. Nozhay-Yurt
  11. Sunzhensky - Ordzhonikidzevskaya station
  12. Urus-Martan - Urus-Martan
  13. Shalinsky - Shali
  14. Shatoevsky - s. Shatoy
  15. Shelkovsky - Shelkovskaya station

Population

Population dynamics of the republic:

National composition Chechen-Ingush ASSR

People 1959, thousand people 1970, thousand people 1979, thousand people 1989, thousand people
Chechens 244,0 (34,3 %) 508,9 (47,8 %) 611,4 (52,9 %) 734,5 (57,8 %)
Russians 348,3 (49,0 %) 367,0 (34,5 %) 336,0 (29,1 %) 293,8 (23,1 %)
Ingush 48,3 (6,8 %) 113,7 (12,0 %) 134,7 (11,7 %) 163,8 (12,9 %)
Armenians 13,2 (1,9 %) 14,5 (1,4 %) 14,6 (1,3 %) 14,8 (1,2 %)
Ukrainians 13,7 (1,9 %) 12,7 (1,2 %) 12,0 (1,0 %) …

see also

History of Chechnya

Notes

  1. 1 2 All-Union Population Census 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
  2. Brief information about the administrative-territorial changes in the Stavropol Territory for 1920-1992.
  3. INGUSHETIA.RU • History.
  4. On the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR and on the transformation of the Crimean ASSR into the Crimean region.
  5. Law of the USSR of February 25, 1947 "On Amending and Supplementing the Text of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR" (repealed)
  6. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 09.01.1957
  7. Law of the USSR of February 11, 1957 "On approval of the Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration of the national autonomy of the Balkarian, Chechen, Ingush, Kalmyk and Kar...
  8. Grozny rally in 1973. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IGPI.RU:: Political monitoring:: Issues of political monitoring:: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. general review
  10. Law of the RSFSR of May 24, 1991 "On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR"
  11. 1 2 3 4 Digest: Ten days that canceled the world. Grachev
  12. Decree of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR of November 2, 1991 No. 1847-I. Legal advice portal.
  13. DECREE of the President of the RSFSR of 07.11.1991 N 178
  14. On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation, Law of the Russian Federation of June 04, 1992 No. 2927-1.
  15. On the procedure for the implementation of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation", Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of June 04, 1 ....
  16. Decree of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1992 No. 4070-I. Legal Advice Portal
  17. Law of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1992 N 4071-I "On Amendments to Article 71 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia"
  18. Documents of the VII Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation // " Russian newspaper”, December 29, 1992, No. 278 (614), p. 5
  19. Laws of the RSFSR / RF 1990-1993 and amendments to them until the spring of 1995
  20. World Historical Project. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
  21. All-Union population census of 1939. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
  22. All-Union population census of 1959. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  23. All-Union population census of 1970. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
  24. All-Union Population Census 1979. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
  25. population of Chechnya
  26. All-Union population census of 1959. National composition of the population
  27. All-Union population census of 1970. National composition of the population
  28. All-Union population census of 1979. National composition of the population
  29. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population

Links

  • Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  • 1937 constitution
  • 1978 constitution

Timofeeva N.Yu.

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HISTORICAL SCIENCES AND ARCHEOLOGY

UDC 94(470.6) BBK 63.3(2 Kav-Chech)6

A.M. Bugaev

Chechen State Pedagogical University

POPULATION AND TERRITORY OF THE CHECHEN-INGUSH ASSR IN THE 60s-80s XX CENTURY

The article is devoted to the study of the little-studied pages of the modern history of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. Its chronological framework is the 60s-80s. XX century. The author identified demographic and territorial aspects as an object of study, guided by the fact that during the period under review, their transformation took place, largely due to the processes of restoring the autonomy of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and its further socio-economic development.

Key words: Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Chechens, Ingush, population, national composition, republic, territory, administrative-territorial structure, city, district, village, village, aul.

Chechen State Pedagogical University

THE RESEARCH OF THE POPULATION AND THE TERRITORY OF THE CHECHEN- INGUSH ASSR IN THE 60s and 80s OF THE XXth CENTURY

The article is devoted to the little-known pages of the modern history of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. The research is limited by the chronological framework of the 60s and 80s of the twentieth century. The main object of the research is outlined by the territorial and demographic aspects. The author is guided by the fact that this period is known by transformation taking place after the recovery of the autonomy of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet socialist Republic and its further socioeconomic development.

Key words: the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, the Chechens, the Ingush, population, national composition, the Republic, the territory of the administrative-territorial structure, city, district, stanitsa, village.

In the second half of the 50s. 20th century Balkars, Ingush, Kalmyks, Karachais and Chechens, who were forcibly evicted during the Great Patriotic War, were rehabilitated in accordance with the decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU and subsequent directives of the highest party and state bodies. Formulating this task, the authorities determined its strategic goal: the creation of “ necessary conditions for the national development" of these peoples.

Within two-three-four years, depending on a whole range of factors, mainly on the number of people to be repatriated to their ethnic homeland, the tasks of restoring their national autonomies were solved.

In this article, we set the task of analyzing certain aspects of the demographic processes that took place during the restoration of the statehood of the Vainakh peoples1 and its further development. At the same time, the constant - the methodological key - for us is our understanding that statehood, in this case national, is a political form of institutional organization - self-organization - of one or another ethnic community (substance) on the territory of its historical habitat (formation). Thus, the population and the territory are considered by us as the basic elements of this complex structure.

1 Vainakhs are the self-name of Chechens and Ingush.

After the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the public exposure of the cult of personality and its consequences, including the recognition of the forced eviction of entire peoples as a “gross violation of the basic principles of the party’s national policy”, the authorities, formulating the paradigm of the rehabilitation policy, considered options for restoring their autonomies in the regions (republics, territories, regions) special settlements. This is probably why the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated July 16, 1956 contained a paragraph (second), which actually contradicted the logic of its preamble and paragraph one. The state, removing “from the register of special settlements” and releasing “from under the administrative supervision of the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR” all Chechens, Ingush, Karachays and members of their families,1 at the same time established that “the removal of restrictions on special settlements ... does not entail return to them the property confiscated during the eviction, and that they do not have the right to return to the places from which they were expelled.

Such a short-sighted step irreversibly provoked a sharp reaction from the special settlers. They made it clear, moreover, in a demonstrative form, that under no circumstances would they reconcile themselves to excommunication for eternity from native land. The emerging escalation of tension in the situation required the authorities to seriously adjust the measures under consideration. That is why, in our opinion, on November 24, 1956, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution “On the restoration of the national autonomy of the Kalmyk, Karachai, Balkar, Chechen and Ingush peoples” . In its preamble, it was especially noted that, firstly, it is necessary to solve the tasks of “complete rehabilitation of the deported peoples.”, Secondly, “with great territorial disunity and the absence of autonomous associations, the necessary conditions are not created for the all-round development of these nations, their economy and culture , but, on the contrary, there is a danger of the decay of the national culture”, thirdly, “. Recently, especially after the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the removal of the Kalmyks, Karachais, Balkars, Chechens, and Ingush from the special settlement, there has been an increasing desire among them to return to their native places and restore national autonomy.

Thus, the practical implementation of the task of complete political rehabilitation of these peoples quite logically began with the restoration of their national autonomies, i.e. statehood.

Naturally, the authorities understood that the tasks of the territorial structure of the restored autonomies and the repatriation of the population were the priorities. Figuratively speaking, it was about the gathering (reunification) of these two components - the territory and the population, the forced breeding of which inevitably led to the liquidation of the respective national-state formations.

Population and territory - these are the subjects of our study (the experience of restoring the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic through the prism of demographic and administrative-territorial aspects).

The program for the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the practical implementation of which began in January 1957, within the established timeframes (1957-1960) was carried out mainly in line with the concept of the November (1956) resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

In 1957, a flood of repatriates poured in, the number of which significantly exceeded the control figures. The government of the RSFSR in 1957 planned to relocate to:

1 Earlier, from March to April 1956, Decrees of this kind were adopted in relation to other peoples subjected to forcible resettlement, including the Kalmyk and Balkar peoples. See: Rehabilitation: how it was. Documents of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU and other materials. In 3 vols. T. 2. February 1956 - early 80s / Comp. A. N. Artizov, Yu. V. Sigachev, V. G. Khlopov, I. N. Shevchuk. M.: MFD, 2003. S. 25, 26, 79, 80

Chechen-Ingush ASSR - 17 thousand families, Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR - 5 thousand families, Kalmyk Autonomous Region - 8 thousand families, Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region - 10 thousand families.

As of May 20, 8,646 families (32,457 people) actually returned from special settlements to: the Chechen-Ingush ASSR - 3,602 families (14,598 people), the Kalmyk Autonomous Region - 3,986 families (12,864 people), Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region - 6896 families (30768 people).

By the beginning of January 1958, that is, exactly one year after the issuance of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, more than 200 thousand Chechens and Ingush returned to the republic. The flow of people arriving in the republic on their own, without the appropriate permissions from official authorities, increased noticeably. Along with these problems, other situations arose that required state-legal regulation, the prompt adoption of comprehensive measures, including at fairly high levels of the party and state hierarchy.

This whole complex of tasks dictated the need to form a constitutional system government controlled. The Organizing Committee for the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, although it had administrative and executive functions and powers, did not have the necessary scope of competence of the legislative body. In December 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the CPSU and the Organizing Committee for the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic petitioned the country's leadership to allow elections of deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to be held on March 16, 1958, that is, on the day of the next elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The initiative of the republican bodies was supported. The elections were held at the appointed time. And in April 1958, the first session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR (second convocation) formed the constitutional bodies of state power and state administration of the republic - the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR and the Council of Ministers of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, as well as the Supreme Court of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR.

Thus, in the spring of 1958, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic had a completely legitimate system of government with clearly defined branches of power: legislative, executive and judicial. In other words, the national autonomy - statehood - of the Chechen and Ingush peoples in the constitutional and legal sense was restored in full.

The most difficult problem of the restoration process, the successful solution of which depended on many factors, including subjective, as well as accidental and force majeure, from our point of view, was the repatriation of the half-million Vainakh population to the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, its household and labor device. The situation was aggravated by the fact that each individual family, with rare exceptions, sought to use, and without delay, their legal right to return to their republic. This is mainly why the authorized authorities have not always been able to organize a systematic relocation of such a huge number of people.

The return of the Vainakh population to Checheno-Ingushetia increased every year. According to official data from the All-Union Population Census, the number of Chechens and Ingush in the USSR in 1959 was 524,736 people. .

The geography of their concentration in the country as a whole looked as follows:

Table 1

Chechen-Ingush. ASSR Dagest. ASSR North Ossetia. ASSR

Chechens 418756 261311 243974 12798 339 130232 25208

Ingush 105980 55799 48273 No data 6071 47867 1721

Table indicators characterize the dynamics of the Chechen-Ingush population within the borders of the RSFSR, in the Kazakh and Kyrgyz Union Republics. At the same time, it is obvious that the observed ethnic dispersion is due to the targeted movement of the Chechen-Ingush population from places of special settlement. As a result of these transformations, its share in the RSFSR quite logically increased, mainly in the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, on a smaller scale in the Dagestan ASSR (Chechens) and the North Ossetian ASSR (Ingush). In the same parameters, its share in the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR decreased.

In places of new concentration, a more multi-level transformation of demographic processes gradually became visible. In this case, we focus on only one of the most important aspects: natural growth rates. At the same time, we proceed from the fact that this indicator almost mirrored the real impact of the sociocultural well-being of an ethnic group on its daily life.

In the 60s-70s. an unprecedented, in particular in the 40s - in the first half of the 50s, a natural increase in the Chechen-Ingush population was recorded. According to the All-Union Population Census, in 1970 612,674 people lived in the Soviet Union. Chechen nationality and 157605 people. Ingush nationality. Thus, for ten years - 1959-1970. - the total increase in the Vainakh population in the USSR amounted to 245,543 people, including Chechen - by 193,918 people, or 46.3%, Ingush - by 51,625 people, or 48.7%.

The geography of the resettlement of the Chechen-Ingush population in the USSR in 1970 looked like this:

table 2

Peoples Total in the USSR (persons) Including

RSFSR Including KAZAKH. SSR KYRGIZ. SSR

Total population - - 1064471 - - - -

Russian - - 366959 - - - -

Chechens 612674 572220 508898 39965 1402 34492 3391

Ingush 157605 137380 113675 202 18387 18356 654

Other - - 74939 - - - -

Thus, according to the 1970 census, 93.4% of Chechens and 87.2% of Ingush lived in the Russian Federation. Of these, in Checheno-Ingushetia - 83.1% and 72.1%. respectively.

Changes, although not so large-scale, in the size and geography of the Chechen-Ingush population in the USSR, in the same regions, occurred in the next decade - from 1970 to 1979. (according to the 1979 census):

Table 3

Peoples Total in the USSR (persons) Including

RSFSR Including KAZAKH. SSR KYRGIZ. SSR

Chechen-Ingush. ASSR Dagest. ASSR North Osset. ASSR

Total population 1155805

Russians 336044

Chechens 755782 712161 611405 49227 23663 38256 2654

Ingush 186198 165997 134744 165 1760 18337 643

Other - - 73612 - - - -

In the Georgian SSR lived: Chechens - 158 people, Ingush - 89 people; in Kalmykia: Chechens - 8100, Ingush - 322.

In the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic at the time under consideration (1979) lived (except for the Vainakh population and Russians): Ukrainians - 12021, Armenians - 14621, Georgians - 1180, Azerbaijanis - 790, Belarusians - 2281, Kumyks - 8087, Tatars - 5444, Jews - 3993, Nogais - 6093, Avars - 4970 and representatives of other peoples of the USSR.

Characterizing the demographic processes that took place in the USSR as a whole and in its individual regions from 1959 to 1979, a number of researchers note noticeable correlational changes in the national composition of the national-state formations of the USSR, in particular Russian ones. At the same time, attention is drawn to fluctuations (pendulum) in the size of the Russian population in the national republics and regions. The Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is cited as an example, where the share of the Russian population "greatly decreased". Indeed, such an assessment corresponds to statistical indicators, which is also confirmed by the data in the table:

Table 4

CHIASSR Number (persons) As a percentage of the total

Censuses 1959 1970 1979 1959 1970 1979

Total population 710424 1064471 1155805 100 100 100

Russians 348343 366959 336044 49.0 34.5 29.1

Chechens 243974 508898 611405 34.3 47.8 52.9

Ingush 48273 113675 134744 6.8 10.7 11.7

However, such a statement of an indisputable fact does not adequately reflect the causal phenomena that led to such a situation. The data show that over the ten-year period from 1959 to 1970, the Russian population increased by 18,616 people in the republic. This is mainly the result of the transfer to the jurisdiction

Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Naur, Kargalinsky and Shelkovsky regions (foreign). Their population was mainly composed of residents of Russian nationality. In the process of restoring the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the country's leadership recognized the revival of some high-mountainous regions of the republic as inexpedient, in particular Galanchozhsky, Sharoevsky, Cheberloevsky. Therefore, a significant part of the population, who lived there before the eviction, was sent for permanent residence in the Zaterechye regions. Naturally, as a result of such dynamics, their national composition has changed, and consequently, the proportion of individual nationalities has also changed.

According to the 1970 census, the proportion of Russians in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a whole decreased by 14.5%. There are two main reasons: firstly, the almost universal return to the republic of almost half a million Vainakh population; secondly, the relatively high birth rate in Chechen and Ingush families remained, and, consequently, the corresponding rank of natural increase.

The positive dynamics of the birth rate and the natural increase of the Chechen and Ingush population continued in the eighties, as evidenced by the data of the 1989 census.

Table 5

Peoples Total in the USSR (persons) Including

RSFSR Including KAZAKH. SSR KYRGIZ. SSR

Chechen-Ingush. ASSR Dagest. ASSR North Osset. ASSR

Total population 1270429

Russians 293771

Chechens 956879 898999 734501 57877 2646 49507 2873

Ingush 237438 215068 163762 212 32783 19914 592

Other - - 78395 - - - -

The Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from the moment of its formation (1936) was a multinational republic. Along with Russians, Chechens and Ingush, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians, Jews, Ossetians, Kabardians, Tatars, representatives of the peoples of Dagestan and others traditionally lived here.

Table 6

1959 1970 1979 1989

Russian 348343 366959 336044 293771

Chechens 243974 508898 611405 734501

Ingush 48273 113675 134744 163762

Azerbaijanis 581 739 790 1108

Armenians 13213 14563 14621 14824

Belarusians 1724 2312 2281 2577

Georgians 1433 1373 1180 1041

Avars 5354 4337 4970 6276

Kumyks 5556 7218 8087 9853

Nogais 4123 5534 6093 6884

 

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