At the beginning of the 20th century, the minds of people were captured by aviation. In 1908, the founder of theoretical cosmonautics published in the journal "Bulletin of Aeronautics" an article "Exploration of world spaces by jet devices." This and his other works anticipated the emergence of liquid-propellant rockets, artificial earth satellites and orbital stations.

The creation of the satellite was preceded by many years of hard work of research institutes and design bureaus.

Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the laboratories of the USSR developed solid-propellant missile-projectiles and accelerators for aircraft, the first domestic liquid-propellant engines. In 1933, the first in the USSR rocket with a liquid-propellant rocket engine GIRD-09 was launched. Also, ballistic and cruise missiles for various purposes, solid-propellant and liquid engines were developed and tested.

Scientists and inventors who have devoted years to creating rockets with a jet engine saw space exploration as the ultimate goal of their work.

The designer, associate, said back in the 1930s: "Without exception, all work in the field of rocketry ultimately leads to space flight."

After the end of the war, Soviet inventors, led by Korolev, gained access to German captured equipment, in particular the V-2, a rocket with a flight range of up to 320 km, which became the first object to make a suborbital space flight.

On its basis, in the future, under the leadership of Korolev, a number of Soviet missiles were created and adopted for service. In 1954, the development of the R-7 rocket began, with a range of up to 9500 km. The Seven became the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile to successfully pass tests and deliver a warhead to an intercontinental range.

“The history of the creation of the First Satellite is the history of a rocket. The missile technology of the Soviet Union and the United States had a German origin ",

- noted the scientist-designer Boris Chertok.

September 25, 1955 at the jubilee session of the Moscow Higher Technical School. Bauman, dedicated to his 125th birthday, Korolev, speaking with a report, said: “Our tasks are to ensure that Soviet missiles fly higher and earlier than it will be done anywhere else. Our tasks are for a Soviet man to fly on a rocket ... In order for the first artificial Earth satellite to be Soviet, created by Soviet people. "

Only a ball!

Korolev proposed "Seven" as a candidate for launching an artificial Earth satellite into space. This initiative found support in the USSR. In April 1956, at the suggestion of Korolyov, she convened an All-Union conference on the study of the upper atmosphere. On it, Korolev read a report "Investigation of the upper atmosphere using long-range missiles."

“The modern development of technology is such that we can expect in the near future the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth, perhaps a satellite just at relatively low altitudes, and then a permanent satellite,

- he said. - The real challenge is to develop a rocket flight to the moon and back from the moon. This problem is most easily solved when starting from the satellite, but it is also solved when starting from the Earth. "

Initially, the Government decree ordered to create a satellite, the tasks of which included measuring the ionic composition of space, corpuscular radiation of the Sun, magnetic fields, cosmic rays, the thermal regime of the satellite, its deceleration in the upper layers of the atmosphere, the duration of its existence in orbit, the accuracy of determining the coordinates and parameters of the orbit. The mass of the satellite was supposed to be 1000-1400 kg, and the equipment for research should add another 200-300 kg to this. The satellite was planned to be launched into orbit in 1957-1958.

The Korolev Design Bureau has developed several versions of a laboratory satellite weighing up to 1300 kg. However, it soon became apparent that, due to the difficulties in manufacturing reliable scientific equipment, it would not be possible to complete the satellite in time. Then Korolev suggested that instead of a complex laboratory, launch a simple satellite into space - otherwise the USSR risked missing out on the launch primacy. The proposal was approved.

There was a debate about what the first satellite of the Earth should have a shape. "A ball and only a ball!" - Korolyov insisted.

By September 1957, the satellite had already passed the final tests on a shaker and in a heat chamber.

The satellite, modestly named PS-1 ("The Simplest Satellite-1"), ended up in the shape of a sphere 58 cm in diameter and weighing 83.6 kg. This form made it possible to make the most of its internal space. The sealed case was made of aluminum alloys, inside was radio equipment and silver-zinc batteries, designed for 2-3 weeks. Before launch, the satellite was filled with nitrogen gas.

The satellite was equipped with two radio transmitters with a power of 1 W, emitting signals at a wavelength of 15 and 7.5 m.On the outer surface there were four rod antennas 2.4-2.9 m long.The signal duration was 0.3 seconds, reception was possible at a distance of up to 10 thousand km.

Meanwhile, at the Tyura-Tam test site, the future Baikonur cosmodrome, test launches of the Seven were carried out.

In September, a rocket intended to launch a satellite arrived at the test site. It was seven tons lighter than the standard ones - the designers replaced the warhead with a transition to the satellite, abandoned the radio control system equipment, and simplified the automatic engine shutdown.

On October 2, Korolev signed an order on PS-1 flight tests and sent a notice of readiness to Moscow, but received no response. Then he independently made the decision to put a rocket with a satellite to the launching position.

Winners are not judged

On October 4, 1957, at 22:28 Moscow time, mankind entered a new space era. From the test site, the launch vehicle rushed into the night sky, for the first time developing the first space velocity and launching the first artificial Earth satellite into orbit.

The satellite signal was received by radio amateurs all over the world.

Even at the first orbit, the message was heard: "As a result of a lot of hard work of research institutes and design bureaus, the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth has been created."

“After the first enthusiasm, when the signals“ BIP-BIP-BIP, ”which became immediately known to all mankind, were received at the test site, and, finally, the telemetry was processed, it turned out that the rocket was launched“ on the eyebrows, ”Chertok recalled. - The engine of the side block "G" entered the mode with a delay, that is, less than a second before the control time. If it had been a little longer, the circuit would have automatically "reset" the setting and the start would have been canceled. Moreover, at the 16th second of the flight, the tank emptying control system failed. This led to an increased consumption of kerosene and the engine of the central block was turned off a second earlier than the calculated value. There were other issues as well. If only a little more and the first space velocity might not have been reached. But the winners are judged! A great thing has happened! "

The orbital period of the satellite around the Earth was about 96 minutes. He stayed in earth orbit until January 4, 1958, having completed 1440 orbits.

In addition to checking the decisions made for the launch and studying the operating conditions of the equipment, the launch goals also included ionospheric studies of the transmission of radio waves emitted by the satellite transmitters and the experimental determination of the density of the upper atmosphere by decelerating the satellite. The collected data were of high scientific value, in particular, the results of measuring the density of the high layers of the atmosphere made it possible to create a theory of satellite deceleration.

“The world was literally overwhelmed! Sputnik has changed the political balance of power. The US Secretary of Defense said: "Victory in the war with the USSR is no longer achievable." By replacing the thermonuclear hydrogen bomb with a small satellite, we have won a huge political and social victory, ”Chertok said.

At the recent International Astronautics Congress in Adelaide, Professor Robert Thomas, Environmental Adviser to the South Australian Government, told Gazeta.Ru about his childhood impressions of the first satellite flight.

“In 1957 I was 7 years old. We lived in the suburbs of Adelaide and that night with friends lay on our backs in the yard of my house. We knew about his flight, because by that time the newspapers had already written about him.

I was amazed by what I saw, the satellite was fantastic for us, it was an incredible event for us, especially at that age.

Then I was still too young to be interested in science, but the satellite opened my eyes to space, stars and the universe. I started to observe objects moving in the sky.

My father was an engineer, and we were both carried away by a companion, from him I inherited a craving for the study of the world around us. The second impression for me was the flight in 1961, when I was 12 years old, and I also remember this event. We said, “Wow! It's incredible, man, Russian in space. Then we witnessed the Apollo missions and the landing of a man on the moon. And now I believe that cooperation in space is one of the best ways to improve relations between countries. "

By the way, the launch of the satellite coincided with the opening of the International Astronautics Congress, which took place in 1957 in Barcelona. It was there that Academician Leonid announced the launch of the satellite into orbit. Since the names of the leaders of the Soviet space program were classified, it was Sedov who became the "father of Sputnik" in the eyes of the world community.

On November 3, 1957, Sputnik-2 was launched, on board of which was the first living creature put into space, the dog Laika.

Alas, Laika died due to an error in calculating the satellite area and the absence of a thermal control system - the temperature in the cabin rose to 40 ° C, and the dog died from overheating.

In parallel with the USSR, the United States was also engaged in the development of a satellite. Vanguard TV3 was launched on December 6, 1957, but after two seconds the rocket lost thrust due to the explosion of the fuel tanks. The satellite was damaged and could not be used further. In the press, he was mockingly nicknamed "flopnik", "kaputnik" and "upsnik" - by analogy with the word "satellite", which, after the launch of PS-1, quickly entered the languages ​​of the world.

Today, there are more than three thousand satellites in Earth's orbit, most of which, however, no longer work. More than 2/3 of them belong to Russia and the USA.

On October 4, 1957 - exactly 60 years ago - the first artificial earth satellite in the world was launched in the Soviet Union.

This event marked the beginning of the exploration of outer space by mankind, a qualitative leap in the development of science, industry and military technology.
The official name of this first spacecraft is PS-1 (Simplest Sputnik-1). The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense, which later received the name of the Baikonur cosmodrome, on the Sputnik launch vehicle, created on the basis of the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile.
A large group of scientists headed by S. Korolev, as well as Soviet workers and military personnel, among whom played a prominent role in the creation and launch of an artificial Earth satellite, was our compatriot - a native of the village of Ostretsovo, Rodnikovsky District, Ivanovo Region, Colonel General, in the post-war years - Deputy Minister of Medium Machine Building of the USSR V. Ryabikov (pictured).

In 1946, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on the deployment of large-scale work on the development of rocketry. The creation of long-range rocket missiles was dictated by the need to deliver nuclear warheads. Intercontinental ballistic missiles became the means of launching the first artificial earth satellites.
All this work was coordinated by the country's top leadership, headed by I. Stalin and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers L. Beria.
From 1951 to 1957, ballistic missile launches were carried out, strictly speaking, not yet into space, but into the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere, up to the conditional border with outer space.
Then, in August 1957, the first launch of a ballistic (space) rocket was made from the Plesetsk cosmodrome, which rose to an altitude of more than 200 km and then reached a given area - a training ground in Kamchatka.
And, finally, two months later, on October 4, 1957, at 22 hours 28 minutes Moscow time, the USSR launched the world's first artificial Earth satellite, which separated from the launch vehicle and entered low-Earth orbit.
The aluminum alloy body of the satellite was only 58 cm in diameter and had a total mass of 83.6 kg. It separated from the rocket at a distance of 947 km from the earth's surface, and continued its further flight on its own.
"PS-1" was developed as a device with two radio beacons, the frequency ranges of which (20 and 40 MHz) were chosen so that the satellite signal could be received by radio amateurs of all countries using the simplest equipment.
314.5 seconds after the launch, the satellite gave its voice. "Beep! Beep! " - so his callsigns sounded. They were caught at the range for 2 minutes, then the satellite went beyond the horizon. People at the cosmodrome ran out into the street, shouted "Hurray!", Shook the designers and the military.
And even on the first loop of its flight, the TASS message sounded: "As a result of a lot of hard work of research institutes and design bureaus in the USSR, the world's first artificial Earth satellite was created."
The satellite flew for 92 days, until January 4, 1958, completing 1,440 revolutions around the Earth (about 60 million km), and its radio transmitters worked for two weeks after launch. Due to friction against the upper layers of the atmosphere, the satellite lost speed, entered the dense layers of the atmosphere and burned out due to contact with air.
The launch of the satellite was of the greatest international importance, clearly demonstrating the advantages of the Soviet economic and socio-political system, the level of scientific and technological progress achieved just 12 years after the devastating Great Patriotic War.
His flight was seen by the whole world, the signal emitted by him could be heard by any radio amateur anywhere in the world. This ran counter to the idea of ​​the technical backwardness of the Soviet Union. The launch of the first satellite dealt a severe blow to the prestige of the United States. United Press reported: “90 percent of the talk about artificial earth satellites was in the United States. As it turned out, 100 percent of the case fell on Russia ... ”.
M. Smetanin

MOSCOW, October 4. / TASS /. Humanity on Wednesday celebrates 60 years since the beginning of the space age. On this day, October 4, 1957, the world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched from the territory of the Soviet Union.

Work on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite was carried out in the USSR since the beginning of the 1950s. Simultaneously, since 1953, OKB-1, under the leadership of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, was developing a draft design for a two-stage ballistic missile - the future intercontinental R-7, which could potentially launch a satellite into space.

The launch of the first artificial Earth satellite was made on October 4, 1957, at 22:28 Moscow time, from the 5th Research Test Site of the USSR Ministry of Defense (now the Baikonur Cosmodrome) using a converted R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile. The spacecraft received Sputnik-1. In order not to reveal the indexes of the ballistic missile in service, it was also named Sputnik.

Already at the first orbit of Sputnik-1's flight, the TASS news agency reported on its successful launch: "... As a result of a lot of hard work of research institutes and design bureaus, the world's first artificial Earth satellite was created ..."

In total, the flight of the first satellite lasted 92 days - until January 4, 1958, when it left orbit and burned up in the dense layers of the atmosphere. The flight took place in an elliptical orbit with an altitude of 947 km at the apogee (the point of greatest distance from the Earth) and 288 km at the perigee (the smallest). In total, Sputnik-1 made 1,440 orbits around the Earth and flew about 60 million km.

Satellite mascot

In honor of the 60th anniversary of the launch in August, Russian cosmonauts Sergei Ryazansky and Fyodor Yurchikhin manually launched several microsatellites into orbit during a spacewalk from the International Space Station (ISS). Ryazansky also said that his grandfather Mikhail Ryazansky, who worked as the chief designer, was involved in the launch of the first satellite.

The model of the first Earth satellite became a talisman and an indicator of zero gravity for the participants of the 54th expedition to the ISS, which was launched on the Soyuz MS-06 manned spacecraft on September 13 from the Baikonur cosmodrome.

Modern technologies

There are now several thousand satellites in low-earth orbit. The Russian spacecraft constellation is constantly growing. It was only at the end of September that the next satellite of the GLONASS series was launched. On November 28, the second ever launch from the Vostochny cosmodrome is to take place, on that day the Soyuz-2.1b rocket will launch the Meteor-M Earth remote sensing satellite into orbit. Also, two vehicles of the Canopus series will go into space during the third launch from the new cosmodrome, which is scheduled for December 22.

In July this year, the Soyuz-2.1a launch vehicle launched 72 small spacecraft into orbit, which became a record number of satellites in the history of Russian cosmonautics launched simultaneously.

Today, Russian satellites are helping to cope with the consequences of natural disasters. Thus, the state corporation "Roscosmos" provided the EMERCOM of Russia and partners in the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters with space images of fires in Russia, Armenia, Spain, Montenegro, and also provided footage of the movement of Hurricane Harvey in the United States. Russian satellites filmed the consequences of floods in Nepal, Sierra Leone, Bangladesh, Venezuela, Vietnam, spacecraft recorded flooding in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Tver Region, Khabarovsk and Ussuriisk, filmed the consequences of mudflows in Crimea and China.

New vehicles and groups

As the head of Roscosmos, Igor Komarov, reported, the state corporation is now discussing the possibility of creating a constellation of small Earth remote sensing satellites with the participation of private capital. He noted that the elaboration of technical requirements for the vehicles has been going on for about a year, and in six months there will be information about the appearance of the vehicles and the prospects for the formation of the group.

In turn, the Samara Rocket and Space Center "Progress" proposed to Roscosmos to create a satellite constellation based on the platform of small spacecraft "Aist". It can include up to six small satellites, the devices will be similar in "stuffing", with small variations in the quality of the survey and in the composition of the target equipment. The main task of the group will be remote sensing of the Earth in the interests of various departments.

The St. Petersburg design bureau "Arsenal" proposes to create spacecraft with a nuclear power plant. The mass of one satellite can reach 7.6 tons, the period of their active existence should be at least seven years. Today, no country in the world has civilian satellites with a nuclear power plant, almost all spacecraft, with the exception of interplanetary stations, use solar panels. But due to the low flux density of solar radiation, these batteries are large in size, since they must store energy in batteries during operation in the shade.

Holiday in Russia

For the 60th anniversary of the launch of the first satellite, the Moscow Metro has prepared Ediny thematic tickets in a limited edition of 600,000 copies. The front side of the ticket will depict the Earth and the satellite that has entered orbit, and next to them the motto of the Moscow Planetarium "The stars are within reach!" The pass will allow you to purchase a second ticket to the Lunarium interactive museum of the Moscow Planetarium at a discount.

A concert dedicated to the 60th anniversary will be held in the Kremlin. The guests of the evening will also be shown the film "Salyut-7". The film by producer Sergei Selyanov and director Klim Shipenko is based on the history of the flight of cosmonauts Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Viktor Savinykh to the Soviet orbital station Salyut-7 that stopped responding to signals. The all-Russian premiere of the film will take place on October 12.

Space is our future

Igor Burenkov, Executive Director for Communications of the Roscosmos State Corporation, recalled that Russia has partly lost its positions in the creation of the latest spacecraft and the production of unique electronics due to underfunding at the end of the last century.

"It is not enough to make up for lost time - it is necessary to become" import-independent. "And for Russia, space is a philosophy, this is our history and our present day. We are returning the dream of space to our children, and they will certainly continue our great victories," Burenkov said.

Talking about what still needs to be done to strengthen Russia's position in space, he clarified that it is necessary to support and deepen those areas in which our country is a leader: the creation and launch of launch vehicles, manned astronautics and life support systems, engine building, ground space infrastructure.

"Of course, it is necessary to develop new (areas of activity). In particular, on the electronic component base. To attract investors, create favorable conditions for them and engage in public-private partnerships," said a representative of Roscosmos.

He noted that now mankind is ready to make the transition to the next level - to create a space orbital lunar station, then a visited base on the Moon and then fly to Mars. "Russia will definitely be a full participant in all these international programs, the purpose of which is to learn new things and continue to improve the lives of people here on Earth," Burenkov concluded.

Target:

- systematize and expand students' understanding of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite;

Expand students' understanding of space exploration;

to acquaint with artificial satellites of the Earth and their role in the life of a modern person;

To form a sense of patriotism through the study of the great achievements of the Russian people; respect for people who have dedicated their lives to space exploration.

Structure and Stroke:

Content:

Organizing time.

Post subject and purpose.

The class teacher announces the topic, its relevance, raises questions to be solved in the process of joint work .

The theme of our class hour is "60 years since the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite."And I would like to start it with the words of the founder of practical cosmonautics in our country, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev: “The time will come when a spaceship with people will leave the Earth and go on a journey. A reliable bridge from earth to space has already been thrown by the launch of Soviet artificial satellites, and the road to the stars is open! "

Main part. Robot over the topic of the class hour.

Since ancient times, the mysterious world of planets and stars has attracted the attention of people. Observing the stars through a telescope, people did not stop dreaming of traveling to them. This dream came true in the 20th century.

In the minds of scientists for many years
Lived a cherished dream:
Take off with rockets
Into interplanetary space

In 1955, S.P. Korolev, M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite (AES) into space using a rocket. The government supported this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left the NII-88 and became an independent organization, the chief designer and director of which was S.P. Korolev.

The beginning of the space era in the history of mankind was laid on October 4, 1957, when the first artificial Earth satellite was launched into orbit. Satellite code designation - PS-1 (Simplest Sputnik - 1).

It was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on a Sputnik launch vehicle based on the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile.

The whole world doesn't know anything yet

The usual "Latest News".

And he flies through the constellations.

The earth will wake up with his name.

The satellite went beyond the horizon ... People at the cosmodrome ran out into the street, shouted “Hurray!”, Shook the designers and the military. And even on the first loop, the TASS report sounded: "... As a result of a lot of hard work of research institutes and design bureaus, the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth was created ...". The Russian word "satellite" has entered many languages ​​of the world. Sputnik cocktails have appeared in bars in Western Europe. Hairdressers have come up with new model hairstyles.

The whole world saw the flight of the first artificial satellite of the Earth.

The signal sent by the satellite was picked up by any radio amateur anywhere in the world.

During the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, the following tasks were set:

Check the correctness of calculations and technical solutions on which the launch was based;

Determine the data on the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere by the descent deceleration of the spacecraft;

Investigate the ionospheric propagation of radio waves emitted by satellite transmitters;

Analyze the conditions for adequate operation of the equipment of other flying devices.

The launch of the first Earth satellite made it possible to obtain not only important technical data necessary for the further development of astronautics, but also valuable scientific information .

Newspapers published articles on the first artificial satellite of the Earth.

Postage stamps were issued for the commemorative dates of the satellite launch.

Monuments were erected for the commemorative dates of the launch of the satellite.

In 1958, a monument to the creators of the first Soviet artificial Earth satellite was erected near the Rizhskaya metro station in Moscow. In 1964, in honor of the launch of Sputnik-1 near the VDNKh metro station, a 99-meter monument to the Conquerors of Space was erected in the form of a rocket taking off, leaving a trail of fire behind.

Modern artificial satellites of the Earth perform many tasks and, depending on them, are divided into several types:

– astronomical satellites are used to study space objects and phenomena; in fact, they are mobile observatories outside the Earth;

– reconnaissance vehicles supply information to the military departments of their countries on the location and movement of strategic objects in the investigated territory;

– communication satellites are necessary for transmitting radio signals between very distant points on the surface that are outside the line of sight;

– navigation satellites provide the operation of the global positioning system GPS, which is very important for determining the location of vehicles;

– meteorological satellites are indispensable for studying the weather and making weather forecasts;

– remote sensing satellites, using radar and photographing the Earth's surface, carry out exploration of mineral deposits, take into account the location of natural resources, and monitor the state of the ecological system;

– on biosatellites, studies of living organisms are carried out in space conditions;

– experimental satellites are launched to test new developments.

Now the number of artificial objects in the earth's orbit exceeds 15.5 thousand .

I know you on the Day of the military space forces

Anyone would ask for one thing:

Take care of yourself and our entire earthly sphere,

Take the trouble away from the Earth side!

Space Forces Day - this is a holiday for those who have devoted themselves to work on the creation of spacecraft of defense significance, who carried out and carries out their launches.

Lesson summary.

Sources: The history of the development of domestic automatic spacecraft // Scientific editor I. V. Barmin. - M .: Stolichnaya encyclopedia, 2015 .-- 752 p.

October 4, 2017 marks the 60th anniversary of the beginning of the space age of mankind. On October 4, 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on the "Sputnik" launch vehicle.

During the class hour, students will expand their knowledge about the scientific activities of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev - the founder of practical cosmonautics in our country, get acquainted with the characteristics of the first satellite, and also learn what types of satellites exist today and what tasks they perform.

Lesson Option [PDF] [DOCX]

Presentation [PDF] [PPTX]

Quiz rules [PDF] [DOCX]

Target:

• to systematize and expand the students' understanding of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.

Tasks:

• expand students' understanding of space exploration;
• to acquaint with artificial satellites of the Earth and their role in the life of a modern person;
• to form a sense of patriotism through the study of the great achievements of the Russian people;
• fostering a sense of cooperation.

The theme of our class hour is "60 years since the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite."

And I want to start it with the words of the founder of practical cosmonautics in our country, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev:

“The time will come when the spaceship with people will leave the Earth and go on a journey. A reliable bridge from earth to space has already been thrown by the launch of Soviet artificial satellites, and the road to the stars is open! "

The beginning of the space era in the history of mankind was laid on October 4, 1957, when the first artificial Earth satellite was launched into orbit. Satellite code designation - PS-1 (Simplest Sputnik - 1).

It was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on a Sputnik launch vehicle based on the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile.

let's get a look video clip "Satellite launch".

The whole world saw the flight of the first artificial satellite of the Earth.

The signal sent by the satellite was picked up by any radio amateur anywhere in the world.

Many scientists worked on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite.

This work was headed by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, a Soviet scientist, design engineer, and the founder of practical cosmonautics.

Under the leadership of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, the first cosmonaut of the planet was launched. let's get a look video about the scientific activities of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.

Viewing and discussing video about the scientific activities of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.

During the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, the following tasks were set:

• check the correctness of calculations and technical solutions on which the launch was based;
• determine the data on the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere by the descent deceleration of the spacecraft;
• to investigate the ionospheric propagation of radio waves emitted by satellite transmitters;
• to analyze the conditions for the adequate operation of the equipment of other flying devices.

Externally, the satellite was an aluminum sphere 58 cm in diameter, to which two curved antennas were attached criss-cross, allowing the device to spread radio emission evenly and in all directions.

Inside the sphere, made of two hemispheres fastened by 36 bolts, there were 50-kilogram silver-zinc batteries, a radio transmitter, a fan, a thermostat, pressure and temperature sensors. The total weight of the device was 83.6 kg.

PS-1 was in orbit for 92 days and during this time made 1440 revolutions around the Earth, thus covering about 60 million kilometers. The satellite's radio transmitters worked for two weeks after launch. Then the device burned up in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere.

The news about the satellite, launched into near-earth orbit by Soviet scientists, instantly spread all over the world. The launch of the first Earth satellite made it possible to obtain not only important technical data necessary for the further development of astronautics, but also valuable scientific information.

Newspapers published articles on the first artificial satellite of the Earth.

Postage stamps were issued for the commemorative dates of the satellite launch.

Monuments were erected for the commemorative dates of the launch of the satellite

Modern artificial satellites of the Earth perform many tasks and, depending on them, are divided into several types:

- astronomical satellites are used to study space objects and phenomena; in fact, they are mobile observatories outside the Earth;

- reconnaissance vehicles supply information to the military departments of their countries on the location and movement of strategic objects in the investigated territory;

- communication satellites are necessary for transmitting radio signals between very distant points on the surface that are outside the line of sight;

- navigation satellites ensure the operation of the GPS global positioning system, which is very important for determining the location of vehicles;

- meteorological satellites are indispensable for studying the weather and making weather forecasts;

- Remote sensing satellites, using radar and photographing the Earth's surface, carry out exploration of mineral deposits, take into account the location of natural resources, control the state of the ecological system;

- on biosatellites, studies of living organisms are carried out in space conditions;

- experimental satellites are launched to test new developments.

Now the number of artificial objects in the earth's orbit exceeds 15.5 thousand.

Conducting a quiz.

The quiz is held according to the principle of the TV game "Own Game".

As the end of the class hour, it is proposed

Quiz rules

For the quiz, the class is divided into two teams. A toss is held, during which it is determined which team starts the game. Team members select questions. If the question is answered correctly, the team continues the game. In case of an incorrect answer, another team enters the game. The winner is the team with the most points.

Sources:

1. The history of the development of domestic automatic spacecraft // Scientific editor I. V. Barmin. - M .: Stolichnaya encyclopedia, 2015 .-- 752 p.