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| The first artificial Soviet earth satellite. From satellite to spacewalk: important achievements of the Soviet Union. Sputnik: a bad idea |
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Years, on the day of the 50th anniversary of the launch of PS-1, a monument to the first artificial Earth satellite was opened in the city of Korolev. Scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K.Tikhonravov, N. S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. ... Flight parameters
DeviceThe satellite body consisted of two half-shells with docking frames connected by 36 bolts. The tightness of the joint was ensured by a rubber gasket. In the upper half-shell there were two antennas, each of two pins 2.4 m and 2.9 m long. Inside the sealed case there were: a block of electrochemical sources; radio transmitting device; fan; thermal relay and air duct of the thermal control system; switching device of on-board electrical automatics; temperature and pressure sensors; onboard cable network. Launch historySatellite signal The flight of the first satellite was preceded by the titanic work of Soviet rocket designers headed by Sergei Korolev. 1947-1957. For ten years from "V-2" to PS-1.
On October 4, 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Its mass was only 83.6 kg, and its maximum diameter was 0.58 m. However, the value of that start cannot be measured - neither in kilograms nor in meters. The space age began that day! The satellite emitted radio waves at two frequencies, which made it possible to study the upper layers of the ionosphere. But it had not so much scientific as political significance. It was after October 4 that it became clear that nuclear strikes using missile technology could be delivered anywhere in the world. The numerical superiority of the Americans in the field of nuclear weapons no longer played a decisive role. And this circumstance has changed the entire system of international relations. The first satellite flew for 92 days and completed 1440 revolutions around the Earth. In total, he "wound" about 60 million km in orbit. By the way, at first they thought about launching a heavy satellite with a number of scientific instruments - object D. However, the work was delayed, and, after weighing everything, the designers decided not to rush with the "heavyweight", but to develop the simplest version: an apparatus with two radio beacons. Moreover, the range of transmitters was chosen so that even radio amateurs could monitor the satellite. In the United States, the news of the launch of a Soviet satellite had the effect of an exploding bomb: the Pentagon, which advocated the policy of "balancing on the brink of war," was shaken by the very fact of the creation in the Soviet Union of a multistage intercontinental missile, against which air defense was powerless. The Russians challenged them in the fields of science, industry and military power, they said overseas. Indeed, the Americans managed to launch their first satellite weighing only 8.3 kg only on February 1, 1958. Then, many did not fully realize the enormous economic opportunities that were opened by the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite. Now, according to NASA, the amount of information received from geostationary satellites daily amounts to the equivalent of 1.5 million books of 300 pages each. Speculation about the first satellite of the EarthAs the deputy leading designer of the first and second artificial earth satellites, the leading designer of the first Vostok spacecraft-satellites, the creator of automatic interplanetary stations, Oleg Ivanovsky, told the "RG" correspondent, there were enough fables: It's even funny - you have to think up so much! - said Oleg Genrikhovich. - For example, in one seemingly solid book it is written: supposedly in order for the first satellite to be detected from the Earth, its surface was made almost mirror-like and even gilded. Nothing of the kind! The satellite was processed in a completely different way - electrochemical polishing. When it was published: here, they say, a satellite is flying, look - that was also a lie. Because no one could see the satellite with a simple eye. The star, which many observed, was only the central block of the rocket. And this is a colossus of 7 tons, and not 83.6 kg of "ball". The block was seen because it also became a satellite until it burned down. Is it true that the first satellite still had problems: antenna antennae flew off? - asked the correspondent of "RG". Nonsense, too, ”laughed Ivnovsky. - Even if they fell off, no one would know about it. Moreover, there was also "information": a fire allegedly broke out at the start and the first satellite burned out! expand their horizons in the field of space production. The launch of the first artificial satellite served as an impetus for an intensive study of outer space. In just a few decades, research and inventions in this area have taken on enormous proportions. The creation of the first satellite is already an interesting fact in itself, but there are still a number of events related to its activity that deserve attention.
Sputnik-1, the first artificial Earth satellite, the first spacecraft, was launched into orbit in the USSR on October 4, 1957. Sputnik-1 The world's first artificial Earth satellite Manufacturer Union of Soviet Socialist Republics OKB-1 verification of calculations and basic technical solutions adopted for the launch; ionospheric studies of the passage of radio waves emitted by satellite transmitters; experimental determination of the density of the upper atmosphere by decelerating the satellite; research of operating conditions of equipment Earth satellite Specifications Satellite code designation - PS-1 (Simplest Sputnik-1). The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" (which later received the open name of the Baikonur cosmodrome) on a launch vehicle "Sputnik" (R-7). Scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K.Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. A. V. Bukhtiyarov and many others. The launch date is considered the beginning of the space era of mankind, and in Russia it is celebrated as a memorable day for the Space Forces. 1 Flight parameters Flight parameters Flight start - October 4, 1957 at 19:28:34 GMT Device The body of the satellite consisted of two hemispheres 58 cm in diameter made of aluminum alloy with docking frames connected by 36 bolts. The tightness of the joint was ensured by a rubber gasket. In the upper half-shell were two antennas, each of two pins 2.4 m and 2.9 m long. Since the satellite was not oriented, the four-antenna system gave uniform radiation in all directions. Inside the sealed case were placed: a block of electrochemical sources; radio transmitting device; fan; thermal relay and air duct of the thermal control system; switching device of on-board electrical automatics; temperature and pressure sensors; onboard cable network. Weight: 83.6 kg. The flight of the first satellite was preceded by the long work of Soviet rocket designers headed by Sergei Korolev. In 1931, in the USSR, a Jet Propulsion Study Group was created, which was engaged in the design of missiles, in which, in particular, Tsander, Tikhonravov, Pobedonostsev, Korolev worked. In 1933, this group was transformed into the Jet Institute, which continued work on the creation and improvement of missiles. The history of the creation of the First Satellite is the history of the rocket. The missile technology of the Soviet Union and the United States had a German origin. B. Ye. Chertok (collection "The First Space", p. 12) The V-2 rocket embodied in its design the ideas of lone geniuses - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Hermann Obert, Robert Goddard. This world's first guided ballistic missile had the following main characteristics: Maximum firing range ... 270-300 km Stable flight in the active phase was provided by an autonomous control system. On May 13, 1946, JV Stalin signed a decree on the creation in the USSR of the rocket branch of science and industry. In August, S.P. Korolev was appointed chief designer of long-range ballistic missiles. Then (...) none of us foresaw that, working with Korolev, we would be participants in the launch of the world's first satellite into space, and soon after that, the first man. B. E. Chertok In 1947, flight tests of V-2 missiles assembled in Germany marked the beginning of Soviet work on the development of rocket technology. In 1948, at the Kapustin Yar test site, tests of the R-1 rocket were already carried out, which was a copy of the V-2, manufactured entirely in the USSR. In the same year, government decrees were issued on the development and testing of the R-2 missile with a range of up to 600 km and on the design of a missile with a range of up to 3000 km and a warhead mass of 3 tons. a series of experiments on high-altitude launches for space exploration. The R-2 missiles were tested already in 1950, and in 1951 they were put into service. The creation of the R-5 rocket with a range of up to 1200 km was the first break with the V-2 technology. These missiles were tested in 1953, and research began immediately on their use as a carrier of nuclear weapons. The automation of the atomic bomb was combined with the rocket, the rocket itself was modified to fundamentally increase its reliability. The single-stage medium-range ballistic missile was named R-5M. On February 2, 1956, the world's first nuclear-powered rocket was launched. On February 13, 1953, the first decree was issued obliging to begin the development of a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile with a range of 7-8 thousand km. Initially, it was assumed that this rocket would become the carrier of an atomic bomb of the same dimensions that were installed on the R-5M. Immediately after the first test of a thermonuclear charge on August 12, 1953, it seemed that the creation of a carrier rocket for such a bomb in the coming years was unrealistic. But in November of the same year, Korolev held a meeting of his closest deputies, at which he said: The Minister of Medium Machine Building, who is also the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Malyshev, unexpectedly came to me. In a categorical form, he proposed "forget about the atomic bomb for an intercontinental missile." He said that the designers of the hydrogen bomb promise him to reduce its mass and bring it to 3.5 tons for the rocket version. - (collection "The First Space", p. 15) In January 1954, a meeting of chief designers was held, at which the basic principles of the layout of the rocket and ground launch equipment were developed. The abandonment of the traditional launch pad and the use of a suspension on the discarded trusses made it possible not to load the lower part of the rocket and to reduce its mass. For the first time, the gas-jet rudders, traditionally used since the V-2, were abandoned, they were replaced by twelve steering engines, which simultaneously had to serve as traction engines - for the second stage at the final stage of active flight. On May 20, 1954, the government issued a decree on the development of the R-7 two-stage intercontinental missile. And already on May 27, Korolev sent a report to the Minister of Defense Industry DF Ustinov on the development of an artificial satellite and the possibility of launching it with the help of the future R-7 rocket. The theoretical basis for such a letter was a series of research papers "Research on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite", which was carried out in 1950-1953 at the Research Institute-4 of the Ministry of Defense under the leadership of M. K. Tikhonravov. The developed rocket design of the new layout was approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR on November 20, 1954. It was necessary in the shortest possible time to solve many new tasks, which included, in addition to the development and construction of the rocket itself, the choice of a place for the launch site, the construction of launch facilities, the commissioning of all necessary services and equipment with observation posts of the entire 7000-kilometer flight route. The first complex of the R-7 rocket was built and tested during 1955-1956 at the Leningrad Metal Plant, at the same time, in accordance with a government decree of February 12, 1955, the construction of NIIP-5 began in the area of the Tyura-Tam station. When the first rocket in the factory shop was already assembled, the factory was visited by a delegation of the main members of the Politburo, headed by N. S. Khrushchev. The rocket made an amazing impression not only on the Soviet leadership, but also on leading scientists. A. D. Sakharov: We [nuclear scientists] believed that we have a large scale, but there we saw something, an order of magnitude larger. I was struck by the huge, visible to the naked eye, technical culture, the coordinated work of hundreds of highly qualified people and their almost everyday, but very businesslike attitude to those fantastic things with which they dealt ... - (collection "The First Space", p. 18) On January 30, 1956, the government signed a decree on the creation and launch into orbit in 1957-1958. "Object" D "" - a satellite with a mass of 1000-1400 kg, carrying 200-300 kg of scientific equipment. The development of the equipment was entrusted to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the construction of the satellite - OKB-1, the implementation of the launch - to the Ministry of Defense. By the end of 1956, it became clear that reliable satellite equipment could not be created within the required time frame. On January 14, 1957, the USSR Council of Ministers approved the R-7 flight test program. At the same time, Korolev sent a memorandum to the Council of Ministers, where he wrote that in April - June 1957, two missiles in a satellite version could be prepared, "and launched immediately after the first successful launches of an intercontinental missile." In February, construction work at the test site was still ongoing, two missiles were already ready for dispatch. Korolev, convinced of the unreality of the timeframe for the manufacture of the orbital laboratory, sends an unexpected proposal to the government: There are reports that in connection with the International Geophysical Year, the United States intends to launch an artificial satellite in 1958. We risk losing priority. I propose instead of a complex laboratory - object "D" to launch a simple satellite into space. At the beginning of March, the first R-7 # M1-5 rocket was delivered to the technical position of the test site, and on May 5 it was taken to the launch pad # 1. Preparation for launch lasted a week, on the eighth day refueling began. The launch took place on May 15 at 19:00 local time. The launch went well, but at the 98th second of the flight, one of the outboard engines malfunctioned, after another 5 seconds all engines were automatically turned off and the rocket fell 300 km from the start. The cause of the accident was the outbreak of a fire as a result of depressurization of the high-pressure fuel line. The second rocket, R-7 No. 6L, was prepared taking into account the experience gained, but it was not possible to launch it at all. On June 10-11, multiple launch attempts were made, but in the last seconds the protective automatics worked. It turned out that the cause was incorrect installation of the nitrogen purge valve and freezing of the main oxygen valve. On July 12, the launch of the R-7 # M1-7 rocket was again unsuccessful, this rocket flew only 7 kilometers. The reason this time was a short circuit to the body in one of the control system devices, as a result of which a false command to the steering motors passed, the rocket deviated significantly from the course and was automatically stopped. Finally, on August 21, 1957, a successful launch was carried out, the rocket No. 8L passed through the entire active phase of the flight normally and reached the specified area - the test site in Kamchatka. Its warhead was completely burnt out upon entering the dense layers of the atmosphere, despite this, on August 27, TASS announced the creation of an intercontinental ballistic missile in the USSR. On September 7, the second fully successful flight of the rocket was carried out, but the warhead again could not withstand the temperature load, and Korolev was closely engaged in preparations for a space launch. So, according to the results of flight tests of five missiles, it was obvious that it can fly, but the warhead requires radical revision. This will require, according to the calculations of optimists, at least six months. The destruction of the warheads opened the way for the launch of the First Simplest Satellite. (...) SP Korolev obtained the consent of NS Khrushchev to use two rockets for the experimental launch of a simple satellite. B. E. Chertok The design of the simplest satellite began in November 1956, and at the beginning of September 1957 PS-1 underwent final tests on a vibration table and in a heat chamber. The satellite was designed as a very simple device with two beacons for trajectory measurements. The range of transmitters of the simplest satellite was chosen so that radio amateurs could track the satellite. On September 22, R-7 # 8K71PS rocket (M1-PS Soyuz product) arrived at Tyura-Tam. Compared to the standard ones, it was significantly lightened: the massive warhead was replaced by a transition to the satellite, the radio control system equipment and one of the telemetry systems were removed, the automatic engine shutdown was simplified; As a result, the mass of the rocket was reduced by 7 tons. On October 2, Korolev signed an order for flight tests of PS-1 and sent a notice of readiness to Moscow. No response instructions were received, and Korolev independently decided to place the rocket with the satellite at the launch position. On Friday, October 4, at 22 hours 28 minutes 34 seconds Moscow time (19 hours 28 minutes 34 seconds GMT), a successful launch was made. 295 seconds after the launch, PS-1 and the central block of the rocket weighing 7.5 tons were launched into an elliptical orbit with an apogee height of 947 km, at a perigee of 288 km. At 314.5 seconds after the launch, the Sputnik separated and he gave his vote. "Beep! Beep! " - so his callsigns sounded. They were caught at the range for 2 minutes, then Sputnik went beyond the horizon. People at the cosmodrome ran out into the street, shouted "Hurray!", Shook the designers and the military. And even at the first loop, the TASS report sounded: "... As a result of a lot of hard work of research institutes and design bureaus, the world's first artificial Earth satellite was created ..." Only after the first satellite signals were received, the results of telemetry processing were received and it turned out that only a fraction of a second separated from failure. One of the engines "lagged", and the time to reach the mode is tightly controlled and when it is exceeded, the start is automatically canceled. The block went into the mode less than a second before the control time. At the 16th second of the flight, the fuel supply control system failed, and due to the increased consumption of kerosene, the central engine turned off 1 second earlier than the estimated time. A little more - and the first space velocity could not be reached. But the winners are not judged! A great thing has happened! B. E. Chertok The satellite flew for 92 days, until January 4, 1958, completing 1440 revolutions around the Earth (about 60 million km), and its radio transmitters worked for two weeks after launch. Due to friction against the upper layers of the atmosphere, the satellite lost speed, entered the dense layers of the atmosphere and burned out due to friction against the air. The notion generally accepted at that time that without special optics, visually, we observe a satellite illuminated by the sun at night, is incorrect. The satellite's reflective surface was too small for visual observation. In fact, the second stage was observed - the central block of the rocket, which entered the same orbit as the satellite. This mistake was repeated many times in the media. B. E. Chertok "Rockets and people" book 2 Monument to the creators of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in Moscow. Ray Bradbury. "The first glimpse of immortality ..." (collection "The First Space", 2007): That night, when Sputnik first drew the sky, I (...) looked up and thought about the predetermination of the future. After all, that little light, rapidly moving from edge to edge of the sky, was the future of all mankind. I knew that although the Russians are wonderful in their endeavors, we will soon follow them and take our proper place in the sky (...). That light in the sky made humanity immortal. The earth still could not remain our refuge forever, because one day it could be expected to die from cold or overheating. Humanity was ordered to become immortal, and that light in the sky above me was the first glare of immortality. I blessed the Russians for their daring and anticipated the creation of NASA by President Eisenhower shortly after these events. Officially, Sputnik-1, like Sputnik-2, was launched by the Soviet Union in accordance with its obligations under the International Geophysical Year. The satellite emitted radio waves at two frequencies of 20.005 and 40.002 MHz in the form of telegraph messages with a duration of 0.3 s, this made it possible to study the upper layers of the ionosphere, because before the launch of the first satellite, it was possible to observe only the reflection of radio waves from the regions of the ionosphere lying below the zone of maximum ionization of the ionospheric layers ... The satellite was of great political importance. His flight was seen by the whole world, the signal emitted by him could be heard by any radio amateur anywhere in the world. The magazine "Radio" published in advance detailed recommendations for receiving signals from space. This ran counter to the idea of a strong technical backwardness of the Soviet Union. The launch of the first satellite dealt a big blow to the prestige of the United States. United Press reported: “90 percent of the talk about artificial earth satellites was in the United States. As it turned out, 100 percent of the case fell on Russia ... ”. The launch of the first US satellite took place only on February 1, 1958, when Explorer-1 was launched on the second attempt, with a mass 10 times less than PS-1. Launch goals: verification of calculations and basic technical solutions adopted for the launch; Despite the fact that the satellite was completely lacking any scientific equipment, the study of the nature of the radio signal and optical observations of the orbit made it possible to obtain important scientific data. Immediately after the launch, a small then team of scientists from the Kiruna Geophysical Observatory (now the Swedish Institute of Space Physics), which had just been created in Sweden, drew attention to this event. Under the leadership of Bengt Hultqvist, measurements of the total electronic composition of the ionosphere using the Faraday effect began. When the next satellites were launched, similar measurements were continued. The task of optical observation of the satellite was assigned to the team of the State Astronomical Institute named after V.I. P.K.Sternberg Moscow State University. V. G. Kurt, P. V. Shcheglov and V. F. Esipov developed an observation technique with precise determination of the coordinates of a satellite with a time reference. For this purpose, a NAFA aerial photography camera with a 10 cm lens was adapted, the exact time intervals were measured by a marine chronometer with electrical contacts. After developing the film, the satellite tracks were “tied” to the coordinates of the stars using a measuring microscope, then six orbital parameters were determined manually (on mechanical calculating machines). The recalculation time took 30-60 minutes; on modern computers, such calculations take no more than 1-2 seconds. Photographic observations of the orbit of Sputnik-1 were carried out daily for two weeks by V.G. Kurt and P.V.Scheglov in Tashkent, from the Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. The nature of the orbital changes made it possible to make a preliminary assessment of the density of the atmosphere at orbital altitudes, its high value (about 108 atoms / cm³) was a big surprise for geophysicists. The results of measuring the density of high layers of the atmosphere made it possible to create a theory of satellite deceleration, the foundations of which were laid by M.L.Lidov. The satellite signals were in the form of telegraph transmissions ("beeps") with a duration of about 0.3 seconds. The frequency of "beeps" and the pause between them were determined by pressure control sensors (barrelay with a response threshold of 0.35 atm) and temperature (thermal relay with response thresholds of + 50 ° C and 0 ° C), which ensured a simple control of the body tightness and temperature inside the PS. Recording made in Washington How the Sputnik-1 recording is spreading a dubious recording with long, stretched "beeps": Signal sound from the first artificial satellite (inf.) Interesting Facts Calculations of the trajectory of the launch into orbit of Sputnik-1 were first carried out on electromechanical calculating machines, similar in structure to adding machines. Only for the last stages of calculations was the BESM-1 computer used. (From the memoirs of G.M. Grechko) The first artificial Earth satellite was created and launched into space in the USSR. It happened on October 4, 1957. On this day, radio stations around the world interrupted their programs in order to report the most important news. The Russian word "satellite" has entered all languages of the world. Here is a picture taken in the lobby of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In the foreground is the First Sputnik, the highest technological achievement of its time. If not readable in the picture, here are their names:
October 4, 1957 forever entered the history of mankind as the beginning of a new era - space. It was on this day that the first artificial satellite (AES), Sputnik-1, was sent to surf space from the Baikonur cosmodrome. It weighed relatively little - 83.6 kilograms, but at that time delivering even such a "crumb" into orbit was a very serious task. I think that in Russia there is no person who would not know who was the first person in space. The situation with the first satellite is more complicated. Many do not even know which country he belonged to. Thus began a new era in science and the legendary space race between the USSR and the USA. The era of rocketry begins at the beginning of the last century, with theory. It was then that the outstanding scientist Tsiolkovsky, in his article on a jet engine, actually predicted the appearance of satellites. Despite the fact that the professor had many students who continued to popularize his ideas, many considered him just a dreamer. Then new times came, the country had many things to do and problems, besides rocketry. But two decades later, a group for the study of jet propulsion was founded by Friedrich Zander and the now famous engineer aviator Korolenko. After that, there were several events that led to the fact that 30 years later the first satellite was launched into space, and after some time, a man:
The device itself was ready in mid-May at 7 pm. His device was quite simple, it had 2 beacons, which made it possible to measure the trajectories of his flight. Interestingly, after sending a notification that the satellite was ready for flight, Korolev did not receive any response from Moscow and independently made a decision to place the satellite at the launch position.
The preparation and launch of the satellite was supervised by S.P. Korolev. The satellite completed 1440 full revolutions in 92 days, after which it burned up, entering the dense layers of the atmosphere. The radio transmitters worked for two weeks after the start. The first satellite was named PS-1. When the project of the first-born space was born, there was a debate among engineers and designers-developers: what shape should it be? Having listened to the arguments of all parties, Sergei Pavlovich categorically declared: "A ball and only a ball!" - and, without waiting for questions, explained his idea: “The sphere, its shape, the conditions of its habitation from the point of view of aerodynamics have been thoroughly studied. Its pros and cons are known. And this is of no small importance. Understand - FIRST! When humanity sees an artificial satellite, it should evoke good feelings in it. What can be more expressive than a ball? It is close to the shape of the natural celestial bodies of our solar system. People will perceive the satellite as a kind of image, as a symbol of the space age! On board it, I consider it necessary to install such transmitters so that their callsigns can be received by radio amateurs on all continents. The orbital flight of the satellite should be calculated in such a way that, using the simplest optical instruments, everyone from the Earth could see the flight of the Soviet satellite. " On the morning of October 3, 1957, scientists, designers, members of the State Commission gathered at the assembly and test building - everyone who was associated with the launch. We were waiting for the removal of the Sputnik two-stage rocket and space system to the launch pad. The metal gate opened. The locomotive, as it were, pushed out a rocket placed on a special platform. Sergei Pavlovich, establishing a new tradition, took off his hat. His example of high respect for the work that created this miracle of technology was followed by others.
There were only a few hours left before the start of the space age. What awaited Korolev and his associates? Will October 4 be the victory day he has dreamed of for many years? The sky, strewn with stars that night, seemed to be closer to the Earth. And everyone who was present at the launch site involuntarily looked at Korolev. What was he thinking, looking into the dark sky, twinkling with myriads of near and far stars? Maybe he remembered the words of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky: "The first great step of mankind is to fly out of the atmosphere and become a satellite of the Earth"? The last meeting of the State Commission before the start. A little over an hour remained before the start of the experiment. The floor was given to S.P. Korolev, everyone was waiting for a detailed report, but the chief designer was short: “The launch vehicle and the satellite passed the launch tests. I propose to launch the rocket and space complex at the appointed time, today at 22 hours 28 minutes. " And now the long-awaited start! "THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITE, THE SOVIET SPACE VEHICLE LAUNCHED IN ORBIT." The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" on a launch vehicle "Sputnik", created on the basis of the intercontinental ballistic missile "R7". On Friday, October 4, at 22:28:34 Moscow time (19:28:34 GMT), a successful launch was made. 295 seconds after the launch of the PS-1 and the central block (stage II), the missiles weighing 7.5 tons were launched to an elliptical orbit with an apogee height of 947 km, at a perigee of 288 km. At the same time, the apogee was in the Southern Hemisphere, and the perigee was in the Northern Hemisphere. 314.5 seconds after the launch, the protective cone was dropped and Sputnik separated from the second stage of the launch vehicle, and he gave his voice. "Beep! Beep! " - so his callsigns sounded. They were caught at the range for 2 minutes, then Sputnik went beyond the horizon. People at the cosmodrome ran out into the street, shouted "Hurray!", Shook the designers and the military. And on the first round, the TASS message sounded:
Only after the first satellite signals were received, the results of telemetry processing were received and it turned out that only a fraction of a second separated from failure. Before the start, the engine in the G block was "lagging", and the time to enter the mode is tightly controlled, and if it is exceeded, the start is automatically canceled. The block went into operation less than a second before the control time. At the 16th second of the flight, the tank emptying system (SSS) failed, and due to the increased consumption of kerosene, the central engine turned off 1 second earlier than the estimated time. According to the memoirs of B. Ye. Chertok: “A little more - and the first cosmic velocity could not be reached. But the winners are not judged! A great thing has happened! " The inclination of Sputnik 1's orbit was about 65 degrees, which meant that Sputnik 1 flew approximately between the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle, shifting 24 degrees in longitude during each revolution due to the Earth's rotation 37. The orbital period of Sputnik-1 was initially 96.2 minutes, then it gradually decreased due to the lowering of the orbit, for example, after 22 days it became less by 53 seconds. History of creationThe flight of the first satellite was preceded by long-term work of scientists and designers, in which scientists played a significant role. Here are their names:
Satellite deviceThe satellite body consisted of two power hemispherical shells 58.0 cm in diameter made of aluminum-magnesium alloy AMg-6 2 mm thick with docking frames connected by 36 M8 × 2.5 studs. Before launch, the satellite was filled with dry nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1.3 atmospheres. The tightness of the joint was ensured by a vacuum rubber gasket. The upper half-shell had a smaller radius and was covered by a hemispherical outer screen 1 mm thick to provide thermal insulation.
The surfaces of the shells were polished and processed to give them special optical properties. On the upper half-shell, there were two corner dipole antennas, facing backwards; each one consisted of two shoulder-pins 2.4 m long (VHF antenna) and 2.9 m long (HF antenna), the angle between the arms in a pair was 70 °; the shoulders were bred to the required angle with a spring Such an antenna provided close to uniform radiation in all directions, which was required for stable radio reception due to the fact that the satellite was not oriented. The antenna design was proposed by G. T. Markov (MPEI). On the front half-shell there were four sockets for fastening antennas with pressure sealed fittings and a filling valve flange. On the rear half-shell there was a blocking heel contact, which turned on the autonomous on-board power supply after separation of the satellite from the launch vehicle, as well as the flange of the test system connector.
Scheme of the orbit of the first satellite of the Earth. / From the newspaper "Soviet Aviation" /. 1957 g. Inside the sealed case were placed:
Flight parameters
MemoryIn honor of the beginning of the space era of mankind in 1964, a 99-meter obelisk to the Conquerors of Space was opened in Moscow on Prospekt Mira.
In honor of the 50th anniversary of the launch of "Sputnik-1" on October 4, 2007 in the city of Korolev on Kosmonavtov Avenue, a monument to the "First artificial Earth satellite" was unveiled.
In honor of "Sputnik-1" in 2017, the ice plateau on Pluto was named. Gaining speed, the rocket confidently went up. Everyone who was involved in the launch of the satellite gathered at the launch site. The nervous excitement did not subside. Everyone was waiting for the satellite to fly around the Earth and appear over the cosmodrome. “There is a signal,” the operator's voice came over the speakerphone. At the same moment, the clear, confident voice of a companion poured out of the speaker over the steppe. Everyone applauded in unison. Someone shouted "Hurray!" Strong handshakes, hugs. An atmosphere of happiness reigned ... Korolev looked around: Ryabinin, Keldysh, Glushko, Kuznetsov, Nesterenko, Bushuev, Pilyugin, Ryazansky, Tikhonravov. Everybody here, everybody is near - "a mighty bunch in science and technology", adherents of Tsiolkovsky's ideas. It seemed that the general jubilation of those gathered at these moments at the launch site was impossible to calm down. But then Korolev rose to the impromptu rostrum. There was silence. He did not hide his joy: his eyes shone, his face, usually stern, shone.
Here are the reviews from the foreign press. The Italian scientist Beniamino Segre, having learned about the satellite, said: "As a person and as a scientist, I am proud of the triumph of the human mind, which underlines the high level of socialist science." Review of The New York Times: “The success of the USSR first of all shows that this is the greatest feat of Soviet science and technology. Such a feat could only be accomplished by a country with first-class conditions in a very wide area of science and technology. " The statement of the German rocket scientist Hermann Obert is curious: “Only a country with a huge scientific and technical potential could successfully solve such a difficult task as the launch of the first Earth satellite. A considerable number of specialists also had to be available. And the Soviet Union has them. I admire the talent of Soviet scientists. "
In all languages of the world that day sounded: "space", "satellite", "USSR", "Russian scientists". In 1958 S.P. Korolev makes a report "On the program of the study of the Moon", supervises the launch of a geophysical rocket with research equipment and two dogs in the descent vehicle, participates in organizing the flight of the third artificial Earth satellite - the first scientific station. And a lot of other scientific work was done under his leadership. And finally, the triumph of science - April 12, 1961. Sergey Pavlovich Korolev - the head of the historical flight of a man into space. This day became an event in the history of mankind: man for the first time defeated gravity and rushed into outer space ... Then it took real courage and courage to get into the “space ball”, as the “Vostok” ship was sometimes called, and, without thinking about his own fate, fly away into the boundless starry space. The day before, Korolev addressed the members of the State Commission: “Dear comrades! Less than four years have passed since the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, and we are already ready for the first manned flight into space. There is a group of astronauts here, each of them ready to fly. It was decided that Yuri Gagarin would fly first. Others will follow him in the near future. Next in line we have new flights, which will be interesting for science and for the good of mankind. " Korolev's Martian project remained unfinished. New ones will come, those who will continue this project and lead their ships along the Milky Way to distant planets, to distant worlds ... On my own I can add that glory to the Fatherland is brought and will be brought by the heroes of science, who have imprinted Knowledge with their lives. Above us are the same, like ancient, heaven, (V.G. Benediktov) |
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