There are many examples when a person does his job very well, but absolutely cannot present it. Prepare for the presentation. And there are thousands of tips on how to prepare for a great speech in front of a large audience. But much more often you have to give a speech to small groups for 2-5 minutes. And usually you have to make such speeches completely unexpectedly. For information on what to do in such cases, read the article.

1. Remove everything unnecessary

Don't even try to fit everything you want to say into a compressed time frame. Instead of lengthening your speech, change your speech. If you have five minutes of time, then you should not have more than three main points.

Prompt: if your presentation is longer than this article, then it is too long.

2. Plan and rehearse

Plan and rehearse. It doesn't matter if you have five days or 30 seconds. You may be taken by surprise. And then your planning should consist of presenting three main points. The perfect moment to do this is when someone is trying to grab the audience's attention and introducing you. Ideally, of course, it is better to plan everything you want to say. And rewrite it over and over. Until you get the best result. And don't forget to rehearse in front of people.

Prompt: don't fall into the trap of thinking short talks don't require preparation. In fact, a short speech can be much more difficult than a long one.

3. Brevity is the sister of talent

I don't think anyone in the history of the world has ever said, "I wish this performance had gone on longer." So keep an eye on the time and in no case be distracted from the topic. You may not have enough time to convey the essence of the main points. You will have the opportunity to do this when you answer questions from the audience. Or you can send participants working notes on the topic of the presentation.

Prompt: take the time allotted for you to perform and, while rehearsing, subtract 20% from it.

4. Emphasize Important Points

You can divide a five-minute presentation into one-minute intervals. In these intervals, you will announce all the main aspects of your presentation. You can take the first minute to introduce yourself and tell the audience what your speech will be about. You can use the last minute to sum up your presentation. This leaves you with 60 seconds for each of the three main points of your presentation.

Prompt: use verbal cues to steer your audience in the right direction. Phrases that seem obvious when writing a text can be much more useful when speaking: "That was the first point, and now we'll talk about the second."

5. Don't just talk. Show!

When speaking in front of an audience, I like to have visual material on hand that I can demonstrate to the audience. For example, a couple of photographs or something that the viewer can focus their eyes on. Think about the difference between just saying, “We signed an important contract yesterday,” and picking up a pen and saying, “We made history yesterday when we signed a five-year contract with this pen.” Or just raise a cup of coffee and offer a toast, instead of just making an announcement. Although it may seem a little banal, it will certainly be memorable.

Prompt: if you use props in your performance, then try to do it at the very beginning of your performance. This will not divert the viewer's attention by thinking about why you are holding a teddy bear or a vacuum cleaner.

6. Put your soul into it

Prompt: a few short words will be enough to emotionally connect with the audience. Just say sincerely something like, “For me personally, I’m incredibly proud of this band…” or “I can’t tell you yet how we will overcome this, but I can say with confidence that we will definitely find a way out.” Depending on the circumstances, these short phrases may be sufficient.

7. Speak up!

All your preparations, revisions, text cuts, and all the efforts made to improve your performance will go down the drain if the audience cannot hear you. If you have good audio equipment, use it. If not, start your presentation by asking if your voice is heard well by the public. A little trick: ask people to raise their hands if they can hear you well. If you see that many of them did not raise their hands, then you will immediately understand that there is a problem that needs to be solved.

Translated from the Greek language "rhetorike" - "rhetoric", a synonym for the term "oratory". This word includes two meanings at once. In the first version, it is understood as a science that introduces the skill of eloquence. The second meaning of rhetoric is the art of speaking beautifully.

Public speaking is one of the important tools of eloquence. This is a form of addressing the audience, an oral monologue, the purpose of which is to provide a certain.

Forms of public speaking that are most common in the business sphere:

• report;
• informational storytelling;
• welcome address;
• trade speech.

Five classic steps in preparing a public speech:

• Determining the purpose of the presentation.

• Procurement of materials. This is the study of topics, the collection of literature, its study.

• Planning. One of the most important stages of any event is planning. At this preparatory stage, the collected material is divided into groups, the data is arranged in a logical sequence.

• Proofreading or literary processing of the text. At this stage, the text is "polished". The style of presenting information should most accurately solve the tasks that are set before the speech.

• Learning information. Preparation for public speaking also involves memorization of selected, corrected information. Speaking in the mind and out loud.

Audience features

Preparation for a public speech is carried out taking into account the characteristics and mood of the audience for which the speech is being prepared. The following parameters are taken into account:

• socio-professional characteristics (working class, intelligentsia, engineers);
• cultural and educational level of participants (level of education - primary, secondary, higher);
• Nature of activity;
• awareness of listeners in the problem of performance;
• degree of interest.

The number of listeners, the time of the speech, the oratory skills of the speaker are factors that influence the outcome of a particular speech. As practice shows, most of all difficulties arise with a "heterogeneous" audience. It is very difficult to interest, locate and attract a group of people whose representatives belong to different age, social, cultural groups.

There are also difficulties in working with the youth group. Thirst for contradiction, subjectivism, self-esteem, young people's confidence in their own rightness are factors that will require a lot of effort and endurance from the speaker.

Public Speaking Rules

1. The topic of the report should reflect the information that the author is trying to convey to the audience as accurately as possible. The second issue that the title of the report solves is attracting interest to the speech. The more interesting the slogan, the more interested listeners will appear.
2. Understanding . A successful presentation is the report, as a result of which the author has achieved the expected result. When forming the purpose of the speech, you need to clearly understand what kind of reaction the author of the speech expects. There are two main goals of the speech - informing and influencing. Quite often they are combined into one expected result.
   - if it is necessary to inform people, it is necessary to choose the information that is as simple as possible for perception;
   - to call the audience to specific actions, you need to identify certain motives. This is achieved by forming the listeners' beliefs, ideas, aspirations.
3. Become a listener. Preparation for public speaking also includes such an important stage as “feeling like a listener”. You need to put yourself in the place of the participants in the report, understand the motives and desires of these people. Only with this information in mind, you can create an appeal that will be productive.
4. Assessment of the composition of the audience. It is known that the more “homogeneous” the composition of the listeners, the easier it is to build your appeal to them. If you have to deal with an audience of different composition, then you need to address some fragment of the appeal to each individual category of participants, leaving no one unattended.
5. Estimation of the number of listeners. The more participants, the easier the information should be to perceive and remember.
6. Presentation order. You need to know what reports will precede your speech. Each subsequent appeal should be more meaningful, more informative than the previous one, not repeat or sharply contradict them.
7. Speech should not be overloaded. No more than seven ideas or issues should be covered in one report.
8. Correct voice. Oratory carries many secrets, one of which is wave-like speech. The essence of this method is the alternation of intonation and tonality.
9. Correctly debugged speed of speech. Too slow presentation of information scatters the listener's concentration, and an excessively accelerated pace complicates perception.
10. Public respect. Superiority, arrogance should be avoided. Constantly interact with the audience, answer questions, be at one with them. Otherwise

This lesson provides general guidelines for preparing a public speech. Preparation of speech is the most important secret of oratory. Many experts in rhetoric call preparation the main rule of successful speech. Dale Carnegie wrote that a well-prepared speech is nine-tenths delivered (). However, the process of preparing a speech is not only a good content material, but also a set of certain stages of its design, structuring, presentation, which allows you to avoid the standard mistakes of a novice speaker.

Naturally, each speech is unique, and therefore requires individual preparation. For each speech, it is necessary to select original material, form your own structure, and orient all stages of work on a speech to a specific audience. However, there are a number of universal recommendations, some of which are described in this lesson in two thematic blocks:

Stages of preparation of abstracts and speech text

Dale Carnegie and Heinz Lemmerman, one of the most famous authors of textbooks on public speaking, are similar in their opinions on preparing for public speaking. They recommend taking enough time to collect the necessary material, think over the structure and prepare for a speech to a specific audience. According to leading experts, it is important to pay attention to the following details, which we tried to arrange in order of priority:

Set aside enough time (several days or even a week). During this time, try to prepare all the abstracts of your speech and form its structure. Use a variety of sources to find fresh ideas: search the Internet, chat with friends, analyze different points of view, etc. Your speech should mature gradually. It is incredibly difficult to get into the speech all the essential facts half an hour before the speech. There is also a high chance that you may forget something, so preparing a speaker for a good presentation should take quite a lot of time.

Consider the interest of the audience. Undoubtedly, the success of your speech directly depends on how the audience perceives it. No matter how beautifully you speak and no matter what important issues you consider, it is important that the audience is interested and understands what you are talking about. To do this, you need to know your future listeners: their interests, knowledge in this area, as well as everything that can affect their perception of your public speaking. The most important step in preparing a speech is to study your audience.

Set a goal, find an unsolved problem. It is important that your speech should certainly be aimed at solving a problem, problem, achieving a specific goal or even a mission. If you just publicly express your thoughts on a certain topic, then people will not be interested in listening to you. Try to talk about solving a certain topical problem that worries your audience - this will cause genuine interest in your presentation.

Collect and record all material, which you can find on your subject. This will help you not to miss anything. Get a notepad, text file or note on your smartphone or tablet that will always be at hand in order to write down a fresh thought. You can also use fast (scanning) reading techniquesif you need to collect material in the shortest possible time.

A good presentation largely depends on your good understanding of the topic of the story. The audience immediately feels and recognizes how competent you are in what you are talking about, and even if you are not very good at presenting the material, but talking about interesting and rare things can often save the situation. Having good knowledge of your speaking area is already half the battle.

Use your own thoughts. The true preparation for a speech lies in the fact that all the collected material (opinions, theses) needs to be passed through yourself and form your own position. In this case, your speech will sound more natural, in addition, it is easier to remember your own thoughts, but for this you first need to sensibly formulate them. It is better to do this during preparation, rather than formulate thoughts spontaneously during the introduction.

Get backup knowledge. Study a little more material than you need for the presentation. This will help you feel confident, and will also allow you to easily answer all questions and counter comments from the audience after or during the speech. Reserve knowledge - it is a psychological preparation for the performance . This technique is used by many politicians, journalists, and tour guides. Some skillful speakers deliberately leave certain information unsaid in their speech, on the one hand, in order to concentrate on more important things, on the other hand, in order to provoke a question from the audience, and then brilliantly answer it.

Create a structure (plan) for the presentation. If you have spent enough time and effort to collect the necessary materials, then most likely, all of them will not be able to fit into your speech. Therefore, the next step in preparing your speech should be structuring the information received. To create a good speech, you need to choose the most important theses and, based on them, create a plan for your speech. In the next lesson, you will find the necessary guidelines and techniques for the best structuring of your speech. In addition, a good frame for your theses will be various techniques that better clarify your thoughts and create a certain perception of your speech by the audience. You can learn about these techniques in one of the following lessons of this training.

Rules for preparing the performance itself

Learn the important parts of the text. Learn the beginning and end of your speech, and other important passages in your speech. Try to rehearse the pronunciation of the text at least once in order to understand which parts cause you the most difficulty. Try to remember important facts (dates, names, titles). The speaker, without a piece of paper, operating with important facts, always creates a good impression. In one of the following lessons, you will be able to familiarize yourself with useful techniques for memorizing the material needed for public speaking.

Prepare a good introduction. It is at the beginning of the speech that the speaker experiences the greatest excitement in front of the public, and also creates the first impression of himself among the audience. In addition, all organizational flaws appear before the performance, such as an unconfigured microphone, the appearance of late listeners, and much more. Get ready for it. You should not immediately start your speech with the topic of the speech, it is better to first greet the audience, thank the people who have gathered, maybe joke or slightly touch upon the relevant news or event known to everyone. Let the audience prepare for your speech too. An important rule of a good speech is to prepare the right opening speech.

Work through and learn the ending. As you know, usually the first and last words of a speech are best remembered by the audience ( "edge effect" according to Ebbinghaus). It is in the final part of your speech that it is best to include the main thoughts and key conclusions. Special techniques will help you highlight the important. Try to indirectly inform the audience that you are coming to the end of your speech, for this use the appropriate words “and finally”, “summarizing” and others. This is how the listeners realize that you are finishing your presentation and saying the key words that they should focus on as much as possible.

Prepare everything you need. The microphone, the audience, the water, the time of the speech - all this should not cause you any questions. Think about what you need, talk to people who are responsible for the organizational aspects of the speech. To avoid unnecessary excitement, try to take care of all the little things in advance.

Take notes if needed. If you have enough time and energy, try to prepare for the performance in such a way that you do not need auxiliary recordings. However, if you do not feel confident in yourself, it is better to have an outline or key points in front of you. It often happens that the most important information flies out of the head due to excitement, forgetting which, as a rule, the speaker gets lost, goes astray from the prepared plan. In this case, it is worth having notes with you, quickly looking into which you can instantly return to the lost thought. But make it a rule to use notes only in case of emergency, since a text read on a piece of paper kills the whole impression of a public speech.

Having gone through all the stages of preparation, having understood the necessary rules, you will certainly be able to perform successfully. Good preparation for a public speech will give you confidence and help you get rid of the anxiety before the speech.

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. Only 1 option can be correct for each question. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on passing. Please note that the questions are different each time, and the options are shuffled.

Preparation for public speaking

Introduction

Public speaking is becoming increasingly important these days. Probably every person at least once in his life spoke to the public, but not everyone is given the gift of eloquence. The skill of oral presentation, i.e. the ability to speak with people intelligibly, excitingly and convincingly, can be mastered by almost anyone. In this case, of course, the qualities of a person, his greater or lesser "predisposition" to propaganda work, play a significant role. But the creative approach does not exclude, but, on the contrary, provides for the acquisition of relevant knowledge, skills, just as the need to reckon with the rules of grammar does not deprive a writer or poet of creative inspiration. On the other hand, as in any business, even the outstanding abilities of a person will not give the desired effect if a person does not work on their development and improvement. Therefore, the skill of oral presentation is the most important part of the training of anyone who uses the spoken word as a means of ideological education and persuasion.

Even in ancient Greece, a public monologue arose. The speeches of the speakers were built according to all the rules of the art of eloquence, and today, after millennia, we feel their strength, persuasiveness, the closest and constant connection between the speaker and the audience, the reaction to the behavior of the crowd, which proves the relevance of the topic of the essay.

The purpose of the essay is to consider the types of preparation for public speaking.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1.To study the educational literature describing the theoretical aspects of the problem under study.

2.Consider the process of preparing public speaking.

.To identify the features of the preparation of public speaking.

1.Disclosure of the concept of public speech

It is generally accepted that public speech is a monologue speech, which in the "Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" is characterized as a speech addressed primarily to oneself, not designed for the verbal reaction of the interlocutor: "The monologue is characterized by a more complex syntactic construction and the desire to cover a broader thematic content compared to that which characterizes the exchange of remarks in the dialogue.

Human speech is dialogic in nature, because it was created for communication: persuading, inciting, receiving or giving information, expressing attitudes, finding out the truth.

In ancient Greece, a public monologue arose. The speeches of the speakers were built according to all the rules of the art of eloquence, and today, after millennia, we feel their strength, persuasiveness, the closest and constant connection between the speaker and the listener, the reaction to the behavior of the crowd.

Public speech is a monologue in form, but in essence it is a dialogue. And this creates additional difficulties for the speaker. If in the dialogue the reaction of the interlocutor is expressed very definitely, then in public speaking it is necessary to guess about it by the behavior of the listeners, their gestures, remarks, and expression of the eyes. This must be done at the same time as the speech. And here another difficulty comes into play - linguistic, or linguistic. The need to "cover a larger thematic content" complicates the syntax of a monologue compared to a dialogue: sentences become structurally more complex; connecting them into a coherent piece of text is multi-stage; in order to maintain the structural stylistic unity of the text as a whole, the speaker is forced to keep both the end and the beginning of the statement in the field of attention.

Thus, speaking to different categories of listeners, the speaker changes the target setting. The change can, of course, be different, but it is important to note that the strategy and tactics of presentation change accordingly, its composition and style change (to a different extent, in different respects). Without taking into account the characteristics of the audience, the success of the performance is impossible. The study of these features should be correlated with the structure of the text. Only under this condition, the general sociological aspect of the concept of "audience" turns into a methodological one.

Preparation for public speaking requires understanding the task received, i.e. determining the topic, type and purpose of the speech, as well as assessing the composition of the future audience.

2. Preparation for public speaking

Types of training

As you know, all good improvisations are prepared in advance. A performance without prior preparation is likely to be a failure. "It takes more than three weeks to prepare a good short impromptu speech" - Mark Twain's aphorism.

To convince a large number of listeners is much more difficult than to convince one interlocutor. First of all, due to the fact that an argument that is convincing for one may not be convincing for another. Everyone has their own system of values ​​and authorities. In particular, in the eyes of one speaker may have a high status and image, and for another - quite the opposite (for example, because of belonging to different social groups). The image and status rule states that the speaker's arguments for the first will be more weighty than for the second.

In order for the performance to be successful and without blots, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with the audience in advance. Find out who will have to speak to: how many people will be present, what their interests and views are, what exactly she expects from the speaker, how she will react to the topic. Depending on these indicators, focus on certain points of your speech. You need to be at the same level as the audience. The main thing is not to touch on topics that an unprepared audience may not understand. Including everything, the speaker must remember: a person can perceive and listen carefully only for a limited period due to psycho-physiological reasons (usually no more than 15-20 minutes). The speaker is required to understand, short, clear, convincing and easy to understand phrases and formulations.

First you need to form the basis of the future public speaking to create a "foundation":

1.Highlight the main idea of ​​the speech.

2.Create multiple subheadings. Dividing the idea into several components.

.Find key words in the compiled text that need to be repeated several times for those present so that they better remember the motivation for the speech.

.You need to carefully consider the plan for speaking to the public. Make up the structure of the future speech, which should include introductions, the main part and conclusions.

After laying out the "foundation", start building the "walls":

1.Add vivid examples from life or literature related to this topic to the compiled text.

2.Create a table, diagram, graph or bring illustrations to visually reinforce information.

.Determine the moment during the speech when you ask the audience a question - this will help those present to focus their attention on the discussion of the topic.

.Write the full text.

You also need to think about how the performance will go. Which of the following types of speech should be used:

) Speech based on the text.

Many experienced speakers advise speaking text-based. Even after writing and processing the text, the speaker does not need to flatter his pride with the hope that he is already ready to meet with the audience. The text of the speech should, first of all, be comprehended, analyze the problem in this text, highlight the semantic parts, after which it is advisable to re-read the text several times and say it out loud.

It is advisable to properly place the text of the speech itself, number the issues covered, highlight the names, titles, statistics, the beginning and end of quotations, indicate illustrative examples, etc. .

This text is easy to use during a speech. It is enough to look down at the page to restore the course of presentation of thoughts, to find the necessary material. Speech based on the text creates the impression of free possession of the material, allows the speaker to freely communicate with the audience.

) Performance without records

The dream of many speakers is the ability to speak in front of an audience without any notes. Of course, you can memorize the text of speech. And in some cases it is justified. When you have to make a persuasive speech at a rally, with a greeting at a solemn event, at a banquet, etc., it is awkward to keep the text of the speech in front of you, and meanwhile an inaccurately formulated thought, an unsuccessful phrase, incorrect word usage can harm the speaker. Therefore, it is better to pronounce a pre-prepared and memorized text. If the speech is small in volume, then this is not so difficult to do, and if you have to give a lecture, report, message, then not everyone can fully learn the text. This kind of mastery of the material is difficult for the speaker, it requires great effort and willpower from him. The speaker may have difficulty in reproducing the text: memory failure, strong excitement, long pauses, intermittent speech, etc. Therefore, it is not recommended to pronounce the written text verbatim.

I. Andronikov, a well-known literary critic, a master of public speech, in the book "I want to tell you ..." shares his thoughts on the features of oral speech without notes:

Knowing in advance what you want to say, you need to speak freely ... and not try to pronounce the text written and memorized at home. If you do not clothe the thought in a living phrase that is born right there, in the process of speech, there will be no contact with the audience. In this case, the whole message of the speaker will be turned not forward - to the audience, but back - to the cheat sheet. And all his efforts are aimed at reproducing a pre-prepared text. But at the same time, it is not thought that works, but memory. Phrases reproduce written turns, intonations become monotonous, unnatural, speech - similar to dictation ....

) Impromptu performance

It should be borne in mind that the speaker does not always have the opportunity to prepare a speech in advance. Sometimes at meetings, conferences, meetings, various kinds of meetings, one has to speak impromptu, i.e. create a speech at the moment of its utterance. This requires a large mobilization of memory, energy, will. An impromptu performance, as a rule, is well received by the audience, a live, direct contact is established with the audience. However, due to the lack of perfection of speech, the speaker does not always have time to meet the time allotted to him, he has less time to tell, some questions remain uncovered.

Some deviations are inevitable, caused by new associations, wordings are not always accurate, and speech errors are possible. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the French say that the best impromptu is the one that is well prepared.

Improvisation is possible only on the basis of large pre-acquired knowledge. Impromptu is good when it is prepared by all the past experience of the speaker. It can only be born to a person who has a large stock of knowledge and possesses the necessary rhetorical skills and abilities.

3. Psychological preparation for public speaking

1.Overcoming feelings of insecurity and fear of the public.

Everyone has to speak in public sooner or later. Often in cases of public speaking, a person begins to worry, feels a sense of insecurity, and is afraid of meeting with the public. Although not everyone has a fear of speaking, many people experience it. Some manage to maintain the spontaneity that we have in childhood, and for them, as for children, performing on stage is a holiday. And the other half of the speakers have to overcome a very strong excitement.

Fear of speaking is natural. And the reasons for fear can be different: fear of embarrassment, fear that they will not understand you, but most of all, people who speak to the public are afraid to forget the content of the text. Even a well-trained speaker can get into an audience that will drive him into the red. The most unpleasant thing is when a person is afraid not of what he knows, but of the fact that “something” can happen, and what exactly, he does not know.

There is a method of overcoming fear - systematic desensitization. This method, invented by the psychotherapist Josef Wulpe, consists in decomposing the situation that causes fear into a hierarchy. Present the upcoming speech in the form of a sequence of small steps (at least 10): arrive at the conference site, find the organizers and say hello to them, clarify technical points, etc. Each of these steps does not look like a big event that can inspire fear.

It is believed that fear can disappear with careful preparation. In part, this is true, a lot depends on how exactly a person prepares. But the preparation, which consists only of memorizing the text, has several disadvantages. It's good when you have something like a lecture. Interactivity is not expected. When she appears, careful preparation can play a cruel joke. The flow of the speech may deviate from the scenario that was worked out in advance, and the person may get into a situation where he does not know what to say, because he did not rehearse it. Such a turn can sharply knock you out of a state of confidence. Therefore, you need to learn not only how to competently prepare for a speech, but also how to respond flexibly to the situation, managing the audience.

For each specific case, you need to choose your own way of working with fear. There is no universal method, and each will be effective only for certain people. If it works great, if it doesn't there are many other ways to try it.

2.Creation of the image of the speaker

Why are we talking about this? Appearance refers to non-verbal means of communication. In appearance, others endow a stranger with many qualities. These qualities can be both positive and negative, making a person a pleasant or unpleasant companion. Naturally, we will be interested in both those and other factors in order to recommend something, and warn against something.

Do people meet by their clothes? On average, we get 80% of the visual information about the interlocutor by looking at his face, 20% of the information is given to us by his clothes. .

However, the first thing we see in an approaching person is his clothes. Due to the order effect, the first impression sets us in one way or another, and everything that follows will be perceived with a certain bias: positively, if the first impression is favorable; negative - if unfavorable.

Women, being more observant than men, attach great importance to the clothes of the interlocutor. A bad impression from his clothes can completely drop the image.

3.Getting and keeping attention

An experienced speaker differs from the one who first ascended the podium and with a tremor in his voice delivering his first speech in that he is able to purposefully stimulate the attention and interest of listeners.

Due to the great importance of the ability to attract and hold attention, we dedicate a special section to this.

How to get attention

1)Before you start talking...

It is necessary to pause for 5-7 seconds and carefully look at the audience. The pause allows the latter to tune in to perception. At the same time, an element of curiosity also arises: how the one standing in front of them will start the speech.

2)personal rapprochement

The speaker (with due reason) begins his speech by pointing out the common thing that unites him with the audience. So, speaking to teachers, the lecturer said that he had worked at the school for many years and was glad to have the opportunity to speak to his former colleagues. This brought him closer to the audience, aroused their interest and attention to his performance.

3) Novelty

The speaker promises the audience to bring the latest information on the essence of the topic, which has not yet been published anywhere. The attention of the listeners was immediately captured by the journalist, who announced to them that he would share his impressions of his three-year stay in Japan.

4)Problem situation

The speech begins with a request to the audience to think about ways to solve the problem. So, the doctor at the beginning of the speech said that AIDS is still incurable. Then he turned to the audience: Kik did fight him? The listeners became thoughtful - their attention was drawn.

A problematic situation can be created by pointing out the existence of different points of view that exclude one another, and by offering to figure out which of them is true.

5) Improvisation

An impromptu departure from a predetermined plan performances tangibly enlivens him. The reason for improvisation may be something that happened during or on the eve of the performance. For example: “When I was driving to meet you…” or “Some people sit far away in the hope of getting a good night's sleep. It is better to sleep in front, because I often turn to those sitting in the back with the question of what they think about what they heard. It is important to observe the measure: the retreat should be short enough.

6) Question - answer

Curiosity, i.e. the thirst for knowledge is the engine of mental activity. She is looking for answers to emerging questions. Therefore, it is useful to plan the speech as a coherent, logical chain of questions and answers. Whether you formulate questions or not - it does not matter, it is important that they themselves arise in the mind of the listener.

7)Transition to dialogue

Questions to the audience excite the mind of the listeners, and the lazy ones are forced to listen to the speaker: it is inconvenient to goggle helplessly when he turns to you with a question. Another way: “Some of those present probably had an idea, why the lecturer does not say anything about ... I answer ...”

8) Joke

Jokes enliven perception,

Laughter activates the brain.

These circumstances are so important to us,

What success without them and do not wait! .

9) The law of the edge

Psychologists have found that the best thing to remember is the beginning and end of a performance. Therefore, it is required to pay special attention to ensure that the beginning and end of a public speech are especially vivid, evidence-based, and interesting.

10)Short stories, details

"Sometimes rich people get little happiness from high incomes." A statement remains abstract if it is not made visible. For example: "Old Rockefeller made over a million dollars a week, but could only spend $5 on his food because he was sick and ate porridge and mashed potatoes."

11) Movement of thought

Attention is always drawn to what is in motion. This is true not only in relation to the physical movement that has fallen into the field of view, but also in relation to the movement of thought.

Attention to the movement of thought is stable if the thought develops logically. Listeners are captivated by the orderly progressive development of ideas. Impressions should grow, then the listeners do not get tired, attention is supported by interest.

The feeling of movement disappears if the movement is not progressive.

12)Means of pantomime

Rhetorical gestures enliven speech and make it more expressive. Body movements can help to attract the attention of the audience. A sharp movement of the hand, an expressive tilt of the head, a step forward, a movement of the shoulders undoubtedly arouse the involuntary attention of the listeners.

Conclusion

The dream of many speakers is the ability to speak in front of an audience without any notes. Of course, you can memorize the text of speech. And in some cases it is justified. When you have to make a persuasive speech at a rally, with a greeting at a solemn event, at a banquet, etc., it is awkward to keep the text of the speech in front of you, and meanwhile an inaccurately formulated thought, an unsuccessful phrase, incorrect word usage can harm the speaker.

And that is why this essay described the types of preparation for public speaking, as well as the preparation for public speaking itself. There are several types of preparation: speaking based on the text, speaking without notes and speaking impromptu. Everyone chooses the most suitable method for themselves. But many experienced speakers advise to speak based on the text without impromptu. The correct preparation of the text is also important. The abstract described the rule for composing a future public speech. Also, in addition to drawing up a plan and type, the psychological side of self-preparation was also affected. One of the methods of overcoming fear was considered - systematic desensitization. But for each specific case, it is necessary to choose your own way of working with fear.

When writing the abstract, educational literature and Internet sources were studied and used.

Bibliography

performance public psychological fear

1.Vvedenskaya L.A. Culture and art of speech [Text]: textbook. allowance / L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova. - 2nd ed. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998. - 576 p. / Modern rhetoric.

2.Ivanova S.F. The specifics of public speech [Text]: to help students of the young rector's schools / S.F. Ivanova. - M.: Knowledge, 1978. - 128 p. / Methods of lecturing and oratory.

.Lyubimov Alexander. Article: Scary stories. Fear of public speaking and what to do with it [Electronic resource] / Alexander Lyubimov. - Access mode: http //trainings.ru/…/Statya_Strashnyie_istorii._Strah_publichnyih_vyistupleniy_i_chto_s_nim_delat.html

.Nepryakhin, N.Yu. How to prepare for public speaking [Electronic resource] / N.Yu. Nepryakhin. - access mode: http //www.srk - master.ru/article 22886.html.

.Nozhin E.A. Mastery of oral presentation [Text]: textbook. allowance. / E.A. Nozhin. - M.: Politizdat, 1978. - 254 p.

.Odintsov V.V. The structure of public speech [Text]: textbook. allowance / V.V. Odintsov. - M.: Knowledge, 1976. - 78 p. / Methods L. M and O.I. /.

.Khazagerov G.G. Rhetoric for a business person [Text]: textbook. allowance / G.G. Khazagerov, E.E. Kornilov. - M.: Flint: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute, 2001. - 136 p.

8.Sheinov V.P. Rhetoric [Text]: textbook. allowance / V.P. Sheinov. - Minsk: Amalfeya, 2000. - 592 p.

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When preparing a public speech, the speaker must answer eight main questions:

What to say - the informational aspect of the message.

How to speak is the communication aspect of the message.

Who speaks - the personal aspect of delivering a public speech.

To whom he speaks - targeting the audience.

Why talk - solving urgent problems, focusing on the needs and interests of the audience.

Where to speak - the design of the audience space.

When to speak - taking into account the time of day, time of year.

How much to talk - accounting for the amount of time.

It is important to develop an effective action plan, which consists of four consecutive steps. The first step is to determine the specific purpose of the speech, which is adequate to the composition and interests of the audience and corresponds to the situation. The second step is to collect, analyze and evaluate the material used in the speech. The third step is to organize and present the material taking into account the specifics of the audience. The fourth step is to rehearse the performance.

Topic of the speech. The primary task of the speaker is to choose the topic of the speech: it can be found by analyzing the needs and interests of the audience. Various situations are possible here. Often the topic of speech is given: either it is proposed to speak on a specific topic, or the topic is determined by the production, working situation. In this case, the speaker needs to concretize and clarify it.

However, often the topic of the speech has to be chosen independently. In this case, you should proceed from your personal experience, as well as knowledge on the chosen topic. It is important that the topic is of interest to both the speaker and the audience. The topic should not be overloaded with problems, should not be too broad: it is enough to consider two or three questions united by one idea.

Title of the performance. Having chosen a topic, it is necessary to think over its wording. The title of the presentation should be as short as possible. It should reflect the content of the speech and be sure to attract the attention of the audience. Long formulations, names that include unfamiliar words should be avoided. Common names also require coverage of many issues, which the speaker is not able to do.

Purpose of public speaking is to determine what kind of reaction the speaker wants to get from the audience. Goal options:

informing the audience - presenting the facts, awakening the listeners' interest in the problem;

the formation of beliefs, ideas that can become motives for behavior;

formation of the attitude of the audience to the expressed ideas and facts;

achieving an unambiguous understanding of the problems by the speaker and the audience;

providing an emotional impact on listeners to create a certain state in them or encourage them to take certain actions, a call to action;

gaining audience confidence. Trust is an indicator of how the audience perceives the speaker as a knowledgeable, honest, charming person;

entertainment of the audience, a pleasant pastime.

Most often, the goals intersect, for example, a speech can be aimed at informing listeners and influencing them. From this follow the tasks of the speaker: to attract the attention of the audience, to keep it throughout the speech, to capture with his speech, to ignite them, to give information, knowledge, to call the audience to action, and as a result, to form a model of behavior.

The methods for determining the purpose of public speaking are as follows:

Write down an approximate goal of the speech, expressing the desired reaction of the listeners.

Compose a complete sentence characterizing the reaction of the audience, formulate the speaker's expectations.

Designate the idea of ​​speech: the goal must necessarily express only one idea.

Put forward a thesis; thesis is a statement containing specific components of speech in support of the intended goal; the thesis presents the purpose of the speech, formulated in one sentence.

Collection and evaluation of public speaking material are necessary for the speaker in order to find and analyze the available information on the topic of the speech. The purpose of the search is high-quality information that must meet two requirements: 1) reveal the specific purpose of the speech; 2) be adequate to the level of preparation of the audience. The speaker needs to know where and what specifically to look for, to be able to quote what he found. You can use official documents; scientific, reference, popular science, journalistic literature; sometimes you can involve fiction, etc.

1. Full text.

2. A detailed summary with the main wording, ending, quotations, numbers, proper names.

3. Abstracts: a short summary with the designation of transitions from block to block, quotes, etc.

4. A detailed plan with quotes.

5. Short plan.

6. Speech without reference to a written text.

An impromptu speech, as a rule, is well received by the audience, during which a live, direct contact is established with the audience. However, due to the lack of perfection of speech, the speaker does not always have time to meet the time allotted to him, he has less time to tell, some questions remain uncovered. Some deviations are inevitable, caused by new associations, wordings are not always accurate, and speech errors are possible. It is no coincidence that they say that the best impromptu is the one that is prepared in advance.

Work on speech is impossible without careful selection and comprehension of various information. Scientists distinguish several types of information, including content-factual and content-conceptual. Content-factual information is a message about facts, events, processes, phenomena that have taken place, are taking place or will take place in the real or imaginary world, the attitude of other people towards them. Content-conceptual information is an expression of an individual understanding of the relationship between facts, phenomena, events, an understanding of their cause-and-effect relationships, significance in our lives, their interaction, that is, a conceptual approach to facts.

Facts should be vivid, but not random, but typical, reflecting the essence of phenomena. They are subject to the requirement of relevance, practical orientation and significance, reliability and absolute accuracy, consistency and connection with the general idea of ​​the speech, focus on taking into account the interests and needs of the audience.

When preparing for a public speech, it is necessary to work with different sources: the works of philosophers, sociologists, historians, economists, documents, archival materials, various specialized literature, magazines and newspapers, encyclopedias and reference books. Skillful selection, systematization and organization of factual and theoretical material, the expression of a personal attitude towards it, as well as the originality of interpretation give good results: oratory becomes effective, it activates the attention of listeners, affects their feelings, causes an emotional attitude to the material, contributes to its effective completion , awakens their creative thought.

Accounting for the specifics of the audience includes: 1) collection of basic socio-demographic indicators (sex, age, social, ethnicity, level of education, occupation, etc.); 2) determination of the level of interest, knowledge and attitudes in relation to the topic of the speech. The data obtained can be used to predict the reaction of listeners. The main tasks of the forecast are to assume how interesting the topic will be for this category of listeners, whether the audience has the necessary knowledge to fully assimilate and understand the information; predict how the audience will perceive a particular speaker, what is the likelihood that he will achieve credibility and be able to convince listeners.

Performance rehearsal is necessary in order to analyze the verbal and non-verbal components of your speech. Public speaking rehearsal means practicing speaking your speech out loud. Even an experienced speaker, having compiled a summary of a speech, tries to deliver it either alone with himself, or finds an audience. Pre-rehearsal helps you succeed during the actual performance. Having finished preparing the material, it is useful to read it, clarify the time of its sounding, focusing on the tempo that corresponds to the standards of public speaking. This is an intermediate (pre-communicative) phase, which is sometimes called "speech for oneself", that is, the pronunciation of the text either mentally (internal monologue) or aloud (external monologue). During training, you can make a video recording and review it, paying attention to the enthusiasm, expressiveness and fluency of speech. Having identified constructive and non-constructive moments of speech, the speaker can repeat the training several times. At this stage, attention should be paid to the technique of pronunciation, and, first of all, to exemplary literary pronunciation that corresponds to pronunciation standards, as well as to the correct stress in words. It is important to be able to hear the sound of your speech in order to be able to correct and improve it. Attention should also be paid to diction - a clear, precise, "pure" pronunciation of sounds.

The appearance of the speaker. It should be noted that the success of the speech largely depends on how the speaker looks, on his appearance.