The term "dactyloscopy" was formed from two Greek words - "finger" and "look". This is a method that allows you to unmistakably identify a person by his fingerprints and palms. The concept of fingerprinting was first introduced by scientists from Bereslav University in the first quarter of the 19th century. But the idea that the pattern on the fingers is unique was known even in the Babylonian Empire and China. These stripes and curves on the fingers are called papillary patterns.

Why is fingerprinting needed?

Today, fingerprinting is a section of scientific and practical forensics that studies how a skin pattern is built in order to identify and register a person in order to be able to carry out search and identification. The imprint of the surface of the fingers and palm is regulated by law and is done to obtain a sample, which later helps to quickly compare and recognize the fingerprinted person.

There is a ruling that the investigator, when on duty, has the right to demand and receive a sample of the imprint of the hands of a suspect or accused person for a comparative study. Obtaining a sample of prints according to the law is carried out by a specialist. Then the check and study of the comparative nature of the impressions is carried out.

The process and procedure for obtaining an impression

In order for the data to be accurate, before the procedure, you need to wash your hands and wipe dry. The procedure then looks like this:

1. A thin layer of paint is applied to a sheet of glass. When you run your finger over it, the entire layer should be removed.
2. Place your palm or fingertips on this sheet, or roll it over your fingers, applying a layer of paint.
3. On the dactylo card, roll the nail phalanges, pressing them evenly so that the drawing is printed “unfolded”.

In prints, it is important that the order of their arrangement is observed. The sequence is strict, and a control print is necessarily made. In the control impression, four fingers are imprinted side by side, and the thumbs are below. Papillary drawings of two phalanges of fingers should be printed. On the back of the fingerprint card, prints of both palms of the hands are made entirely. This procedure is designed for fingerprinting a living person.

Notes are made on the card according to the fingerprinted person, when and where he was born, when the fingerprinting was performed, the name of the specialist who performed the procedure is indicated. Additionally, the criminal inclinations of the person, if any, are entered. If there are early convictions, then they must also be indicated in the card.

After the end of the procedure, the paint is washed off both from the hands of the subject and from the glass on which it was applied.

To carry out the procedure with minors, the presence of parents or guardians is required, as well as the sanctions of the prosecutor's office or a court order.

Hidden or covert fingerprinting is carried out with the aim of promptly disclosing or preventing a crime. It is carried out by operational officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Permission for a covert procedure is issued by the head of the department. In preparation for covert fingerprinting, a plan is drawn up where the following items are indicated:

1. The method of fingerprinting.
2. How will the prints be obtained?
3. Persons who need to be involved in this process.
4. What measures will be taken regarding the secrecy of the event.
5. Description of the necessary technical support for the procedure.

The data obtained make it possible to distinguish a person by the patterns of papillary intricacies, which are purely individual and never repeat, are considered stable anatomical signs of a particular person.

This immutability of prints comes from genetic characteristics. During the formation of the fetus in the womb, papillary lines are already formed in the fifth month. They never change. The growth and maturation of a person leads to a change in proportions. In ancient times, people already noticed these lines on their hands and even dedicated drawings on rocks to them. Such prints are also on the surface of the skin of the feet. In some exceptional circumstances, foot impressions are taken.

In forensics, anthropometry (measurement of body parameters - weight, height, leg size, and so on) faded into the background after the technique of fingerprint cards appeared.

There are several ways to take fingerprints:

• Physical: with the help of a powder, by the method of infrared irradiation, inhalation, the use of developers, fumigation with iodine fumes.
• visual ways.
• chemical methods.

Gene fingerprinting

DNA analysis plays a leading role in this method. By analysis, much more subtle information can be obtained. Conventional fingerprinting has its errors, and genetic fingerprinting excludes errors.

Genotyping was developed at the end of the 20th century. It is based on the fact that the sequence of nucleotides is different for all people, which determines its individual appearance. Genomic fingerprinting is used to establish family relationships.

Gene fingerprinting allows you to make a DNA passport. To obtain genetic material, a swab is taken from the inner surface of a person's cheek using a cotton swab. When it is not possible to obtain genetic material by official means or by voluntary surrender, then, by decision of the prosecutor's office, other personal belongings are used. Most often, this is a toothbrush or a razor. Any things where there are traces of saliva or blood can be selected.

The resulting material is examined, compared, and almost one hundred percent accurate data is established.

Scope of genetic data

Genomic fingerprinting has been widely used, especially in forensics. A suspect can be charged and proven guilty if skin remains are found under the victim's nails, and their DNA matches that of the perpetrator.

Other domestic disputes about inheritance or paternity can be resolved using this procedure. Even in animal husbandry, DNA analysis is used to develop new breeds or maintain a pure breed.

Who needs to be fingerprinted

In addition to criminal aspects, everyone who wishes to visit the Schengen countries must be fingerprinted. In this case, even children after 12 years old are rented. Those who do not have hands are exempted from taking impressions. There is no need to give fingerprints to government officials who are traveling on a work visa. For the rest, the picture of drawings on the fingers is charged regardless of the purpose of the trip.

For a Schengen visa, fingerprints are submitted once until the end of the visa validity period. If the hand is damaged, fingerprinting will have to be redone, since scars on the fingers can change the picture, make it inaccurate.

To take impressions, you should go to the embassy, ​​where a consular representative scans your fingerprints on a special device. First, four fingers of one hand are scanned, then 4 fingers of the other hand, and both thumbs are scanned last.

This procedure takes little time and is not painful at all. Data is stored for 5 years, so if you need to get a Schengen visa again, then you will not have to undergo fingerprinting. If the biometric card has already been issued, then a snapshot of the fingers is also entered into it.

Mandatory collection of fingerprints is subject to:

• conscripts;
• Military personnel;
• Employees in the Ministry of Internal Affairs;
• Employees of the federal security service;
• Intelligence service;
• Employees of bodies for the control of the circulation of narcotic substances;
• employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations;
• customs services;
• Private detectives, as well as those applying for this title;
• Fire Service;
• Aviation crew members of any form;
• Stateless citizens who, due to physical reasons, are unable to disclose their identity;
• For forensic reasons suspected and accused of committing crimes;
• Stateless persons who are presented for deportation;
• Refugees from other countries who arrived in the Russian Federation in search of asylum of a political or other nature;
• All foreign citizens who are on the territory of Russia.

Refusal of fingerprinting is possible if its receipt is dictated by the need to identify the person, and the person is able to name his identity or provide documents.

Are you traveling abroad? Fingerprints!

For several years, by law, it has been mandatory to take fingerprints of handprints when traveling to:

1. USA. Since the early 2000s, US laws have required fingerprints to be taken at embassies around the world.
2. European Union countries. Also, according to the laws, fingerprints are required from 2014.
3. England. The UK government has introduced fingerprint controls for those entering the state.
4. Japan. Biometric data are taken from all entering foreigners.
5. Brazil is required to collect data from travelers from the United States.

In addition, mandatory fingerprinting is required in South Korea, Indonesia, Iran and Malaysia.

Temporary registration

For all those who are temporarily in Russia, a temporary residence permit is required - RVP. It is issued for three years, after which the person either leaves the country or applies for a residence permit, before obtaining citizenship.

Temporary residency has benefits

• you can officially work and live in the territory of the state,
• employment takes place under an employment contract,
• free medical care,
• opportunity to start a business.

In addition to collecting and preparing documents for RVP in Russia, it is necessary to undergo a fingerprinting procedure for RVP.

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
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INTRODUCTION

Since ancient times, people have used fingerprints. Their traces are preserved on many of the most ancient monuments of the planet, it is reliably known that even in Ancient Babylon, using clay tablets, fingerprints were made. It was believed that with this imprint, various kinds of documents of a state nature should be reserved, because. it was actually a painting, which was considered unique in its kind. Through our fingers, we receive a huge percentage of information about the world around us only because there are a lot of nerve endings at the fingertips. It can be said that we absorb knowledge about the environment by passing information through these patterns, and our emotions, reactions to external stimuli also pass through our papillary drawings.

The relevance of research is that life in the modern world makes more and more demands on security systems. One of the main directions is the creation of effective human identification devices.

Object of study: 8th grade students.

Subject of study: student fingerprints.

Objective: learn how fingerprints can identify a person's personality and temperament.

Hypothesis: suppose that fingerprints are a unique code that allows you to accurately identify a person and that a person's temperament can be determined from fingerprints.

Tasks:

Analyze literature data on the topic.

Learn to take fingerprints.

Organize experimental research.

Conduct a sociological survey.

Analyze the received data and draw a conclusion.

Research methods: work with scientific literature, experimental work; comparative analysis of fingerprints. Empirical method - open observations; polling method - questioning; generalization (conclusion).

Practical significance: knowledge of their fingerprints will enable students to further self-determination in choosing a profession.

MAIN PART

History of science

Dermatoglyphics is the science that studies the patterns on the fingers. Its ancestor was the Englishman Francis Galton, who published a monograph on fingerprints at the end of the 19th century. The term "dermatoglyphics" appeared less than a century ago - in 1926 and is translated as "skin engraving". Papillary patterns on the fingertips are formed in the womb and do not disappear after death. They do not change throughout life.

Genetic passport of a person. What's this? Each of us has it. If you say that you have never held it in your hands, you will be wrong. He is always with us. We carry this most important document at our fingertips. The lines that adorn the upper phalanges of the fingers (they are called papillary lines) are the genetic passport of a person.

Through fingers, touch, we receive a huge percentage of information about the world around us only because there are a lot of nerve endings at the fingertips. It can be said that we absorb knowledge about the environment by passing information through these patterns, and our emotions, reactions to external stimuli also pass through our papillary drawings.

Fingerprints - what is it?

Look at your fingertips, do you see patterns? These are our prints. Fingerprints are papillary lines (from lat. Papilla - nipple) of skin scallops that form a pattern on the fingertips. These patterns are formed in the child as early as 3-5 months of the mother's pregnancy. From this moment on, a patterned pattern begins to be created on them. The final formation of papillary patterns ends at the 6th month of fetal development. That is, we are born with a predetermined pattern on our fingers. And then it does not change throughout life. Therefore, more and more new personal identification devices are being created and used in various fields of human activity. The Englishman Francis Galton was the first to undertake a detailed study of the relief of the skin. His research showed that papillary lines are individual and do not change throughout a person's life and can tell a lot about a person's character. Since then, research in this field of science has come a long way. Today there is the Institute of Dermatoglyphics, which is located in Yekaterinburg. Fingerprinting (from the Greek daktylos - finger, skopeo - I look) is a method of identifying a person by fingerprints (including fingerprints and palm prints), based on the uniqueness of the skin pattern. It is widely used in criminalistics to identify the identity of the offender. It is based on the ideas of the Englishman William Herschel, who put forward a hypothesis in 1877 about the invariability of the papillary pattern of the palmar surfaces of human skin. This hypothesis was the result of long research by an author who served as a police officer in India.

What does the fingerprint pattern say?

Fig 1. Loops predominate

The loop is the most common pattern (Fig. 1.). A good-natured person, adapting well to life circumstances, average in all respects. Easy to communicate, instantly grasps the essence of various intellectual concepts, quickly responds to changes in the social situation. Characteristic - openness of consciousness, kindness and gentleness. Often follows the line of least resistance, as it prefers peace and tranquility. Easily expresses himself, and gravitates more to the arts than to the sciences, but with emotional upheavals can rush from one extreme to another. Can fit in almost any situation. Works well in a team. A very versatile person who cannot concentrate on one thing.

Under normal circumstances, it works like a jet engine. He reacts quite emotionally and violently, often takes offense, but quickly forgives offenders. It is easy to communicate with him. The type of pattern on the fingers indicates a light character and a willingness to make contact. It is distinguished by a quick reaction, loves thrills and therefore leads a rich, varied, ebullient life. A sense of humor is well developed, but jokes can be very offensive and caustic. With regard to studies, he belongs to the type of people who are easily interested and quickly cool down. The information that is of interest will remain in the memory for a long time and will certainly be applied in practice, and that which is not interesting, even under the condition of intensive cramming, will remain beyond memory.

The main disadvantage is the inability to listen. However, despite such character traits, it turns out to be a reliable friend. Many friends and acquaintances who will always come to the rescue. Loops at the fingertips give good health. Since childhood, he has a strong immune system, so he rarely gets sick with viral diseases characteristic of children. The weak point is the nervous system and the digestive tract. From early childhood, they are subject to various kinds of mental disorders: hysteria, sleep disturbances, lack of appetite, at an older age these phenomena intensify. With all the pluses and minuses - the ideal leader, capable of satisfying everyone, albeit at a minimum. Feels at ease in public. Easily agrees to a variety of things, quickly adapts to the environment. The negative traits are a lack of focus, a lack of individualism, and a strong influence that the world and people around have.

Rice. 2. Arcs dominate

A person with such an imprint (Fig. 2.) is often closed, immersed in himself, secretive and protects his inner world from external interference. The need for support and praise is expressed. Practical and materialistic person. Closed, but hardworking. You can easily be hard-hearted, insensitive, skeptical and unemotional. The main positive features are psychological stability, realism and practicality, negative qualities are a reluctant perception of change, a lack of responsiveness. Inherent reliability, at a critical or difficult time, will not let you down. Skillful hands. Love to make things with your own hands. As a rule, it is easier to express your thoughts not with words, but with actions. Very stubborn, purposeful, authoritarian and responsible. Most often focused on their opinions, their beliefs. In general, it is difficult to find contact with others. The contradiction is manifested in the fact that he does not tolerate a hard invasion of his inner world and violation of boundaries. Appreciates simple things and pleasures, does not like invention, new and original, new - prefers the old and proven. Easily can be inflexible, domineering and proud person. Prefers to deal with familiar faces and things. The predominance of arcs characterizes as a practical, hardworking and down to earth person. Doesn't shirk when it comes to getting the job done - and tend to see things through to the end. He does not like to discuss his personal affairs in front of everyone. Caution in approach to life is pronounced, will not blindly follow fashion or accept new things, prefers to wait until changes enter the lives of other people. Takes life seriously, sometimes with stern determination, but lacks ingenuity and cunning. It is not easy to be influenced by others. Very concrete and straightforward thinking, truthful and frank. It is difficult to adapt and change to the opinions of other people. As a rule, he does not listen and does everything in his own way. "Pressures" on others, trying to impose his will and his opinion everywhere and everywhere. Compromises are very difficult or not at all. It gives the impression of a real "ram", which can crush everything in its path. Everything must go strictly according to plan, law and rules. Everything has its own, different from the generally accepted view. Attractiveness lies in the way of thinking, temperament, the ability to lead people to make the right decision. Prefers deeds to conversations. A tireless worker, he knows how to bring what he started to the end, he is always practical, he tries to benefit from everything. Restrained character, does not like to show his feelings to others. Everything in life has to be achieved with great effort.

Fig.3. The curl predominates

A person with such an imprint (Fig. 3.) has a pragmatic behavior, rarely - you will do something just like that or on pure enthusiasm, he tries to benefit from everything. Individualist and specialist in his field. He has an out-of-the-box thinking and can easily formulate his opinion on any issue. The desire to become a specialist or an expert in a certain field or to find one's place in life, the need to be needed by society and people around is clearly expressed. Distinguished by a high level of individuality and originality, confidence, which often develops into self-confidence, very big plans for life and ambitions in general. It is often quite difficult to recognize the point of view of your interlocutor, does not like rules and traditions, strives for something new and original. He does not like very much when they influence or exert pressure, indicate how to act or act, fetter activity or activity. The curl pattern betrays a reformer, a person striving for everything new and easily generating new ideas.

Often dissatisfied with the established order of things and those who do not like change. Sometimes prone to loneliness, both in life and in work. It is difficult to adapt to a new team or circle of friends. If you have formed your opinion on any issue, it is extremely difficult to change your mind. A very persistent and purposeful person, he can easily engage in innovative research or experiments. The internal organization is very complex and multifaceted, it is inclined to think over various ideas for a long time, to return to them again and again. A very creatively gifted person, easily and quickly learns new material, learns quickly, but constantly strives for something new, as a result of which he loses interest in what he has learned. But if you managed to get interested, you can achieve significant success and become a specialist in the chosen field. The inner world is very complex, has a subtle psyche and an excitable nervous system. He is prone to self-discipline and introspection, he is inclined to look out for his shortcomings. Sufficiently hardy and can achieve results due to willpower. Charged to achieve the goal, rather stubborn, somewhat distrustful of others. A great desire for independence and freedom is clearly expressed, he always acts independently, thinks and acts as he sees fit. More prone to leadership than other people. High level of responsibility. Reaction speed is low, likes to think about problems and questions, rarely shows his emotions. He likes to go his own way, pave his own way in life. Some external detachment seems to others, but by nature he is endowed with an inquisitive mind, he grasps any information literally on the fly, he is capable of learning, he is very intelligent. An important feature is the memory, which can be called truly phenomenal. He may have encyclopedic knowledge, but modesty and self-doubt prevent him from achieving high results. An excellent interlocutor, he knows how to support any conversation and patiently listen to any interlocutor. However, it is more pleasant to communicate with people who are balanced and logical. Very few close friends and truly devoted partners. In terms of health, the greatest burden falls on the work of the heart. The second problem is metabolism. It is difficult to digest fatty, spicy and spicy foods, does not tolerate dairy products. It should be noted that the most common diseases of this type of people are diseases of the endocrine system. The reaction speed is low, but wins due to the coordination of movements. Very often, the predominance of curls in a drawing indicates the presence of a special talent or ability that distinguishes it from others. They prefer novelty, creativity, to everything and the unknown. He has great potential, but the irony of fate is such that he often has a poor idea of ​​what he is really capable of. Strong-willed, purposeful person. Strong personality, easily achieves success, hardworking and independent.

PRACTICAL PART

The topic of my research interested me very much and I decided to find out what my classmates know about fingerprints and papillary drawings. To do this, a survey was conducted among classmates.

Diagram 1. Survey results

Conclusion: during the survey, it was revealed that not everyone knows what the science of dermatoglyphics does.

Experiment #1

The purpose of the experiment: to show that twins have individual fingerprints.

Hypothesis: Suppose twins have the same fingerprints.

Equipment: paint, roller and fingerprint.

Table 1. Fingerprints of twins

When comparing the fingerprints of Ekaterina and Marina, we saw that almost all the prints are very similar, but upon closer examination, differences are visible. The loop pattern prevails. And the fingers of the right hand are different and have different types of print patterns.

Output: our hypothesis was not confirmed. This experiment proved that fingerprints are not identical, even for twins. They may be very similar, but you can always find differences.

Experiment #2

Researchers note such a pattern that males have more curls on their fingers, and females have more loops.

Purpose of the experiment: to prove this pattern, to find out what type of fingerprint pattern prevails, to characterize our class.

Hypothesis: suppose that males have more whorls on their fingers and females have more loops.

The experiment involved 13 classmates (9 girls and 4 boys, aged 14-15 years).

For clarity, a table was compiled on the types of fingerprint patterns of classmates.

Table 2. Fingerprint results of 8th grade students (Appendix 2)

When counting the number of loops, arcs and curls in boys and girls of our class, it turned out to be as follows: for girls - 50 loops, 28 curls, and 12 arcs, for boys - 9 loops, 29 curls and 2 arcs. As a result, on the fingers of our classmates it turned out “Loops” -59, “Curls” -57, and “Doug” -14.

Output:

Experiment #3

Researchers note such a pattern that a person's temperament can be determined from the fingerprints of the index fingers.

Purpose of the experiment: to prove this pattern, to find out what type of temperament prevails among students, to characterize our class.

Hypothesis: Is it possible to find out the type of human temperament by the index fingers.

Table 3. Results of the study of temperament types (Appendix 3)

Output:

CONCLUSION

The result of the research activity was the achievement of the set goal, the mastery of the skills to take fingerprints. Knowledge can be used not only in forensics, but also in various other areas of information technology. Fingerprint recognition is an extremely adaptive identification method and is suitable for a variety of applications, including for objects where keys, access cards and passwords are traditionally used. Fingerprint identification technology is already being used everywhere. Having studied the literature and conducted my own research, I can conclude that my hypothesis: fingerprints are a unique code that allows you to accurately identify a person and a person's temperament can be determined from fingerprints - was confirmed.

OUTPUT

The results of the research work can be applied at school in biology lessons, classroom hours and assisting graduates in professional self-determination.

LIST OF USED SOURCES AND LITERATURE

Big encyclopedic dictionary. M., 2001.

Bagira M., Leokum A. Children's encyclopedia "Tell me why? .." 1994

Bogdanov N.N. Reader on dermatoglyphics (collection of articles). M., 2006.

Edzhubova L.G. and N.N. Bogdanova, M. A Papillary patterns: Identification and determination of personality characteristics (Dactyloscopy and dermatoglyphics), 2002

http://www.infolifes.ru [electronic resource]

https://ru.wikipedia.org [electronic resource]

Attachment 1

Table 2. Fingerprint results of 8th grade students (fragment) Girls

boys

Output: our hypothesis was confirmed and we proved the pattern that males have more curls on their fingers, and females have more loops.

Appendix 3

Table 3. Results of the study of temperament types (fragment)

Output: our hypothesis was partly confirmed. Most types of temperaments according to the results of Aizenko's diagnostics coincide with the results of a study of fingerprints. The “Loop” type pattern prevails on the fingers of our classmates, which means that our class is a class of cheerful people who easily adapt to any situation, are sociable, tolerant and enduring, responsive, having a wide range of interests.

Appendix 4

Type of temperament on the index fingers

Table 1 Interrelation of the main patterns of papillary lines with the type of temperament

The provisions that formed the basis of the anthropological methodology for determining the type of temperament using dermatoglyphics:

"Clean" option sanguine on both index fingers should have patterns, such as: loop-loop. "Mixed" option: loop-curl. And the "retrograde" option: a loop-arc. "Clean" option choleric on both index fingers should have patterns, such as: arc-arc. "Mixed" option: arc-loop, arc-curl. And the “retrograde” option in this case does not exist, since this is the simplest type of papillary line patterns. "Clean" option phlegmatic on both index fingers should have patterns, such as curl-curl. "Mixed" option - does not exist, since this is the most complex type of papillary line patterns. And the “retrograde” version: curl-loop, curl-arc.

"Pure" and "mixed" the melancholic variant does not exist, since it is a "collective image" that is formed by the retrograde sanguine and phlegmatic variants. According to anthropologists who have studied the patterns of papillary lines, they must have at least one “arc” or more, which corresponds to the retrograde variants of the sanguine person (loop-arc) and phlegmatic (curl-loop; curl-arc). And in people (women) who have repeatedly made suicidal attempts, there is a retrograde type of sanguine person (loop-arc).

Annex 5

Diagnosis of determining the type of temperament according to Eysenck

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT

Forensic value of traces of hands

Fingerprints of a person, in terms of their forensic significance, occupy the first place in the group of traces-displays, which is explained not only by the frequency of their detection at the scene, but also by the fact that with their help it is possible to come to the search and exposure of the criminal in a shorter way. This possibility is due to the structure of the skin on the fingers and the special properties of the papillary patterns present on the terminal phalanges of the fingers.

The traces of fingers, parts of the palm or the entire hand found during the inspection of the scene of the incident, depending on their completeness and clarity, make it possible to:

• identify a person by displaying papillary lines;
• limit the circle of suspects in case of a clear discrepancy between the general structure of the papillary pattern of the hands of persons who were previously present at the scene of the incident or touched objects on which traces were found, and highlight the trace left by the criminal;
• establish the features of the hand that left the mark (absence of fingers, deformity of the hand, the presence of scars and other damage to the surface of the hand);
• approximately determine the age of the person who left the trace;
• approximately determine the sex and height of a person by the size of the parts of the brush;
• based on the analysis of the location of handprints, including those that do not contain a clear display of papillary lines, to determine some elements of the mechanism for committing a crime (how the offender touched any objects, how he held a weapon, etc.).

General information about the structure of the palmar surface of the hand

The scientific justification for identifying a person by handprints is directly related to the anatomical features of the structure of the human skin.

The human skin consists of three main layers: upper - epidermis (from the Greek epi - over, above; derma - leather); dermis (actually the skin) and subcutaneous fatty tissue (Fig. 1). Skin epidermis outside it is a layer of dead, keratinized cells, which are constantly sloughed off in the form of scales, separated and replaced by new ones. The epidermis provides elasticity, firmness and rapid recovery of the surface layer of the skin in case of damage. Skin dermis has two layers: mesh and papillary. The first layer consists of dense tissue, the second layer is composed of various in shape and size elevations (papillae) or papillae (from the Latin papilla - nipple). The papillae are arranged in pairs in the form of linear rows, interspersed with grooves that are deeper than the interpapillary depressions. The epidermis accurately copies the relief of the papillary dermis, forming lines in the form of roller-shaped protrusions separated by grooves (papillary lines). The papillary lines are separated from one another by grooves (depressions). Located in the form of streams, papillary lines and grooves form patterns of various shapes and complexity, called papillary patterns.

Rice. 1. The structure of human skin

On the crests of the papillary lines between the papillae are funnel-shaped ducts of the sweat glands - pores. On the papillary line, about one centimeter long, there are from 9 to 18 pores. The sweat-fat substance penetrating through the pores to the surface of the skin, upon contact with various surfaces (trace-receiving) forms sweat-fat traces of papillary patterns.

Papillary hand patterns have a number of properties that allow them to be successfully used to solve identification problems in the process of detecting and investigating crimes. The main ones include such properties as individuality, relative immutability and recoverability, the ability to be imprinted on objects, the ability to classify papillary patterns that allow you to identify a particular person by the traces of his hands. The presence of these properties is explained by the fact that, having finally formed in a three-month-old embryo, papillary patterns do not change, as a rule, until the death of a person. Only some diseases (tertiary syphilis, scleroderma, etc.), as well as severe burns and cuts (depending on the depth of damage) can lead to irreversible changes or destruction of papillary patterns. However, the resulting scars and scars, which are damage to the skin in the form of protrusions and depressions of various depths and configurations, in turn, are individualizing signs that are used to identify a person.

In the practice of crime investigation, there were cases when criminals tried to surgically remove papillary patterns with part of the skin of the nail phalanges of the fingers, however, papillary patterns, as a rule, were restored. When a deeper layer of skin is removed, these patterns may not be restored, but their absence will be a sign that, together with other facts and circumstances, can help to identify the offender.

Individuality determines the uniqueness of the traces of the hands of a particular person. Even in identical twins, the set of details in the structure of skin patterns never repeats. Over the past hundred years, in world practice, not a single case of coincidence of skin patterns in different people has been identified. Moreover, small features of papillary patterns in the aggregate create combinations - a macrostructure that is unique even on different fingers of one person. Therefore, when identifying, criminologists actively use not only the macrostructure of the papillary pattern, but also the microstructure, expressed in the structural features of papillary lines (edgeoscopy) and pores (poroscopy).

Another property of the skin of the fingers and palms of the hands is the ability to imprint on those objects that the human hands have touched. Moreover, the formation of imprints occurs regardless of the desire and will of a person, which is due to the physiological properties of the skin - the fact that the surface of the skin is always covered with secretions of sweat and fat. Passing when touched on an object, they form prints on it that copy papillary patterns.

In addition to morphological information, due to the peculiarities of the structure of the skin of the palmar surface, the traces of human hands display no less important information about the person who left the trace, the material carrier of which is sweat-fat substance.

Types and types of papillary patterns

Most often in investigative practice, traces of hands are found in the form of traces of various sections of the skin relief of the fingers and palms of the hands. In traceology, a special branch of forensic science, called fingerprinting(from Greek. daktylos - finger and skopeo - I look), which literally means “finger-gazing”.

In fingerprinting, a separate section is distinguished that studies the traces of the palms of a person's hands, called palmoscopy(from lat. palma - palm and Greek skopeo - look).

The ability to classify papillary patterns served as the basis for theoretical and practical developments that are successfully used in the fight against crime.

Most of the papillary patterns on the nail phalanges of the fingers consist of three streams of lines. One is in the central part of the pattern and forms the inner pattern (center). The other two streams are upper(outer) and lower(basic) - go around the inner pattern from above and below (Fig. 2). The section of the pattern where these streams converge resembles the letter "delta" from the Greek alphabet, as a result of which this section of the pattern has received the name delta. Depending on the number of flows of papillary lines, the shape of the internal pattern according to the classification system adopted in Russia papillary patterns of the fingers are divided into three types: arc, loop and whorl with an additional division of each type into types in accordance with the structural features of the pattern.

Rice. 2. The structure of the papillary pattern: 1 - basic flow; 2 - external flow; 3 - internal (central) flow; 4 - delta

arc patterns the simplest in structure and frequency of occurrence - make up about 5%. They consist of no more than two streams of papillary lines, which originate at one lateral edge of the finger and go to the other, forming arcuate figures in the middle part of the pattern, which curve towards the upper stream. In arc patterns, there is no internal pattern and delta. Among them, the following types are distinguished: simple, hipped and pyramidal (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Types of arc patterns: a) simple; 6) pyramidal; c) tent

Loop patterns occur in about 60% of cases. They are formed from at least three streams of lines. The central pattern consists of one or more loops, the lines of which begin at the edge of the pattern and, rising up, return to the same edge. The loop has a head, legs and an open part. Depending on the shape and number of loops, the relative position of the beginning and end of their legs, loop patterns are divided into simple, curved and closed (racquet loops) (Fig. 4).

The direction of the legs of the loops is the basis for distinguishing among the loop patterns ulnar (the legs of the loops are directed towards the little finger) and radial (the legs of the loops are directed towards the thumb).

Curl patterns are diverse in structure, but are somewhat less common than looped ones, in about 30% of cases. Their internal pattern can be formed by papillary lines in the form of ovals, circles, spirals, loops, or a combination of them. A characteristic feature of the curl pattern is the presence of at least two deltas, one of which is located to the left and the other to the right of the inner part of the pattern. Among this diversity, the following main types of curl patterns can be distinguished: simple, spiral and snail loop (Fig. 5).

Rice. 4. Types of loop patterns: a) simple; b) curved; c) closed

Rice. 5. Types of curl patterns: a) simple; b) snail loop; c) spiral

In some classifications, other types of curl patterns are also distinguished, for example, circular, loop-spiral, loop-ball, complex, incomplete, etc., and among loop patterns - half, parallel and counter.

In addition, there are papillary patterns of the nail phalanges of the fingers, which cannot be attributed to any of the three classification groups, the so-called transitional patterns - false (false-loop and false-curl).

Identification features the structures of papillary patterns are usually divided into general and particular. To common features
include: type and type of papillary pattern; direction and steepness of papillary lines flows; the structure of the central pattern of the pattern; delta structure; the number of papillary lines between the center and delta; interposition of deltas, etc.

Particular features (Fig. 6) include details of papillary patterns (beginning and ending, merging and branching of papillary lines, island (eye), bridge, hook, fragment, dot, thin papillary line, opposite position of papillary lines) and papillary lines (breaks , breaks, bends, thickenings, configuration of the edges of papillary lines).

Rice. 6. Particular signs of papillary patterns: 1 - the beginning of the line; 2 - pores; 3 - branching lines; 4 - bend; 5 - bridge; 6 - oncoming line; 7 - eye; 8 - line merging; 9 - interpapillary lines (scallops); 10 - short line; 11 - the end of the line; 12 - hook; 13 - islet; 14 - line break; 15 - thickening of the line

As for the skin relief of the palmar surface, it consists of papillary lines, skin folds, interphalangeal folds (on the fingers) and flexor lines (on the palm).

On the palmar surface, two main areas are distinguished, the papillary patterns of which differ from each other in the direction, the steepness of the papillary line flows and the shape of the patterns they form: tenar - the area located around the base of the thumb; hypothenar - a site located against the little finger at the outer edge of the palm (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. The structure of the human hand

Types of handprints

Handprints, depending on the mechanism of formation, can be voluminous and superficial, colored and colorless, hardly visible and invisible. Volumetric traces are formed as a result of contact of hands with a plastic surface (on oil, fresh paint, plasticine, icy surfaces, etc.). Surface traces are formed on hard surfaces due to delamination or layering of a trace-forming substance. Peel marks are formed as a result of trace-carrier particles sticking to the hands, layering traces - as a result of sticking to the trace-receiving surface of particles of a substance present on the hands (sweating substance, ink, blood, paint, etc.). Surface marks may be colorless, resulting from layering on the trace-receiving surface of a colorless sweat-fat substance, and painted, formed by hands covered in blood, ink, liquid paint, etc. hardly visible handprints are formed on smooth non-porous surfaces (glass; objects coated with varnish, enamel; plastic, etc.), invisible - occur on porous surfaces (paper, cardboard, plywood, raw wood, etc.).

Investigator's work with traces of hands

Detection of handprints. In a residential or other premises, all surfaces that could be touched by criminals should be examined, especially flat, smooth (glass, polished, etc.). First of all, you need to examine the door handles, cabinet doors, crockery and cutlery that could be used by criminals, electrical switches (if the crime was committed at night), as well as items left at the scene (crime weapons, comb, etc.) . One should not lose sight of the possibility of detecting not only sweat-fat. but also colored prints left, for example, by a bloodied hand. To detect handprints in the car interior, you should examine the inner and outer door handles, door and glass surfaces, the gear lever handle, interior metal parts, rear-view mirror, etc. The possibility of detecting three-dimensional handprints on any plastic material is not ruled out. It is possible to detect sweat-and-fat fingerprints on the skin of corpses and some types of clothing fabric.In a state suitable for identification, these traces are stored on the most dense fabrics.Invisible handprints often appear on various objects made of paper with a fairly dense surface layer (gluing).

It is possible to detect during examination not only traces of open palms and fingers, but also gloves used by criminals to avoid leaving fingerprints. Their most distinct traces are formed on a smooth surface, such as glass. Leather and cotton gloves can leave marks due to the fact that when using them they are gradually covered with dirt and grease. A certain amount of fat is initially contained in the glove material itself. On the surface of many gloves there are characteristic signs in the form of damage, wrinkles, seams, pores, a pattern of weaves of threads.

Modern methods for detecting honey on the objects under study can be divided into three main groups: visual, physical and chemical. The choice of method is carried out taking into account the physical properties of the substance forming the trace, the time of its occurrence, as well as the nature (structure, color) of the surface by the objects of the carrier.

TO visual methods for detecting handprints include: inspection of objects with the "naked eye" or with the help of optical magnification devices (loupe, microscope), as well as lighting equipment. At the same time, volumetric and surface traces of hands are revealed, formed by sweat-fat or dye and located on smooth surfaces. This method is based on the difference in the reflectivity of the surface of the trace-carrying object and the trace itself.

Transparent objects are viewed through the light, with the direction of the flow of rays directly into the eye of the observer or somewhat to the side and at the same time changing the position of the object itself. All objects (transparent and opaque) are examined in various lighting conditions, successively changing the angle of incidence of the rays to the smallest (oblique incident light). At the same time, some opaque background is set behind transparent objects.

Physical methods for detecting traces of papillary patterns are based on the ability of the trace substance to retain the particles of other substances introduced into it without entering into a chemical reaction with them, as well as the possibility of its own luminescence. Such methods include: processing (pollination) with fingerprint powders (magnetic, non-magnetic, luminescent); fumigation with iodine vapor; cyanoacrylate vapor treatment; excitation of the luminescence of the substance of the alleged trace with the help of optical quantum generators (lasers).

In some cases, it is advisable to use sources of ultraviolet and infrared rays - an ultraviolet illuminator and an electron-optical converter to identify sweat-fat traces. This method is used to detect traces that have passed a long time since the formation of which, as well as invisible traces on multi-colored objects.

To detect traces of papillary patterns iodine vapor an iodine tube is used (Fig. 8). In order to stain the sweat-fat trace with iodine vapor, a glass tube in which iodine crystals are placed is clamped in the hand. Under the influence of body temperature, iodine is sublimated and its vapors are pushed out of the tube by a rubber bulb. Penetrating into the substance of the trace, the smallest crystals of iodine color it brown. Since this coloration disappears after some time, the traces identified should be fixed in one of the following ways: iron powder reduced with hydrogen, starch solution.

In investigative practice, such a physical method of identifying and fixing handprints is also used, such as pollination with fingerprint powders: non-magnetic(zinc oxide, lead oxide, copper oxide, soot, graphite, manganese peroxide, etc., as well as their mixtures - universal white, universal black, a mixture of copper oxide with soot, etc.); magnetic("Topaz", "Ruby", "Malachite", "Agate", "Sapphire", "Opal", etc.); fluorescent(rhodamine, zinc sulfide, anthracene, chrysan, etc.).

Rice. 8. Iodine tube: 1 - spray pear; 2 - connecting hose; 3 - inlet valve; 4 - glass wool; 5 - iodine crystals; 6 - outlet valve; 7 - tube nozzle

Powders are applied to the surface of the object under study in the following way: by pouring and rolling the powder over the treated surface; using a fingerprint brush (flange or magnetic) (Fig. 9); using spray guns, aerosols and other sprays.

Chemical Methods detection of handprints are used, as a rule, in expert practice and make it possible to detect traces of a long time ago. These methods are based on a chemical reaction between the components of the trace fatty substance and special chemical reagents.

Fixation of traces of hands. Identified traces of papillary patterns can be recorded in the following ways: photography, measuring dimensions, making large-scale diagrams or drawings, describing in the protocol of the investigative action.

Rice. 9. Magnetic brush: 1 - magnetic rod (rod); 2 - plastic cap; 3 - plastic case; 4 - spring; 5 - rod head

All traces are described in the protocol and in the order in which they were found. At the same time, it is indicated: on which object a trace was found; characteristics of this subject; the location of the trace on the subject; track size; type of trace; type of papillary pattern; the color of the trace, if it was dyed; method of detection, fixation and withdrawal.

Removal of traces of hands. Detected and recorded traces can be seized by the investigator in the following ways:

• with a carrier trace or part of it (if possible);
• copying surface marks on a special film (fingerprint film or adhesive adhesive tape on a polyethylene basis (such as "Scotch");
• making impressions from volumetric handprints using various impression materials and compounds (gypsum, silicone pastes "K", "U-1", "KLT-ZO"; low molecular weight rubbers "SKTN", "SKTN-1"; impression masses "VGO ”, “VGO-4”; trace-copy compositions “Copy-1”, “Copy-2”, etc.);
• direct fixing of traces on objects by physical or chemical methods, as well as covering them with a protective film or glass.

Preliminary study of handprints. Approximate definition of age. From the prints of the palms and nail phalanges, you can get an approximate idea of ​​​​the age of the person who left the mark. The imprints of the flexor folds of the palm (transverse and longitudinal) in persons under the age of 25 are weakly expressed and relatively short (significantly do not reach the edges of the palm); in persons over 25 years old, but younger than 60, they have an average length, slightly not reaching the edges of the palm, and in people over 60 they reach these edges. In the prints of the elderly and old people, there are many displays of small furrows, folds, wrinkles, white lines (gaps). Display lines of their papillary patterns are less distinct, have a significant number of breaks. The number of papillary lines per unit length depends on age. On a line segment 0.5 cm long, in relation to persons of different age groups, there are: 12-13 lines - persons 8-12 years old; 10-12 lines - teenagers; 9-10 lines - adults. This does not apply to very obese people who have 7-8 lines on a segment of 0.5 cm.

The trace of the palm may be of orienting value for assumptions about the social environment that formed the person who left this trace. The palm of a representative of physical labor, especially those who have been engaged in it since childhood, as a rule, is wider, square in shape compared to the narrower, rectangular or oval palm, characteristic of many intellectuals.

Establishing the features of the hand that left the mark. Any anomalies that appear in the traces of hands have a certain search value. These are, for example, the elevation of the index finger above the ring finger, unusual length, curvature, thickening in the joints, fusion of some fingers, calluses, scars, scars, complete or partial absence of papillary lines of the nail phalanges, which may be the result of their deliberate destruction.

An approximate definition of the height and sex of a person. For this, special tables are used, using which you can set the approximate height or gender of a person along the length and width of the palm or along the length and width of various fingers.

Expert study of handprints

Traces of papillary patterns of hands are submitted for examination together with the object or part of it, on a special film, in the form of casts of three-dimensional traces or photographs placed in photo tables (an appendix to the protocol of the inspection of the scene, to the primary conclusion of the expert).

As a comparative material, experimental prints of papillary hand patterns are presented, checked on the forms of fingerprint cards or sheets of writing paper (their photocopies, photo reproductions).

Most often, when assigning fingerprint examinations, the expert is asked questions about establishing the hand and fingers that left traces, determining the suitability of hand traces for personal identification and identifying the specific person (s) who left traces.

The decision on the suitability of traces of papillary hand patterns for identification depends on their quality. If there are clear and significant areas of papillary patterns with a large number of distinguishable details of the structure (as a rule, at least eight), the traces are recognized as suitable for identifying a person.

If the trace received for examination contains a limited number of clearly expressed signs of the structure of the pattern (2-3), but is approximately determined type of papillary pattern, the expert concludes that the issue of the suitability of a trace for identification of a person can be resolved only by comparing it with the fingerprints of a particular person being checked. As a rule, such handprints are located on rough, embossed, contaminated surfaces.

Grade matching and differing features identified in a comparative study is carried out on the basis of determining the identification significance of each of them, as well as their entire combination. The criterion for this is the frequency of occurrence of features.

A set of eight particular features of the papillary pattern can be considered sufficient for identification. This allows you to make a reliable and reasoned conclusion. However, it is also necessary to take into account the conditionality of the indicated quantity, since such a set is evaluated not only by the number of features, but also by their qualitative characteristics (including identification significance, relative position in the pattern, etc.).

If a match is established on common features, as well as on a number of particular features (at least eight), it is necessary to determine whether the combination of these matching features is individual (unique).

The conclusion about the impossibility of resolving the issue of identity is made if the traces are unsuitable for identification or there are no proper comparative samples. The results of the study are drawn up in the form of an expert opinion and photo tables.

A real revolution in the work of detectives around the world occurred on July 28, 1858, when the Englishman William Herschel, who served as a policeman in India, proposed using fingerprints to identify criminals. The method of fingerprinting is still one of the main methods in forensic science. How is fingerprinting done and who is fingerprinted by forensic experts near Moscow, the correspondent of the Pushkin news agency found out.

Unique pattern

Universal suitcase for inspection of the scene. Photo: Andrey Voronin, Pushkinskoe news agency

There are 12 forensic experts on the staff of the Pushkinskoye inter-municipal police department, five of them are women. Senior expert of the Forensic Support Division Anna Shleynikova has been working in the police for 11 years. There is no special forensic laboratory in the Pushkin police, and Anna's office is the most ordinary - a computer, piles of folders and papers. The only sign that a forensic specialist is working here is a special suitcase in the corner.

The official name is "universal suitcase for inspection of the scene." It weighs about 8 kilograms and contains absolutely everything that a criminologist might need. In its compartments and cells, preparations for the removal of all types of traces at the crime scene, various devices, tools, and even a complete locksmith set are neatly stacked.

There are only three items for fingerprinting in the suitcase: a tube of printing ink, a roller and a piece of glass. The criminalist applies paint to the glass, then carefully levels it with a roller. And he rolls each finger in turn - first over a layer of paint on the glass, then over a standard form, which is called a fingerprint card. You can generally do without glass, applying paint with a roller immediately on your fingers. But the hands must be dry and clean - in order to avoid distortion of the print.

Fingerprint on a computer. Photo: Andrey Voronin, Pushkinskoe news agency

A fingerprint is a raised (papillary) line found on the palms and soles of people. The same is in monkeys and some other mammals. These lines are unique and do not change throughout life.

Voluntary fingerprinting

Comparison of a fingerprint found, for example, at a crime scene with those in the database is carried out by the AFIS program (automated fingerprint information system) Papillon-7. The database currently contains about 33,000 fingerprint cards. If the search in the district database does not give a result, the fingerprint of the probable offender is checked against the regional database and then - according to the federal one.

It should be noted that computers with access to the fingerprint database exchange information over a private network isolated from the Internet. No hacker can connect to this database.

Fingerprinting and entry into the database are carried out by order of the investigator (interrogating officer). That is, the database contains only the fingerprints of criminals and probable criminals. So, the fingerprints of the victim made in the course of operational-search activities are not entered into the database.

There is also such a thing as “voluntary fingerprinting”. Usually volunteers are people who get a job in some private security structures, where fingerprint verification is a condition of employment. On average, 4-5 people turn to the Pushkinskoye police department every month.

The imprints of death

Fingerprints. Photo: Andrey Voronin, Pushkinskoe news agency

Not only living people are subjected to fingerprinting, but also unidentified corpses discovered by the police - to establish their identity.

“The bodies we come across are different. There is such a thing as “gloves of death” - this is when the corpse is badly decomposed, the skin begins to flake off, slide off the brush, like a glove. In this case, the upper layer of the skin is no longer visible, and the papillary lines are indistinguishable. In this case, the hands of the corpse that needs to be identified are sent for research to MONIKI (Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after Vladimirsky). There, with the help of special chemicals, specialists manage to temporarily restore papillary lines, ”explains Anna Shleynikova, a forensic scientist.

With fingerprinting of better preserved corpses, full-time forensic specialists cope without the help of doctors. “In order to even out, for example, dry, wrinkled skin, we pump saline solution under it,” the expert clarifies.

Andrey Voronin

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"Russian Planet" recalls how fingerprints began to be used for personal identification

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Olga Kuzmenko

On July 28, 1858, William Herschel, who worked in the British administration in Bengal, for the first time demanded that his Indian counterparties seal contracts with a fingerprint. From that moment, the rapid development of fingerprinting began, which is now one of the most important practices in forensic science.

Herschel is commonly referred to as the father of fingerprinting, although this is not entirely true. The first proposal to use fingerprints to identify criminals came to the British police as early as 1840. This became known only in December 2012. Then documents on the murder of Lord William Russell were put up at Sotheby's auction. The body of the politician was found in bed with his throat cut on the night of May 5, 1840. This incident was widely reported in the press. After reading about the numerous bloody prints on the sheet, the surgeon from In the village of Norfolk, Robert Blake Overton wrote a letter to the nephew of the murdered man, in which he explained how to use these traces left by the killer in the interests of the investigation.

“Few people know that each individual person has a special pattern on the surface of the skin. I strongly recommend that the suspect be fingerprinted and compared with the marks left on the sheets and pillows,” Overton wrote to future Prime Minister Lord John Russell. For clarity, the message contained several ink fingerprints of the doctor himself.

The addressee handed over the letter to Scotland Yard, but Overton's advice did not help solve the case. On the back of the envelope, the police left a note "there were no such traces." The letter was attached to the investigative materials and was lost among hundreds of papers related to the investigation. No one guessed to apply the described method of identifying a criminal to search for other suspects, and fingerprinting had to wait in the wings.

Treaty of 1858 with the imprint of Rajyadhar Konai. Source: jurukunci.net

An English official, William Herschel, became an active fingerprint collector in the late 1850s, but he was driven not by criminal, but by commercial interest. Herschel worked for a long time in Bengal, where he had to conclude contracts with local entrepreneurs. But for the Indians, the signature meant nothing, and leaving their autograph on the document, they did not feel bound by any obligations. The British official found a way out of the situation: in addition to signing, his counterparties began to leave their fingerprints on paper, which was sacred for the local population and guaranteed the fulfillment of the contract. Probably the first such person was Rajyadhar Konai, on July 28, 1858, who sealed with his fingerprint an agreement on the supply of materials to the authorities for the construction of the road.

Studying the collected prints, Herschel came to the conclusion that two different people cannot have identical prints. He took advantage of this observation when paying salaries to soldiers of the British Indian Army. Sepoys took advantage of the fact that it was difficult for a European to identify them both by appearance and by name, and strove to get money several times. To prevent fraud, Herschel required Indian soldiers to leave fingerprints on the payroll and on receipts, gaining the ability to identify the recipient.

After some time, they put things in order in one of the local prisons in a similar way, where the criminals also impersonated others and were released.

But when, in 1877, Herschel proposed the introduction of fingerprinting in all prisons in Bengal, his advice was not heeded. Over 20 years of research, the official managed to establish that with age, the papillary pattern on a person's fingers does not change. Returning to England, Herschel presented the results of his observations in The origin of fingerprints, which for a long time remained without attention.

Regardless of Herschel, the Scottish physician Henry Faulds, who had been working in Japan since 1873, came to the conclusion about the uniqueness of the pattern on the fingers. Fingerprints became the subject of his interest when he discovered several such marks on clay shards and began to study them.

Henry Foldc. Photo: thumbrule.vn

Soon, an unidentified person made his way into his hospital, and the police arrested one of the doctor's employees, whom Faulds believed was innocent. To clear him of charges, the doctor compared his fingerprints with those left at the crime scene. When they didn't match, he convinced the police to release the suspect. Faulds studied papillary lines for two years, and in 1880 published his findings in the journal Nature. An important discovery of the doctor was that, thanks to the sweat glands, traces of the touch of a person's hands remain even without applying paint to the fingertips.

In an effort to popularize the idea of ​​fingerprint identification, Faulds turned to naturalist Charles Darwin for help. The creator of the theory of evolution refused to engage in this project and handed it over to his relative Francis Galton, who headed the Anthropological Society of London. The authoritative scientist did not immediately become interested in the problem, but when he began to study it, he no longer referred to Faulds.

Galton presented the results of his scientific research in three monographs. He owns the first attempts to classify papillary lines, which he divided into arcs, loops and whorls. An anthropologist has calculated the probability of matching two people's prints: it could happen in one case in 64 billion. The expediency of using fingerprinting in judicial practice has become obvious.

In the early 1890s, the Argentine anthropologist Juan Vuchetich became acquainted with Galton's work, and the result of his work was a ten-finger classification of fingerprints. In Argentina, the first examination of his method was carried out in 1892, exposing Francisco Royas from Nicogea in the murder of his children. The Vuchetich method was first known only in the countries of South America.

In 1897, the colonialists in India finally recognized that when registering criminals, they should be fingerprinted, and the Fingerprint Bureau was established in Calcutta. In the UK and the USA, such institutions began to appear already at the beginning of the 20th century, and in less than 15 years, fingerprinting has become the most important way to identify criminals.