Nogai Horde: history, culture and joining Russia

History of education and flourishing

At the end of the 14th century, the process of disintegration into separate khanates began in the Golden Horde. One of them was the Nogai Horde, or, as they themselves called their state - the Mangyt yurt, and themselves - the Mangyts.

The territory of its location was between the Volga and Ural (Yaik) rivers. It began its formation in the late 14th - early 15th centuries, and finally took shape in an independent public education by the 1440s.

The city of Saraichik or Saraidzhuk, located on the banks of the Ural (Yaik) River, became the capital, which was the center of large-scale trade from the Black Sea region to Central Asia. In the 14th century, about 100 thousand inhabitants lived there.

Like the rest of the khanates that emerged from the Golden Horde, the Nogai Horde continued to lead a nomadic lifestyle, the main activity was cattle breeding and hunting. Finally, the state became isolated under the son of Edyge Nur-ad-din. It was this period that was accepted as the heyday of the Nogai Horde.

rulers

The title of the ruler of the Nogai Horde is called "biy" or "Nogai biy". Edyge Khan (1392-1412) is considered the first ruler of the Mangyt yurt, he was the founder of the dynasty, which stood at the head of the nomadic state formation. After Edigei's death, his son Nurradin (1412-1419) became the head of state, he continued his father's policy and was able to invest a lot in the process of forming an independent Mantyg yurt.

After the death of Nurradin, Edigei's eldest son, Mansur (1419-1427), became biem. After Mansur was executed in 1427, his younger brother, Gazi (1427-1428), came to power, became a beklarbek of the ruler of Eastern Desht, where he was killed because of envy in career growth. After that, Nurradin's heirs come to power. Vakkas-biy, son of Nurradin (1428-1447). Under him, the independence of the Mantyg yurt was preserved and the foundations of the Nogai Horde were formed.

His place was taken by the son of Vakkas, Khorezmi (1447-1473), there is not much information about his reign, but it is known that he constantly searched for allies, and also participated in battles, in one of these in 1473 he was killed by an arrow. The next bey was Abbas, the son of Nurradin (1473-1491). His rule was headlined by a tendency to separate from strong allies and neighbors, it is also known that Abbas had to flee in view of some kind of disagreement.

Musa (1491-1502), the son of Vakkas and one of the most active figures, is now in power. The main achievement is the final independence of the Nogai Horde, its influence in Europe and foreign political relations have increased. After his death, Musa's brother Yamgurchi (1502-1504) became the bey. He continued his brother's policy and was recognized as the rightful heir, but her status in the political foreign arena was already much lower. He adhered to a peaceful policy towards the Muscovite kingdom.

After Yamgurchi, a period of internecine wars begins. Hassan is the youngest son of Vakkas (1504-1508), he did not enjoy such authority as the brothers and therefore tried to strengthen his position with various alliances. Information about him disappears starting from 1508, then Musa's son, Sheikh Mohammed (1508-1510 and 1516-1519), becomes instead of him.

The last biys were Alchagir, son of Musa (1508-1516), Agish, son of Yamchurgi (1521-1524), Said-Ahmed, son of Musa (1524-1541), Sheikh-Mamai, son of Musa (1541-1549), Yusuf, son Musa (1549-1554) and Ismail, son of Musa (1557-1563).

culture

Not much is known about the culture of the Nogai nomads, most of the evidence was recorded by travelers after the collapse of the Nogai Horde. So let's start with Everyday life. The Nogai lived in yurts - large spherical structures. Usually, there were two yurts per large family - one for children and one for the older generation. Their camps were located in places rich in fodder crops for livestock.

Migration processes in the tribe took place seasonally and were associated with the need for a constant change of place of residence. Nogai dressed in accordance with their lifestyle. So, men wore long cloth caftans, which could be blue, red or gray. Under it were cloth or sheepskin trousers and cotton shirts. Women also wore similar clothes, some could afford white linen robes and silk robes.

Depending on the weather conditions, both men and women wore sheepskin coats. The headdresses of the men were pointed bureks or caps made of martens, while the women wore round folded hats embroidered with Russian coins. Shoes were leather and practical boots.

The Nogais ate meat of domestic animals, dairy products of various preparations, sometimes they baked cakes from millet or rice flour, and diversified their diet with game and fish. With drinks they had honey and alcoholic koumiss, ayran and buza.

The internal organization of relations took place by the norms of customary law, that is, traditional (for example, blood feud for a murder or a ransom for a bride, etc.). Due to its history, geographical location and neighbors, the Nogai Horde adhered to the Muslim religion of the Turkish model, but as nomads, the Nogais retained quite strong remnants of the Muslim beliefs of their ancestors - pagan.

As for literature, oral literature prevailed in the Nogai Horde. It was formed on the basis of constant seasonal movements, which also influenced the emergence of new elements of the neighbors' cultures and the spread of their own. The guardians of culture were the old-timers. Written culture was primarily used by the rulers of the Horde and Mirzas for correspondence with monarchs.

It is known that in the Nogai Horde the city and capital of Saraichuk acted as an important economic, political and, to some extent, religious center. But historians answer the question about other Nogai cities in the negative. Since the Nogai were "inveterate" nomads, they were not going to build cities and fortifications, as one of the possible theories, it can be assumed that they used the structures that were inherited from the Golden Horde. However, archaeological, local history and folklore finds allow us to ask such questions, the answers to which are extremely ambiguous.

Wars

Since the Nogai are a nomadic people, their main military force was the cavalry, mostly light and mobile. Since such troops were not overdressed, they were used in long movements and ambushes. Tactics consisted of quick and maneuverable strikes. The most combat-ready were the guards of the khan and the squads of specific murzas and biys, since they were best provided.

The most significant is the war, which in the 90s. 14th century led Edyge against Tokhtamysh Khan for 15 years. Thanks to her, the territories of the Nogai Horde expanded to the West Siberian lowland. In all other cases, wars took place with neighboring tribes, or the Nogai warriors acted as mercenaries in hostilities.

Accession to Russia

Only after the ethno-political community of the Nogais (no longer Mangyts) was fully formed, and this happened closer to the second half of the 15th century, we can talk about the beginning of truly diplomatic Nogai-Russian relations. They begin to form as early as the end of the 14th century and were expressed in the strengthening of trade, economic and political ties between the Nogai Horde and the Russian state.

The reigning Ivan the Terrible believed that the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates threatened the Russian lands, and also held the Volga trade route in submission. After several unsuccessful diplomatic attempts, the king decided to take these khanates by military force. After the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to Russia, as well as other Asian peoples, the Nogai Horde recognized its dependence on the Muscovite state.

After some time, the Nogai declined, and as a result of civil strife among the Nogai ruling family, the Nogai Horde broke up into several independent hordes. So three utopias stood out from it - Big Nogai, Small Nogai and Altyulskaya Horde.

• the Nogai separated from the Golden Horde, and as a self-name of their association they used the Mangyt Yurt, and they called themselves Mangyts;
• the Nogai Horde adhered to the Muslim religion of the Turkish model, but as nomads, the Nogai retained quite strong remnants of the Muslim beliefs of their ancestors - pagan;
• the title of the ruler of the Nogai Horde is called "biy" or "Nogai biy".

Nogai Horde

7th grade. History of Kazakhstan.

Lesson objectives: To give information about the state

Nogai Horde

Tasks:

educational : Familiarize yourself with the history

creation of the Nogai Horde, with an external

and internal politics states

Developing: Formation

skills to study culture,

creative search and thinking

Educational : Build self-esteem

critical thinking, positive

relation to reality .

An important role in the creation and strengthening of the Nogai Horde was played by the temnik of the Golden Horde Edigey . Himself a native of the tribe Mangut (mangyt ), Edigey from 1392 became an ulubey of the Mangyts.

In the 90s of the XIV century, Edigei waged wars with Tokhtamysh Khan, firstly, for dominance in the Golden Horde, and secondly, in order to strengthen the power of the Mangyt yurt over neighboring possessions, expanding its borders.

Being a temnik, Yedigei, who did not have the right to the title of khan, was the de facto ruler of the Golden Horde for 15 years (1396-1411).

From 1412, the descendants of Edigei ruled the Magyt horde.

At that time, Yedigei himself took an active part in the internecine struggle of the Khan's heirs for the Golden Horde throne, during which, having joined one of them, the descendant of Genghis Khan, Chokre-oglan, Yedigei became his beklarbek. After the victory in 1414 over Kepek Khan, who occupied the throne (in the same year) of the Golden Horde, and his expulsion from the capital of Sarai, Yedigei became the beklarbek (or great emir) of the Golden Horde, whom he was until his death in 1419.

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Kuban Nogai Horde

50s of the 16th century Right-Bank Kuban is an integral part of the Crimean Khanate. Here, from the uluses of the Nogai Horde, the state formation of Nogai Malye was formed.

Horde of Small Nogais Navruz, Edisan, Kaisaev, Budzhak, Bestineev, Dzhemboyluk, Yedichkul,

The Kuban Nogai Horde was ruled by a seraskir. He had broad powers and rendered final judgments in civil and criminal cases. He lived in his village. His income consisted of a tenth of the grain harvest, one ram from each wagon and 800 bulls.

1769 - height Russian-Turkish war Four Nogai hordes: Budzhak, Edisan, Dzhemboyluk, Yedichkul declared their desire to become Russian subjects. In February 1771, a Nogai delegation arrived in St. Petersburg. Three months later, the Nogai hordes migrated to the Kuban.

1. Facilitating the resettlement of the Nogais in the Kuban steppes, Russia removed a large military force, just before the invasion of Russian troops in the Crimea. 2. Russia hoped that the Nogais would be able to cover the southern Russian borders from the raids of the highlanders. 3. Russian diplomats hoped that in the future the nomads would form an independent, friendly state to Russia, which would become a counterweight to Turkey in the struggle for the Black Sea

THE MAIN ACTIVITIES OF THE NOGAI CRAFTS HUNTING Cattle breeding HORSE BREEDING CAMEL BREEDING SHEEP BREEDING TRADE

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Date: ___________ Grade: IR 10 Lesson: ____

Theme: Nogai Horde in the 13th-15th centuries.

Target: The study of information about the formation of the Nogai Horde, its territory, consideration of the issue

territories of Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia.

Tasks: Educational: Familiarize with political history Horde and find out the reasons for its collapse

Developing: To form skills for the study of culture, creative search and thinking

Educational: Raise interest in the study of the past of the country,

Lesson type: traditional

Visual aids: map

Time: 45 min.

DURING THE CLASSES

I . Organizing time

II . Checking knowledge gained in previous lessons.

oral questioning

When did the White Horde begin to form?

Tell us about the campaigns of Emir Timur and Khan Tokhtamysh against the White Horde

What was the ethnic composition of the White Horde

Tell us about the economic situation of the White Horde

III . EXPLANATION OF THE NEW MATERIAL

Plan

Formation of the Nogai Horde, its territory

Political history of the Horde

The collapse of the Nogai Horde

Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia

1. The name of the Horde comes from the name of the commander of the Golden Horde - Nogai, who participated in the conquest campaigns. The main populationmangyty therefore, their ulus was called the Mangyt yurt.founder of the horde - Edige. In 1426 -1440. under the rule of Nur-ad Din, an independent state was created.

Territory: between the Volga and the Urals,

Center of the Horde Saraichik (in the Urals), founded in the 10th century. There were baths, mosques, bazaars, etc. in the city.

13-14c. - the heyday of the city, in connection with the trade routes from the Crimea and the Caucasus to the Karakoram and China

Early 16th century . - the capital of the Kazakh Khanate under Kasym

1580 . the city was destroyed by the Don and Volga Cossacks.

During his reign, Edige bore the title "bekler-beki" or"great emir" Edige had unlimited power.

Administrative power was exercised - beks, myrzas, sultans and bais - solved social and economic issues. Power was inherited.

Myrza - the ruler of the aul obeyed the ruler of the ulus. (he collected taxes, collected soldiers on campaigns)

90s 14th century - the war of Tokhtamysh with Edige for dominance in the Golden Horde.

Early 17th century - the horde began to decline and its disintegration into independent possessions, and after joining Ml. zhuz. Dependence of the Horde on the Crimean Khanate, Turkish sultans + persecution by Russia - a part in Turkey, the North Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Bashkirtostan.

Ethnic composition of the Nogai Horde

Nogai Horde

Turkic-speaking tribes

IV . Reflection :

What do you know about the creation of the Nogai Horde?

What part of the lands of the Nogai Horde belonged to Kazakhstan?

Tell about ethnic composition Nogai Horde.

Under the rule of which khan the political position of the Nogai Horde was strengthened?

What do you know about political position Western Siberia?

Who are the Taibugins?

V . Lesson summary .

D / s § 26 pp. 125 – 130 paraphrase. Lesson grades.