The Moon... Many, raising their eyes to the night sky, often caught themselves thinking that the Moon attracts the eye and makes you tune in some kind of your own, unique way. Why? Aren't there more objects in the sky? There are: the sun, clouds, stars. But the Moon stands apart in this list. Since ancient times, the best minds of mankind have been thinking about this satellite of the Earth, but only in the 60s of the 20th century, Mikhail Vasin and Alexander Shcherbakov from the Academy of Sciences of the USSR put forward the hypothesis that in reality our satellite was created artificially. This hypothesis, destroying all the foundations of traditional science, has eight main arguments that focus on a number of obvious facts about the Moon.

The first riddle: an artificial satellite.

Calculations have shown that the orbit of motion and the size of the Moon are physically practically impossible. The magnitude of the Moon is equal to a quarter of the magnitude of the Earth, and the ratio of the magnitudes of the satellite and the planet is always many times smaller. In the studied part of the cosmos there is no other example of such a ratio.

The distance from the Moon to the Earth is such that the sizes of the Sun and the Moon are visually the same, which is also not found anywhere else. This is what makes it possible to observe from the Earth such a rare phenomenon as a total solar eclipse, when the Moon completely covers the Sun. The same mathematical impossibility holds for the masses of both celestial bodies.

If the Moon were a cosmic body, which at a certain moment was attracted by the Earth and eventually acquired a natural orbit, then calculated and practically this orbit would have to be elliptical. Instead, it is strikingly round.

The second mystery: the implausibility of the profile.

The implausibility of the profile that the Moon's surface possesses is inexplicable. The moon is not the round body it should be. The results of geological surveys on it lead to the conclusion that this planetoid is a hollow ball. Although it is, modern science fails to explain how the Moon can have such a strange structure without self-destructing.

One explanation offered by Vasin and Shcherbakov is that the lunar crust is "made" of a solid titanium framework. Indeed, it has been proven that the lunar crust and rocks have extraordinary levels of titanium content. According to their own estimates, the thickness of the titanium layer is about 30 kilometers.

The third riddle: lunar craters.

The explanation for the huge number of meteorite craters on the surface of the Moon is widely known and extremely understandable - the absence of an atmosphere. Most cosmic bodies that are trying to penetrate the Earth encounter kilometers of atmosphere on their way and simply burn up in it. Few space "cobblestones" are "lucky" to reach the surface.

The moon does not have this protective shell that would protect its surface from meteorites. What remains inexplicable is the shallow depth to which the aforementioned guests from outer space were able to penetrate. Indeed, it looks as if a layer of extremely strong substance did not allow meteorites to penetrate closer to the center of the satellite.

Even craters with a diameter of 150 kilometers do not exceed 4 kilometers in depth! Although calculated, a body capable of leaving a crater of this size would have to break through at least 50 kilometers deep. There is no such crater on the Moon.

The fourth riddle: the seas.

How were the "lunar seas" formed? What's this? Where? These gigantic areas of solid lava, which must originate from the interior of the Moon, could easily be explained if the Moon were a hot planet with a liquid interior, where they could originate from meteorite impacts. But the Moon, judging by its size, has always been a cold body and had no "intraplanetary" activity. Another mystery is the location of the "lunar seas". Why are 80% of them on the visible side of the Moon and only 20 on the invisible side?

Fifth riddle: mascons.

The gravitational pull on the moon's surface is not uniform. This effect has already been noted by the American crew of Apollo VIII when they circled the lunar seas. Mascons (mass concentrations) are places where matter is thought to exist in greater density or in greater quantity. This phenomenon is actually closely related to the lunar seas, since the mascons are located almost below them.

Sixth riddle: inexplicable asymmetry.

A rather unexpected fact, for which no explanation can be found so far, is the geographical asymmetry of the Moon's surface. The dark side of the Moon has many more craters (this is at least somewhat understandable), mountains and landforms. In addition, as we have already mentioned, most of the seas, on the contrary, are located on the side that is visible from the Earth.

Seventh riddle: low density.

The density of our satellite is 60% of the density of the Earth. This fact, together with various studies, once again proves that the Moon is a hollow object. And according to some scientists, the aforementioned cavity is clearly artificial.

In fact, given the location of the surface layers that have been identified, scientists argue that the Moon looks like a planet that formed "in reverse", and some use this as an argument in favor of the "artificial casting or assembly" theory.

Eighth riddle: origin.

In the last century, three theories of the origin of the moon were conditionally accepted for a long time. At present, most of the scientific community, of course not formally, has accepted the hypothesis of the artificial origin of the planetoid of the Moon as no less justified than others.

The first and oldest of the theories suggests that the Moon is a fragment of the Earth, but the huge differences in the nature of the two bodies make this approach practically untenable.

The second theory is that this celestial body was formed at the same time as the Earth, from the same cloud of cosmic gas. But this is also untenable, since the Earth and the Moon would have to have a similar structure.

The third theory suggests that, wandering through space, the Moon fell into the gravity of the Earth, which turned it into its "captive", having previously captured it. The big flaw with this explanation is that the Moon's orbit is practically circular and cyclic. With such a phenomenon (when the satellite is "captured" by the planet), the orbit will be quite distant from the center or represent an ellipsoid. And in our case, the Moon seems to be specially “suspended” precisely on this unnatural orbit.

The fourth assumption is the most fantastic of all, but it explains the various anomalies and absurdities associated with the Earth's satellite. If the Moon were constructed by intelligent beings, then the physical laws to which it is subject would not apply equally to other celestial bodies.

Summary.

In this case, it is appropriate to ask the question: if this theory is correct, then for what purpose was the Moon created and designed? There is an explanation that the Moon was built by ancient humanity (we will call it that for now), which had sufficient technology and capabilities to implement this global project and served some utilitarian purpose. Correcting the Earth's climate, providing the planet with "free" light at night, an intermediate spaceport - it is now impossible for us to understand what goals the ancient creators pursued.

The mysteries of our only satellite, put forward by the scientists Vasin and Shcherbakov, are only some of the real physical estimates of the anomalies of the Moon. In addition, there is a lot of video and photographic evidence, the results of research, for the most part classified by governments, giving reason to assert that our "natural" satellite is not one.

The article is written on the basis of materials obtained from open sources of information.

The authorities of the Chinese city of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, announced a plan bordering on fantasy to put an artificial “moon satellite” into low Earth orbit. Local media, citing Chinese engineers, report that the launch of the satellite with illumination should take place in 2020. Work on the project has been going on for several years and is already approaching its main phase of implementation. The artificial "moon" will be eight times brighter than the Earth's satellite and partially replace street lighting in the city of Chengdu.

According to the plan of the engineers, the artificial "moon" will complement the natural night lighting, while covering a radius of 10-80 km with an accuracy of several meters. The device has a very powerful reflective element that will redirect sunlight to the desired area. The satellite will be controlled remotely. The backlight will be adjusted so that it only illuminates Chengdu.

More detailed technical features of the artificial "moon" have not yet been reported. However, according to engineers and officials, the technology will save on electricity, which is spent on street lighting. In addition, the project is sure to attract tourists.

Night lighting will not be very bright, so it will seem to the locals that it is twilight outside. The level of illumination will be quite enough to move freely through the streets and distinguish objects.

Chinese experts assure that such light will not affect nocturnal animals and birds in any way, but environmentalists have a different opinion on this matter. In addition, some experts say that such an installation can disrupt the biological rhythm of local residents.

The inspiration for the creation of an artificial "moon" was the idea of ​​a French artist who proposed placing several mirrors in orbit. The idea was that the mirrors would reflect sunlight and keep the streets of Paris lit up all year round.

It should be noted that in the 1990s, Russia conducted similar experiments to create artificial solar lighting. It was planned to conduct three experiments, but only one was successful. The second ended in failure, and the third did not take place and the program was eventually closed.

The mission "Znamya-2" turned out to be successful. A reflector mounted on the Progress ship was deployed near the Mir station. The installation created a bright spot 8 km wide. The reflected light traveled along a trajectory from southern France to western Russia at a speed of 8 km/s. During the Znamya-2.5 experiment, it was planned to open a 25-meter reflector. The mirror should have been perceived from the Earth as 5-10 full moons in brightness and would form a track about 7 km in diameter, which could be controlled by holding it in one place for a long time. failed. At the beginning of the opening, the shell caught on the antenna. The Progress M-40 spacecraft was de-orbited and sunk in the ocean.

Some experts point out that such installations can actually bring practical benefits, at least in theory. For example, such lighting satellites could be used in emergency areas without artificial lighting. In addition, such artificial lighting can be used in agriculture, increasing the length of the day for growth.

I remember that either in "Technology-Youth", or in "Quantum" (there were worthy times!) I read about the hollow moon hypothesis. At that time, this theory best explained the numerous anomalies associated with our satellite.

But even if the author of the hypothesis was wrong, it still follows from his conclusions that the Moon is an artificial object. It remains to prove this experimentally. Although some forces are clearly opposed to this. After all, launching satellites to Venus, Mars or Pluto is much more difficult than launching satellites to the Moon. Launching into the distance without having thoroughly studied the nearest neighbor does not seem quite logical.

Below is an incomprehensible picture from London Ru, allegedly taken with the help of a well-known Google program at the very moment of its launch. The authors captioned the photo as follows:

„You will not find this image either in the archives of NASA or in Roscosmos. What you see in the photo is a unique shot of the lock system, the entrance to the inner space of the moon.”.

Believe it or check it out)
The moon is an artificially created object?

The Moon is Earth's closest neighbor in our universe. Its diameter is slightly more than a quarter of the diameter of our planet. The spacecraft can overcome 384,400 km, which separates us from our satellite, in less than 3 days. The moon is a rocky spherical body, devoid of atmosphere and, apparently, life. This can be learned from school textbooks.

Here is what, for example, "Preliminary report on the flight of the Apollo 17 spacecraft" says. “Experiments by the Apollo spacecraft, which aim to establish whether the Moon is a “living” planet or a “dead” one, show that, compared to the Earth, the Moon is seismically calm ... Volcanism and other types of tectonic activity were rare or absent during the last 2-3 billion years. »

Official science prefers (I note that this is not an official theory, but only a preferred one) the following theory of the origin of the Moon:

Quote: “The moon and the earth were formed simultaneously by the union and compaction of a large swarm of small particles. But the Moon as a whole has a lower density than the Earth, so the substance of the protoplanetary cloud should have separated with the concentration of heavy elements in the Earth. In this regard, an assumption arose that the Earth was the first to form, surrounded by a powerful atmosphere enriched in relatively volatile silicates; during subsequent cooling, the substance of this atmosphere condensed into a ring of planetesimals, from which the Moon was formed ... "

Simply, this is the only possible option for the presence of the Moon in Earth orbit.

But if you carefully read the above theory, then I think, not being professors, you should have noticed in it a complete violation of the laws of physics. I'm not even talking about these very "planetesimals", apparently borrowed from Isaac Asimov or the Strugatskys, or from anyone else ...

After even if not the complete formation of the Earth, a gravitational field has already formed around it, which would attract these same planetesimals. So, there was no question of any formation of the Moon, and even of such a volume, near the Earth !!!

Where did this satellite come from on our planet? Let not the largest in the solar system, but the largest in relation to its planet. The density of the Moon also speaks of unusual conditions for the formation. It is 3.3 times the density of water, which is less than any of the terrestrial planets: Earth itself, Mercury, Venus and Mars, and analysis of lunar soil - the resulting age of 4.1 billion years - compared to 5, 5 billion years for the Earth - only confused scientists.

The fact that a stone lies on the surface of the Moon is a clear matter (a whole army of scientists examined samples of lunar soil in their earthly laboratories). What's under it? It would seem that everything is simple - on top of the crust, inside the mantle and the molten core. So it is, only in 1969, before Neil Armstrong landed on the moon, used fuel tanks of unmanned reconnaissance ships were dropped on its surface. Then a seismograph was also left here, which transmitted information about the fluctuations of the lunar crust.

After processing the data, scientists came to the conclusion that under the rocky surface is metal shell 30-40 km thick. Later, a computer analysis was made of the substance that this shell consists of. We received nickel, beryllium, tungsten, vanadium, some iron and some other elements. But the main discovery is such a shell, by no means could not form naturally.

No less surprised was the fact that under the shell, among other things, is 73.5 cubic kilometers of almost empty space. Evidence that there is a metal shell under the lunar surface is also the fact that most of the many kilometers of craters have an unusually flat bottom, like a frying pan. In other words, no matter how big or small the meteorite was, it left the same depth on the lunar surface!!!.

In the late 60s, Soviet researchers M. Vasin and A. Shcherbakov suggested that the Moon is an artificial object, a kind of spacecraft that was transported to the Earth, and that under its surface, at a depth of tens of kilometers, there is a huge habitable cavity about 50 km high, having an atmosphere suitable for its inhabitants, technical devices, etc. The lunar crust is a multi-kilometer protective shell for a cavity.

Back in the early 60s, astronomer Carl Sagan reported that special instruments had discovered under the lunar surface huge caves conditions that may be favorable for life. Some of them reach 100 cu. km. The director of the Main Observatory of the USSR in Pulkovo, Alexander Deutsch, expressed the same hypothesis at that time.

The hypothesis that the Moon is a giant spaceship that crashed and was forced in ancient times to “park” to the Earth for “overhaul” appeared for a reason. After all, natural space bodies with their multi-kilometer protective shell, some scientists believe, are the safest and most reliable vehicles for interplanetary travel.

And also unusual in the Moon is that it is somewhat large for a satellite. What if only one side is visible?

Well, it's clear with the unknown origin of the moon. And that means that it entails another topic. The theme of alien life. Who has no desire to discuss this topic ... then it is not at all clear why you are reading my exposé about the artificial origin of the moon? ...

... People have been studying an object called the Moon for a long time. Already in the 2nd century BC, Hipparchus spoke on this topic, in the 2nd century AD. — Claudius Ptolemy. Such pundits as Heraclitus, Aristotle, Galileo Kepler, Newton also had a hand in studying it ... the list goes on.

Ancient philosophers such as Heraclitus, Xenophon, and Thales seriously believed that intelligent life existed on the moon. And they did not even hesitate to speak and write about it in their treatises. Diogenes Laertes wrote that Heraclitus from Pontus spoke about his acquaintance with one descended "Selenite". Neocles of Croton believed that an egg once fell from the moon, containing a woman.

Johannes Kepler in his book “Discourse with a Starry Messenger” wrote about the population of the Moon: “They dig huge areas, surrounding them with dug soil, maybe to get moisture from the depths; and so, below, behind dug hills, they hide in the shade and inside, in accordance with the movement of the Sun, they walk around, following the shadow, and this depression represents something like an underground city, where houses are private caves dug in this circular rotation , and in the middle - fields and pastures, so that avoiding the Sun, not to go far from food ... "

Back in the 18th century, astronomer William Herschel first drew the attention of scientists to the lights, lines and geometric shapes on the surface of the moon. Since then, anomalous phenomena on its surface have been observed constantly.

Already in our time, having been systematically observing the Moon with an 800x telescope for more than 10 years, the Japanese Yatsuo Mitsushima repeatedly filmed the passages of dark objects over different parts of the Moon with a video camera. The materials he received are sensational: the diameter of objects is on average about 20 kilometers, and the speed of movement is about 200 kilometers per second.

In preparation for landing a man on the moon, a detailed study of its surface was carried out by photographing with the help of spacecraft. NASA specialists received more than 140,000 photographs. Most of them are of excellent quality, and the optical resolution of the equipment made it possible to find something on the Moon that we were completely unprepared for ...

In 1977, a book by a certain J. Leonard was published in the UK with a sensational title: "There is someone else on our Moon" and the subtitle: "Amazing facts of intelligent life on the Moon discovered." Who is hiding under the pseudonym J. Leonard? Unknown. In any case, this is a well-informed person who managed to gain access to extensive, including top-secret information.

Thirty-five photographs, each accompanied by a NASA code number, dozens of detailed drawings, according to the author, made from high-quality large-format NASA photographs published in this book, expert statements and an extensive bibliography lead the reader to a stunning conclusion: NASA and many scientists from the world name know for many years that there are signs of intelligent life on the moon!

Analyzing the images transmitted by Ranger-7 after its safe landing near the crater and taken by astronauts from low orbit when flying around the Moon, the author, like NASA experts, came to an unequivocal conclusion: there are numerous mechanisms and structures on the surface of the moon.

According to J. Leonard, most of these huge mechanisms have been destroyed, but others clearly continue to work. Some objects change their shape, disappear or reappear on the slopes or bottom of a crater. The greatest activity is observed on the visible side of the moon. So, in the zone of King's crater there is a large number of mechanical devices, called by the author "X-Drones", because they resemble the letter "X" in shape. These "excavators" a mile and a half in size develop the slopes of the crater, breaking off the rocky soil and throwing it to the surface.

J. Leonard believes that a pipeline about three miles long was laid from the crest of the King crater, the ends of which are covered with identical caps. Similar structures were discovered by the Japanese explorer Mitsui and described in the book Explorations of the Moon.

J. Leonard's book contains many impressive descriptions of various mechanisms towering above the surface of the Moon and tracking the movement of the Sun.

“Seven miles from Bulliald, Ranger 7 took unique pictures. A metal large object, partly in shadow, has a rounded shape, a cylinder and a turret on its top. Holes are visible on the cylinder at an equal distance from each other. Mist or steam comes out of the turret. Identification marks are visible on the objects.

Are lunar technological activities related to UFOs? An analysis of NASA photographs and some statements by astronauts give an affirmative answer to this question.

J. Leonard quotes astronaut Gordon ("Apollo 15"): “When we passed 30-40 feet, a mass of objects flew nearby - so white and sparkling, they clearly had an engine”.

American astronauts had code words for Houston in case they found something unusual on or near the moon, for example: "Anibel" means a sparkling fire on or near the moon, "Barbara" is a structure, "Saint Nicholas" is a UFO .

"Anibel" was observed by astronauts in the Sea of ​​Crises. 2- and 3-storey rectangular structures were also found here, and the upper floor was a similar rectangle, but smaller. Sometimes at the base of the lower rectangle one could see large round holes arranged in a row at the same distance from each other.

At the bottom of the Copernicus crater is a structure in the form of a triangle placed on the base. On its lateral surface, one can distinguish signs resembling numbers and geometric shapes. As for the signs, on the surface of the Moon, judging by the photographs, one can find luminous (possibly in the reflected light of the Sun) signs, for example, in the form of blue crosses installed vertically in the ground.

Usually the same sign is installed in those places where there are mechanisms united by some one technological function. So, near the craters in which X-Drones operate, blue crosses are installed. In other places, signs in the form of an arrow are visible.

J. Leonard believes that the King crater and its environs can be something like the base of another civilization, since it is there that the platforms are located that rise above the surface on 0.5 miles. Many of them are across 6 to 10 miles. It is difficult for us on Earth to imagine structures of this size.

It is impossible not to mention the highly controversial assumption of J. Leonard: “Large areas of the surface are covered with the remains of something resembling a camouflage net of cables intersecting at right angles. Maybe once the surface of the Moon was disguised with the help of dust, pebbles, rubble and artificial craters under an ordinary planet? Now we see the remnants of disguise after the cataclysm on the moon".

It is the cataclysm that explains the researcher such a large destruction of mechanisms, pipelines and structures. To a large extent, this is supported by NASA photographs. Pipe systems have been discovered, laid on the surface and descending the slope of the crater to go deep into the moon. However, many pipelines have been destroyed…

..."Wow! Astronaut Harrison Schmitt, the pilot of the Apollo 17 lunar module, could not contain his surprise, already on the first revolution around the Moon, “I just saw a flash on the lunar surface! The next day, during the fourteenth revolution around the moon, it was the turn to be surprised by another pilot of Apollo! 7— Ronald Evans: "Well! You know I would never believe! I am right above the edge of the Eastern Sea. I just looked down and saw a bright flash with my own eyes!”

When one of the most serious authorities on the physical and geological nature of the Moon, Dr. Farouk El-Baz, consultant and assistant to many American astronauts, was asked to comment on these observations, his answer was quite categorical: “There is no doubt that this is something grandiose: these are not comets, and this not natural origin!".

It should be noted that strange light phenomena on the lunar disk have been known for a long time. As early as May 3, 1715, while observing a lunar eclipse in Paris, astronomer E. Louville noticed at the western edge of the Moon “some flashes or instantaneous trembling of light rays ... These light flashes were very short-lived and appeared in one place or another ...”.

It could be assumed that meteors were observed against the background of the Moon, burning up in the Earth's atmosphere. However, at the same time as E. Louville, the famous E. Halley observed similar outbreaks in the same region of the Moon in the British Isles. Is it worth explaining that the same meteors burning at a height of several kilometers above the Earth cannot be seen against the background of the same region of the Moon at the same time in London and Paris?

And in the library of the Royal Astronomical Society there is a lot of information about strange light spots and fluctuations of light on the moon. For example, astronomers have long been attracted to the strange light that periodically appears in lunar craters. Especially often in the craters Plato and Aristarchus. Often moving objects are observed in the Seas of Crises and Tranquility. Thus, in the region of the latter in 1964, at least four light or dark spots were seen, moving tens and even hundreds of kilometers in a few hours.

On September 11, 1967, within 8-9 seconds, Canadian scientists recorded a dark rectangular spot with purple edges here, which was clearly visible until it entered the night region. And after 13 minutes. in the direction of the spot, near the crater Sabine, there was a flash of yellow light. And apparently, it was not by chance that Apollo 11 landed in this zone a year and a half later. The study of the lunar soil at the landing site surprised even the experts. It was melted and, according to Professor T. Gold, with energy 100 times more powerful than the Sun emits. What this source was is unknown. Experts believe that he was at a low altitude above the moon.

In 1968, NASA published a catalog of puzzling lunar sightings in its Chronological Catalog of Lunar Event Reports. Over the 4 centuries that the catalog covers, 579 examples have been recorded that science has not yet given an explanation for: moving luminous objects (just dots and even entire columns of light), disappearing craters, colored trenches lengthening at a speed of 6 km / h, giant domes that change their color; a large luminous object, called the "Maltese Cross", observed on November 26, 1956, a strange gas appearing above the surface of the Moon, etc. The Catalog also recorded the speed of movement of the above-mentioned spots in the Sea of ​​Tranquility - from 32 to 80 km / h.

One of the most interesting recent observations belongs to a Japanese amateur astronomer. Our television has repeatedly played a video recording of a shadow that he made with a telescope quickly moving across the surface of the moon. If this is not a hoax, then the size of the shadow (about 20 km in diameter) and the enormous speed of its movement (for 2 seconds the shadow traveled about 400 km) allow us to speak of a high technical level of the object.

Also on April 25, 1972, the Passau observatory recorded on photographic film in the region of the craters Aristarchus and Herodotus a grandiose “light fountain”, which reached a height of 162 km at a speed of 1.35 km / s, shifted to the side by 60 km and disappeared.

All these facts forced NASA to purposefully and seriously deal with anomalous phenomena on the Earth's satellite. In 1972, a special program was created, to which dozens of experienced "public" observers armed with telescopes were connected. Each of them has been assigned four lunar regions by NASA, where lunar phenomena have been repeatedly observed in the past. Numerous symposiums and articles have been devoted to these oddities.

Scientists are desperately trying to find the natural cause of lunar phenomena, but so far without much success. At the same time, there is a rather unexpected point of view on everything that happens. “They (scientists,” writes J. Leonard, “disregard (consciously or unconsciously) the simple truth, which is that the phenomena of lunar phenomena are associated with inhabitants on the Moon who carry out their purposeful activities.”

What speaks in favor of such a bold hypothesis? Much, very much! For example, strange objects resembling some kind of mechanisms. The purpose of some devices can be guessed from the changes in the lunar surface that they leave. For example, the edges of some craters are destroyed by something that moves along them in a spiral (this is reminiscent of our giant open pit mines).

Many craters, especially on the far side of the Moon, have a pronounced polygonal shape, which has not yet been explained. During the flight around the moon of Apollo 14, the astronauts took a very interesting photo. This is a clear image of a giant mechanical device, later called the "superdevice-1971". Two light and openwork (metal?) structures stand inside one of the craters. And without casting any shadow. From their base stretch long cords. According to rough estimates, the size of the device is 1-1.5 miles (1.6-2.4 km).

Repeatedly there are mechanisms similar to a scoop for capturing soil (they were called "T-scoops"). To the east of the Smith Sea, on the far side of the Moon, near Sanger Crater, there is an area where you can see the results of their work: the device has already removed a huge section of the central slide and is on the edge, continuing to work. Heaps of cobblestones pile up nearby.

Striking results are obtained by comparing three photographs of the same area taken from Apollo 16 during 50 revolutions around the moon. On the inner slope of the crater, an X-device was recorded in an early image. After 2 days, an active spraying process was recorded in the same place.

One can only speculate what these mechanisms are used for: the search for raw materials, construction work, the elimination of defects in the lunar crust, archaeological tasks, the extraction of gas to create an artificial atmosphere? almost a ton of oxygen. This reserve is enough for an earthling for 3 years! "Isn't that why THEY destroy mountain ranges? asks J. Leonard.

Objects that move, leaving a trail behind them, look very impressive in the pictures. In NASA they are conditionally called "cobblestones". J. Leonard claims that American astronauts examined 34 such tracks in the Apollo 17 landing area. The length of the tracks varied from 100 m to 2.5 km. The width reached 16 m. As a rule, they were grouped in 8-10. Most of the objects they referred to were 20-30% wider than the tracks themselves. Some were oblong and the size of a room. How could they sometimes roll on an almost horizontal surface? And another mysterious fact: of the 34 traces examined, only 8 ended in boulders. What left other traces?

US military consultant William Cooper in 1989 published an article in the Razvitie newspaper in which he tells how at one time Alien ships have accompanied every launch and landing of Americans on the moon.

The life of the lunar natives was filmed by the participants of the Apollo mission: “Domes and vaults, gabled roofs, tall round structures, like the letter T, mining machines that leave stitch-like marks on the surface of the Moon, huge or very small alien spaceships.

Information about encounters with UFOs in lunar orbit is also found in Soviet secret archives. There is a recording of a conversation between Neil Armstrong and Baz Aldrin with a base in Houston. The astronauts are quite explicit about the fact that in front of them are the ships of other creatures, and the creatures themselves are watching them.

And in conclusion, I would like to cite the amazing words of Neil Armstrong. And although he later refused them, his negotiations were heard by many American radio amateurs.

Armstrong: "What is it? What the hell is the matter? I would like to know the truth, what is it?

NASA: "What's happening? Is something wrong?

Armstrong: “There are big objects here, sir! Huge! Oh my God! There are other spaceships here! They are on the other side of the crater! They are on the moon and watching us!”

Wasn't this the main reason that ALL projects for flights to the moon were curtailed then - after all, it was already busy !!!

P .S: Our generation is convinced that seemingly unshakable stereotypes can be destroyed in the shortest possible time, and we are gradually weaning ourselves from categorical judgments. Although sometimes we continue to presumptuously and arrogantly ridicule what does not fit into our usual earthly standards.

And when analyzing lunar phenomena, we must change our way of thinking, free ourselves from blinkered perception ...

“... in August 1738, something similar to lightning appeared on the disk of the Moon; in October 1785, bright flashes of light appeared on the border of the dark lunar disk, consisting of individual small sparks and moving in straight lines to the north; in July 1842, during a solar eclipse, the lunar disk occasionally crossed bright stripes; in September 1881, a comet-like object was moving across the lunar disk, which was observed from two earthly points, 12 thousand kilometers apart from each other. Let us return, however, to our time ... In the autumn of 1957, the American magazine Skys and Telescope published a photograph of the outskirts of the Moon, the Fra Mauro crater, obtained by astronomer R. Curtis. The geometrically correct Maltese cross was clearly visible in the blurry moon shadows. An examination confirmed the authenticity of the photo.”

The moon has long occupied the imagination of people. She was worshiped, she was credited with a mysterious power, her ghostly light inspired poets and dreamers in love. The ancients knew the special role of the Moon in the well-being and behavior of people. The influence of the Moon on the tides, on the weather, on the speed of the Earth's rotation is indisputable. And although today the natural satellite of the Earth has been studied in some detail and people have even been there, many of the most diverse mysteries, events and phenomena are associated with the Moon, which cannot yet be unambiguously explained. Since ancient times, evidence has accumulated from both professional astronomers and amateurs who have observed short-term lunar phenomena on the Moon, or Lunar Transient Phenomena (LTP), which are divided into several types:

1. changes in the appearance and clarity of the image of relief details;


2. brightness and flash changes;


3. changes in the color of the lunar object;


4. the appearance or disappearance of dark spots;


5. elongation of the lunar horns;


6. anomalous phenomena during occultations of stars by the Moon;


7. non-stationary phenomena during lunar eclipses;


8. moving LTPs. The history of such observations goes deep into the past.

The most interesting thing is that after some time the cross was not in this place. Further. In May 1964, American astronomers Harris, Croce and others observed a white spot over the Sea of ​​Tranquility for more than an hour, moving at a speed of about 32 km / h. Curiously, it gradually decreased in size. Somewhat later, in June 1964, the same observers recorded a spot on the Moon for two hours moving at a speed of 80 km/h. On a moonlit night in 1966, the English astronomer P. Moore, looking at the bottom of the lunar crater, noticed strange stripes that turned from dark to green-brown, then diverged along the radii, changed shape, grew and reached their maximum size by lunar noon. By the moonlit evening, they shrank, faded, and finally disappeared altogether. In September 1967, Canadian astronomers recorded in the Sea of ​​Tranquility a dark body with a purple tint around the edges, moving from west to east for 10 seconds. The body disappeared near the terminator, and 13 min later a yellow light flashed for a fraction of a second near the crater located in the region of the spot motion. An even more fantastic observation can be made ... In 1968, American researchers noticed how three red light spots merged into one in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe Aristarchus crater. Japanese astronomers, meanwhile, observed a pink spot that covered the southern part of this crater. Finally, two red and one blue bands 8 km wide and 50 km long appeared in the crater. It is noteworthy that all this was clearly visible when under the dune, i.e. when the lunar surface is flooded with dazzling light. The list of such observations, which are concentrated in quite definite regions of the visible hemisphere of the Moon, could be continued. But what is it?

The obvious non-randomness of the distribution of moving light objects makes it possible, in particular, to reject the explanation of these phenomena by the effects of terrestrial atmospheric phenomena. It is also impossible to connect them with manifestations of lunar volcanism, with particles of the Earth's magnetic field tail, with radiation stimulated by ultraviolet photons of solar origin, and so on. This means that we are again dealing with something so far incomprehensible, mysterious ... But even more surprising are some facts and circumstances, some of which we will consider below and which can be interpreted as “traces” of extraterrestrial conscious activity on the Moon, or rather, with the Moon. “The moon is an artificial satellite!” - said M. Khvastunov (M. Vasiliev) and R. Shcherbakov in an article that appeared on January 10, 1968 in the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper, and then in the Soviet Union magazine. This idea is considered in more detail and in detail in the book by M.V.Vasiliev “Vectors of the Future” (Moscow, 1971). Over the past years, in connection with new results in the study of the Moon, many of the authors' arguments have faded and do not seem as convincing as before, but even today they are very original and are of some interest. Trying to find explanations for many of the "strangeness" of the Moon, Khvastunov and Shcherbakov suggested that the Moon is nothing more than an artificial spacecraft. This "crazy" hypothesis made it possible to consider all the features of the Moon, starting from its structure and origin. It is known that even today astrophysicists cannot unequivocally explain the process of the emergence of a kind of duet of celestial bodies Earth - Moon.

The chemical composition of lunar rocks indicates, according to the authors of the “crazy” hypothesis, that the Moon not only was not part of the Earth, which was claimed by many selenoloth specialists, but could not have appeared next to it. It turned out that the Moon originated somewhere far from our planet, perhaps even outside the solar system, and was “captured” by the Earth when it flew by. It is difficult to say what our planet looked like in those times unknown to us, when the Luna spacecraft was in near-Earth orbit, what catastrophic natural disasters accompanied this “reunion”? But immediately, clearly and finally, the authors announced that they did not set themselves the task of answering the following questions: where did our night star come from, by whom and for what purpose was it created, why did it “moor” precisely to our planet? Remained outside the hypothesis and the question of the existence of today's "crew" or the population of the moon. Does it still have life? Or have its intelligent inhabitants died out over the past billions of years? Or maybe, in the "space tomb" and now only automata function, launched by the hands of their ancient creators? Let us turn, however, to the arguments testifying to the “unnatural” origin of the Moon. So, its shape is extremely close to the ball.

Well, why can't a spaceship be spherical? After all, this is the most economical form that allows you to isolate the maximum volume with a minimum surface. Moon dimensions. But if this ship were smaller, would its numerous crew be able to isolate themselves from the hostile influence of space, protect the hull from violent meteor strikes, and survive for a sufficiently long time? From the point of view of our current knowledge, it is quite clear that a space supership must be a very rigid metal structure. The probable thickness of its walls is two or two and a half dozen kilometers. However, metals are known to have high thermal conductivity. To protect the ship from excessive heat loss, its creators covered the surface with a special heat-shielding coating. Its thickness is several kilometers. It was in it that meteorites formed countless craters, and the impacts of planetoids formed the bed of lunar seas, subsequently filled with a secondary heat-shielding mass. Inside the Moon, under the metal body, there should be a fairly significant free space intended for mechanisms serving the movement and repair of the space supership, devices for external observations, and some structures that ensure the connection of the armor plating with the interior of the Moon. It is possible that 70-80% of the mass of the Moon, located in its depths beyond the "service belt", is the "payload" of the ship. Guess about its content and purpose goes beyond reasonable assumptions.

Let us take a closer look at some of the features, characteristics and parameters of the Moon, as Khvastunov and Shcherbakov did, which can confirm the “artificiality” of our celestial neighbor ... The seas of the Moon are dark spots visible even to the naked eye. Astronomers believe that they were formed as a result of impacts of giant planetoids. Much later, all the depressions were filled with molten lava, and before that, the “bed of the seas” had been open for a considerable time and subjected to meteorite bombardment. In this case, one thing is not clear: how could lava from the inner regions of the Moon be able to cover the steel with an even layer of extended spatial containers with a diameter of many hundreds of kilometers? Why, under conditions of strong heat transfer into the void of outer space, did it not freeze and thicken? Why do lava lunar outpourings look more like the water surface of the earth's oceans than the lava of terrestrial volcanoes?

If we take into account that the heat-shielding layer of the artificial Moon played a very important role in its life, then for the inhabitants of the Moon it was by no means indifferent that the impacts of oncoming meteorites tore off large pieces of this skin from its metal body. Apparently, such cases along the way, which took millions or billions of years, were foreseen in advance, and in principle they were preparing for them. For this purpose, “pipelines” leading from “machines” located in the “service zone” were quickly brought to the exposed places. These machines prepared a powdery mass that was brought out onto the exposed surface of the moon and covered it. It is clear that this “powder” could not cover all the “seas” with an even layer. But the creators of the Moon provided for this case the possibility of an oscillatory movement of the surface of the Moon, which allowed dust grains of sand to form a kind of “fluidized layer”. They “flowed” like a liquid, filling all the recesses of the Moon, forming an almost ideal layer on hundreds of kilometers of the “lunar seas” area. Selenologists carefully studied and compared the photographs of the “lunar continents” and “lunar seas” and made sure that meteorite craters (of comparable sizes) turn over on the continents almost 15 times more often than on the expanses of the seas. Consequently, taking into account the constancy of the intensity of meteorite bombardment for different regions of the lunar surface, one can speak of a much older age of the lunar continents than of the seas. And this, as they say, we needed to “prove” ...

Khvastunov and Shcherbakov quite convincingly substantiate the appearance of such formations on the surface of the Moon as countless craters and chains of craters, “straight walls” and faults, “white rays” and “colored spots”. Their arguments attract attention with their logic, reasonableness and persuasiveness, although due to brevity of presentation they are not presented here. The presentation of the hypothesis about the artificiality of the Moon in the book “Vectors of the Future” ended with the statement about the “too much courage” of its authors, that these are “only the first arguments, and they still need an accurate scientific foundation.” For many years that have passed since Khvastunov and Shcherbakov put forward their “crazy” hypothesis, the attitude of scientists towards it was at best skeptical, and many did not pay any attention to it at all. Perhaps this was due to the fact that the authors of the hypothesis were not interested in such questions: who are the intelligent beings who made the moon? Why did they make it? Where did the inhabitants of the Luna ship go?., More than ten years have passed since the first publication of Khvastunov and Shcherbakov, astronomer V. Koval tried to shed light on the mysteries of the “thin-walled ball”, speaking in the seventh issue of the journal “Technology for Youth” for 1981 with article “A monument for the millennium”. Having wondered what kind of memory other civilizations could leave about themselves if they visited our planet at the dawn of human development, Koval comes to interesting conclusions, which we will get acquainted with. First. Will those who have crossed hundreds of light-years of space gouge stone idols or pave city squares with heavy stone blocks? Really, having found a planet with developing life, will they wish to leave such “heavy” and, in general, useless gifts as a keepsake for future natives?

It is clear that the economic and planetary activities of hypothetical aliens can leave behind a lot of indirect “evidence” that should have been preserved on our planet. But counting on the slovenliness and inefficiency of the technology of highly advanced interstellar travelers means replacing their psychology and technology with your own. Naturally, questions arise: where and what should a monument be erected. so that the developing earthly civilization after a certain time could comprehend its essence? It is from these considerations that the criteria are determined that such a “message-monument” of those who once visited our planet must satisfy. First of all, the monument must be durable in order to wait for the moment when the ideas and knowledge embedded in it can be perceived. Secondly, it should attract the attention of as many people as possible with its dimensions, brightness, and unusualness. Thirdly, it should be a monument that carries a variety of useful information, emotionally expressive, awakening interest in space, in the stars. Further. A monument should not crush a person with its greatness, but teach to observe and compare, teach to comprehend information unobtrusively, accessible, gradually. To do this, the monument must open in new qualities as the intelligence of the natives develops and be multifunctional. Finally, its artificiality should not immediately be evident, but appear gradually. So, says V. Koval, in order not to build a giant obelisk or monument, no one knows where and no one knows for whom, in order to protect the monument from the harmful effects of near-surface terrestrial activity - showers, winds, temperature extremes, floods, “global floods”, volcanic eruptions and destructive earthquakes, and at the same time make it visible to all the people of the Earth - the aliens inevitably had to place it in space!

All of the above requirements are met by ... the satellite of our planet - the Moon. Yes, yes, it is the Moon! Not an obelisk on the far side of the Moon, not a “treasure of wisdom” of mysterious aliens in one of the lunar craters, but the celestial body of the Moon itself. The most visible, largest and most attractive object in near-Earth space, which meets the criteria for an “alien monument” by 100%! Earlier we talked about attracting everyone's attention, and in relation to the Moon this fact is indisputable. However, not only is it larger and brighter than all celestial bodies in the night sky, it never remains constant: it periodically changes its phase from a narrow growing crescent immediately after the new moon to a full disk, and then gradually turns back into the “old” month. It should not be forgotten that it was thanks to the Moon that man realized the complexity of celestial phenomena, their connection with the surrounding nature. And one of the most convincing "suspicions" that the Moon is a special monument is "providing" the possibility of periodic observations of eclipses. Recall that for a total eclipse to occur, a number of conditions must be met. The most important of them is the practical equality of the apparent angular dimensions of the Moon and the Sun. It is known that the diameter of the Moon is 400 times smaller than the Sun, but it is almost the same number of times closer to the Earth than the Sun. So we see them at the same angle of half a degree! The angle of inclination of the planes of the orbits of the Moon and the Earth is only 5″. If this angle were large, eclipses would become unusually rare, and if the planes of the orbits of two celestial bodies coincided, eclipses would be observed constantly only in the same localities. Aren't these nuances amazing in themselves? Where did the moon come from?

The author of the hypothesis believes that the “aliens” found it in orbit between Mars and Jupiter, where the disappeared planet Phaethon should have rotated, as follows from the Titius-Vode rule. But it turns out that Phaethon has not disappeared, but is in front of our eyes! The “transfer” of Phaethon gives an idea of ​​what energies the “guests” possessed. As for the technology of “towing” the Moon-Phaeton, its smooth and accurate “installation” on the near-Earth oroite, here we are in for complete uncertainty. The same can be said about the timing of such an “interplanetary operation”. It is possible that some information on this topic can be "laid" in an implicit form on the surface of our night star, in the frequency of eclipses, angles and directions to special points of the lunar orbit, etc. A year after the publication of V. Koval's hypothesis, the same journal Tekhnika-Youth published an article “The Moon is a test for attention”, compiled from the responses of readers who took part in deciphering the encoded lunar-space test. So, for example, Moscow artist and amateur astronomer M. Shemyakin, among the chaotic heap of craters on the lunar surface, back in 1961 discovered mysterious chains of lunar craters, the parameters of which obey strict laws. All chains lie on an arc of a circle, the diameter of each subsequent crater is either square cor.(2) times less than the previous one or equal to it. The distances between the centers of the craters also form a geometric progression with a constant multiplier for each chain. Let's take another no less spectacular chain of six craters located inside the giant Clavius ​​circus, which is located near the south pole of the moon. This chain, perfectly visible even in a small telescope, is a decreasing row of craters, all of whose parameters are subject to a strict mathematical law.

Computer calculations have shown that accidental “entry” of craters into such chains is impossible! And scientists have not yet come up with a natural mechanism explaining the occurrence of such formations. A crazy thought involuntarily arises: aren't the converging chains a kind of arrows pointing to special points on the lunar surface? Shouldn't it be precisely at these points, and there are several dozen of them on the Moon, that the lunar surface should be specially studied? Who knows if the “treasures of wisdom” or memorable signs were left there for earthlings? Engineer V. Perebiinos from Krasnodar suggests that information for us can be embedded in the ratios of masses, distances and inclinations of the orbits of various celestial bodies. His assumption is confirmed by the calculations of engineer V. Politov from Voronezh. He believes that in the system of celestial bodies Earth-Moon-Sun, the parameters of the Moon are specifically identified and practically set. Poditov found mathematical confirmation of this assumption in a number of correlations between physical constants, mathematical constants and astronomical parameters. In his opinion, the coincidence of significant figures for individual lunar ratios is either an inexplicable accident (which is unlikely), or the result of an “operation” planned and carried out by extraterrestrial civilizations to set and adjust the size and orbits of the Moon - to preserve with its help information that has a very definite meaning for "growing" human civilization. It is difficult, of course, to prove that unusual lunar formations are somehow connected with numerical or temporal information useful for earthlings, indicating that intelligent beings visited our planet in the past. It is difficult, of course, to prove that the Moon is a monument left by them for us, but, as follows from the above, it may well be one. Time and multifaceted scientific research can give us definitive answers to all these questions ...

This strange, strange planet

Our solar system is a relatively small collection of celestial bodies in one of the corners of the vast universe. In addition to the Sun itself, this system includes nine large planets with satellites, several tens of thousands of small planetasteroids, comets and many small meteor objects. Our Earth occupies a special place among all the planets of the solar system. This happens not only because it is our abode and the only one, as we believe today, of the planets where intelligent life exists, but due to a number of inexplicable reasons and circumstances. Let us consider some of them, which, in the author's opinion, are of the greatest interest. First. The results of fundamental studies of the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and the state of the earth's cover carried out in recent decades show that on those planets of the solar system where the possibility of the existence of some forms of life was previously assumed (primarily on Venus and Mars), it simply could not arise. As it turned out, the “habitat zone” around the Sun is a sphere “thick” no more than 10 million km, located at a distance of about 150 million km from our star, i.e. That is where the Earth's orbit is located. The calculations show that if the Earth were only 8 million km closer to the Sun, then the process of water condensation from the atmosphere could not occur and the formation of oceans, in which, it is believed, the first life forms appeared, would become impossible. In this case, our planet would be surrounded by a dense hot atmosphere mainly of carbon dioxide, covered with a dense cloud layer of suspended caustic droplets. This is now the atmosphere of the planet Venus. Calculations also show that only 1C separated our Earth from complete icing. If our planet were only 2 million km farther from the Sun, the intensive process of glacier formation would make the development of higher forms of life impossible. Something similar happened at one time with Mars, where, apparently, powerful glaciers lay under the dry surface.

The studies carried out significantly reduce the number of planets in the Galaxy on which one can assume the presence of certain forms of life. It turns out that life on Earth is lucky ... Yes, really lucky - other stars flare up, fade away or pulsate, and our Sun behaves extremely calmly, and for almost billions of years. Every minute, 1.95 cal of solar heat, or 0.136 Wg/cm, enters the square centimeter of the earth's surface. This value is called the solar constant. Since 1837, when it was introduced, it seemed to be really constant for a long time. However, when the accuracy of its measurement, thanks to modern instruments on space vehicles and in ground-based observatories, reached 0.005%, it was found that since 1978 the intensity of solar radiation began to decrease. Why? There is no single answer to this question. There is no certainty that the “solar constant” will not suddenly start to increase… Second. As you know, the Sun attracts. their satellites. In order not to fall into the inferno of our central luminary, they must move fast enough. However, not too fast - otherwise they will be carried away from the Sun into interstellar space. Each celestial body revolving around the Sun must keep within clear boundaries between the speed of "falling" and the speed of "decaying".

All of the above is directly related to our planet. So, for example, a speed of less than 3 km / s for the Earth is death in the solar flame, and a speed exceeding 42 km / s is a farewell to the Solar system, eternal darkness and cold. Fortunately, the speed of rotation of our planet is far from both extremes. It is intermediate and most reliable, namely, about 30 km/s. Isn't it a strange accident? .. Third. By the abundance of natural resources, by the richness of organisms, creatures and animals in the film of life framing the Earth, specialists in space life support systems rightly call it a giant spaceship, ideally equipped for almost endless orbital flights of billions of passengers. Indeed, on Earth, unlike other planets of the solar system, the differentiation of matter and the forms of its movement, as noted in the brochure by V.I. (M., 1972), moved much further and culminated in the birth and flourishing of life, the emergence of intelligent beings who are aware of themselves and nature. The exchange of substances between society and nature on Earth is carried out on the basis of a global biochemical cycle of substances in its scale - such a natural production process, the creation of which does not require labor, but the “mediation” of which facilitates the realization of the unity of man and nature.

In other words, the action of a large circulation of substances on our planet reproduces a complex of natural conditions and factors, some of which constitute the raw material base of entire industries, others act as gifts of nature, and so plentiful and accessible that the appropriation of some of them does not cost humanity significant costs. labor. Thus, on our planet, human society has at its disposal practically inexhaustible sources for the production of food, energy and materials, as well as an ecological environment that is self-renewing in the course of the biological cycle and is adequate to human nature. Again, you can ask the question, "accidental" or "regular" favorable for us realized on Earth?.. Fourth. Combustion is a complex chemical process, and it does not occur under any conditions. What exactly these conditions are is discussed in an article published in the journal “Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR” (1982. - T.264. - 4. - P. 888). Its author, a member of the Institute of Chemical Physics, Professor A.D. Margolin, asks the question, what would happen if the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of our planet was less or more than modern? It turns out that if the amount of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere were less than 15-18%, then the combustion process would become simply impossible in it. In this case, "heavenly fire" during a thunderstorm could not set fire to not only a tree, but also completely dry grass. And this, in turn, would not "suggest" to primitive man the idea of ​​using fire for his practical needs.

On the other hand, if the concentration of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere exceeded 30-70%, then the very first accidental lightning strike could lead to catastrophic consequences, since in this case even extremely raw wood would burn like gunpowder. The results of the calculations show that both the upper and lower limits of the oxygen concentration at which normal combustion is possible in the atmosphere depend, in particular, on the total atmospheric pressure, on the magnitude of the earth's acceleration of force, gravity, and other parameters that determine the processes of heat and water and, therefore, combustion stability. So, as V. Khramov writes in the publication “Oxygen for Promstey” (magazine “Chemistry and Life”. - 1982. - # 12), the development of the mind on our planet was determined not only by the evolution of Homo sapiens as a biological species, but also by changes that endured by the Earth and its atmosphere. And if at a certain moment of evolution the external levels would not have been suitable, then the legendary Prometheus, who stole the heavenly fire for people and was punished by the gods for that, simply physically could not give people the fire that made them omnipotent ... And yet, why are necessary for the combustion process such harsh conditions? How were they realized: natural or artificial? Fifth. By now, it can be said that it has been unambiguously established that modern life on our planet exists in the presence of a whole complex of unique conditions and parameters.

Let's continue talking about the air shell that surrounds our planet. The earth's atmosphere consists of a mixture of various gases, which at sea level occupy by volume: nitrogen - 78%, oxygen - 21, argon - 1, carbon dioxide - 0.03%. The remaining components - hydrogen, helium, xenon, krypton, methane, neon and others - make up millionths of a percent. Particularly important are volumetric variables such as water vapor and ozone. About 55% of the energy of solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and the earth's surface and then, after a number of transformations, is radiated into the world space in the infrared region of the spectrum. The ozone belt in the upper atmosphere serves as a reliable shield that keeps all life on the planet from the deadly hard ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. In addition, Earth's infrared radiation is strongly absorbed by water vapor, carbon dioxide and ozone. This so-called greenhouse effect is also of great importance: without it, the average temperature of the earth's surface would be 40C lower and life on Earth would become impossible. Sixth. It is known that the course of biological reactions that make up the essence of the vital activity of any organism is regulated by enzymes. Some of them can work in a wide range of temperatures, others require stability. Among these thermal conservators are enzymes that regulate respiration, digestion, metabolism, i.e. key life processes.

Evolution decreed that these enzymes show maximum efficiency most often in the temperature range from 30 to 40C. If the temperature is lower, then they are not effective, if higher, they are destroyed. Therefore, this temperature is considered normal for humans and the family of warm-blooded animals, which include mammals and birds. The quite definite optical composition of the atmosphere is also important for the possibility of the existence of life. Atmospheric pollution is one of the significant dangers to life on Earth. Atmospheric pollution is “helped” by the industrial activity of human civilization and volcanic eruptions. Suffice it to say that only one explosion of the El Chichon volcano in Mexico in 1982 threw out a huge cloud of ash and gases with a high content of chlorine, which spread around the globe.

Such events change the chemical properties and optical characteristics of the atmosphere for many years. So, we cannot answer the questions posed. One thing is clear, ideal conditions for the development of life have been created on Earth. But by whom? Reasonable forces unknown to us today or Nature itself, surrounding us from all sides and part of which we ourselves are? .. Incredibly, but there are, according to the candidate of geological and mineralogy sciences I. Yanitsky (Rabotnitsa. -1990.- b 8, article "A. Chizhevsky. Cosmos and delusion"), data on the interference in our life of Nature, which affects the imperfect human system and delivers "blows" to the weakest places. There are many examples of this. Here is one… For no apparent reason, on November 15, 1988, a radio telescope with a diameter of 91.5 meters, which had been operating at the Greenback Observatory (USA) for more than 25 years, collapsed. Fortunately, there were no human casualties.

The results of the investigation showed that cracks in the metal plate connecting the telescope bowl to the bearing at the top of one of its two supports became the cause of the destruction. Cracks, as it turned out, were impossible to detect without dismantling the entire structure. We can also recall the strongest earthquake in 1988 in Northern Armenia, which destroyed the cities of Spitak and Leninakan, or the tragic explosion in Bashkiria in 1989 of a cloud of gases escaping from the product pipeline. Janitsky puts forward in this case an exceptionally original, but really “crazy” idea. He believes that the Earth is a living and, possibly, intelligent substance (organism) that exchanges information with the center of the Galaxy, as well as with the Sun ... For this, channels are used that go from the surface of the Earth to its core (their depth is about 3 thousand km, and the width is several tens of kilometers). In places where the channels exit, cyclones and anticyclones, earthquakes, water hammers and even ... unidentified flying objects (UFOs) most often occur, which are nothing more than “creations” of the living Earth. The energy arising in the core of the Earth is transformed in the channels into fluctuations in gravity on the surface. And gravity anomalies (gravitational impulse) as a kind of laser beams leave the Earth into distant outer spaces ... Humanity has recently begun to cause real concern to the Earth (nuclear explosions in the bowels, drying up of the seas, for example, the Aral Sea, drilling of super-deep wells, laying channels and transferring runoff rivers, storage of various toxic and radioactive substances in the Earth, etc. etc.). Earthquakes, hurricanes, ozone holes, an increase in solar activity - all this is a reaction and methods of self-treatment of the Earth from annoying low-organized creatures - people, i.e. us with you. Restless humanity, like viruses and bacteria, began to “persecute” the Earth, and it reacts on them in response ... Yes, we live on a strange, rather strange planet, people who consider themselves the crown of living beings living next to us. Is it so?..

As Plate writes in Death from Heaven, a gamma-ray burst is the brightest event since the Big Bang. None of these outbursts repeats another, but they all arise due to catastrophes on a galactic scale: when very large stars die, stop "burning" and collapse under the influence of their own gravity or, presumably, due to the collision of two neutron stars (objects the size of city, but with a mass like that of one or two suns).

In such cases, the energy escapes not uniformly in all directions, but in directed beams. This event is so grandiose that sometimes it can be seen with the naked eye for billions (!) of light years. What will happen if such a beam hits the Earth?

Let's assume that the gamma-ray burst occurred very close: at a distance of 100 light years. Even at such a close distance, the diameter of the gamma-ray burst beam would be gigantic, 80 trillion km. This means that the entire Earth, the entire solar system would be swallowed up by it, like a sand flea captured by a tsunami.

Fortunately, gamma-ray bursts are relatively short-lived, so the beam will affect us for less than a second to several minutes. The average burst lasts approximately ten seconds.

This is short compared to the Earth's rotation, so the beam would only hit one hemisphere. The second hemisphere would be relatively safe... at least for a while. The most dire consequences would be in places directly under the gamma-ray burst (where the flash would be visible directly overhead, at the zenith), and minimal where the flash would be visible on the horizon. But still, as we shall see, no place on Earth would be completely safe.

The unbridled energy that would be dumped on Earth is overwhelming. This is more than the worst nightmares of the Cold War: it is like a gamma-ray burst detonating a nuclear bomb with a yield of one megaton over every 2.5 km2 of the planet. It's (probably) not enough to boil the oceans or blow the Earth's atmosphere, but the destruction would be beyond comprehension.

Keep in mind, this is all from an object 900 trillion km away.

Anyone who looked at the sky at the time of the flash could have gone blind, although peak brightness in the visible range would probably have been reached only after a few seconds - enough to flinch and turn away. Not that it helped much.

Those who would have been caught on the street at that moment would have been in big trouble. Even if they hadn't been scorched by the heat - and they would have been - they would have instantly received a fatal burn from a huge stream of ultraviolet radiation. The ozone layer would be destroyed literally instantly, and UV radiation from both the gamma-ray burst and the Sun would freely reach the surface of the Earth, making it, as well as the oceans to a depth of several meters barren.

And that's just from UV radiation and heat. It seems cruel to even mention the much, much worse effects of exposure to gamma and X-rays.

Instead, let's digress a bit. Gamma-ray bursts are incredibly rare. Although they most likely occur several times a day somewhere in the universe, the universe itself is very large. At present, the probability that one of them will occur at a distance of 100 light-years from us is zero. Perfect, absolute zero. There are no stars near us that could, in principle, give rise to a gamma-ray burst. The closest supernova candidate is further away, and gamma-ray bursts are much rarer than supernovae.

Feel better? Good. Now let's try a more realistic approach. What is the closest candidate for a gamma-ray burst source?

In the sky of the southern hemisphere there is a star unremarkable to the naked eye. It is called Eta Carina, or simply Eta, a dim star in a crowd of brighter stars. However, its dim light is deceptive, behind it lies its fury. It is actually about 7,500 light-years away - in fact, it is the most distant star that can be seen with the naked eye.

The star itself (actually Eta could be a binary system, two stars orbiting each other. The stuff surrounding the star gives off so much glare and noise that astronomers are still not 100% sure) is a monster: its mass could be 100 solar masses or even more, and it radiates 5 million times more energy than the Sun - in one second it emits as much light as the Sun emits in two months. Periodically, Eta has spasms and vomits huge amounts of matter. In 1843 she had such a violent fit that she became the second brightest star in the sky, even at such a great distance. It ejected gigantic amounts of matter in excess of ten solar masses at speeds in excess of 1.5 million km/h. Today we see the consequences of that explosion in the form of two huge clouds of divergent matter, similar to a space gun shot. That event was almost as powerful as a supernova.

Eta has all the hallmarks of a brewing gamma-ray burst. It will most likely explode as a supernova, but it is not known whether it will be a hypernova type gamma-ray burst or not. It should also be noted that if it explodes and emits a gamma-ray burst, the orientation of this system is such that the beam will not hit the Earth. We can tell this from the geometry of the gas clouds ejected during the 1843 seizure: the lobes of the expanding gas are tilted about 45° relative to us, and any GRBs would be along that axis. Let me be more specific: in the near or even medium term, a gamma-ray burst from Eta or anywhere else does not threaten us.

But it's still interesting to think "what if". What if Eta was aimed at us and went hypernova? What would happen then?

Again, no good. Even though it would not even come close in brightness to the Sun, it would be as bright as the Moon, or even ten times brighter. You wouldn't be able to look at it without squinting, but that brightness would only last for a few seconds or minutes, so there probably wouldn't be any long-term damage to the life cycles of flora or fauna.

The flux of ultraviolet radiation would be intense but brief. People on the street would have received moderate sunburn, but in all likelihood, there would not have been a statistically significant increase in skin cancer cases in the future.

But with gamma and X-rays, the situation is completely different. The Earth's atmosphere would absorb these types of radiation, and the consequences of this would be much worse than in the case of a nearby supernova explosion.

The most direct consequence would be a powerful electromagnetic pulse, much more powerful than the one generated in Hawaii during the nuclear tests of the Starfish Prime device. In this case, EMP (electromagnetic pulse - approx. TASS) would instantly destroy any unshielded electronic device in that hemisphere of the Earth, which was directed towards the burst. Computers, phones, airplanes, cars, any electronic object would stop working. This also applies to power systems: a huge current would be induced in the power lines, leading to their overload. People would be left without electricity and without any means of long-distance communication (the equipment of all satellites would burn out from gamma radiation in any case). This would be more than just an inconvenience, because it means hospitals, fire departments and other emergency services would also be left without electricity.

But as we'll see in a moment, we may not need emergency services...

The consequences for the Earth's atmosphere would be severe. Scientists are closely studying this situation. Using the same models as described in Chapter 3, and assuming that the gamma-ray burst occurred at a distance from Eta, they determined what the consequences would be. And these results are not at all encouraging.

The ozone layer would be severely impacted. The gamma radiation from the burst would completely destroy the ozone molecules. The ozone layer worldwide would be reduced by an average of 35%, with more than 50% reduced in some individual regions. This is incredibly harmful in itself - mind you, our current ozone problems are caused by a relatively small drop, only 3% or so.

The effects of this are very long lasting and can last for years - even after five years the ozone layer can still be 10% thinner. During this time, UV radiation from the Sun would be more intense on the Earth's surface. Microorganisms that form the basis of the food chain are very sensitive to it. Many of them would die, leading to the possible extinction of other species higher up the food chain.

To top it all off, the reddish-brown nitrogen dioxide produced by the gamma-ray burst from Eta Carinae (see Chapters 2 and 3) would significantly reduce the amount of sunlight reaching Earth.

The exact consequences of this are difficult to determine, but it seems likely that even a few percent reduction in the amount of sunlight on the entire Earth (nitrogen dioxide would diffuse throughout the atmosphere) would lead to a significant cooling of the Earth and could, presumably, be the initiating factor for an ice age.

In addition, the chemical mixture that acid rain would represent would contain enough nitric acid, and this would also theoretically have devastating consequences for the environment.

Next, there is a problem with subatomic particles (cosmic rays) from the burst. What damage would be from them is not specifically known. But, as we discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, high-energy particles can have a wide variety of effects on Earth. A gamma-ray burst at a distance of 7500 light years would have launched a huge amount of subatomic particles into our atmosphere, and they would have traveled at a speed slightly less than the speed of light. Just a few hours after the burst occurred, they would have already burst into our atmosphere, spilling a shower of muons. We constantly observe muons arriving from space, but in small quantities. However, a nearby gamma-ray burst would generate a mass of muons. One group of astronomers calculated that up to 46 billion muons per cm2 would hit the Earth's surface over the entire hemisphere directed at the burst (such conclusions, however, are debatable. This is a new area of ​​\u200b\u200bscience, and the models are not entirely reliable. However, if you you will learn something from this, then just remember that a near burst of gamma radiation is bad - author's note). It seems like a lot - well, yes, it is. These particles would cascade out of the sky and be swallowed up by anything in their path. Considering how well body tissues can absorb muons, the astronomers who performed the calculation found that an unprotected person would receive a dose of radiation dozens of times greater than the lethal one. Hiding will not help much: muons can penetrate water to a depth of almost 2 km and up to 800 m into rocks! Therefore, almost all life on Earth would suffer.

So the destruction of the ozone layer would not be such a big deal. By the time it became a problem, most of the animals and plants on Earth would have been dead long ago.

This is the nightmare scenario described at the beginning of this chapter. However, before you start to panic, remember: a possible Eta Carinae gamma-ray burst will most likely not be directed in our direction. But before we wrap it up, there is another possible progenitor of the gamma-ray burst that we need to keep in mind. It's called WR 104, and coincidentally it's about the same distance from us as Eta. WR 104 is a binary system whose star is a bloated, massive beast approaching the end of its life. It could explode, emitting a gamma-ray burst, and could be pointed more or less at us, but both of these assumptions are inaccurate. In all likelihood, this monster also does not threaten us, but it is worth mentioning about it.