(According to V. Tokareva)*

* Tokareva Victoria Samoilovna(born in 1937) is a modern Russian prose writer and screenwriter.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the English writer J. Swift: "Just as a person can be recognized by the society in which he rotates, so he can be judged by the language in which he is expressed." Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

J. Swift wrote that “just as a person can be recognized by the society in which he moves, so can he be judged by the language he expresses himself.” In a person’s speech, his individual life experience, his culture, his psychology finds expression. The manner of speech, individual words and expressions help to understand the character of the speaker. Let's try to find confirmation of this in the text of V. Tokareva.

First, in sentence No. 11 we find the colloquial word "retruhi". So Oksana called the jacket in the style of "retro". Such slang is most often used in their speech by teenagers, which we observe in the text we read: Oksana was 16 years old!

Secondly, in sentence No. 18 there is a colloquial word "blurt out." Using it in communication tells us about teenage self-expression, about the result of her emotional attitude to the subject of conversation.

Thus, I can say that J. Swift was right.

(1) When I was six years old, probably, or six and a half, I did not know at all who I would eventually be in this world. (2) Then my appetite flared up to learn how to become such an artist who draws white stripes for racing cars on street asphalt. (3) Otherwise, it seemed to me that it would be nice to become a brave traveler and cross all the oceans on a fragile shuttle, eating only raw fish. (4) And the next day I was already impatient to become a boxer, because I saw on TV the drawing of the European boxing championship. (5) How they thrashed each other - just some kind of horror! (6) And then they showed their training, and here they were already pounding a heavy leather “pear” - such an oblong heavy ball, you have to hit it with all your might, hit it with all your might in order to develop the power of impact. (7) And I also decided to become the strongest person in the yard.

(8) I told dad:

- (9) Dad, buy me a punching bag! (10) I will train and become a boxer.

- (11) There is nothing to spend money on nonsense, get by somehow without a pear.

(12) And he got dressed and went to work. (13) And my mother immediately noticed that I was offended, and tried to help me.

(14) She took out a large wicker basket from under the sofa, where old toys were stacked, and took out a healthy teddy bear from the bottom of the basket.

- (15) Here. (16) Good Bear, excellent. (17) Look how tight! (18) Why not a pear? (19) Let's train as much as you like!

(20) I was very happy that my mother came up with such a cool idea. (21) And I made Mishka more comfortable on the couch, so that it would be more convenient for me to train and develop the power of impact.

(22) He sat in front of me so chocolate, and he had different eyes: one of his own was yellow glass, and the other big white was from a sewn button from a pillowcase. (23) But it didn’t matter, because Mishka looked at me with his different eyes and raised both paws up, as if he was already giving up in advance ...

(24) And I suddenly remembered how a long time ago I didn’t part with this Mishka for a minute, dragged him everywhere with me, and put him at the table next to me to dine, and put him to bed, and rocked him like a little brother , and whispered various tales to him right into his hard velvet ears, and I loved him then, loved him with all my heart, then I would give my life for him ...

(25) And now he is sitting on the couch, my former best friend, a true childhood friend, and I want to train the force of impact about him ...

- (26) What's wrong with you? Mom asked as she opened the door.

(27) But I didn’t know what was happening to me, I lifted my head to the ceiling so that tears were not visible, and said:

- (28) I changed my mind about being a boxer.

(According to V.Yu. Dragunsky) *

* Dragunsky Viktor Yuzefovich (1913 - 1972) - Russian Soviet writer, author of stories for children.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern linguist I.G. Miloslavsky: "The grammar of the Russian language is primarily a means of expressing thought." Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

The essay must be at least 70 words. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

The phrase of the linguist I.G. Miloslavsky I understand so. Language is a way of thinking. It consists of words denoting various objects and processes, as well as rules that allow you to build sentences from these words. It is sentences built according to the laws of grammar and written in compliance with punctuation rules that are a means of expressing thought. I will try to prove this using the text of V.Yu. Dragunsky.

For example, sentence number 9 in this text is an exclamation point. It means that it is pronounced with a special intonation, extremely emotionally. So the author, using the possibilities of syntax, conveys the idea that the hero really wants to have a punching bag in order to start training.

And sentence No. 11 (“There is nothing to waste money on nonsense, get along somehow without a pear”) is unionless. The first part of it is an impersonal sentence, the second is definitely personal. The use of these constructions helps the author accurately convey the father's opinion about the son's undertaking, allows him to succinctly and emotionally state his decision. Here is another example of how grammar helps express a thought.

Thus, I.G. was right. Miloslavsky, arguing that "the grammar of the Russian language is primarily a means of expressing thought."

(1) Sophia, Lena and Katya have been inseparable since kindergarten. (2) We went to school together and graduated together: Sophia and Lena - impeccable glamor girls with triples in physics and mathematics stretched “behind beautiful eyes”, Katya - with a gold medal, a good ten kilos overweight and an indestructible desire to be like their own in everything stylish girlfriends. (3) And then, all the same together, they entered the university, only in different specialties. (4) Lena and Sophia had a whole herd of fans and decent chances for a stellar career in the modeling business, so they went to lectures exclusively to demonstrate new outfits. (5) Katya told them that they would certainly be expelled if they did not study, but her friends only laughed at her in response.

(6) But one day Sophia dreamed that they became dolls in the toy department of Children's World. (7) A price tag with a very modest amount was pasted on Katya - to match her unsightly appearance, they asked much more for Sophia and Lena.

(8) So they began to live now - royally dressed captives of glass showcases and skillfully painted celluloid boxes.

(9) And one fine day they were bought as a gift for the girl Masha.

(10) At night, when their new mistress fell asleep, Lena and Sophia began to discuss their new life.

- (11) You know, Len, - said Sophia, - we used to consider appearance and outfits to be the most important - and now we are dolls. (12) Perhaps this is even correct.

- (13) And Katya? Lena asks timidly.

- (14) Katya has never been like us. (15) She was interested in rags, but only because you and I could not live without them. (16) You see how the girl loves Katya: she almost doesn’t let her out of her hands, and goes to bed and eats with her, and you and I miss you on the bedside table day and night. (17) And you know what, Len? (18) Of course, I really want to be in her place. (19) But since this is impossible, at least Katya will be fine.

(20) Girlfriends silently look at the bed.

(21) Masha sniffles in an embrace with a doll, the clock tirelessly cuts eternity into slices. (22) Elena and Sophia do not notice that Katya, lying on the pillow, is struggling to raise her hand, and she finally succeeds. (23) She awkwardly removes a naughty strand from the girl’s face, gently strokes her cheek and whispers something in a neat ear.

(24) The girl shudders, opens one eye and, without looking, rakes all the dolls from the bedside table.

(25) Having comfortably settled in a cocoon of blankets, Lena and Sonya instantly fall asleep in the warm ring of the master's hands, and they have their first dream in this life. (26) They dream that they are loved - not for something, but simply because they are.

(According to I.A. Cleanrova)*

*Kleandrova Irina Alexandrovna(born in 1981) is a contemporary Russian writer.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern linguist N.S. Valgina: "The syntax conveys connections and relationships between concepts, objects, phenomena of the world surrounding a person and the world comprehended by a person." Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

The essay must be at least 70 words. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Statement by N.S. Valgina I understand so. Syntax, including the sentence as its main unit, reflects extralinguistic reality. With the help of judgments and inferences about the world of things, clothed in the form of sentences, the relation to this world external to the language is transmitted. I will show this with examples from the text of I.A. Cleander.

Sentence No. 21 lists phenomena that occur simultaneously: "Mashenka sniffs in an embrace with a doll" and "the clock tirelessly cuts eternity into slices." Changing the sequence of parts of a sentence does not change the meaning, so the relationship between two simple sentences in a complex one is absolutely equal. In this case, we observe the coexistence of two ongoing situations of extralinguistic reality.

On the example of sentence No. 10, we can consider the manifestation of subordinating relations in the syntax. Two phenomena do not just coexist, but are in relation to dependence: the situation “at night Lena and Sofya began to discuss their new life” is presented as the main one, and the situation “when their new mistress fell asleep” is her temporary landmark, conveying the attitude to this external for language of the world.

Thus, N.S. was right. Valgin, arguing that "connections and relations between concepts, objects, phenomena of the world surrounding a person and the world comprehended by a person are transmitted in syntax".

(1) Venka was very unlucky with the name - Benjamin! (2) And it doesn’t look like a name! (3) Directly some kind of medicine, like anti-grippin. (4) Or there is still such a flower - balsam. (5) And Venya is even worse: Venya, tribe, burden, seed ... (6) Some kind of nightmare! (7) Mom at home sometimes also calls him Broom. (8) Venka always closes her eyes when she hears it. (9) But you won’t begin to explain to your mother that it irritates him and the sound of this “Broom” for him is the same as iron grinding on glass.

(10) Classmates often said offensive words to him, but Venka, in general, was not offended. (11) He was just not like everyone else, he was special ...

(12) Pashka Vintuev was not at school for more than a month. (13) The teacher Kira Gennadievna persuaded classmates to go to Pashka in the hospital or at least write notes to him, but everyone refused in the strongest possible way. (14) Venka could not even imagine that someone else in the class was not loved as much as he himself.

(15) Knowing very well how hard it is to be alone, Venka decided to go to Pashka on his own.

(16) At the school cafeteria, Venka bought a couple of buns with cranberry filling. (17) For the sake of such an occasion, you can even donate your father's pen. (18) Who else will bring this to Vint?

(19) Vint was very happy with Venka and introduced him to the guys in the ward for a long time:

- (20) Look! (21) This is Venka ... from my class! (22) Friend!

(23) Venka was never a friend of Vint. (24) A friend is something that not everyone has. (25) Okay, let the guys in the ward think that Vint has a friend Venka.

(26) Venka handed Vint a bag with two buns and daddy's pen:

- (27) This is a transfer for you ... from the class ...

- (28) That's what it means - friends! - Pashka said loudly and slightly shook his plastered hand.

- (29) Antoine will be registered in the children's room of the police.

- (30) For what? Pasha got scared.

- (31) How is this for what? (32) For your hand.

- (33) It can’t be ... it’s my own fault ... - Pashka was sincerely confused.

(34) Venka was surprised that Screw, it turns out, understands everything correctly, and explained:

- (35) Your parents wrote a statement to the police about him.

- (36) Well, they give! Pasha got angry. - (37) Venka, tell Antoine that everything will work out: they will take away their application like they are cute!

(38) A week later, Vint came to school. (39) Although no one wanted to write him notes to the hospital, everyone was happy to return to class.

(40) The guys looked at Pashkin's hand with respect and some embarrassment. (41) Just before the lesson, Vint approached Venka and asked:

- (42) Can I sit with you?

(43) Venka immediately collected the textbooks and notebooks scattered around the desk. (44) From the second grade, no one sat down with him after he had a fight with Slavka Nikonenko. (45) Pashka sat next to him - Venka was afraid to even breathe. (46) He decided that this day was the happiest in the last six years of his life.

(According to S.A. Lubenets)*

* Svetlana Anatolyevna Lubenets is a modern children's writer from St. Petersburg, she writes books about teenagers, about the relationship between them, school stories of the most ordinary and not quite ordinary children. Her series "Girls Only", "Boys Only", "Black Kitten" are in high demand among readers.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern linguist N.S. Valgina: "An ellipsis is a frequent and indispensable sign in texts of great emotional intensity, intellectual tension." Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

The essay must be at least 70 words. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

One cannot but agree with the statement of the modern linguist N.S. Valgina. Indeed, the ellipsis is an emotionally filled sign, an indicator of psychological stress, deciphering the subtext, helping to hide a thought, not to give it nakedly. It has the ability to convey subtle shades of meaning, moreover, it is precisely this elusiveness that is emphasized by the sign, when it is already difficult to express anything in words. In a word, the ellipsis is an "indispensable sign" in fiction. I will give examples from the text of S.A. Lubenets.

For example, in sentence No. 5 “And Venya is even worse: Venya, tribe, burden, seed ...” this sign conveys the infinity of the enumerated series, which can be continued by choosing other rhyming words for it, for example, “crown”, “time”, "deer".

And in sentence No. 27 “This is a transfer for you ... from the class ...” the ellipsis is used twice. In this situation, it indicates a hidden meaning caused by great emotional stress.

Thus, we can conclude: N.S. Valgina was right in stating that "ellipsis is a frequent and indispensable sign in texts of great emotional intensity, intellectual tension."

(1) As a child, I had a favorite soft toy about the size of a small sofa cushion. (2) It was a bear. (3) I dragged him everywhere and even in the crib did not part with him. (4) Of all the toddler toys, the bear was the last to be forgotten. (5) In general, I grew up, became an uncle with a big beard and tattoos, and instead of teddy bears, I fell in love with motorcycles.

(6) And then one day I dreamed of a teddy bear from childhood. (7) The dream was unpleasant: the teddy bear stood in the center of an empty room, in the flickering light of a light bulb, and a hurricane seemed to be gathering outside the window. (8) The bear looked at me point-blank and pulled his paw towards me, as if he was pointing at something behind me, as if he was warning me about something.

(9) I did not attach importance to sleep. (10) However, the next day I was driving to a motorcycle club, and the "nine" cut me so that I flew over the handlebars and landed on a hedge planted along the road. (11) It was she who saved me. (12) I got bruises, a slight dislocation of my shoulder, and the motorcycle was seriously damaged and required expensive repairs.

(13) A week later, everything happened again. (14) All in the same room with flickering light and an impending hurricane. (15) Only the toy itself looked dirty and shabby, and in some places it was cut, and cotton wool stuck out from there. (16) The bear cub was still persistently pointing at me with its paw.

(17) I decided to go to the dacha, which was practically abandoned, and find a bear cub among the junk in the attics-basements. (18) Break there everything is upside down, I'm in the farthest corner in a dusty bag

found a toy from under the potato.

(19) First, I took out the head of the bear cub, torn off "with meat",

then - a body with cotton wool half crawled out through torn holes. (20) I spent another hour to find the missing ball of the eye in the small debris at the bottom of the bag, but I never found it.

(21) I took the bear home and repaired it myself, although, of course, I didn’t have such a skill. (22) I washed it, filled it with new cotton wool, carefully sewed it up and even slightly ironed it, in place of my lost eye I attached a black bandage, like a pirate's. (23) And later, with the help of a friend from the atelier, the bear dressed in a leather jacket with small rivets.

(24) From now on, the bear sits in my garage in the most visible place, and sometimes I install it on a motorcycle fork, and we ride around the city or in motorcycle columns. (25) Companions from the club laughed at first, and then they got used to it, and the toy even in some way became our talisman. (26) I had a dream for a long time - my own club for bikers, and I will open it. (27) I even came up with a name for him - “One-Eyed Bear”.

(According to Ostromir)*

*Ostromir is a modern young blogger.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern philologist L. Sukhorukov: “Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind”. Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

The essay must be at least 70 words. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

I understand the phrase of the writer L. Sukhorukov as follows: in the speech of a person, his individual life experience, his culture, his psychology finds expression. The manner of speech, individual words and expressions help to understand the character of the speaker or writer. I will give examples from the text of Ostromir.

So, in the speaker’s speech I come across such words and expressions as “leather jacket”, “tatukhami”, “motorcycle fork”, “nine” cut me”, which testify not so much to the rudeness and bad manners of the hero, but to his passion. The use of such words and expressions is part of the culture of bikers who want to appear very masculine and harsh even through speech.

But at the same time, the hero, talking about his favorite soft toy in childhood, repeatedly calls it affectionately “bear cub”, which indicates the vulnerable soul of the formidable biker. So just one word tells us that] the hero], it turns out, is not at all what he wants to seem.

Thus, L.V. was right. Sukhorukov, when he said that "our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind."

(1) At the end of the third grade, just in the spring, when the river opened up and loose gray ice floes floated down the water with a rustle and rumble, our teacher Anna Nikolaevna brought a new student into the class in a tunic with sea buttons. (2) These buttons caught my eye first of all: everyone had iron buttons with an asterisk, and Vitka Boretsky had anchors.

(3) Vitka Boretsky sat quietly in the class on the penultimate desk, sparkled with enviable buttons, was quiet and neat, held out his hand if he wanted to say or ask, in general, he was an exemplary good boy, completely different from our noisy brethren.

(4) Vovka Meshkov disliked Boretsky from the first day. (5) Meshkov never had any internal brakes. (6) He was cheeky, ill-mannered, and it even seemed that his eyes narrowed predatoryly when he looked at Vitka. (7) So he came up with an indecent nickname for Boretsky and so terrorized poor Vitka that he decided to move to another school.

(8) And one day Anna Nikolaevna said that the school was given a lot of money for equipment, and we went to the visual aids store.

- (9) Guys, choose what you like! Anna Nikolaevna commanded.

(10) We, like firewood, dragged glass pyramids, compasses, jars with snakes and frogs onto a cart.

(11) When we went into the store for new armfuls of benefits, Anna Nikolaevna suddenly said thoughtfully:

- (12) There is still money left. (13) What else to buy?

(14) I didn’t have time to think about the worst thing for me in the whole store, when Anna Nikolaevna exclaimed, laughing:

- (15) Is the skeleton for sale?

(16) At that very moment it dawned on me: but this skeleton will save Vitka! (17) I was absolutely sure that the worst allowance would help Vitka stay in our school, make peace with Vovka and forget his shameful nickname.

(18) And the plan was already minted in my head, and I, as if by chance, suggested to Vitka:

– (19) Do you want to take a picture with him?

(20) With a decisive step, I approached Boretsky, moved him to the skeleton, took a bony brush and put Vitka on his shoulder. (21) The shutter clicked - done!

(22) In the evening, I invited Boretsky to take a walk in search of the desired meeting with Vovka.

(23) We met Vovka on the embankment, where he rode a bicycle.

(24) With a leisurely movement, I took out a photograph and handed it to Vovka:

- (25) Look!

(26) He reluctantly took the card, and his eyes went to his forehead.

- (27) Well, you give it! he whispered and stared at Vitka.

(28) I rejoiced. (29) Let Vovka now try to repeat the shameful nickname invented for Vitka! (30) His tongue will no longer turn!

(31) Meshkov looked at Boretsky with pronounced respect, and Vitka slowly straightened his back, raised his chin. (32) And Vovka kept looking at Vitka, and his gaze gradually became enthusiastic.

(According to A.A. Likhanov)*

*Likhanov Albert Anatolievich(born in 1935) - writer, journalist, chairman of the Russian Children's Fund. In his works, the writer pays special attention to the role of the family and the school in the upbringing of the child, in shaping his character.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist V.V. Vinogradova: “Words and expressions acquire various semantic shades in the context of the entire work, they are perceived in a complex and deep figurative perspective”. Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

The essay must be at least 70 words. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

I understand VV Vinogradov's statement as follows. Words in the language designate specific objects and abstract concepts, describe actions, express emotions. But outside the linguistic environment, the word in its meaning is definable approximately. It is the context that makes it possible to accurately establish the meaning of a separately included word or expression. I will prove this with examples from the text of A. Likhanov

In sentence No. 26 I find the phraseological phrase "eyes went to the forehead." Based on the context, I realize that this phrase means an extreme degree of surprise.

In sentence No. 18, it is the context that suggests the meaning of the word “minted”, which should be understood as follows: the boy made up a clear plan of action for himself.

Thus, V.V. Vinogradov was right when he stated that “words and expressions acquire various semantic shades in the context of the whole work, are perceived in a complex and deep figurative perspective.”

(1) No one, like a mother, knows how to hide her suffering and torment so deeply. (2) And no one, like children, knows how to so calmly ignore what is happening to the mother. (3) She does not complain, which means she is fine.

(4) I have never seen my mother's tears. (5) Not once in my presence did her eyes moisten, not once did she complain to me about life, about pain. (6) I did not know that this was the mercy that she showed me.

(7) In childhood, we easily accept sacrifices from our mother, we demand sacrifices all the time. (8) And the fact that this is cruel, we learn later - from our children.

(9) “Golden days” are not eternal, they are replaced by “harsh days”, when we begin to feel independent and gradually move away from our mother. (10) And now there is no longer a beautiful lady and a little knight, and if he is, then he has another beautiful lady - with pigtails, with capriciously pouted lips, with a blot on her dress ...

(11) On one of the "harsh days" I came from school hungry and tired. (12) Threw a briefcase. (13) Undressed. (14) And immediately at the table. (15) There was a pink circle of sausage on the plate. (16) I ate it instantly. (17) He melted in his mouth. (18) It was as if he did not exist. (19) I said:

- (20) Few. (21) I want more.

- (22) Mom was silent. (23) I repeated my request. (24) She went to the window and, without looking back, said quietly:

- (25) No more ... sausages.

(26) I got up from the table without saying "thank you". (27) Not enough! (28) I walked noisily around the room, rattled chairs, and my mother was still standing by the window. (29) I thought that she was probably looking at something, and also went to the window. (30) But I didn’t see anything. (31) I slammed the door - not enough! - and left.

(32) There is nothing more cruel than asking a mother for bread when she does not have it. (33) And nowhere to take. (34) And she already gave you her piece ... (35) Then you can get angry and slam the door. (36) But years will pass, and shame will overtake you. (37) And you will be painfully hurt by your cruel injustice.

(38) You will think about the day of your shame even after the death of your mother, and this thought, like an unhealed wound, will either subside or wake up. (39) You will be under her heavy power and, looking around, you will say: “Forgive me!” (40) No answer.

(41) There is no one to whisper the merciful word "I forgive."

(42) When mom stood at the window, her shoulders trembled slightly from soundless tears. (43) But I did not notice this. (44) I did not notice my dirty April footprints on the floor, I did not hear the slamming door.

(45) Now I see and hear everything. (46) Time is pushing everything away, but it has brought this day and many other days closer to me. (47) A lot of words have accumulated in me. (48) They burst my chest, knock on my temple. (49) They rush out, into the light, onto paper.

(50) Forgive me, dear!

(According to Yu.Ya. Yakovlev)*

* Yakovlev Yury Yakovlevich(1923 - 1996) - writer and screenwriter, author of books for children and youth.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist I.B. Golub: “For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the lexical compatibility of words, that is, their ability to connect with each other.” Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

The essay must be at least 70 words. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Essay-reasoning on a linguistic topic according to the text of V. Tokoreva

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the English writer J. Swift: "Just as a person can be recognized by the society in which he rotates, so he can be judged by the language in which he is expressed."

The writing:

The famous English writer D. Swift claims that a person can be judged by the way he speaks. The validity of his words can be confirmed by analyzing the speech of the heroes of the story by V. Tokareva.

So, 16-year-old Oksana uses words such as “retroukha” (sentence 11), “tension” (sentence 17), phraseologism “nerves shakes” (sentence 13), which characterize her as a rude, spiritually limited girl. With the help of these words, V. Tokareva gives a speech description of the heroine. And Oksana’s father appears before us as an intelligent, educated person, since the author’s text, conveying Korolkov’s thoughts, is saturated with artistic and visual means: the comparison “like a match against a box” (sentence 7), book phrases “sought to raise himself” (sentence 10), epithets "pleasant" (sentence 10), "clean", "new" (sentence 20).

Thus, we were convinced that people's speech is an important factor determining the wealth or poverty of their inner world.

Source text

(1) Smells and screams floated around the house. (2) Nadezhda set the table and cursed with Oksana, who was in the bathroom and answered through the wall. (3) No words were heard, but Korolkov caught the meaning of the conflict. (4) The conflict was that Nadezhda wanted to sit at the table with the youth, but Oksana did not want this and cited other mothers as an example who not only do not sit at the table, but even leave home. (5) Nadezhda screamed that she had spent a week preparing the festive table and all her past life raising Oksana and did not intend to sit in the kitchen like a servant. (6) Korolkov lay on the sofa in his room and thought that Oksana did not know how to talk with her mother, and Nadezhda with her daughter. (7) She commands, humiliating her. (8) And they light up against each other, like a match on boxes. (9) Korolkov knew by himself: you can also achieve something from him only with flattery. (10) Flattery, as it were, raised his possibilities, and he sought to raise himself to this new and pleasant limit for him.
(11) The door opened, and Oksana entered in a long new jacket in the style of "retro", or, as she called it, "retruhi".
- (12) Dad, well, tell her, Oksana complained loudly. - (13) Why is she getting on my nerves?
- (14) How do you talk to your mother? Korolkov snapped.
- (15) Well, dad. (16) Well, why is she sitting with us? (17) I will be tense all the time. (18) She will always blurt out something, and everyone is uncomfortable ...
- (19) What does it mean to blurt out?
- (20) Well, he won't blurt out. (21) Will make a toast to world peace. (22) Or he will start paying attention to me ... (23) Or he will start putting everyone on plates, as if hunger ...
- (24) It's rather disgusting to listen to you, - Korolkov announced. - (25) You speak like a complete egoist.
- (26) But it's my birthday. (27) I'm sixteen years old. (28) Why on this day can not be done the way I want?
(29) Korolkov looked longingly at her clean, brand new face with brand new bright white teeth and thought that she had fallen in love in childhood and now she would have to reap what she had sown. (30) He understood that his daughter needed him not when he carried her in his arms and attended a children's health camp. (31) Namely, now, at the age of sixteen, when the foundation is being laid for all future life. (32) And not on an outpatient basis, as the doctors say, - he came, he left. (33) And stationary. (34) Every day. (35) In order not to miss possible complications. (36) And complications, as he understood, were coming.
(37) They rang the doorbell. (38) Oksana was blown away by the wind along with her displeasure, and a second later her voice was heard - tight and sonorous, like a jet launched under pressure. (39) She was fine. (40) A holiday is ahead, and life is like a holiday.

(According to V. Tokareva)

Source text:

(1) Smells and screams floated around the house. (2) Nadezhda set the table and cursed with Oksana, who was in the bathroom and answered through the wall. (3) No words were heard, but Korolkov caught the meaning of the conflict. (4) The conflict was that Nadezhda wanted to sit at the table with the youth, but Oksana did not want this and cited other mothers as an example who not only do not sit at the table, but even leave home. (5) Nadezhda screamed that she had spent a week preparing the festive table and all her past life raising Oksana and did not intend to sit in the kitchen like a servant. (6) Korolkov lay on the sofa in his room and thought that Oksana did not know how to talk with her mother, and Nadezhda with her daughter. (7) She commands, humiliating her. (8) And they light up against each other, like a match on boxes. (9) Korolkov knew by himself: you can also achieve something from him only with flattery. (10) Flattery, as it were, raised his possibilities, and he sought to raise himself to this new and pleasant limit for him.

(11) The door opened, and Oksana entered in a long new jacket in the style of "retro", or, as she called it, "retruhi".

- (12) Dad, well, tell her, Oksana complained loudly. - (13) Why is she shaking my nerves?

- (14) How do you talk to your mother? Korolkov snapped.

- (15) Well, dad. (16) Well, why is she sitting with us? (17) I will be tense all the time. (18) She will always blurt out something, and everyone is uncomfortable ...

- (19) What does “blurt out” mean?

- (20) Well, he won’t blurt out. (21) Will make a toast to world peace. (22) Or he will start paying attention to me ... (23) Or he will start putting everyone on plates, as if hunger ...

- (24) It's rather disgusting to listen to you, - Korolkov announced. - (25) You speak like a complete egoist.

- (26) But it's my birthday. (27) I'm sixteen years old. (28) Why on this day can not be done the way I want?

(29) Korolkov looked longingly at her clean, brand new face with brand new bright white teeth and thought that she had fallen in love in childhood and now she would have to reap what she had sown. (30) He understood that his daughter needed him not when he carried her in his arms and attended a children's health camp. (31) Namely, now, at the age of sixteen, when the foundation is being laid for all future life. (32) And not on an outpatient basis, as the doctors say, - he came, he left. (33) And stationary. (34) Every day. (35) In order not to miss possible complications. (36) And complications, as he understood, were coming.

(37) They rang the doorbell. (38) Oksana was blown away by the wind along with her displeasure, and a second later her voice was heard - tight and sonorous, like a jet launched under pressure. (39) She was fine. (40) A holiday is ahead, and life is like a holiday.

(According to V. Tokareva)*

* Tokareva Victoria Samoilovna (born in 1937) is a modern Russian prose writer and screenwriter.

Task C2.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the English writer J. Swift: "Just as a person can be recognized by the society in which he rotates, so he can be judged by the language in which he is expressed." Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

The essay must be at least 70 words. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Essay-reasoning.

The famous English writer J. Swift argued: "Just as a person can be recognized by the society in which he rotates, so one can judge him by the language in which he is expressed." Let us reveal the meaning of this statement by analyzing the features of the speech of the heroes of the story by V. Tokareva.

On the one hand, the sixteen-year-old girl Oksana, the heroine of this work, uses the words “retruha” (sentence 11), “blurts out” (sentence 18), the phraseological unit “nerves shakes” (sentence 13). All these words belong to the colloquial style and have a colloquial connotation. The writer, with the help of Oksana's speech characteristics, emphasizes not so much her desire to appear modern as her rudeness, spiritual limitations.

On the other hand, we see Korolkov, Oksana's father, who witnessed the conflict between mother and daughter. The author's text, conveying Korolkov's thoughts, is saturated with means of artistic expression. For example, we can note the comparison “like a match against a box” in sentence 7, the book words “foundation” (proposal 31), “outpatient” (proposal 32), the epithets “clean, brand new”, a reference to the well-known proverb “reap what you have sown » (proposal 29). All of the above means indicate that Korolkov is an educated, intelligent person who is worried that his wife and daughter cannot talk to each other.

So, we have seen that people's speech is one of the important factors that determine the wealth or wretchedness of their inner world.

After the appearance of the series "Theory of Lies" ("Lie to me"), where the main character, like a living "lie detector", calculates the criminal by the slightest changes in facial expressions or body position, many also dreamed of learning to recognize people's emotions at first sight. It's time to take lessons!

“The appearance of a person will give you many more clues than you might think, provided, of course, that you are careful enough,” says French lawyer, author of the book “How to Understand and Resist Techniques of Deception and Manipulation,” John B. Domont.

Careful observation can be performed, for example, within the framework of a conversation, without arousing suspicion in the interlocutor. Explicit inspection from head to toe feels like veiled contempt. And do not forget that in physical analysis, what is not there is sometimes as important as what you see.

Sources of visual information

Gait and general appearance

"When you plan to go to a meeting, you should follow the golden rule: arrive fifteen minutes before the scheduled time and position yourself in a place where the subject cannot see you. This will allow you to carefully observe him without his knowledge. Take a politician, for example, Sarkozy. Funny to see the difference in his body language before and during the interview - at first he has a nervous tic, and when the interview begins, Sarkozy tries his best to hide it. Mr. X has the same thing. Looking at how he goes to meet you, you will get the same amount of information as during a conversation. It's just that the two sets of data will be very different. In the first case, Mr. X behaves almost naturally, and in the second he tries to impress you."

“When we study the situation during a demonstration, we know a lot even before the actual demonstration begins. This allows us to identify leaders, photograph them, assess their potential to influence their supporters, the significance of internal problems, if any, defects in their organization "(from the author's conversation with a former officer of the general information service of the police).

It seems to me that after you read these statements, nothing more needs to be said. This is how professionals operate, so a good manipulator will begin his analysis even before the object of his interest understands this. He will begin his observation by walking.

Some examples of walking

Free, powerful gait

This is a person who does not allow the environment to distract him from the intended goal, who made an appointment and resolutely goes to it. He has a specific goal: to arrive on time. Hypothesis: this is a person who is able to take responsibility in quite a few cases.

The gait is uniform, but the person constantly turns

This is the walk of people who stare at their shadow, let's "acquit the defendant for lack of evidence." Hypothesis: either this is a slightly absent-minded person, or he has a rather high libido and is always ready for various love adventures.

Careless, somewhat slow gait, a person walks with his head down

Hypothesis: the subject is thinking about something of his own, he is agitated, passive, or not feeling well.

Nervous gait, useless movements, the person jumps at the slightest noise

The subject is constantly trying to make eye contact with other people. Hypothesis: This person is stressed or very tense and anxious.

When the person has arrived at the meeting place, you should greet each other. The handshake also provides quite a lot of information.

Establishing contact, shaking hands

Pretty sluggish handshake

Hypothesis: a tired, passive person, or if several people came to the meeting and you are the only one who was greeted like that, then you are not of any interest to the object at this meeting.

A handshake when a person digs into your hand like an eagle into prey

Hypothesis: He decided to break your fingers, a deliberate tactic, a social manifestation of confrontation. Mistrust.

Taking you by one hand, the person puts the other hand on your shoulder

Hypothesis: either the object evaluates you, or another manipulator is in front of you. In both cases, great pleasure awaits you from communicating with him.

Man takes your hand with both hands

Hypothesis: he intends to ask you for something, to tell you something.

These observations, made at the very beginning of the meeting (and you used many of the methods presented above to "scan" your interlocutor), will allow you to understand whether the behavior that you analyzed without his knowledge corresponds to what he shows you in further.

If the behavior before and after the encounter is the same, you should check your first observations and continue your analysis. Otherwise, it becomes clear that this person respects you enough (as an ally or as an adversary) to hide his natural behavior from you.

"In the same way, when you say goodbye, you should not immediately leave, but you should go to your observation post and see how this person will behave after parting with you. Has his behavior changed? If so, how is this related to your Has the object returned to its usual behavior?All these are the daily bread of the scout, mentalist or illusionist - they all collect information without the knowledge of the other person.

If you are accompanied by an object of your interest, the method is the same.

Gait observations

A man walks beside you with his head down

Hypothesis: His behavior shows that he is a weak person or is hiding something.

A person walks in the same rhythm as you, looking straight ahead, nothing around him is interested

Hypothesis: Subject is agitated but unwilling to show it. He thinks about something of his own or concentrates only on the conversation, perhaps his auditory memory dominates.

A man walks with his hands in his pockets

Hypothesis: Contrary to popular belief, hands stuck in pockets do not indicate a lack of self-confidence, rather the opposite. This person is relaxed and takes the most comfortable position for himself.

Man walks trying to force his rhythm on you

Hypothesis: this is a person who is used to dominating, he is only interested in what he can get from you.

eye observation

Circles under the eyes will immediately tell you that the person did not get enough sleep. Meanwhile, bags under the eyes will tell a lot more. In some people, bruises under the eyes are completely unrelated to insomnia, while bags under the eyes will lay their master with giblets. If they are "heavy" and, in addition, the subject's face is swollen, not to say bloated, then most likely this indicates the intake of one of two substances: alcohol or marijuana.

Alcoholism is confirmed by such recognizable signs as a characteristic complexion and premature aging.

Of course, reddened eyes may simply indicate that the person has been crying recently - "it's obvious, Watson."

In any case, the condition of a person's eyes immediately shows whether he is in a state of stress, and whether he is taking toxic drugs or not.

If a person wears glasses, you should definitely pay attention to them. Before, many people refused to wear contact lenses, believing that their eyes were too sensitive for this. The same can be said about body hair removal or Botox injections.

Dental care

Due to the high cost of dental services, people with beautiful teeth come from a fairly wealthy environment, representatives of which can afford it. Conversely, a person with a good appearance who has no tooth and who is forced to smile in such a way as to hide this flaw clearly does not have the money to go to the dentist.

Another important indication: which tooth is missing? It all depends on age. Let's take a person in their forties as an example: natural evolution suggests that the back teeth will fall out first, since they are more at risk of caries or infection. If the missing or inserted tooth is located in front, you can almost certainly say that it was lost in an accident, fall or quarrel.

Surprisingly straight teeth indicate that the person has no doubt used the services of an orthodontist in the past. This relatively costly intervention is most often performed in adolescence and speaks volumes about the financial capacity of his parents. Naturally, black spots on the teeth indicate that your interlocutor is a smoker or was one.

Watching hands

The location of the watch is very important and can give you some signs, which, however, can lead you on the wrong track, so do not rush to jump to conclusions. For example, the classic postulate: a person who wears a watch on his right hand is left-handed. But if you run into an accordionist (I know this rarely happens), then know that the watch on his right hand will interfere with his playing. The same is true for some other musical instruments, such as the violin.

Naturally, the cleanliness of nails is an important detail that should not be missed. A man with a manicure has the means to take care of him. Sometimes, though, looks are deceiving. For example, singer Serge Ginsburg dressed rather casually, dirty. But if you look at pictures where his hands are visible, then make sure that he has a manicure. Ginsburg came up with a role for himself - this is no secret to anyone, but such small details make it possible to understand to what extent this person was different from what he appeared to the public.

White nails are often a sign of anemia. Yellow nails, especially on the index and thumb, indicate that a person smokes a lot. The purple tint of the index finger indicates problems with blood circulation. As well as the unusual redness and coldness of the hands. Similar problems are common in women. Dotted nails may indicate some form of eczema or psoriasis.

hair observation

Naturally, you can look at the hair only if they are visible. Fewer and fewer people are wearing hats these days, so covering your hair may indicate a desire to hide baldness, or, of course - this has become true in recent times - indicate a woman's religious beliefs.

Women rarely hide their hair, unless, of course, they are required by religion. Thus, if a person constantly wears a hat, this is most likely a sign of baldness caused by an illness or medication.

You can determine whether a person's hair is dyed, whether male or female, by comparing the color of the hair with the color of the eyebrows.

Shoe Watch

Many people who carefully monitor their appearance, paradoxically, neglect shoes. Mainly men. Therefore, if you see a well-dressed man with carefully selected and well-groomed shoes, know that he devotes quite a significant part of his time to creating an impeccable image. Especially if the back of the heels is not worn out. The average men forget about them most often.

The condition of a woman's heels will immediately give you valuable information about her financial situation, because heels wear out the fastest when worn, the skin on them deteriorates from any, even the smallest scratch. It is much more difficult for women to keep shoes in order and much more expensive.

More and more women are wearing low-heeled shoes these days to take the pressure off their feet, but high heels are quickly making a comeback, so don't deprive yourself of some analysis.

To be continued...

Using the read text, complete ONLY ONE of the tasks on a separate sheet: 9.1, 9.2 or 9.3. Before writing an essay, write down the number of the selected task: 9.1, 9.2 or 9.3.

9.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the English writer J. Swift: "Just as a person can be recognized by the society in which he rotates, so he can be judged by the language in which he is expressed." Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start the composition with the words of J. Swift.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated.

9.2 Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of the text fragment: “He understood that his daughter was needed not when he carried her in his arms and attended a children's health camp. Namely, now, at the age of sixteen, when the foundation of all future life is being laid.

Give in your essay 2 arguments from the read text that confirm your reasoning.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

9.3 How do you understand the meaning of the phrase LIFE VALUES?

Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic “What are life values”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(1) Smells and screams floated around the house. (2) Nadezhda set the table and cursed with Oksana, who was in the bathroom and answered through the wall. (3) No words were heard, but Korolkov caught the meaning of the conflict. (4) The conflict was that Nadezhda wanted to sit at the table with the youth, but Oksana did not want this and cited other mothers as an example who not only do not sit at the table, but even leave home. (5) Nadezhda screamed that she had spent a week preparing the festive table and all her past life raising Oksana and did not intend to sit in the kitchen like a servant. (6) Korolkov lay on the sofa in his room and thought that Oksana did not know how to talk with her mother, and Nadezhda with her daughter. (7) She commands, humiliating her. (8) And they light up against each other, like a match on boxes. (9) Korolkov knew by himself: you can also achieve something from him only with flattery. (10) Flattery, as it were, raised his possibilities, and he sought to raise himself to this new and pleasant limit for him.

(11) The door opened, and Oksana entered in a long new jacket in the style of "retro", or, as she called it, "retruhi".

- (12) Dad, well, tell her, Oksana complained loudly. - (13) Why is she getting on my nerves?

- (14) How do you talk to your mother? Korolkov snapped.

- (15) Well, dad. (16) Well, why is she sitting with us? (17) I will be tense all the time. (18) She will always blurt out something, and everyone is uncomfortable ...

- (19) What does “blurt out” mean?

- (20) Well, he won’t blurt out. (21) Will make a toast to world peace. (22) Or he will start paying attention to me ... (23) Or he will start putting everyone on plates, as if hunger ...

- (24) It's rather disgusting to listen to you, - Korolkov announced. - (25) You speak like a complete egoist.

- (26) But it's my birthday. (27) I'm sixteen years old. (28) Why on this day can not be done the way I want?

(29) Korolkov looked longingly at her clean, brand new face with brand new bright white teeth and thought that she had fallen in love in childhood and now she would have to reap what she had sown. (30) He understood that his daughter needed him not when he carried her in his arms and attended a children's health camp. (31) Namely, now, at the age of sixteen, when the foundation is being laid for all future life. (32) And not on an outpatient basis, as the doctors say, - he came, he left. (33) And stationary. (34) Every day. (35) In order not to miss possible complications. (36) And complications, as he understood, are inevitable.

(37) They rang the doorbell. (38) Oksana was blown away by the wind along with her displeasure, and a second later her voice was heard - tight and sonorous, like a jet launched under pressure. (39) She was fine. (40) A holiday is ahead, and life is like a holiday.

(According to V. Tokareva) *

* Tokareva Victoria Samoilovna (born in 1937) is a modern Russian prose writer and screenwriter.

Point out the erroneous statement.

1) There are four syllables in the word SOWED.
2) In the word AHEAD, the letter B denotes the sound [f].
3) In the word LICHICO, all consonants have a pair of hardness - softness.
4) There are fewer sounds in the word HOLIDAY than letters.

Explanation.

The soft consonant Ch does not have a hard pair.

The correct answer is number 3.

Answer: 3

Source: GIA - 2013, version 1304

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the English writer J. Swift: "Just as a person can be recognized by the society in which he rotates, so he can be judged by the language in which he is expressed." Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

The essay must be at least 70 words. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Explanation.

Let us give an example of an essay-reasoning in a journalistic style.

A Russian proverb says: "Tell me who your friend is, and I will tell you who you are." Indeed, each person chooses the society in which he will be comfortable, in which he will be understood, and he will understand those around him. The more pretentious a person is in his demands and understanding of life, the higher his moral qualities, the higher the level of his environment. The perception of others depends on how a person speaks: what impression he will make, how his words will be perceived, whether he will achieve the goals pursued. One of the means of attractiveness of the interlocutor is the expressiveness of his speech, which is impossible without mastering the norms of speech culture.