1. In their work, the heads of institutions are guided by the latest methodological literature. 2. According to the author of the work, the need for such an analysis is still relevant today. 3. In the coming years, the cost of goods produced by this factory should be reduced. 4. With her ascetic activity, Mother Teresa has earned wide fame throughout the world. 5. Local executive power must intensify its activities. 6. The decisiveness of his act surprised everyone. 7. A militant mood reigned in the regiment. 8. A large place in the report was devoted to the problems of youth. 9. All travelers need to get a direction from the secretary to the university hotel. 10. A heavy massive cross, a small velvet cap and a red mantle - by these cardinal regalia you will distinguish a cardinal from a simple priest. 11. In this plan, the master's buildings are marked: a summer kitchen, a gazebo, a barn, a garage. 12. She recently completed her master's degree from Oxford University. 13. Let me assure you that such precedents will not be repeated in the future. 14. We have built diplomatic relations with this country. 15. The candidate argued heatedly with his subscribers. 16. The picture causes a sad and pathetic impression. 17. I read both fiction and modern detectives and science fiction. 18. Your attention is given a report on the work of M. Zoshchenko. 19. In the conversation, he made a big mistake. 20. Television has a great influence on young people. 21. Why make such sudden decisions? 22. An unforgettable precedent occurred during our trip along the Volga.23. In winter, Denis was warmed by his memoirs about his summer vacation. 24. Work experience and knowledge of foreign languages ​​play a big role in job interviews. 25. What are the reasons for motivating such an extraordinary act? 26. Successful design of the future requires deep professional knowledge. 27. The doctor warned that there is a possibility of serious complications. 28. Economic policy must now increasingly be guided by such goals. 29. This unit allows you to impressively reduce the temperature of the metal junction. 30. He enjoyed priority among colleagues. 31. It's cold outside, don't forget to wear a hat. 32. His words give me great doubt. 33. That day he was in a very excellent mood. 34. He is just a great leader and leading leader, he has no equal. 35. He seems to speak well, and his outfit is civil. 36. The bird threw itself into the water like a stone and flew up. 37. When we approached the deer, he went to the edge of the forest, occasionally looking back.

Exercise 14. Explain the meaning of phraseological units. Make suggestions with them. Indicate the phraseological units related to the conversational style

Keep your mouth shut, take up your pen, open a new page, sift the tares from the grains, the switchman is guilty, give or take, turn to ashes, from the creation of the world, the Augean stables; Achilles' heel; White crow; Gordian knot; sword of Damocles; Greek gift; embrace of Morpheus; sprinkle ashes on the head; Procrustean bed; burn ships; Sisyphean labor; with a shield or on a shield; three whales.

Exercise 15. Form pairs of antonyms and explain their meaning.

Black blood; maintain character; drive a quitter; without a king in the head; penny price; for distant lands; turn the shafts back; blue blood; two steps; no price; head on shoulders; bend your back.

Exercise 16. Form pairs of synonymous phraseological units and explain their meaning.

Fool the head; sewn with one bast; speak teeth; birds of a feather; The Rubicon has been crossed; at hand; die is cast; two steps; white bone; be careful; blue shelter; keep the ears on top; wipe your nose; plug into the belt; give a misfire; not worth a penny of copper; give a swing; penny price.

Exercise 17. Identify the differences between the given forms of adjectives. Indicate which of these forms do not correspond to the norms of literary speech. Make sentences using literary forms.

1. Deeper - deeper - deeper, higher - higher - higher, lower - lower, more fun - more fun, louder - louder - more sonorous, sweeter - sweeter - sweeter, warmer - warmer, cheaper - cheaper - cheaper - cheaper, slicker - slasher, dexterous - dexterous, younger - younger - younger.

2. The strongest - the strongest - the strongest of all, the most interesting - the most interesting of all - the most interesting, the best - the best, the smallest - the smallest - the least, the most noble - the noblest, the simplest - the simplest, the most honest of all - the most honest - the most honest.

I. 1. Accordingly, we will pay more attention to the second point of view, in order to be able to consider as many reactions as possible. 2. Thanks to the import and export of files in different formats, the "Panel Table" can be used when it is necessary to prepare any files in RTF format for Windows. 3. In Russia, in this historical period, cities began to develop at a rapid pace. 4. Currently, researchers can discuss the prospects offered by a billion transistors located on a chip. 5. These facts speak for the possibility of a wide and varied use of these plant species. 6. These data were confirmed by studying the fine structure of the electric fields generated by fish in an aquarium. 7. In 2001, due to advances in microprocessor technology, even $700 computers will be more powerful than the best machines of 1998. 8. The constant flexibility of the educational process through the active research activities of teachers has become a factor in the survival of the university. 9. Due to the development of social production, the influence of man on nature and the use of its resources is increasing. 10. For the sake of this, it is necessary to fix the hologram on the surface of the transmitting tube and transmit it by radio channel. 11. It can be assumed that the valence bond between this group and the molecule has been broken. 12. The author of the brochure emphasizes a similar phenomenon, says that we are dealing with the same type of microorganisms. 13. As a result of a sufficient amount of data, it would be possible to come to a certain conclusion regarding the course of the reaction. 14. In view of quantum devices, it will be possible to solve such mathematical problems as the factorization of thousand-digit numbers. 15. Interesting results have been obtained by studying the structure of some partial differential equations in closed and open multidimensional spaces. 16. Methods of analysis, practical proposals and even answers to general theoretical questions depend on the solution of this problem.

Topic #3. Scientific Style Syntax

Exercise 1. In the text below, note the stylistic flaws in the structure of a simple sentence (incorrectly constructed sentences in which the construction is displaced or the connection between words is broken; sentences that are syntactically loosely connected, etc.) Pay attention to the ambiguity that is created in some sentences. Correct the text.

1. Folk vocal ensembles and small choral groups do not consist of a combination of traditional parts, but are a collection of lovers and experts in folk songs. 2. Mr. Makaev drew attention to the unfavorable state of labor protection and compliance with safety regulations. 3. An interesting fact arising from these observations is the manifestation of acids in cultures. 4. The collection is designed for concert performance on the stage and, in part, as an artistic and pedagogical repertoire for students of music schools and amateur performances. 5. The eagle and the falcon are the heroes of many songs: “The falcon flies high”, “That is not a falcon flies through the skies”, as well as various versions of the Volga song about the falcon. 6. The nature of this process can be judged by comparing the various methodological variants belonging to the song genres of the most ancient origin, in particular by comparing the most ancient variants with variants that are melodically more developed and of a later origin. 7. The historical basis of many heroic epics of the Kyiv cycle is confirmed by a comparative study of folk epic tales and, on the other hand, by a work of ancient Russian writing. 8. In addition to the lack of food, the researchers did not have reliable assistants in such a complex undertaking.

Task 2 . Note cases of unmotivated inversion and grammatical and stylistic errors associated with incorrect word order. (Remember that any inversion gives the sentence a special expressive-stylistic shade, and in some cases changes the meaning of the statement.) Correct the text where necessary.

1. A distinctive feature of the chorus is the repetition of an unchanged group of words. 2. In the light and food industry, the development of projects for grain silos made of prefabricated reinforced concrete has been included. 3. The nature of the change in free energy with temperature for the three reactions discussed above is illustrated in Figure 39. 4. From cleaning cotton and spinning, all production to bleaching, dyeing and painting is completely mechanized. 5. In northeast Asia, mammoths are believed to have lasted longer and disappeared about seven to eight thousand years ago. 6. Since 1978, the author has carried out various studies on the theory of motion of aerated liquid. 7. Sewing machines are exported only those that meet the standard. 8. The usual packaging for machines to countries with a temperate climate in the form of wooden boxes lined with bituminous paper on the inside is not suitable for packaging machines going to the tropics. 9. Beginning in 1912, it became possible to study collections of the smallest crystalline particles, not captured under a microscope, by means of X-rays. 10. Since then, song cycles have become a phenomenon no less natural for pop music than for chamber music.

Task 3 . Put the predicate in the correct form. Insert the missing letters.

1. A number of researchers involved in this problem believe that the Ural fold system continues further east through the Novaya Zemlya geosyncline. 2. When spray painting, a significant amount of sprayed paint particles flying out of the gun do not fall ... t on the products being painted. 3. The book-reference book for the proofreader is printed ... in the second edition. 4. The chief architect of the workshop, N. Kataev, developed ... a project for the Perm Park of Culture and Recreation. 5. The keyed shaft is lowered ... onto two bearings. 6. SKB, together with the Rostov Agricultural Engineering Plant, developed ... and manufactured ... a new model of a grain harvester. 7. The text of the manuscript is structured in such a way that the interconnection and subordination of its individual parts is clearly seen. 8. Ancient songs have ... a remarkable richness and variety of rhythmic structure. 9. For illustration, the figures show ... a diagram and a general view of the machine with a complete set of equipment. 10. Each node, each detail must be carefully processed.

Task 4. Note the cases of agreement of the predicate with the subject that is not justified by the context. Correct the mistakes.

1. Protection in the form of mountains, protective strips significantly reduce the effect of frost. 2. Of the above schemes, most were parallel. 3. One, and overwhelming, group of authors tend to support this point of view. 4. The sprocket shaft often broke. 5. Advanced literature, like composer music, is close to the best works of folk art. 6. A number of new developments that this pa-

villon, testifies to the bold creative searches of scientists. 7. The new city organization - "Rustavgaz" until recently did not have an appropriate base. 8. The main features of the team are the unity of personal and public interests. 9. Process of giving and control of products are completely automated. 10. The second contrasting episode - the middle part of the march - is located between the last two works of the main melody. 11. The consumption of material and all parts is reduced by half. 12. The history of the life and work of Scarlatti has only recently become the subject of study and research.

Task 5. Mark in the given sentences the cases of incorrect agreement of the definition. Correct the mistakes.

1. Two pastoral interludes serve as a contrast to the intensely developing musical and dramatic action. 2. A similar rhythmic warehouse is found in many other versions of the choral song "Lipenki". 3. Recently, a group of Nizhny Tagil metallurgists visited the Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk Combine. 4. Both carbon electrodes are machined from carbon rods. 5. There are three interchangeable metrological springs in the design of the machine. 6. On the front side of the panel there is a power switch, a fuse, two control lights. 7. To ensure the accuracy of the part, two technological holes for the clamps are punched in the tape. 8. The box is installed between the seventh and eighth workplaces.

Task 6. Note cases of use of forms of controlled words that are not justified by the context and point out grammatical and stylistic errors for control. Correct the text.

1. In two or more cases, a breakdown of the mechanism was observed. 2. Collections are designed for agricultural workers of mass professions. 3. The speaker pointed out that educational work among drivers is still poorly carried out in some transport enterprises, and this leads to a decrease in discipline, to various traffic accidents. 4. In the North Caucasus, areas of high salt content are often found. 5. In the first part, along with a description of the characteristics of the fuel, a description of the types of engines is included. 6. The honor and brilliant position did not in the least shake Beethoven's republican convictions and democratic sympathies. 7. The monograph describes the current state of all branches of the food industry. 8. When boiling, sodium fluoride is added. 9. At present, our efforts are directed towards mastering the technique of manufacturing equipment and building structures. 10. In this paper, we will not consider other possible measurement methods. 11. These facts speak for the possibility of a wide and varied use of algae. 12. The author emphasizes that such phenomena indicate that we are dealing with the same type of microorganism. 13. Comparison of the properties of aluminum and copper shows that aluminum wires have a number of advantages over copper ones.

Task 7. Think about the examples in which the "stringing" of the same cases is not justified by the context. Eliminate this stylistic defect, taking into account the style of the statement.

1. Creative processing of the image of the courtyard goes along the line of enhancing the display of the tragedy of his fate. 2. Research is underway to create capacitors of higher power. 3. Numerous attempts to estimate the magnitude of the interaction force have not yielded any results. 4. At an extraordinary meeting, the issue of organizing the unloading of equipment and the deployment of a scientific station on an ice floe was discussed. 5. At the meeting, the question of the need to improve the work of the department of agriculture of the editorial office of the regional newspaper was repeatedly raised. 6. The work is an attempt to summarize the experience of surgical treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. 7. The book contains a presentation of the theory and experiments in solving the equations for the range of radar stations. 8. The book outlines the basic principles of the technology of processing elements of machine parts.

Task 8. Correct the mistakes related to the incorrect use of the allied word "which" and the violation of the order of words in a complex sentence. Indicate in which cases there is no ambiguity of the statement.

1. In his novel, Gorky truthfully and vividly paints for us the image of Pelageya Nilovna, which reflects the great process of awakening the masses. 2. The collection contains the most important articles of famous teachers, in which they analyze the problems of education. 3. The plant will be equipped with a special workshop with a constant temperature and air humidity, in which it is planned to assemble high-strength machine tools. 4. In all welding work with fluoroplastics, strong ventilation is a necessary condition, due to the toxicity of gases developing during the partial decomposition of fluoroplastics, which is difficult to completely avoid during welding. 5. The exception is the production of synthetic fibers, which continues to develop rapidly. 6. Electronic computing technology is becoming increasingly important due to the huge scale of work on the automation of production processes that are being carried out in the country. 7. The collection includes ditties composed not only in the Smolensk region, but also in other areas that currently exist in the regions of the Smolensk region. 8. During testing, the sample is placed in a special hermetic chamber, cooled by water, from which gas is pumped out to a high vacuum.

Task 9. Correct grammatical and stylistic errors in the use of participles and participles.

I. 1. The article correctly emphasizes the role of the steam engine, which dominated English industry during the industrial revolution. 2. Not so long ago, bones of animals inhabiting our planet for millions were found in the alluvial layers of clay in karst caves near Odessa.

years ago. 3. The final stage of installation of technological equipment, carried out after the construction of buildings, is not taken into account here. 4. In contrast to the models previously produced, the design of the rollers in the specified roller table is solved in a new way. 5. The design of the arches was calculated taking into account the impacts that may arise during their installation. 6. The author publishes documents covering events taking place in the 15th century. 7. Between the first and second sections, in comparison with the models previously produced, the shape of the rollers has been changed. 8. Water filtering through concrete dissolves the cement stone.

II. 1. The brochure contains the technical data of the expansion joint of the named plant, which has received wide application. 2. World science has so far the only spectrum of the glow of the night sky, obtained by the Pulkovo astronomer, which indicates the presence of nitrogen in the atmosphere of Venus. 3. The work of the German researcher Hans Peters Schmitz “The Sound Technique of Father Angramel” is very interesting. 4. The book is designed for locomotive crews, and may also be useful for employees of the first and second electric depots associated with the operation and repair of electric locomotives. 5. The colon is placed in sentences with homogeneous members located after the generalizing word. 6. The station produces millions of kilowatt-hours of electricity, equal to the energy of all Georgian power plants generated today.

Task 10 . Correct the grammatical and stylistic errors in the use of adverbial phrases in the given examples.

1. Taking into account the non-linear dependence of the period of oscillation of the sensor on the measured value, the method of linearization of the sensor characteristic was used in the device for the first time. 2. Knowing the period between stops of the same pendulum, the modulus of elasticity can be easily calculated using known equations. 3. Using both of the connection methods discussed here, any of the elements listed in the table can be used to power battery receivers. 4. By increasing the weight on bit and the number of revolutions of the rotor, the drilling speed in these formations increased. 5. The descent is made from the end of the wire closest to the receiver, using the continuation of the antenna wire for this. 6. Often, when studying alkaloid plants, a certain pattern is found in their development. 7. Having brought one of the pendulums into oscillatory motion, the second pendulum will also begin to oscillate. 8. Attaching great importance to the influence of shape on the formation of ingots, a number of experiments were carried out. 9. Having found out that non-metallic inclusions remain in the ingot, the question arises of where they will be located. 10. The sources of creativity of architects were national traditions, which were not only studied, but also reproduced, adapting them to new tasks. 11. Based on the adopted design solution, the turbocompressor unit includes a vertical step-up gearbox. 12. Using these formulas, dependency graphs were built.

Task 11. Mark in the given text cases of unmotivated use of constructions with verbal nouns and grammatical and stylistic errors resulting from the abuse of verbal nouns. Correct the text where necessary.

1. The brochure deals with the malignancy of the tumor. 2. Opening the vats during dyeing leads to a violation of the technological regime. 3. To support the central ring, the stand had to be extended by 7 m. 4. Baldness and hair loss can be prevented by rubbing them with the recommended liquid. 5. Writing dictations is necessary to improve literacy. 6. The peasants, outraged by the news that the nobility hid the letter on the abolition of serf labor by Maria Theresa, went to Prague in January and February 1775. 7. As you rise above sea level, the air temperature changes in a certain sequence. 8. The article provides data on changes in the consumption of various types of fuel in many states.

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Speech is a channel for the development of intellect,
the sooner the language is learned,
the easier and more complete the knowledge will be assimilated.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

Speech is conceived by us as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intellect and, a way of knowing the complex relationships of nature, things, society and transmitting this information through communication.

Obviously, both learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this respect. All people make mistakes, both in and in oral speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as an idea of ​​"", is inextricably linked with the concept of a speech error. In fact, these are parts of one process, which means that, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's look at what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from the current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live normally, work and communicate with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Zeitlin writes: “The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's consider special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or pronunciation errors occur as a result of violation of the rules of orthoepy. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. They also include accentological errors - violation of the norms of stress. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plot” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktric” (“electric”), “colidor” (“corridor”), “laboratory” (“laboratory”), “thousand” (“thousand”), “right now” (“now”).

stress: “calling”, “dialogue”, “agreement”, “catalog”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beetroot”, “phenomenon”, “chauffeur”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors - violation of the rules of vocabulary, first of all - the use of words in unusual meanings, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They are of several types.

The use of a word in an unusual sense. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type, there are three subtypes:

• Mixing words that are close in meaning: "He read the book back."
• Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, ear - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
• Mixing words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diplomat, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignorant. "Cashier for business trips" (necessary - seconded).

word writing. Error examples: Georgian, heroism, underground workers, winder.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the line of their real meanings. For example, you cannot say: I raise this toast", since "raise" means "move", which is not consistent with the wish. “Through the door wide open” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (slightly open) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “May month”, “traffic route”, “address of residence”, “huge metropolis”, “to be on time”. A tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “The task was set”, “One public organization acted as the organizer”, “I wish you long creative longevity”.

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in an unusual meaning. Yu. V. Fomenko distinguishes 7 varieties:

• Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “While the essence and the case” instead of “While the court and the case”;
• Truncation of a phraseological unit: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseologism: “hit his head against the wall”);
• Expansion of the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “You turned to the wrong address” (phraseologism: contact the address);
• Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: "I can't stand to sit with my hands folded." Correct: "difficult";
• Contamination (association) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything idly by” (a combination of phraseological units “sleeveless” and “idly folded”);
• The combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "A random stray bullet";
• The use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: "Today we're going to talk about the film from cover to cover."

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are the incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers”.

Syntax errors

Syntax errors are associated with a violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules for combining words. There are a lot of varieties of them, so we will give only a few examples.

• Wrong match: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
• Mismanagement: "Pay for the fare";
• Syntactic ambiguity: "Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression"(did Mayakovsky read or did you read Mayakovsky's works?);
• Structural offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask you is attention”;
• Extra correlative word in the main sentence: "We were looking at those stars that dotted the whole sky."

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of spelling, hyphenation, abbreviation of words. characteristic of speech. For example: “The dog barked”, “sit on chairs”, “come to the railway station”, “Russian. language", "gram. error".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks with.

Stylistic mistakes

We devoted a separate topic to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Your speech work should include:

1. Reading fiction.
2. Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
3. Communication with educated people.
4. Constant work on improving the culture of speech.

Online course "Russian language"

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course "" to these topics. In the classroom, you will get the opportunity to work out the skill of competent writing using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of the material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Sources

• Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. - St. Petersburg, 1997.
• Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
• Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors ...
• Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. - Novosibirsk: NGPU, 1994.
• Zeitlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

Task 3. Purity, accuracy, consistency, relevance of speech. Speech errors.

1. Accuracy of speech. Speech errors associated with a violation of the accuracy of speech.

2. Purity of speech. Purity of speech as a requirement of the lexical norm. Errors associated with violation of the purity of speech. Features of the use of dialect and slang words.

3. Logic of speech. Logic errors. 4. Richness of speech. 5. Relevance of speech.

Tasks: Make a card file of speech errors in oral and written speech (10 - 15 units). Specify the source, type of error, and the corrected version.

Make a card file of logical errors in speech and writing (5 - 10 units). Specify the source, type of error, and the corrected version.

Determine the type of error, give the corrected version:

1. It seems that Tolkien has firmly established himself in the cultural field of St. Petersburg.

2. The main function in the text is nouns.

3. I am going to live in a democratic country and lead a respectable life.

4. You need to understand that the defendant is the same ordinary person as we are.

5. All guests and participants of the festival spoke about the high potential of avant-garde ballet.

6. It is necessary to prolong the system of taxation in order to avoid price disparity during the sowing period.

7. Ankle boots for women - an exclusive model.

8. Prices are cheaper here.

9. The opening will play the desired effect in the development of the economy.

10. The standard of living of the population improved every year.

11. We talked about the prospects for the future.

12. With a gold medal, his paths to the university are ordered.

13. Representatives of youth prevailed among those gathered.

14. The thesis that constantly motivated the speakers.

15. A detachment of volunteers did some work to help those affected by the flood.

16. The administration of one of the Novocheboksarsk enterprises turned to the local city hospital to investigate the fact of the illegal issuance of a sick leave to one of the employees.

17. A well-armed opposition is stirring up water. The conflict between the parties inflamed in earnest.

18. A man in Chechen folklore is identified with a lone wolf.

19. My soul bleeds when I see something like that.

20. Today I didn’t even eat poppy dew.

21. His tongue was suspended from birth.

22. Under his personality was a cunning politician.

23. You still don’t understand what’s in the forehead, what’s in the eye.

24. Not only revolutionaries were against the existing system, but also women.

25. Received disability benefits.

26. Bogatyrs in Russia were famous for their strength, stature, health, beautiful wives.

27. The life story of Matrena Timofeevna was not easy.

28. She had a technical background and a sassy beauty.

29. You told me fairy tales, but I didn't believe you.

30. Yesenin's poems are easy to understand in comparison with some other poets.

31. The observations are correct, but a little lumped together.

32. Just before the New Year, the North Caucasus Fund released a guide.

33. Reading his letters, I literally die with laughter

34. The gift of a scientist-organizer is one of the unique types of human talent.

35. It occupies about 17% of the market.

36. The wife called, everything is fine with her, she is just in shock.

37. Incomes of the population have grown over the past two years by as much as 14%.

38. As a result of reading, I myself did not receive a more or less convincing answer.

39. Fyodor Chaliapin once completely forgot where he promised to speak.

40. Russian culture will melt away completely in a couple of generations.

41. Tolstoy truthfully, but with great artistic power, showed the Russian peasantry.

42. Now every citizen has the opportunity to own property.

43. We can expect economic growth by next year.

Test

Find the rows containing phrases with lexical mismatch (at least one of the phrases in the row with a lexical error):

1. the ability to own property; significantly improve the level;

3. level up; produce the desired effect;

4. Strengthen requirements; functions are assigned to the head;

5. is essential; the level of production rises;

6. earn respect; take action;

7. play an important role; sum up the results of the meeting;

8. emphasize; pay special attention;

9. a lot of space is given to the issue; carry the main function;

10. high potential; cheap prices.

Mark the sentences that do not contain lexical errors:

1. An unexpected surprise was presented by a famous artist.

2. We talked about the prospects for the future.

3. Organized a free trial of French cosmetics.

4. The meeting reached consensus on general issues.

5. The talent of the organizer is one of the unique types of human talent.

6. We've been under pressure for the last five years.

7. The results of the study were presented to the commission.

8. The travel certificate was issued on time.

9. The speaker devoted most of his speech to an analysis of the political situation.

10. Employees have a headache, but they, unfortunately, do not use their full potential.

Classification of speech errors

Phraseological errors

1. Ignorance of semantics: He ran without hind legs. By letting loose his moral core, a person ceases to develop.

2. Ignorance of compatibility:

3. Ignorance of stylistic coloring: seven spans in the forehead, good riddance.

4. Destruction of the phraseological unit structure:

a) grammatical changes (gender, number, case, aspect change...): on bare feet.

b) lexical changes (new components, extra words, synonyms): hellish Sisyphean labor.

c) contamination of 2 or more phraseological units: not worth a penny.

5. Literal understanding of phraseology: They have kind the earth, not sparing sweat.

In Latin there is a word lapsus. It denotes a mistake in a person's speech. From this word, the well-known abbreviation of a blunder appeared. Only if a blunder is considered a gross violation of the norms of speech, then lapsus does not have such a strict meaning. Unfortunately, there is no analogue of this word, which denotes speech errors, in modern Russian. But lapsus are found everywhere.

Speech errors are divided into normative errors and misprints. Misprints are mechanical errors. In the text, the word may be spelled incorrectly, which will complicate the perception of information. Or, instead of one word, another is accidentally used. Misprints are also found in spoken language. These are reservations that can be heard from people every day.

Mechanical errors occur unconsciously, but a lot depends on them. Mistakes in writing numbers create a distortion of factual information. And the wrong spelling of words can completely change the meaning of what was said. One scene from Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day, directed by Miguel Arteta, illustrates well the problem of typos. The printing house mixed up the letters "p" and "s" and in the children's book they wrote the phrase "You can burp on the bed" instead of "You can jump on the bed." And according to the plot of the film, this situation resulted in a scandal.

Special attention was paid to misprints during the Stalinist repressions, when an incorrectly written word cost a person his life. It is impossible to eradicate the problem of typos, since a person makes them unconsciously. The only way you can avoid this type of speech error is to be careful when writing the text, carefully choosing the words you will pronounce.

Types of regulatory errors

Speech errors are associated with a violation of the norms of the Russian language. Types of speech errors:

• orthoepic;
• morphological;
• spelling;
• syntactically-punctuation;
• stylistic;
• lexical.

spelling error

A pronunciation error is associated with a violation of the norms of orthoepy. It appears only in oral speech. This is an erroneous pronunciation of sounds, words or phrases. Pronunciation errors also include incorrect stress.

The distortion of words occurs in the direction of reducing the number of letters. For example, when instead of "thousand" the word "thousand" is pronounced. If you want to speak competently and beautifully, you should rid your speech of such words. The erroneous pronunciation of the word "of course" - "of course" is also common.

Pronouncing the correct stress is not only correct, but also fashionable. Surely you have heard how people correct the wrong accent in the words “Alcohol”, “ringing”, “contract” to the correct ones - “alcohol”, “ringing” and “contract”. Incorrect emphasis has recently been more noticeable than before. And the opinion of your erudition depends on the observance of the norms of pronunciation.

Morphological error

Morphology is a branch of linguistics in which words and their parts are the object of study. Morphological errors are obtained due to the incorrect formation of word forms of various parts of speech. The reasons are incorrect declension, errors in the use of gender and number.

For example, "doctors" instead of "doctor". This is a morphological error in the use of the plural.

Often use the wrong form of the word when changing the case. The genitive case of the word apples is apples. Sometimes the words use the wrong form of "apples" instead.

Common morphological errors - incorrect spelling of numerals:

"The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches." In this example, the word "fifty" was not declined. Correct spelling: "The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches."

In the use of adjectives, the mistake of misusing the comparative degree is common. For example, such usage: "more beautiful" instead of "more beautiful". Or "the highest" instead of "the highest" or "the highest".

Spelling mistake

Spelling errors are the wrong spelling of words. They arise when a person does not know the correct spelling of a word. Have you ever received a message where you found grammatical errors. A common example is writing the word "sorry" with an "e". To prevent such spelling errors from happening to you, read as much as possible. Reading stimulates the perception of the correct spelling of words. And if you are used to reading correctly written text, then you will write without making grammatical errors.

Spelling errors, in principle, happen due to ignorance of the correctness of words. Therefore, if you are not sure about the written word, you should consult a dictionary. At work, learn the list of words specific to your field that you need to remember and in which you should never make grammatical errors.

Syntax and punctuation errors

These types of speech errors occur when punctuation marks are incorrectly set and words are combined incorrectly in phrases and sentences.

Missing dashes, extra commas - this refers to punctuation errors. Do not be too lazy to open the textbook if you are not sure about setting the comma. Again, this is a problem that can be dealt with by reading a lot of books. You get used to the correct punctuation and already on an intuitive level it is difficult for you to make a mistake.

Syntax violations are common. Coordination errors are common. “For happiness, a person needs a favorite place to relax, work, a happy family.” The word "need" in this sentence does not fit in the enumeration. You need to use "need".

Professional editors find that management error is common. When a word is replaced with a synonym or a similar word, but the control does not agree with the new word.

An example of a management error: "They praised and congratulated Alina for the victory."

They praised Alina. They brought congratulations to Alina. Parts of the proposal do not agree due to mismanagement. After "praised" you need to add the word "her" to correct the mistake.

Stylistic mistakes

Unlike other types of errors, stylistic errors are based on a distortion of the meaning of the text. Classification of the main stylistic speech errors:

• Pleonasm. The phenomenon occurs frequently. Pleonasm is a redundant expression. The author expresses the thought, supplementing it with all understandable information. For example, “a minute of time has passed”, “he told the true truth”, “a secret spy was following the passenger”. A minute is a unit of time. Truth is truth. A spy is a secret agent anyway.
• Cliche. These are well-established phrases that are very often used. Cliches cannot be fully attributed to speech errors. Sometimes their use is appropriate. But if they are often found in the text, or if the cliché of the conversational style is used in business, this is a serious speech error. The expressions "to win", "golden autumn", "overwhelming majority" belong to the cliché.
• Tautology. A mistake in which the same or single-root words are often repeated. In one sentence, the same word should not be repeated. It is desirable to exclude repetitions in adjacent sentences.

Sentences in which this mistake was made: “He smiled, his smile filled the room with light”, “Katya blushed from red wine”, “Peter loved to go fishing and catch fish.”

• Violation of word order. In English, the word order is much stricter than in Russian. It is distinguished by a clear construction of parts of the sentence in a certain sequence. In Russian, you can swap word combinations as you would like. But at the same time, it is important not to lose the meaning of the statement.

To prevent this from happening, follow two rules:

1. The order of words in a sentence can be direct and reverse, depending on the subject and predicate.
2. Secondary members of the sentence must agree with the words on which they depend.

Lexical speech errors

Vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language. Mistakes occur when you write or talk about something you don't understand. More often, errors in the meanings of words occur for several reasons:

• The word is obsolete and rarely used in modern Russian.
• The word refers to a highly specialized vocabulary.
• The word is a neologism and its meaning is not common.

Classification of lexical speech errors:

• False synonym. A person considers several words that are not synonyms as synonyms. For example, authority is not popularity, and features are not differences. Examples where the mistake was made:"The singer was an authority among young people" instead of "The singer was popular among young people." "Brother and sister had many differences in character" instead of "Brother and sister had many differences in character."
• Use of similar sounding words. For example, the use of the word "single" when it is necessary to say "ordinary". Instead of the word "Indian" they can write the erroneous "turkey".
• Confusion in close-meaning words. "Interviewer" and "Interviewee", "Subscriber" and "Subscription", "Address" and "Addressor".
• Unintentional formation of new words.

It's easy to make a speech error. Sometimes this happens in the case of a reservation, and sometimes the problem lies in ignorance of any norm of the Russian language or because of the confusion of the meanings of words. Read a lot of books, speak correctly and do not hesitate to once again refer to a dictionary or textbook. Constantly work on oral and written speech so that the number of errors is close to zero.