Which programming language to choose, what tasks to focus on and how to allocate time on the exam

Teaches computer science at Foxford

Different universities require different IT entrance exams. Somewhere you need to pass physics, somewhere - computer science. Which exam to prepare for is up to you, but it should be borne in mind that the competition in the specialty where you need to pass physics is usually lower than in the specialties where the exam in computer science is required, i.e. the likelihood of entering "through physics" is greater.

Why then take the Unified State Exam in Computer Science?

• It is faster and easier to prepare for it than for physics.
• You will be able to choose from more specialties.
• It will be easier for you to study in the chosen specialty.

What you need to know about the exam in computer science

The Unified State Exam in Informatics consists of two parts. In the first part there are 23 problems with a short answer, in the second - 4 problems with a detailed answer. The first part of the exam contains 12 basic-level assignments, 10 advanced-level assignments and 1 high-level assignment. In the second part - 1 task of an advanced level and 3 - a high one.

Solving problems from the first part allows you to score 23 primary points - one point for the completed task. Solving the problems of the second part adds 12 primary points (3, 2, 3 and 4 points for each problem, respectively). Thus, the maximum primary points that can be obtained for solving all tasks is 35.

Primary scores are converted into test scores, which are the result of the exam. 35 primary points = 100 test points for the exam. At the same time, more test points are awarded for solving problems from the second part of the exam than for answering the problems of the first part. Each primary score earned in the second part of the exam will give you 3 or 4 test points, which adds up to about 40 final exam points.

This means that when completing the Unified State Exam in Informatics, it is necessary to pay special attention to solving problems with a detailed answer: No. 24, 25, 26 and 27. Their successful completion will allow you to score more final points. But the cost of an error during their implementation is higher - the loss of each primary point is fraught with the fact that you will not pass the competition, because 3-4 final points for the exam with high competition in IT specialties can become decisive.

How to Prepare for Part One Challenges

• Pay special attention to tasks number 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20, 23. These tasks, according to the analysis of the results of the past years, are especially difficult. Difficulties with the solution of these problems are experienced not only by those whose overall score for the Unified State Exam in computer science turned out to be low, but also "good students" and "excellent students".
• Memorize the table of powers of number 2.
• Remember that Kbytes in tasks means Kibybytes, not Kilobytes. 1 kibyte = 1024 bytes. This will help to avoid computational errors.
• Carefully study the options for the USE from previous years. The computer science exam is one of the most stable, which means that you can safely use the USE options for the last 3-4 years for preparation.
• Get to know the different options for the wording of the tasks. Remember that minor wording changes will always result in poor exam scores.
• Read the problem statement carefully. Most of the errors in completing assignments are associated with a misunderstanding of the condition.
• Learn to independently check the completed tasks and find errors in the answers.

What you need to know about solving problems with a detailed answer

24 task - to find an error

25 task requires drawing up a simple program

Problem 26 - on game theory

27 task - it is necessary to program a complex program

The main difficulty in the exam is 27 problems. It can be solved only60-70% of those writing the exam in computer science. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it is impossible to prepare for it in advance. Every year a fundamentally new problem is presented for the exam. When solving problem # 27, not a single semantic error should be allowed.

How to time your exam

Focus on the data that are given in the specification of control measuring materials for the exam in informatics. It indicates the approximate time allotted for completing the tasks of the first and second parts of the exam.

The exam in computer science lasts 235 minutes

Of these, 90 minutes are devoted to solving problems from the first part. On average, each task from the first part takes 3 to 5 minutes. It takes 10 minutes to solve problem 23.

There are 145 minutes left to solve the tasks of the second part of the exam, while solving the last problem # 27 will take at least 55 minutes. These calculations were performed by specialists from the Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements and are based on the results of past exams, so they should be taken seriously and used as a guide for the exam.

Programming languages ​​- which one to choose

1. BASIC. It is an outdated language, and although it is still taught in schools, there is no point in wasting time mastering it.
2. School algorithmic programming language. It is designed specifically for early learning in programming, convenient for mastering the initial algorithms, but practically does not contain depth, there is nowhere to develop in it.
3. Pascal. It is still one of the most common programming languages ​​for teaching in schools and universities, but its capabilities are severely limited. Pascal is quite suitable as a writing language for the exam.
4. C ++. A universal language, one of the fastest programming languages. It is difficult to learn from it, but in practical application its possibilities are very wide.
5. Python... It is easy to learn at an elementary level, the only thing that is required is knowledge of the English language. At the same time, with an in-depth study of Python, it provides the programmer with no less opportunities than C ++. Having started learning "Python" at school, you will use it in the future, you do not have to relearn to another language in order to reach new horizons in programming. To pass the exam, it is enough to know "Python" at a basic level.

Good to know

• Informatics works are evaluated by two experts. If the results of the experts' assessment differ by 1 point, the higher of the two points is given. If the discrepancy is 2 points or more, the work is rechecked by a third expert.
• A useful site for preparing for the exam in computer science -

You cannot pass exams in the authorities for a long time to get a driver's license? Are you too nervous and worried before exams? Our advice will help you gain confidence in your abilities, and our recommendations will allow you to pass the traffic and driving exams in the traffic police the first time.

For many of us, the most difficult thing during the exams at the traffic police was. The thing is that during the delivery of the theory, each candidate for drivers is given 20 minutes. In total, you can make two mistakes. In the case of the third error, the theoretical exam will be considered not passed and then a retake will have to be done. Any newbie who graduated and came to the exams at the traffic police is very nervous during the exam, because he fears that he will not have enough time and that he will make more than two mistakes.

Therefore, each of us is nervous in advance long before the examinations in the traffic police. Dealing with your anxiety is very difficult. Therefore, together with a driving instructor with more than 15 years of experience, we have developed our instructions and simple tips that will help you cope with the excitement on the eve of examinations at the traffic police, which will allow you to pass all tests the first time.

Our advice must be followed from the first days when you started your training at a driving school. Then, after completing the course, you will be calmer, which will help you to pass the traffic rules and driving exam in the traffic police without undue effort.

Plan your time

Regularity of attending classes

If you have the opportunity to regularly attend lessons at a driving school, then do not miss the lessons in any case. Also remember that in order to maintain a normal driving experience, you need to drive a car for at least 2 hours a week.

This will help you progress successfully in your driving skills. Try to be with the same instructor, as each teacher has a different teaching method that may not fit with another auto instructor's teaching methods. The more you learn to drive with one instructor, the more you will start to trust each other. This is very important, because in the absence of a trusting relationship between a student and a teacher, it can lead to the opposite effect of the quality of teaching.

Record your progress

Keep yourself motivated by marking and writing down all your successes and achievements. Keep a kind of learning diary where you record your progress. You can also write down your temporary failures there in order to set specific goals for yourself to achieve. Some auto instructors create curricula that each student gradually follows through. If there is no such plan, you can make it yourself, specifying everything in it (starting the engine, starting from a standstill, shifting speeds, etc., etc.).

This curriculum will help you to look at the learning process in a real way, realizing your achievements and failures.

Practice

After you have passed a certain number of hours of driving training, after which you feel that you can easily do without an instructor, then we advise you to practice on a special site on your own, taking a relative or acquaintance with you. If your friends or relatives have a car, then you can use it, and you will not have to give extra money to an auto instructor to consolidate your skill. Your task is to drive as much as possible to gain experience. Remember, the more you drive, the more confidence you will have.

Stay focused in between classes

On those days when you are free from theoretical and practical lessons in a driving school, we advise you to practice on the Internet. For example, on our website you can take a test for your knowledge of traffic rules. This section presents the original traffic rules tickets that will be offered to you in the traffic police.

Even if at the moment you have not passed all the rules of the road at the driving school, still practice passing tickets every day, paying attention to the comments on the tickets, which explain why this or that question must be answered in a certain way. Also on our website you can study. With practice, every day you increase the chance to pass exams in Gai the first time. Even if the process of cramming is very difficult for you, then answering online traffic tickets every day, you willy-nilly will memorize the correct answers.

Having learned the rules of the road, you will understand what can happen on the road and correctly read the various situations that may arise every day on your way.

Take a test online on the eve of passing the exam in the traffic police

On the eve of passing the theoretical exam in the traffic police, go online to be confident in your abilities. If you successfully pass tickets online for a long time, then almost certainly you will not have problems with passing the exams at the traffic police. But even if you think that you know all the answers to all questions, we still advise you to take online testing on the eve of the exams to be 100 percent sure.

Practice on the flyover and on the site

Find out from the instructor all the necessary steps that you will have to go through in the traffic police on the site. Work with him these actions to automatism. If you paid for a small number of driving, we advise you to pay extra for them in order to perfect the actions that you will do in the traffic police (garage, overpass, etc.). If you do not have extra money for additional driving lessons, then you can independently consolidate your skills on the car of your friends or relatives on a specialized site.

On the eve of the practical exam in Gai, you should go to bed early in order to sleep and be in good shape. We advise you to consolidate your skills the day before, repeating all the actions that you will have to do on the site in Gai on the site.

The next day, when you get behind the wheel of the exam car, before you start, mentally repeat all the actions that need to be done. This will allow you to more confidently pass the practical exam.

Keep calm

Anytime you feel stressed, feel like you’ve lost your composure, or made a mistake on an exam, take a few deep breaths. Try to control yourself. Some mistakes are not over yet. This kind of self-control will keep your composure. Remember that if you are nervous, your actions will almost certainly not be perfect.

If you often make mistakes during the time that makes you mad, then try to pull yourself together or take a break from learning, because in this state the learning process will not be effective. If your instructor asks you to perform an action, but you are nervous and do not understand what is required of you, then try to calm down and ask the instructor to repeat what is required of you.

Learn, learn and learn ...

Once you have successfully passed the exams and obtained, do not stop your driving training. We advise you to contact an auto instructor who specializes in training non-beginners (training is not from scratch). Typically, such teachers specialize in teaching drivers who have already received, but have little driving practice.

Such lessons will teach you more extreme driving and will allow you to independently learn to read various situations on the roads. Often, many beginners who are just starting to drive on the roads, due to the lack of driving experience, are afraid to drive a car. Due to uncertainty, beginners often make a large number of mistakes, which sometimes lead to accidents.

After obtaining your license, you must go through the training process for driving in the dark, in any bad weather conditions, and you must learn how to drive on motorways. Unfortunately, in the process of training at a driving school, you will not receive such skills without additional payment. Therefore, it is imperative for you to undergo additional driving training in real conditions on the road.

We also wanted to draw your attention to the fact that after driving about 6000-8000 kilometers, you may have a false sense of confidence. Be careful. A similar feeling arises for everyone who begins to drive a car often. At this point, soberly assess your skills and realistically realize that experience is still not enough to be overly self-confident.

Try not to exceed the set speed. It is during this period that beginners get into terrible accidents. Reason. It is also common for newbies who have felt false self-confidence to be unable to cope with an unforeseen situation on the road, which often leads to bad consequences. The reason is the lack of the necessary driving experience.

Those parents, whose children will receive the cherished letters of the Unified State Exam in the coming year, are already worried about their students and are storming information portals in search of the latest information on the procedure for passing exams this year.

Still would. Eleventh grade is not only a time for carefree first love, but also a crucial time when the fate of a child is being decided. This is the very case when you need to have time for everything: learn your lessons, prepare for the exam, fall in love unrequitedly, go on a date and ... be sure to pass the exam. Brilliant, decent or just bearable - who has what tasks.

The final exam in the Russian language, which will be discussed, is mandatory, which means that obtaining the coveted certificate with a high score in this subject seriously brings the graduate closer to the university of his dreams.

You can treat the USE in different ways, but at the moment it is this format that has firmly settled in our education system and has established itself as a fairly objective form of testing the knowledge of graduates throughout Russia.

I can reassure my parents: in my memory, there are very few cases of unsatisfactory passing of the exam by schoolchildren. You don't need to panic too much. But it is definitely worthwhile to schedule the preparation schedule in advance and at least approximately determine the rate of repetition of the material (in grades 10-11, the study of new material in Russian lessons is not provided).

My experience of working with schoolchildren who have to take the Unified State Exam shows:

those who adhere to at least some plan, outlined in advance, and systematically devote time to preparation, in general, perform better than those who prefer improvisation and spontaneity (simply put, they prepare in the last month).

When to start preparing? The answer to this question depends on the progress in the subject and the individual pace of the student. A year - that much time is most often required to systematically review the material, fill in the gaps and practice on exam assignments.

So, here are the three main rules that you need to remember when preparing for the exam.

1. "Fifty fifty"

Remember, in a popular TV show, the presenter Maxim Galkin turned to the computer with a request to remove incorrect answers? Two out of four answers disappeared, clearly wrong. And the player painfully chose between two positions, relying on intelligence or intuition. A similar principle works in the exam. Among the proposed answers, it is easy to calculate the exact wrong ones. Even a C grade student can confidently cope with this. But to give a final answer, you have to break your head and remember the rule.

If the child does not remember the rule firmly, he may fall into the "trap", choose the option that only masquerades as the correct one.

Let me give you an example. In the task, you need to find and write out the word in which E is written:

Insist ... vat, jump off ... vat, fool ... vy, almonds ... vy.

Schoolboy vaguely remembering rule about suffixes -liv / -chiv , which are written with AND, argues like this: in the word "almond ... yy" the suffix -liv-, without checking that almond is a root, which means that this rule does not apply to this adjective. Also, a child can react to the little-known word "holy fool ..." and make a mistake by choosing it.

Tasks. At the end of August, the official data on the 2019 Unified State Exam came out with minor changes in the structure of assignments.

👉 Russian language

1. Changed the criteria for evaluating the essay. Now the emphasis should be on the comments of the problem rather than on the arguments. You can get a maximum of 5 points for a comment and illustration examples, and only 1 point for your attitude to the author's position.

Demonstration task for writing an essay in 2019

Demonstration task for writing an essay in 2018

3. Changed the format of tasks 2, 9-12.

👉 Biology

1. Changed the model of the task 2. Now it is not necessary to choose two correct answers out of the five proposed, but to work with the table. You can get 1 point for it.

Demonstration options for task 2 for the exam 2019

Demonstration options for task 2 for the exam 2019

2. Reduced the maximum score for all tasks from 59 to 58 points.

👉 Foreign language

We clarified the criteria for evaluating the assignment for writing an essay and added a second topic for it to choose from. So students will be able to write an essay on what they know better.

Demonstration version of task 40 on the exam in English 2019

👉 Literature

Clarified the evaluation criteria for some tasks with a detailed answer: 8, 9, 15, 16 and 17.1-17.4.

👉 Social Studies

1. We clarified the wording of task 25 and increased the maximum score for its implementation from 3 to 4. Accordingly, the maximum score for all tasks increased from 64 to 65.

Demonstration version of task 25 for the exam 2019

Demonstration version of task 25 for the exam 2018

2. We also clarified the wording of tasks 28 and 29 and the criteria for their assessment.

Demonstration version of task 21 for the exam 2019

Technologies. Envelopes with individual sets are now not paper sheets, but disks. Forms and CMMs are printed right in the classroom with students. Rosobrnadzor claims that this excludes data leakage.

In the next year, in some regions, tasks will be transmitted via the Internet. Therefore, if you come across on the Internet "merged" tasks from the upcoming USE, then, most likely, these are old options from the open bank of FIPI assignments. Be careful and don't pay any money to the scammers.

There is also an online broadcast in the classrooms during the exam. In 2018, she came from 93% of the sites. The entries can be revised after the end of the exam. According to experts, it helps to keep track of cheating in exams.

Promises. In 2022, they are going to introduce the third compulsory exam - in English. It, like mathematics, will be divided into basic and profile levels. Basic will assess knowledge of English from A1 to B2 according to the European level classification. In other words, “everyday” English is for those who do not need it to enter college.

The profile will correspond to the level of the additional exam in a foreign language, which is being conducted now. This is the level for applicants to language and international specialties.

Also, by 2019, the Minister of Education Olga Vasilyeva planned to introduce the oral part in the exam in the Russian language. But so far it is being carried out only at the OGE in some regions. There is no official data that would confirm the introduction of the oral part in the exam in 2019.

The information that in 2020 will make history a compulsory subject has not been confirmed either.

Items

Required. There are still two of them: Russian and mathematics.

In Russian, the first part contains tasks with a short answer, the second - with a detailed one. 24 points is enough to obtain a certificate. To enter a university, you need to score a minimum of 36 points.

The exam in mathematics is divided into two levels: basic and specialized. Since 2019, you can choose to take only one exam.

• The basic level is called “mathematics for life”. Here they test the general knowledge of those who do not need mathematics to enter the university. There are 20 tasks in the exam, which are evaluated on a 5-point scale. The minimum number of points is 3.
• The profile level is taken by those who need mathematics at the university and who associate their future profession with the exact sciences. Here the tasks are more complicated and in-depth. They are assessed on a 100-point scale, you need to score at least 27 points.

If a student received an unsatisfactory mark for an exam in mathematics, he can change the selected exam level and re-take it on a reserve day.

The choice. There are nine items in total:

1. Social studies - at least 42 points,

2. Chemistry - 36 points,

3. Biology - 36 points,

4. Physics - 36 points,

5. Informatics and ICT - 40 points,

6. History - 32 points,

7. Literature - 32 points,

8. Geography - 37 points,

9. Foreign language: English, German, French, Spanish and Chinese.

The foreign language exam consists of a written and an oral part. The written part is compulsory; a maximum of 80 points is given for it. The oral part, or "speaking", can be taken at will on a separate day. A maximum of 20 points is given for it. A minimum of 22 points must be scored for a foreign language exam.

By the way, social studies became the most popular subject of the Unified State Exam in 2018. It was passed by 53% of participants.

Preparation

Demos. Demonstration options for control and measuring materials (CMM) help to get acquainted with the structure, content, points and criteria for evaluating the exam. But these are not copies of the papers that will be on the exams.

It is best to download the demos from the official site - this is where the exam CMMs are developed. The same applies to printed CMMs: the copy you need must have the FIPI logo. This is the only way you can prepare for assignments that are as close as possible to those of the exams.

Open job bank. The FIPI website also has a bank with USE assignments from previous years. It is useful to solve them in order to understand the logic and structure of tasks.

Procedure for conducting exams

The exam point (PES) is launched at 9:00. You should take your passport and a black gel or capillary pen with you. The computer that will check your work will not read a different ink color. It's also best to grab a spare handle. Earlier we wrote about what else

In the PPE you will be given an individual set of forms and CMMs. You need to verify the barcodes and CMM numbers with the values ​​on the check sheet. After that, you fill out the registration fields on the USE forms and proceed to the assignments.

Depending on the subject, you will have 3 - 3 hours 55 minutes. Calculate how long it will take you for each part of the exam, and set aside the last 15 minutes for a clean copy. Then carefully and carefully transfer your answers from the draft to the USE forms.

Exam stages and verification of results

⏰ Early stage. It is held for those who, for a good reason, cannot get to the exams in May-July. There are five such reasons:

• planned treatment;
• participation in sports competitions;
• Military service;
• participation in the exam of previous years;
• early development of the program in the subject.

The last reason is an exceptional case. Rosobrnadzor sometimes meets halfway those who confirmed the required level of knowledge at the last consultation before the Unified State Exam.

⏰ The main stage. Most of the schoolchildren take the exam on it. In 2019, the main part will be held from May 27 to July 1.

⏰ Additional period. Held in September for those who want to retake the exam.

Examination. 7-14 days. Depends on how many people passed the subject. For example, it usually takes the longest time to check the results in Russian and mathematics because everyone takes them. The results can be viewed on the official portal of the USE and the website of the State Services.

Appeal

After the exam, the participant can appeal in two cases:

• If the procedure for holding the exam has been violated. The application must be submitted on the day of the exam to a member of the State Examination Commission (SEC), without leaving the exam point.
• If you do not agree with the points awarded. Submit to your school within two business days after the results are announced.

An appeal cannot be made:

• on the content and structure of USE assignments;
• to tasks with a short answer;
• if you have violated the rules for holding the exam;
• if you have incorrectly completed the examination paper.

We have already written about that.

Retake

If you are unhappy with your USE score, you can try to improve it and retake the exam. You can retake only one exam - you will have two attempts on it on reserve days. If you cannot achieve the desired points, arrange a retake for September. This applies to compulsory and optional subjects.

In 2019, you can retake only Russian or mathematics and only if you have not scored a minimum score. Retake days:

• September 3 - Russian;
• September 6 - Basic Mathematics;
• September 20 is a reserve day for both subjects.

Elective subjects can only be retaken next year.

Ekaterina Prosvirkina

Journalist, adult education specialist.

I want to get a license. How to start preparing for the theory exam?

• Sign up for a driving school if you haven't already. In Russia, the exam can only be taken by those who have received a document confirming the completion of a driving school. The external exam was canceled in 2013.
• Study the exam regulations carefully. It will consist of a theory test, an exercise at the circuit and a real road driving test. Each part has its own requirements.
• Allow sufficient time to prepare. It is becoming more and more difficult to pass the exam on the first try, so preparation should be started 3–6 months before the exam. Before enrolling in a driving school, you can study traffic rules on your own through books and applications, watch experienced drivers or watch video tutorials on YouTube.
• Choose a convenient training format. In many driving schools, theory can be studied both internally and remotely via the Internet. You have to go to internal exams and driving lessons personally. Therefore, when choosing a driving school, consider not only reviews and prices, but also the location of classes and racetracks. Be sure to read the instructor reviews. A good instructor is key to successful training.
• Download the mobile application to study traffic rules. Before installing, be sure to make sure its developers update tickets regularly. It is desirable that the program has a mode that simulates a real exam, the ability to solve tickets offline and detailed statistics.

How to quickly learn all 800 traffic rules questions?

Step 1. Learn the theory of traffic rules

Start by reading the rules thoughtfully on a specific topic. Pay attention to terms, points, signs that are referenced in the text.

When studying course materials or listening to a lecture, take notes of key points. Record terms, significant details, exceptions to the rule, and unusual situations. Also write down the questions you have to ask your teacher or search the Internet for an answer.

Stage 2. Practice the theory of traffic rules

When you have studied the material, move on to working out the questions. Traffic tickets contain questions from all topics, so you do not need to disassemble tickets, but separate tasks. There is a tooltip in the ticket book that describes how question numbers and topic numbers relate. If you are preparing using an app or website, use the study questions by topic mode.

If you have any doubts about an answer or an error, read the comments to the question. Move from one topic to another in sequence. After each new topic, do not forget to repeat the questions of the previous ones.

Use this technique until you have learned all the rules.

Stage 3. Check knowledge and correct mistakes

When you've covered all the questions, check what's left in. To do this, solve several tickets in a row or answer questions in the "Exam" mode if you are using the application. Strive to make mistakes as little as possible.

Have you tested your knowledge and identified weaknesses? See what the toughest questions have in common. We often make the same mistakes. Perhaps you are more often confused about the signs? Then study them again. Are you reading the question wrong? Then concentrate on training your attention.

Stage 4. Bring it to automatism

Your goal is to answer several questions in a row without mistakes. For this, the "Exam" or "Marathon" mode in applications is suitable.

Prefer a book? Set a timer for 20 minutes and answer the questions in no particular order.

How can you avoid stupid errors in your tests?

Often we make mistakes, not because we don't know the topic, but because of carelessness, overconfidence or doubts. In order not to be mistaken:

• Study the image and question carefully. Tickets contain tasks with similar wording, similar or even the same images. Don't confuse them. Pay special attention to questions containing the particle "not" or the words "prohibited", "allowed".
• Take your time to choose the first answer that seems correct to you. Read all the options and skip them one at a time.
• If you use a hint, really read it, and don't just peep at the correct answer.
• Learn, not tickets. Then, under any conditions, you can find the correct answer to the question.

How many times do I have to repeat all tickets?

The main thing on the exam is attention, speed and accuracy of your answers. To fail, it is enough to make more than one mistake in the topic or two mistakes in the exam. You are given a minute for each question. The examination option is generated automatically from different tickets.

Your goal in preparation is to give at least three correct answers in a row to each of the 800 questions. At the same time, you need to spend no more than a minute on each question.

If you do not repeat the information, a significant part will be erased from memory. For example, after a break of a day, 30% of the information remains in the head. Therefore, repeat the tickets every day and always on the day of the exam. The repetition must be completed no later than one hour before the test.

I have learned all the questions. How do I prepare for my driving test?

Prepare mentally

More often than not, students make stupid mistakes because of their nerves and self-doubt. Therefore, your main task is to learn how to be calm while driving under any circumstances.

Does not work? Try to find the reason. If you have a poor understanding of the device of the car, watch a lecture on this topic or ask for help from an instructor. If you are intimidated by the manner of communication or behavior of the instructor, ask him to behave differently or replace him. Need a clear lesson plan? Write it down on a piece of paper.

Watch other drivers

Study the roads and driving behavior. Try to assess who is following the rules and who is making mistakes. Pay attention to signs and markings on your way home or work.

If you have a question or doubt about a traffic situation, take a picture of it or just write it down, and then check with the teacher.

Start driving

Stage 1. Introductory skills

The ability to use the controls of a car - the steering wheel, gear stick, pedals - is the first thing you have to master. Your goal is not just to try 1-2 times, but to bring the skill to automatism, so that while driving, you look at the road, and not at the steering wheel or pedals.

Also, you have to master several techniques for braking, turning, rebuilding. Consider them first in theory, and then practice them in practice. If you can, start with a dedicated machine. After that, you need to work out the skill while driving.

Then learn to estimate the size of the car and follow simple paths. Before driving, draw the dimensions of the car along with the location of the seats and steering wheel on the asphalt. Get in the driver's seat and look around.

It is better to start practicing driving skills on an autodrome, an empty suburban highway or a spacious area, for example, a deserted hypermarket parking lot.

After that, learn to see and respond in a timely manner to traffic signs, markings and potentially dangerous objects: pedestrians, bumps, overtaking cars, signs. In Europe and the United States, special films (Hazard Perception Test) are popular, which help to develop the skill of responding to dangerous situations. If you are fluent in English, you can watch these videos on YouTube.

Stage 2. Basic driving skills

When you have learned to navigate well in driving and have memorized the basic signs and markings, it's time to master the basic skills:

• Changing lanes in heavy traffic, overtaking, stopping, making a U-turn. The rules for maneuvering are described in detail in the traffic rules. Before you start practicing them, re-read the rules. Search the Internet for ready-made lane changes and reversals. Try each one in practice on a circuit or desert roads. After that, move on to more busy tracks.
• Passage of intersections. Ask your instructor to make a list of the most popular types of intersections in your city and explain the rules for their passage on paper. Only then can you start practicing. Separately disassemble the examination routes and the routes you travel most often.
• Parking. First, complete all the basic exercises and parking types at the circuit. Then work out first in the city in free parking lots, and then at rush hour, when it is difficult to find a place and park.

Stage 3. Preparation for the exam

After mastering all the skills, proceed to working out exam tasks on the circuit and routes in the city. Study the penalty points table in advance. Then ask the instructor to rate your driving level. Correct any mistakes and try to take the exam with the instructor again.

Stage 4. Additional training

If you have the opportunity or your curriculum provides for it, do some more:

• Driving at increased speed.
• Emergency braking and emergency driving.
• Driving in the dark.
• Driving on wet and / or icy roads.
• Skills for driving at level crossings, as well as driving on highways.

Are there any general rules for exam preparation?

Of course. Here they are:

• Don't try to master everything at the same time. This will only lengthen the preparation time and complicate your life.
• Do not be lazy to repeat the rules on the topic of the lesson. There is a theoretical explanation for any practical skill.
• Practice each skill, gradually increasing the difficulty: off the road; in a city in a safe area; in an active traffic flow.
• Don't move on to the next difficulty level until you've mastered the previous one.
• Try not only to memorize the training route, but also to sort out different traffic situations with the instructor.
• Do not yell at the instructor or make scenes. An angry or resentful teacher will not teach you anything useful.
• Feel free to change your instructor if you feel like you don't get along well.