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Pakistan, as a multinational state, seeks to consolidate society and strengthen its economy, demonstrating to the world the wealth and diversity of its ancient cultures. About half of Pakistan's territory is occupied by young folded mountains. From the west, the country is bordered by the ridges of the Iranian Highlands. In the north, mountain ranges are piled up, and the spurs of the Himalayas wedge into Pakistan from the northeast. In the east, from the foothills of the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, there is a plain about 1200 km long and up to 550 km wide; most of it is covered by two deserts. The most important river in Pakistan is the Indus. Water resources are intensively used in irrigated agriculture. The largest irrigation systems are in the Punjab. The plain and coastline is dominated by a continental tropical climate, while the northwest is characterized by an arid subtropical climate. The average annual rainfall ranges from 50-100 mm in the desert to 400 mm in the Punjab and over 1000 mm in the mountains. Almost throughout the country, steppe and semi-desert vegetation prevails with rare areas of dry savannahs. In steppe biocenoses, saline plants and wormwood abound, islets of shrub thickets and acacia forests are found, and groves of tamarisk and poplar grow in river valleys; Forests preserved in some places in the mountains occupy only about 4% of the country's territory.
Olive-oak stands prevail on the lower tiers, pine, spruce, and Himalayan cedar dominate above. Animal world represented by Himalayan bears, tigers, leopards, snakes, crocodiles and wild rams. Agriculture and Pakistan's industry is rather poorly developed. V agricultural sector dominated by small farms using traditional agricultural technology, and the volume of marketable products does not meet domestic demand. Cropland covers about 33% of the country's surface; the main food crops are wheat, rice, corn, sorghum, canola and tobacco. Goats, sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels are widely bred. Fishing is developed on the coast. The most important natural resources of Pakistan are natural gas in the Sui region and oil in Punjab. The country also has reserves of brown coal, chromium, precious stones and rock salt. The best developed are the textile, cotton-spinning, chemical and food industries, as well as oil refining. Weaving and jewelry are developed from handicrafts. The main center of international tourism is the city of Karachi. The 19th century administrative buildings and numerous museums are of particular interest here. Pakistan cities
Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan
Karachi
Lahore
Born in Sindh province, in rich family... He studied in the UK. Since 1987 he has been married to Benazir Bhutto, who was twice acting Prime Minister of Pakistan, and has three children. In 1990 he was arrested on corruption charges and spent two years in prison. From 1993 to 1996 he served as Minister of Investments. In 1996, he was arrested on a number of charges, including taking bribes (sentenced to five years in prison and a fine), as well as the murder of Brother Bhutto, which occurred a year earlier (the charge was dropped in the spring of 2008). In 1999 he was also accused of aiding the drug mafia. According to Bhutto, Zardari was tortured. In 2004 he was released from prison on bail and soon left for the United States, but a year later, a new arrest warrant was issued, this time in connection with falsification of information about income. Only at the end of the reign of Musharraf Zardari was able to freely stay in Pakistan. After Bhutto's death, her widower and son became co-chairs of the PNP. When Musharraf resigned, Zardari became one of the main presidential candidates, despite involvement in corruption and drug trafficking (Switzerland dropped claims against him during his election campaign), ties with the United States and mental illness.
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And Iran, has access to the Arabian Sea.
Geographical coordinates: 30 degrees North latitude, 70 degrees East longitude.
Total area: 803.9 thousand sq. km.
Length of borders: total 6774 km, with Afghanistan 2430 km, with China 523 km, with India 2912 km, with Iran 909 km.
Coastline length: 1046 km.
Topography: in the east - the flat Indian plain, in the north and north-west - mountains, in the west - the Baluchistan plateau.
Rivers: Indus and its five major tributaries, Jelam, Chinab, Ravi, Bias and Sutlej
Land use(1993 data) Arable land - 27%. Lands used in crop production - 1%. Lands used in animal husbandry - 6%. Forests - 6%. The rest of the land - 61%.
Natural resources:
natural gas, oil, coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone.
Climate
The climate in most of the country is monsoon and tropical. In the northwest, the climate is subtropical, dry, and only in the mountains is it more humid.
On the plain, the average July temperature is +30 - 35C. In January, the temperature changes from +12 -16C in the plains to -20C in the highlands.
Precipitation on the plains ranges from 100 to 400 mm / year, in the mountains it is more - 1000 mm / year. In mountainous areas, the weather directly depends on the height above sea level and can vary greatly during the day.
Seasons
October - March- cool season. Cool of course in relation to fries. For Russia, it seems quite warm.
March - June- hot, at this time in the south of the country it becomes suffocatingly hot and humid, and in the north the weather is moderate and quite pleasant.
July - September rainy season.
Fauna
The fauna of Pakistan is quite diverse, as different parts of the country have different climates.
In the mountains there are wild rams and goats, including the Siberian ibex, and predators such as the leopard, snow leopard, brown and white-breasted bears, fox, hyena, jackal.
On the plains you can find wild boars, antelopes, Persian gazelles, gazelles and kulans.
In the woods and groves many monkeys.
Snakes are almost ubiquitous, including many venomous, and crocodiles are found in the Indus Delta. Scorpions, ticks, malaria mosquitoes and mosquitoes are common. There is a wide variety of birds in Pakistan. Peacocks, parrots, etc., as well as predators - eagles, kites, vultures.
In the sea
The Arabian Sea, into which Pakistan has access, is full of herring, sea bass, Indian salmon, which is called ravans. There is also fishing for stingrays, octopuses and shrimps. The coast is inhabited by giant sea turtles up to 1.5 m in diameter.
Flora
Vegetation of Pakistan- is also diverse and depends on the region of the country.
In the mountains coniferous and deciduous forests have been preserved in the north and north-east of Pakistan. In the foothills of the Himalayas and some other regions of the country, evergreens, wild olives, acacias, dwarf palms grow. At an altitude of 2000-2500 m above sea level, in the mountains, there are oak and chestnut forests. And even higher - forests of Himalayan cedar, long-coniferous pine, fir and spruce, among which shrubs of magnolia, laurel and rhododendron grow.
In the highlands of Baluchistan, an area located in the west of the country, is dominated by desert vegetation. Wormwood and ephedra are widespread. Higher in the mountains, forests of olive, pistachio, juniper appear.
In the Indian Plain
In Pedjab (five rivers), in the north of the Indus Plain, herbaceous-shrub semi-desert vegetation prevails. In Sindh, south of the Punjab, it is deserted. Wormwood, capers, camel thorns, saltwort and sometimes cereals grow there. Mango trees and groves grow along roads, villages and wells. Gallery forests of Euphrates poplar and tamarisk have been preserved in places along the river valleys. Mangrove forests grow in the Indus Delta and on the coast of the Arabian Sea.
Pakistan(Islamic Republic of Pakistan)- a state located in South Asia.
Map
Geography
The population of Pakistan is 190 million people. This is the sixth largest population in the world.
Pakistan ranks second in the world in terms of its Muslim population, second only to Indonesia in terms of this indicator.
The capital of the country is the city of Islamabad.
Other large cities are Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad. All of them, as well as the capital, have a population of over a million people.
Pakistan shares land borders with China, Afghanistan, Iran and India.
In the south, the country is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea.
Pakistan is a country with a mixed relief. The country also has high mountains, and plains.
Forests cover about 3% of the country's territory. There are both coniferous and deciduous forests.
Administratively, the country is divided into:
a) four provinces - Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh;
b) one federal capital territory of Islamabad;
c) one federal tribal territory of Peshawar;
d) two territories of Kashmir - Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (currently, there is a territorial dispute over these two administrative units with neighboring India).
Pakistan is located in the same time zone. The difference with Greenwich is +5 hours.
The main mountain system of the country is the Hindu Kush ridge. In addition, a part of the Himalayan Range, the Suleiman Mountains, the Kirthar and Masherbrum ranges are located on the territory of the country.
The highest point of the country is Mount Chogori, located on the border with India. The height of the summit is 8611 meters, it is the second highest mountain in the world after Mount Everest.
There are few rivers in Pakistan. The largest river is the Indus.
But there are a lot of lakes in the country. The largest freshwater lake in the country is Kinjkharskoye.
Roads
Pakistan has its railways... The length of the steel lines is 8163 km. The country is dominated by roads with a wide (Spanish) gauge - 1670 mm. Only 293 km of tracks have been electrified. Pakistan has rail links with Iran. It is planned to build railways to the borders with China and Afghanistan.
Pakistan also has a developed automobile network, there are high-speed highways connecting the capital and major cities of the country. Pakistan's highways are 258,000 km long.
Story
Pakistan has its own history, which can be briefly divided into several periods:
a) prehistoric South asia- Soan culture (more than 50 thousand years ago), Harappan civilization (more than 3 thousand years BC), Amri culture;
b) The Muslim period (from the 7th century) - the seizure of Pakistani territory by the Arab Caliphate (early 7th century), the emergence of large feudal states of Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab (18th century), the seizure of Pakistani territory by the British and incorporation into British India (19th century);
c) Pakistan after the partition of British India (since 1947) - Dominion of Pakistan (within the United Kingdom, 1947), the declaration of independence and the formation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1951), the military coup in 1958, the war with India (1971) and the defeat of Pakistan, the 1977 military coup and the imposition of martial law, the 1988 parliamentary elections, the restoration of diplomatic relations with India, the war with India (1999) and the defeat of Pakistan, the 1999 military coup, the spread of terrorism in the territoryPakistan (since 2000), anti-terrorist operation (2004).
Minerals
Pakistan is a country that is rich in minerals. The country produces oil, coal, gas, copper, gold, chromite, rock salt, bauxite, iron, manganese, zinc, antimony, peridots, topaz, rubies, emeralds, tourmalines, quartz.
Climate
Pakistan is located in three climatic zones at once - temperate, subtropical and tropical. In the mountainous regions of the country, the climate is temperate. Winter is cold and frosty, summer is warm. In the subtropical and tropical zone, which occupies the southern part of the country, winters are snowless, summers are very hot. in the lowland areas it is arid.
Economic geographical position Pakistan
The official name of the state is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan located in South Asia within the Indian subcontinent.
The land borders of the country pass with India, Afghanistan, Iran, China.
Among these countries, China and India belong to fairly developed Asian states, with the exception of developing Iran and undeveloped and poor Afghanistan.
In the south, the country is washed by the Arabian Sea.
The land routes passing through this Islamic republic connect it with European and Asian countries, and the world's largest cargo flows from the countries of the Persian Gulf go through the Arabian Sea.
In economic and geographical terms, this is an important geopolitical advantage of the country, because it is the transit of energy resources through its territory.
Geographically, Pakistan's location close to the energy resources of the Persian Gulf makes this position extremely significant for the PRC with its rapidly developing economy.
For Pakistan greatest value has an economic factor. The country receives the machinery and equipment necessary for modernization from China, sending, in turn, raw materials and agricultural products.
Remark 1
If we consider Pakistan in terms of economic structure and income level, then it will be much closer to the countries of East and Southeast Asia than to other countries of the Indian subcontinent.
The US military presence is increasing in the region, military bases of which are deployed in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iraq.
A rapidly developing India is laying claim to dominance in South Asia and is gradually moving closer to the United States. These circumstances, occurring near the Chinese borders, cause him concern, therefore, in order to contain India, China relies on Pakistan.
The main export goods for the country are cotton fabrics, knitwear, bed linen, rice, towels, cement, and jewelry.
There is great potential for increasing the export of cotton, milk, wheat, rice and meat.
The main partners of Pakistan are the United States and the countries of the European Union.
As a result of the granting of independence to British India in 1947, it was divided into two states according to the religious-communal principle - India and Pakistan. This division did not satisfy the parties, because the industrially backward regions were ceded to Pakistan.
Pakistan until 1971 consisted of two completely separate parts - West Pakistan and East Pakistan.
The war that arose between the countries led to the secession of East Pakistan, in the place of which the independent state of Bangladesh was formed.
The conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir has been going on for more than 50 years, and in 1947-1948. countries were on the brink of war.
Remark 2
A demarcation line was drawn in 1972 with the mediation of the UN. The southeastern regions of Kashmir remained under the control of India, and the rest of the territory is under the control of Pakistan.
At a low level economic development Pakistan occupies a favorable geographical position, being at the intersection of transport routes between the west and east.
The close location of the country to the resources of the Persian Gulf and access to the Arabian Sea make it possible to develop economic ties not only with the countries of this region, but also with African and European states.
Natural conditions of Pakistan
The relief of Pakistan is represented by large orographic regions - the Indus Plain, as well as the mountains and uplands of the Iranian Highlands, the Hindu Kush, and the Himalayas.
On the site of the Indus Plain, there was once a foredeep, and today large reserves of hydrocarbons are associated with it. The plain stretches from the foot of the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea for 1200 km.
This alluvial plain of the tropical belt with a uniform flat relief is located below 200 m.It is divided into three parts:
- Penzhdab in the north, formed by five tributaries of the Indus;
- Sindh - the second part in the middle and lower reaches of the Indus;
- Tar is a desert east of Sindh with dunes, dunes, sandy ridges.
The Hindu Kush ridges with the Tirichmir peak (7690 m) enter Pakistan in the north, and the western spurs of the Himalayas come from the north-east side.
In the west of the country, there are the plateaus and mountains of Baluchistan, which are part of the Iranian Highlands, with heights of 2000-2500 m. Frequent natural disasters- avalanches, mudflows, rockfalls, glacial pulsations. There are seismically dangerous areas.
On the country's climate strong influence have monsoons. Most of the territory is located in the tropical climatic zone, the north-west of the country lies in the dry subtropical and only in the mountains does it become more humid.
The average January temperature on the plains is + 12.5 ... + 17.5 degrees, and the July temperature is + 30 ... + 35 degrees.
Frosts occur in the mountains even in the summer months. Precipitation falls unevenly - less than 200 mm in Baluchistan and the Indus Valley, less than 100 mm in the Thar Desert, in the north-west of the country, their amount increases to 1000 mm, and in Sindh, no more than 125 mm.
The summer monsoon period is characterized by the maximum amount of precipitation. Droughts are typical for flat areas, because moisture evaporates 15-20 times more than falls.
Natural resources of Pakistan
Minerals of sedimentary origin - hydrocarbons, rock salt, coal - lie in the bowels of Pakistan.
Gas reserves were explored back in 1952 in Baluchistan, and then in Punjab and Sindh.
Oil fields were discovered before the First World War, and today there are 7 fields in operation.
Coal deposits are small in reserves, but numerous - deposits of the Salt Range, Baluchistan. The salt ridge owes its name to the rich reserves of rock salt. The area of saline layers is 1500 sq. km.
Of the ore minerals, chromites are known, the deposits of which are located in the basin of the Zhob and Loralan rivers. There are ores of manganese, copper and lead, arsenic, magnesite, uranium ore.
Gypsum, limestone, phosphorites, fluorite, sulfur, precious and semi-precious stones are mined.
Pakistan's soils are diverse - fertile alluvial soils formed in river valleys on the Indus Plain, in the interfluves - semi-desert sierozem soils. In the mountains, the change of soils occurs with height - brown forest, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow and meadow-steppe soils come to replace chestnut ones.
In Baluchistan, the soils are sandy desert and salt marshes, in the south of Sindh salt marshes have formed, and in the Thar desert - barren sands.
Of the large rivers, the Indus can be called, most of rivers of the country are its tributaries. In the western part of Pakistan, rivers flow either into the Arabian Sea or are closed.
Summer floods are usually typical for large rivers, caused by monsoon rains and melting glaciers in the mountains.
The vegetation cover is mainly desert and semi-desert, with mangroves appearing in the Indus Delta and on the coast of the Arabian Sea. In the mountains of Baluchistan, rare thickets of pistachio and juniper appear. The national symbol of Pakistan is the horned goat.
