Innovation means innovation, novelty, change; innovation as a means and process involves the introduction of something new. With regard to the pedagogical process, innovation means the introduction of something new into the goals, content, methods and forms of teaching and upbringing, the organization of joint activities of the teacher and the student. There are several types of innovations: technical innovations appear in the production of products with new or improved properties; technological ones arise when more advanced methods of manufacturing products are used; organizational and managerial are associated with the processes of optimal organization of production, transport, sales and supply; information solutions solve the problems of rational organization of information flows in the field of scientific, technical and innovative activities, increasing the reliability and efficiency of obtaining information; social are aimed at improving working conditions, solving problems of health care, education, culture.

Thus, pedagogical innovation is part of social innovation. The specificity of innovations in education is manifested in the fact that innovation always contains a new solution to an urgent problem; the use of innovations leads to a qualitative change in the level of development of the personality of students; the introduction of innovations causes qualitative changes in other components of the school system. It is necessary to consider in more detail the types and types of innovations in general: Technological - innovations relate to various technical means and equipment used in teaching (computer technologies, the Internet) Methodological - innovations in the field of education, covering the process of teaching natural science and humanitarian disciplines from preschool education to higher education education, training and retraining of personnel. Organizational - the development of new forms and methods of organizing pedagogical work, involving changes in the ratio of the spheres of influence of structural units, social groups or individuals (issues of recruiting various classes, groups, ways of working in classes, school and out-of-school teams) Economic - innovations cover positive changes in financial , payments, accounting areas, as well as planning, motivation and remuneration and assessment of performance in education. Social - forms of activating the human factor through the development and implementation of a system for improving personnel policy, a system of professional training for advanced training of employees, a system of remuneration and assessment of labor results, improving the social and living conditions of workers, conditions of safety and health at work, cultural activities, organization of free time; raising the level of education, culture of youth, rationalizing mental and physical labor, achieving a high level of education, morality. Legal - new and amended laws and regulations that define and regulate all types of activities of educational institutions. There are also innovations: Intra-subject - innovations that implement within the subject, which is due to the specifics of its teaching. General methodological - the transition to new teaching materials and the development of copyright methodological technologies. Administrative - the introduction into pedagogical practice of non-traditional pedagogical technologies that are universal in nature (development of creative tasks for students, project activities). Ideological - decisions made by leaders of various levels that contribute to the effective functioning of all subjects of educational activity. Innovations are caused by the renewal of consciousness, the trends of the times, are the fundamental principle of all other innovations. Pedagogical innovations are aimed at improving the content of education, studying and implementing modern pedagogical technologies into practice. Also on the creation of a system for working with gifted children, improving the management system and informatization of the educational process. For a complete and accurate representation of the specifics of the innovative processes taking place in the modern Russian educational space, two types of educational institutions can be distinguished in the education system: traditional and developing. Traditional systems are characterized by stable functioning aimed at maintaining the once established order. The developing systems are characterized by a search mode. Academician V.I. Zagvyazinsky, who studied, in particular, the life cycles of various innovative processes, notes that very often, having received positive results from the development of an innovation, teachers unreasonably strive to universalize it, extend it to all areas of pedagogical practice, which often ends in failure and leads to disappointment, cooling to innovative activity. The management structure involves the interaction of four types of management actions: planning - organization - leadership - control. As a rule, the innovation process in a school is planned in the form of a concept of a new school or, most fully, in the form of a school development program, then the activities of the school team are organized to implement this program and control its results. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the innovation process at some point may be spontaneous (uncontrollable) and exist due to internal self-regulation (that is, all the elements of the given structure do not seem to exist; there may be self-organization, self-regulation, self-control). However, the lack of control over such a complex system as the innovation process at school will quickly lead to its fading. Therefore, the presence of a management structure is a factor stabilizing and supporting this process, which, of course, does not exclude elements of self-government, self-regulation in it. Innovations in the field of education are aimed at shaping the personality, its ability to scientific, technical and innovative activities, at updating the content of the educational process. Each pedagogical era has spawned its own generation of technology. The first generation of educational technology was traditional methodology; technologies of the second and third generations were modular-block and whole-block learning systems; Integral technology belongs to the fourth generation of educational technologies. Historically, novelty is always relative. It is specific, i.e. may occur ahead of its time, then it may become the norm or become outdated. UNESCO defines innovation as an attempt to change the education system, to consciously and deliberately improve the current systems. Innovation is not necessarily something new, but it is necessarily something better and can be demonstrated on its own.

Sources of innovative ideas can be:

• 1) an unexpected event (success or failure, as an impetus to the development or expansion of activities or to the formulation of a problem);
• 2) various inconsistencies (between the true motives of children's behavior, their requests and desires, and the teacher's practical actions);
• 3) the needs of the pedagogical process (weak points in the methodology, the search for new ideas);
• 4) the emergence of new educational models;
• 5) demographic factor;
• 6) changes in the values ​​and attitudes of children (a change in the attitude of children to education, to significant values ​​entails the search for new forms of communication and professional behavior);
• 7) new knowledge (new concepts, approaches to education, specific methods and technologies).
• 8) Distinctive features of the teacher's innovative activity:
• 9) novelty in setting goals and objectives;
• 10) deep meaningfulness;
• 11) the originality of the application of previously known and the use of new methods for solving pedagogical problems;
• 12) development of new concepts, content of activities, pedagogical technologies based on humanization and individualization of the educational process;
• 13) the ability to consciously change and develop oneself, contributes to the profession.

Innovation (innovation)- the result of scientific and technical activity, formalized as an object of intellectual property, materialized in the production sphere (carried out in the service sector) and demanded by the consumer.

J. Schumpeter, who first applied this term, interpreted innovation as a new combination of resources motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit. Common meaning is also the understanding of innovation as an innovation that has received public recognition through commercialization, transformation into a product or service. All interpretations of the concept of "innovation" are united by a common characteristic feature - a new consumer value of a product created in the process of innovation. The main properties of innovation:

• o scientific and technical, technological or managerial novelty;
• o practical applicability (the possibility of implementation in a specific project);
• o compliance with market demand (social needs);
• o potential profitability. The following innovation functions are distinguished:
• o transform function, the essence of which is that innovation allows you to combine theory with practice in a specific subject area; to materialize scientific knowledge; apply them for the benefit of society. A successful innovation, if widespread, can change the economic structure and direction of economic development in a particular country, in a group of countries of the same technological level, or in the world as a whole;
• o stimulating function, which is that innovation gives impetus to the development of human capital and science in the country through the material interest of all participants in the innovation process;
• o reproductive function, consisting in the fact that innovation serves as a source of economic growth and changes the structure of the country's gross domestic product in favor of its greater science intensity. This happens due to an increase in the share (specific weight) of high-tech industries;
• o social function, confirming the inseparability of the two-way connection between economic processes and factors of social life. Innovations contribute to the saturation of the market with quality goods and services, which is important, because most of the needs of a modern person are still in the material plane. Through innovations in the direction of increasing comfort, the living environment is changing and the quality of life is improving. A necessary condition for recognizing the success of an innovative solution is currently considered its environmental friendliness.

In the process of innovative activities, an enterprise can function with the greatest efficiency, only clearly focusing on a certain object and being guided by the maximum consideration of the impact of external and internal environmental factors. This requires a detailed classification of innovations, their properties and possible sources of funding. There is no single, generally accepted classification of innovations, or at least classification signs. Each author considers it his duty to propose both his own set of classification signs and his own list of innovations falling under these signs1.

Most researchers cite the following types of classification signs:

• o by technological parameters of objects of innovative changes;
• o scientific and technical significance;
• o cause of occurrence;
• o frequency of use;
• o the place of innovation in the microeconomic system;
• o the scope of a specific embodiment;
• o by the scale of novelty.

By the criterion of technological parameters of objects of innovative changes highlight product and process innovation. Product innovation include:

• - obtaining fundamentally new goods and services (both consumer and industrial);
• - the use of new materials, semi-finished products, components.

Process innovation involve the use of new technologies (as a rule, more productive), new methods of organizing economic activities, various kinds of managerial innovations.

Technological innovations appear either as a result of a single innovation process, i.e. close relationship of R&D on the creation of a product and technology for its manufacture, or as a product of independent special technological research. In the first case, innovation depends on the design and technical features of the new product and its subsequent modifications. In the second, the object of innovation is not specifically a new product, but the basic technology that undergoes evolutionary or revolutionary transformations in the process of technological research.

By criterion of scientific and technical significance innovations are divided into basic and improving ones. Basic innovation represent the results of major scientific and technical developments. They are the basis for fundamentally new products and technologies of a new generation that have no analogues. Basic innovation marks a breakthrough in the consumer and investment goods markets.

Today, among them - nanotechnology, the creation of new materials; yesterday - cellular communications, Internet, spacewalk.

Improving innovation represent the results of medium and small scientific developments that underlie significant changes (modernization) of existing products, technologies, methods of organizing economic activities. Examples of improving innovations are telephones equipped with additional functions (photo, video camera), or cars with on-board computers.

The so-called pseudo-innovation, or minor changes in the characteristics of the product (color, finish, etc.) that do not affect its design features and do not add fundamentally new consumer properties.

By cause criterion highlight reactive and strategic innovation. Reactive innovation represent a response to a competitor's innovation. The goal of reactive innovation is to reduce the economic gap with the industry leader, to prevent a decline in the competitiveness of its own products, and to maintain a competitive position.

Strategic innovation are proactive. They are the result of scientific and technological breakthroughs and are aimed at long-term sole leadership in the industry.

By application frequency criterion distinguish between one-off and diffuse innovations. One-off innovation do not have distribution outside the enterprise or company-innovator. In the early stages of commercialization, virtually all innovations are one-off. Diffuse innovation arise in the course of application of innovations by imitating companies. Innovations of this type characterize the process of diffusion of innovations in time and space.

By the criterion of the place of innovation in the microeconomic system in the technological process at the enterprise highlight innovation in input, output and in-house innovation. Innovation at the entrance affect the resource provision of the profile of the enterprise. Innovation at the exit affect the characteristics of the products. Internal innovation modernize technological and management processes within the enterprise.

By the criterion of the scope of a particular embodiment distinguish material and technical, technological, managerial, service, social innovations.

Social innovation are innovations aimed at smoothing out or resolving conflicts within an active organizational system.

Social innovation as compared to material and technical innovation is distinguished by:

• - closer connection with specific social relations, business culture. This should not be overlooked, since the same innovations can manifest themselves in different ways even in different regions of the same country;
• - a large scope of application, since the introduction of technical innovations is often accompanied by social (necessary management, economic and other changes, reorganization);
• - a stronger dependence of the use of innovation on the group and personal qualities of users;
• - not so obvious advantages as in technical innovations, it is more difficult to determine the effectiveness. All experiments and tests here have to be carried out not in laboratory conditions, but at an operating facility - hence the difficulty of isolating the contribution of this innovation in the overall result;
• - the absence of the stage of "manufacturing" (it merges with the design). This allows you to avoid the exit of the innovation process from one industry to another, accelerates the process of creating an innovation;
• - the originality of the phenomenon of "invention", contributing to a special author's activity and advancement at all stages. Management innovations, as a rule, are developed collectively, with many agreements. Therefore, novelty is more often not of laboratory origin, but of "field" origin, which makes them more viable.

By the criterion of the scale of novelty distinguish between global, sectoral, regional, local innovations. Global innovation imply fundamentally new types of products, technologies, new management methods that have no analogues in world practice. The potential result of global innovation is long-term competitive advantage. In the future, they are the sources of all subsequent improvements, improvements, adaptations to the interests of individual groups of consumers and other upgrades of the product. Industry innovation suggest innovations that have not previously been applied at the enterprises of this industry. Regional innovation presuppose the use of an innovation that has proven itself abroad, outside a given country or administrative-territorial unit. Local innovation imply the use by a separate enterprise of the progressive experience of another economic entity (for example, in the field of resource conservation, labor incentives, work with suppliers, etc.).

The various types of innovation are closely related. For example, technical and technological innovations create conditions for management decisions, as they change the organization of production.

The variety of classification features of innovations indicates that the forms of organization of innovations, the scale and methods of influencing the economy, as well as methods for assessing their effectiveness should also be diverse.

The classification of innovations allows an enterprise to determine the most effective innovation strategy and mechanism for managing innovation.

Specificity of pedagogical innovations

Pedagogical innovation as one of the independent areas of pedagogical science began to develop intensively in the last decade of the XX century. This is due to a number of factors. 1. Change of monism and dogmatism in social development to pluralism, rejection of the absolutization of Marxist truths, recognition of the need for dialogue with representatives of other worldviews. 2. The unsatisfactory state of the public education system, which led to successive school reforms that did not bring tangible results. 3. The separation of pedagogical science from practice, the ineffectiveness of the implementation of scientific achievements in the practice of the school. 4. Awakening the initiative and creativity of teachers. The right and duty to create, seek, update the content and methodology, conduct experimental work. By securing this right in official documents. 5. Reconstruction and birth of new types of educational institutions: gymnasiums, colleges, lyceums, pedagogical universities, etc. Actualization of pedagogical ideas of humanization and humanization of education, democratization of life and management of educational institutions. 6. The emergence of new powerful information teaching aids: computers, satellite television, video recorders, etc. 7. The acquisition of an independent status by innovation among other sciences. Pedagogical innovation as a special branch of pedagogical knowledge explores the mechanisms and conditions for the transfer of pedagogical systems from the state of functioning to the state of development. It solves the problems of pedagogical neology (creation of pedagogical innovations), pedagogical axiology (perception, assessment and interpretation of the new in pedagogy), pedagogical praxeology (application of pedagogical innovations), innovation management (management of the innovative process), etc. interpretations affect the entire education system and its individual components. Education is predominantly an artificial, projected and constructed object. The normative sphere of education, its technological level includes the following main components: the project of the educational course (curriculum, program, general recommendations of the educational organization); description of the educational course or pedagogical descriptions (normative descriptions of the ideal and material means of education); educational course as a set of pedagogical prescriptions. These three components are the objects of innovative transformations. At the same time, all possible pedagogical innovations presuppose their radical change and (or) improvement, modification, since the final project of education is a course consisting of pedagogical prescriptions. The specificity of pedagogical innovation is determined by a combination of factors. First of all, the fact that education is an artificial, socio-technical or social system. The socio-technical system is characterized by the presence of people and collectives in it, whose interests are significantly related to its functioning. As a result of the participation of people, the dominant connections in such systems belong not to nature, but to culture, and the meaning of any situation is determined by the attitude of the subject to it. In socio-technical systems, the subjective prevails over the objective, the heuristic over the formal. These systems change over time, both in themselves and as a result of the impact on them. The presence of a humanitarian component in pedagogical innovations presupposes their rigid boundaries. Any pedagogical innovation must be considered in the context of preserving the health of the child and the teacher, taking into account the long-term consequences. Problems solved in education cannot be attributed to those in which a set of goals and limitations is clearly defined. In principle, you cannot stop the process of education in order to build a model, and then go back again. Stopping this process in thinking causes big problems of the adequacy of the created model, since the state of the problem, the goal, the relationship between the teacher and students, etc. changes. Figuratively speaking, a teacher or researcher rushes in a fragile boat along the course of the educational process. As you know, problems in socio-technical systems can be solved in the following ways: 1. The ideal, absolutely best in terms of efficiency, solution involves the elimination, dissolution of the problem. Thanks to a change in the functioning system and (or) its environment, not only the problem itself disappears, but the system will be able to overcome future problems on its own. 2. The optimal solution to the problem is associated with the data, specific conditions in relation to which this solution is the best. 3. Satisfactory or any solution that mitigates the problem to an acceptable state. A satisfactory solution is usually higher than a certain "level of claims", i.e. it is in most cases subjective. An analysis of numerous pedagogical innovations, carried out especially at the level of a specific subject teacher, has shown that innovations with a satisfactory solution of problems prevail among them. On this basis, a situation arises of the vagueness of pedagogical innovation. It is no coincidence that most researchers in the study of innovations are guided by only one frame of reference, which is associated with any deliberately introduced changes in the original system. All this is a source of variation and allows simulating the required changes, since the identity or difference between two states and (or) observations cannot be asserted with complete certainty. The specificity of pedagogical innovation is also generated by the absence of certain evaluative criteria for the effectiveness of teaching and upbringing processes, in particular, substantiated specific recommendations. In this regard, N. V. Kukharev, noting the relevance of the formulation of this issue, also pointed out its complexity, the need to rethink the method of assessment that has become a postulate, when the teacher's work is qualified according to the “effectively” conducted lesson. The dominance in the real educational process of the subject-subject interactions of the teacher and students, teachers and parents, students among themselves, etc. does not allow to fully fulfill the elementary regulatory requirements of the state program. This applies primarily to the criteria for assessing students' knowledge. Teachers inevitably understand and follow instructions differently. The estimates are still relative. Assessment of knowledge on an ordinal scale, direct comparisons of knowledge holders are highly dependent on the subjective properties of the teacher. It is a well-known fact that testifies to this is that the level of knowledge of the medalists of different schools differs markedly. Despite the introduction of tests that increase the level of objectivity, it is not yet possible to create generally available standards, like the standards of hardness or light wavelength, in relation to humans. Exploring the differences in the cognitive processes of people who grew up in different cultural environments, M. Cole and S. Scribner came to the conclusion that “the use of tests to assess the cognitive abilities of peoples living in completely different socio-economic conditions could not give results, whether they reflect their actual cognitive capabilities, and the fact of a deep difference between the data obtained when using these tests from those features that appeared in these peoples in the conditions of their practical life did not find a proper explanation. "

In the world economic literature, "innovation" is interpreted as the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real, embodied in new products and technologies. The problem of innovations in our country has been developed for many years in the framework of economic research of scientific and technological progress.

The term "innovation" began to be actively used in the transitional economy of Russia both independently and to denote a number of related concepts: "innovative activity", "innovation process", "innovative solution", etc. To clarify the concept of "innovation", we will acquaint readers with different views on its essence.

There are hundreds of definitions in the literature. For example, on the basis of content or internal structure, innovations are distinguished technical, economic, organizational, managerial, etc.

Features such as the scale of innovation (global and local) are highlighted; life cycle parameters (identification and analysis of all stages and substages), patterns of the implementation process, etc. Various authors, mainly foreign (N. Monchev, I. Perlaki, Hartman V.D., Mansfield E., Foster R., B. Twist, I. Schumpeter, E. Rogers, etc.) interpret this concept depending on the object and subject of their research.

For example, B. Twist defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content. F. Nixon believes that innovation is a combination of technical, production and commercial activities that lead to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment. B. Santo believes that innovation is such a social - technical - economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products, technologies that are best in their properties, and if it focuses on economic benefits, profit, the emergence of innovation additional income can lead to the market. I. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors, motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit. In the internal logic of innovations - a new moment in the dynamization of economic development.

Currently, the concepts established by the Oslo Guidelines and reflected in the International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation statistics apply to technological innovation.

International standards in statistics of science, technology and innovation - recommendations of international organizations in the field of statistics of science and innovation, ensuring their systematic description in a market economy. In accordance with these standards, innovation is the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

Thus, innovation is a consequence of innovation.

Analysis of various definitions leads to the conclusion that the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change. The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes:

The use of new technology, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase - sale).

Introduction of products with new properties.

Use of new raw materials.

Changes in the organization of production and its material and technical support.

The emergence of new sales markets.

I. Schumpeter formulated these provisions back in 1911. Later, in the 30s, he introduced the concept of innovation, interpreting it as a change in order to introduce and use new types of consumer goods, new production and transport vehicles, markets and forms of organization in industry.

In a number of sources, innovation is seen as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages.

Innovation has both dynamic and static aspects. In the latter case, innovation is presented as the end result of the research and production cycle (SPC), these results have an independent range of problems.

The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are not unambiguous, although they are close. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and diffusion of innovations.

The creators of innovations (innovators) are guided by criteria such as product life cycle and economic efficiency.

Their strategy aims to outperform the competition by creating an innovation that is recognized as unique in a specific area.

We draw your attention to the fact that scientific and technical developments and innovations act as an intermediate result of the scientific and production cycle and, as they are practically applied, turn into scientific and technical innovations. Scientific and technical developments and inventions are the application of new knowledge for the purpose of their practical application, scientific and technical innovations (STI) are the materialization of new ideas and knowledge, discoveries, inventions and scientific and technical developments in the production process with the aim of their commercial implementation to meet certain consumer requests. The indispensable properties of innovation are scientific and technical novelty and industrial applicability. Commercial feasibility in relation to innovation is a potential property that requires some effort to achieve. STI characterizes the end result of the research and production cycle (SPC), which acts as a special product - scientific and technical products - and is the materialization of new scientific ideas and knowledge, discoveries, inventions and developments in production with the aim of commercialization to meet specific needs.

From the foregoing it follows that innovation - the result should be considered taking into account the innovation process. All three properties are equally important for innovation: scientific and technological novelty, industrial applicability, and commercial feasibility. The absence of any of them negatively affects the innovation process.

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity, realized through the needs of the market. Attention should be paid to two points: "materialization" of innovation, inventions and developments into new technically advanced types of industrial products, means and objects of labor, technologies and organization of production and "commercialization", which turns them into a source of income.

Consequently, scientific and technical innovations must: a) have novelty; b) satisfy market demand and bring profit to the manufacturer.

The dissemination of innovations, as well as their creation, is an integral part of the innovation process (IP).

There are three logical forms of the innovation process: simple intraorganizational (natural), simple interorganizational (commodity) and extended. A simple IP assumes the creation and use of an innovation within the same organization, the innovation in this case does not take directly a product form. In a simple interorganizational innovation process, innovation acts as a subject of purchase and sale. This form of the innovation process means the separation of the function of the creator and manufacturer of the innovation from the function of its consumer. Finally, the extended innovation process is manifested in the creation of more and more new manufacturers of innovation, violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which contributes through mutual competition to improve the consumer properties of the manufactured product. In the conditions of a commodity innovation process, at least two economic entities operate: a manufacturer (creator) and a consumer (user) of the innovation. If an innovation is a technological process, its producer and consumer can be combined in one business entity.

As the innovation process turns into a commodity process, two of its organic phases are distinguished: a) creation and distribution; b) diffusion of innovation. The first, basically, includes the successive stages of scientific research, development work, the organization of pilot production and sales, the organization of commercial production. In the first phase, the beneficial effect of the innovation is not yet realized, but the prerequisites for such an implementation are only being created.

In the second phase, the socially beneficial effect is redistributed between the producers of the innovation (NV), as well as between the producers and consumers.

As a result of diffusion, the number increases and the quality characteristics of both producers and consumers change. The continuity of innovation processes has a decisive impact on the speed and breadth of diffusion of NI in a market economy.

Diffusion of innovation is the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members of a social system over time. Innovations can be ideas, objects, technologies, etc., that are new for the relevant economic entity. In other words, diffusion is the spread of an innovation that has already been mastered and used in new conditions or places of application.

The dissemination of innovation is an information process, the form and speed of which depends on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by business entities, their ability to use this information in practice, etc. This is due to the fact that business entities operating in a real economic environment exhibit unequal attitude to the search for innovations and different ability to assimilate them.

In real innovation processes, the rate of the diffusion process is determined by various factors: a) the form of decision-making; b) the method of transferring information; c) the properties of the social system, as well as the properties of the NV itself. The properties of HB are: relative advantages over traditional solutions; compatibility with established practice and technological structure, complexity, accumulated implementation experience, etc.

One of the important factors in the spread of any innovation is its interaction with the corresponding socio-economic environment, an essential element of which is competing technologies. According to Schumpeter's theory of innovation, the diffusion of NV is a process of a cumulative increase in the number of imitators who implement NV following the innovator in anticipation of higher profits.

The subjects of the innovation process are divided into the following groups: innovators; early recipients; early majority and laggards. All groups, except for the first one, belong to imitators. Schumpeter saw the expectation of super-profits as the main driving force behind the adoption of NV. However, in the early stages of IR diffusion, none of the economic entities has sufficient information about the relative advantages of competing IRs. But business entities are forced to introduce one of the alternative new technologies under the threat of being squeezed out of the market.

It must be assumed that the implementation of HB is a difficult and painful process for any organization.

In all cases, one of the important decision-making criteria by each subject is a comparison of alternative technologies and decisions made by previous recipients. But it is rather difficult to obtain such information, since it is associated with the competitive position of firms in the market. Therefore, each firm may be familiar with the experience of a limited sample of firms, smaller than the entire set of recipients. This leads to the uncertainty of decision-making processes and the diffusion of impairments in a market economy. Another reason for the uncertainty is related to the latest technologies. In the early stages of diffusion, their potential profitability remains uncertain. Uncertainty can be eliminated with the accumulation of experience in the implementation and use of NV. However, as the uncertainty and risk of applying a new technology decreases, its market penetration potential is exhausted and its profitability decreases. The possibility of extracting additional profit from the use of any innovation is temporary and decreases as the limit of its distribution approaches.

Consequently, the diffusion of innovation depends on both the strategy of the imitators and the number of pioneer recipients. Entrepreneurs discover new technological opportunities, but their implementation depends on the choice of the simulator. The likelihood of market dominance will be greater for a technology with a large number of pioneer organizations. Of course, the result of technology competition is determined by the choice of all agents in the market, but the influence of earlier recipients will be greater compared to the implementation of subsequent ones.

At the same time, it is difficult to assess the relative advantages of NV in the early phase of their diffusion, especially when it comes to radical innovations. In such a situation, the choice of followers plays a significant role in the future technological development. The fact is that each choice makes it possible to increase the competitiveness of the corresponding technology and increases the chance of the latter for its adoption by subsequent economic entities, which will take into account the previously made elections. After accumulating sufficient experience, when alternative technologies have been mastered by many business entities, and their relative advantages are known with high reliability, subsequent recipients make decisions based on the expected profitability of alternative technologies. As a result, the ultimate division of the market by new alternative technologies is determined by the strategies of the imitators.

A well-developed infrastructure is required for the rapid diffusion of innovation.

The innovation process is cyclical, which demonstrates the chronological order of the emergence of innovations in various fields of technology. It can be noted that innovation is a technical and economic cycle in which the use of the results of the research and development area directly causes technical and economic changes that have a reverse impact on the activities of this area. (This is confirmed by various concepts of long waves by ND Kondrat'ev, IE Varga, I. Schumpeter, and others).

As the development proceeds, the activity representing the IP breaks up into separate, distinct sections and materializes in the form of functional organizational units that have become isolated as a result of the division of labor. The economic and technological impact of IP is only partially embodied in new products or technologies. Much more it manifests itself in an increase in economic, scientific and technical potential as a prerequisite for the emergence of new technology, that is, the technological level of the innovation system and its constituent elements increases, thereby increasing susceptibility to innovation.

In general, the IP can be presented in expanded form as follows:

FI - PI - R - Pr - S - OS - PP - M - Sat,

FI - fundamental (theoretical) research;

PI - applied research;

Р - development;

Pr - design;

С - construction;

OS - mastering;

PP - industrial production;

M - marketing;

Sat - sales.

The analysis of this formula requires abstracting from the feedback factors between its various elements, taking into account the duration of the FI - OS cycle, which can last over 10 years; is relatively independent and each of the phases (FI - PI; Pr - C), etc.

The initial stage of the innovation process is PI (theoretical research), which is associated with the concept of scientific activity. Of course, each individual element of the cycle (FI, PI, P, Pr, S, OS and P) is saturated with scientific activity related to FI.

What is scientific work, on the development of which the emergence of innovations depends? Scientific work - research activities aimed at obtaining and processing new, original, evidence-based information and information. Any scientific work must have novelty, originality, evidence.

It is characteristic that the amount of new information and information decreases from FI to PP. Research is increasingly being replaced by skills, experience and standard techniques.

Considering FI from the point of view of the final result, it is necessary to highlight research activities aimed at obtaining and processing new, original, evidence-based information and information only in the field of the theory of the issue.

Theoretical (PI) research is not directly related to the solution of specific applied problems. However, it is precisely this that is the foundation of the innovation process. At the same time, the need for theoretical research may be due to the needs of practice and the synthesis of previous knowledge about the subject.

Fundamental research usually translates into applied research, but this does not happen overnight. Development can be carried out according to scheme 2:

Scheme 2. Development of FI

Only some basic research is embodied in PI - R - PR, etc. Approximately 90% of topics in basic research may have a negative result. And of the remaining 10% with a positive result, not all are applied in practice. The goal of FI is the cognition and development of the process (the theory of the question).

Applied research (PI) has a different focus. This is the "materialization of knowledge", their refraction in the production process, the transfer of a new product, technological scheme, etc.

As a result of the development, designs of new machines and equipment are created, which smoothly pass into phases. Design (Pr), construction (C), development (OS) and industrial production (PP). Phases (M - Sat) are associated with the commercial implementation of the results of the innovation process.

Thus, an innovation manager deals with various stages of the innovation process and builds his management activities with this in mind.

Innovation management is a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovation processes, innovation activities, organizational structures engaged in this activity and their personnel.

It, like any other area of ​​management, is characterized by:

Goal setting and strategy selection

Four cycles.

The above is graphically presented in Scheme 3.

1. Planning: drawing up a plan for the implementation of the strategy.

2. Determination of conditions and organization: determining the need for resources for the implementation of various phases of the innovation cycle, setting tasks for employees, organizing work.

3. Execution: implementation of research and development, implementation of the plan.

4. Leadership: control and analysis, correction of actions, accumulation of experience. Evaluation of the effectiveness of innovative projects; innovative management solutions; application of innovations.

Maintaining ………………………………………………………………………… .3

The essence of the concept of "innovation" ………………………………………………… 4

The essence of the concept of "innovation process" ……………………………… ... 9

Maintaining

The innovation process is the preparation and implementation of innovative changes and consists of interrelated phases that form a single, complex whole. As a result of this process, an implemented, used change appears - an innovation. For the implementation of the innovation process, diffusion is of great importance (the spread in time of the once mastered and used innovation in new conditions or places of application). The innovation process is cyclical. Taking these points into account will contribute to the creation of flexible systems for organizing and managing the economy.

Modern innovative processes are quite complex and require an analysis of the patterns of their development. This requires specialists dealing with various organizational and economic aspects of innovations - innovation managers.

Innovation managers must have scientific, technical and economic and psychological potential, they need engineering and economic knowledge.

A market economy is characterized by the competition of independent firms interested in updating products, the presence of a market for innovations competing with each other. Therefore, there is a market selection of innovations, in which innovative managers participate.

The essence of the concept of "innovation"

Recently, interest in the problems of the theory of innovation has grown sharply, as evidenced by the constantly increasing volume of publications. At the same time, in the literature, the conceptual apparatus of innovatics is far from fully developed. In this case, the same term is interpreted differently, or identified. This indicates the relevance of clarifying the essence of innovation.

The concept of "innovation" first appeared in scientific research of cultural studies back in the 19th century. And it meant the introduction of some elements of one culture into another. Usually, it was about the infiltration of European customs and organization into traditional Asian and African societies. It was only at the beginning of the twentieth century that the patterns of technical innovations began to be studied.

J. Schumpeter is considered the founder of the theory of innovation. He, in his Theory of Economic Development, published in 1912, considered innovation (new combinations) as a means of entrepreneurship for profit. The author called entrepreneurs "economic entities whose function is precisely the implementation of new combinations and which act as its active element."

Later, in the 30s, J. Schumpeter identified five typical changes in economic development:

Use of new technology, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale);

Introduction of products with new properties;

Use of new raw materials;

Changes in the organization of production and its material and technical support;

The emergence of new sales markets.

A significant contribution to the research of innovations was made by N.D. Kondratyev, who substantiated the theory of large cycles with a duration of 50-60 years, developed models of conjuncture cycles. He proved that the transition to a new cycle is associated with the expansion of the stock of capital goods, creating conditions for the massive introduction of accumulated inventions. N. D. Kondratyev linked the transition to a new cycle with technical progress: “Before the onset of an upward wave of each large cycle, and sometimes at the very beginning,” he wrote, “significant changes are observed in the conditions of the economic life of society. These changes are usually expressed in one combination or another, in significant technical inventions and discoveries, in profound changes in the technique of production and exchange. " The main role in the changes in the economic life of society is N.D. Kondratyev allotted scientific and technical innovations.

Concept innovation refers to both radical and gradual (incremental) changes in the products, processes and strategies of the organization (innovation). Proceeding from the fact that the purpose of innovations is to increase the efficiency, economy, quality of life, customer satisfaction of the organization, the concept of innovation can be equated with the concept of entrepreneurship - vigilance for new opportunities to improve the work of an organization (commercial, government, charitable, moral and ethical).

In accordance with international standards, innovation is defined as the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

Innovation can be viewed dynamically and statically. In the latter case, innovation is presented as the end result of the research and production cycle.

The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are close, but by no means unambiguous. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and diffusion of innovations. The creators of innovations (innovators) are guided by criteria such as product life cycle and economic efficiency. Their strategy is aimed at increasing competitiveness, creating innovations that will be recognized as unique in a particular area.

Scientific and technical developments and innovations act as an intermediate result of the scientific and production cycle and, as they are practically applied, they turn into the final result - scientific and technical innovations (STI). Scientific and technical developments and inventions are the application of new knowledge for the purpose of its practical application, and STI is the materialization of new ideas and knowledge, discoveries, inventions and scientific and technical developments in the production process with the aim of their commercial implementation to meet certain consumer needs.

The indispensable properties of innovation are:

1) scientific and technical novelty;

2) industrial applicability.

Commercial feasibility (property 3) in relation to innovation acts as a potential property, which requires some effort to achieve.

From the above, it follows that innovation as a result should be considered inseparably with the innovation process. Innovation is equally inherent in all three properties: scientific and technological novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility. The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity, realized through the needs of the market. Let's pay attention to two points: "materialization" of innovations, inventions and developments into new technically advanced types of industrial products, means and objects of labor, technologies and organization of production and "commercialization", which turns them into a source of income. In practice, the concepts of "innovation", "innovation", "innovation" are often identified, although there is a certain difference between them.

The diffusion of innovations, like their creation, is an integral part of the innovation process.

There are three logical forms of the innovation process:

1) simple intraorganizational (or natural);

2) simple interorganizational (or commodity);

3) extended.

The first of them involves the creation and use of innovation within one organization, the innovation in this case does not take a commodity form.

In a simple interorganizational innovation process, innovation acts as a subject of purchase and sale. This form of the innovation process means the separation of the function of the creator and manufacturer of the innovation from the function of its consumer.

The third - the extended innovation process is manifested in the creation of new manufacturers of innovation, in violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which contributes through mutual competition to improve the consumer properties of the manufactured product. In the conditions of the commodity innovation process, at least two economic entities operate: the manufacturer (creator) and the consumer (user) of the innovation. If an innovation is a technological process, its producer and consumer can be combined in one economic entity.

The essence of the concept of "innovation process"

The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are not unambiguous, although they are close. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and diffusion of innovations.

An innovation process is a process of successive transformation of an idea into a product, passing through the stages of fundamental and applied research, design development, marketing, production and sales.

The innovation process is the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation. The innovation process includes the following stages: "science - technology (technology) - production - consumption". In the organizational and production system, the innovation process is a constant stream of transformation of research and development into new or improved products, materials, new technologies, new forms of organization and management and bringing them to use in production in order to obtain an effect.

All three properties are equally important for innovation: scientific and technological novelty, industrial applicability, and commercial feasibility. The absence of any of them negatively affects the innovation process. The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity, realized through the needs of the market.

The innovation process is cyclical, which demonstrates the chronological order of the emergence of innovations in various fields of technology. It can be noted that innovation is a technical and economic cycle in which the use of the results of the field of research and development directly causes technical and economic changes that have a reverse impact on the activities of this area.

As it develops, the activity representing the innovation process breaks up into separate, distinct areas and materializes in the form of functional organizational units that have become isolated as a result of the division of labor. The economic and technological impact of the innovation process is only partially embodied in new products or technologies. Much more it manifests itself in an increase in economic, scientific and technical potential as a prerequisite for the emergence of new technology, that is, the technological level of the innovation system and its constituent elements increases, thereby increasing susceptibility to innovation.