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| Mongoloid features. The origin of the large Mongoloid race. Southern Mongoloids in East Asia |
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The inhabitants of East and North Asia, as well as the Far North, belong to the Mongoloid race. It is known that people with the features of the Mongoloid race occupy a fifth of the entire earth's hemisphere. Representatives of this race have characteristic features, which we will discuss in this article. Naturally, many Mongols, due to the mixing of blood, have unclear external signs indicating that they belong to this race, but we will try to figure out the main signs now. The main features of the representatives of the Mongoloid race The face of these people has a brown or yellowish tint, and their eye color is either brown or the shade of a raven's wing. The cheekbones of these people have brightly expressive clear lines. Their lips are of average fullness - not thin, but not too full, like those of the Negroid race. The bridge of the nose is located slightly lower than that of the Europeans. Straight lines of either a moderately wide or thin nose also indicate that the person is directly related to the Mongols. We have described many features, but this is not the whole set of features of the Mongoloid race. Also, scanty hair on the surface of the entire body is a characteristic feature. It is not often in the male half of this race that you can see vegetation on the chest or lower abdomen. They also do not have to shave constantly, since there is practically no stubble on their face - this fact is also decisive due to which one can recognize the Mongoloid men, whose appearance is clearly different from the appearance of the representatives of the Euroid race. Different options for the appearance of representatives of the Mongoloid race Differences (signs) of the Mongoloid race
Rice. The main races of people a - Caucasoid, b - Negroid, c - Mongoloid Representatives of the Mongoloid race There are different groups, each of which has its own morphological features, live in Central and Southeast Asia, the Philippines and North America (Eskimos in Alaska and Canada). Mongoloid raceThe indigenous population of the American continent only partially has characteristic Mongoloid features (see below). The main features of the head: - the skull (and head) is large, wide and short (brachycephalic type), - the eye sockets are high, shallow, their upper and lower edges are located horizontally, - the lower jaw is strong, the intermandibular diameter is large, - skin color is white-yellowish of varying intensity, from very light to dark, - the face is large, high, flattened. The nasal fold does not stand out, - hair is smooth, thick, thick with a round section, color - black, facial hair is insignificant, - the forehead is wide, straight and slightly sloping, the brow ridges and the bridge of the nose do not stand out, - the nose is small, the tip of the nose is thin, the back is straight and slightly raised (especially in the root area), the base of the nose is thin (a cross between "leptorrino" and "camerrino"), - the face is cheeky, the cheekbones are large, protrude forward, - the auricle is medium-sized or large, the earlobe is medium-sized, - the eyeball is non-convex, the eye section is narrow, slightly oblique, in the median (inner) corner of the eye there is a fold (Mongoloid fold, expressed in varying degrees, is characteristic of some nationalities), the eye color is brown or black, the distance between the palpebral fissure and the eyebrow is significant, - lips of medium thickness or narrow, not particularly prominent, - the chin practically does not protrude. In terms of their characteristic morphological features, the indigenous population of the American continent approaches the Mongoloid race (Eskimos, Indians living in the Andes, Amazon regions, etc.) Their distinctive features of the head and face: - the skull and head are large, wide, belonging to the dolichocephalic or mesocephalic types, - skin color varies from light brown to brownish yellowish or brownish reddish, - the face is wide, with slight manifestations of alveolar prognathia, - straight or wavy hair, black color, facial hair is either insignificant or absent, - the forehead is high, wide, sloping, - the nose is strong, upturned, wide in the area of the nostrils, the nasal bridge is convex, there are aquiline noses, - the cheekbones stand out in the lateral part - the eyes are deeply set, the eye section is narrow, slightly oblique, the Mongoloid fold is more or less pronounced, the color of the eyes is dark brown, the lips are of medium fullness (sometimes the upper lip protrudes above the lower one), the mouth gap is wide enough, the chin is well defined. 2131-2140Characteristics of the Caucasian, Mongoloid and Negroid races of manEvolutionary results include Abstract 2132. The Mongoloid race of people is characterized by 2133. What organisms are responsible for the formation of sulfur deposits in the biosphere? Abstract 2134. In cells, the primary synthesis of glucose occurs in Abstract 2135. Oxygen molecules in the process of photosynthesis are formed due to the decomposition of molecules Abstract 2136. The mother is the carrier of the gene for color blindness, the father can distinguish colors normally (the gene for color blindness is recessive and linked to the X chromosome, the Y chromosome does not carry the gene for visual impairment). What is the likelihood of having a color blind daughter in this family? Abstract 2137. Choose one of the characteristic features of the type of chordate animals 2138. The breakdown of proteins in the human body is completed Abstract 2139. Parasympathetic Department of the Human Nervous System © D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2018
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The term was introduced at the beginning of racial science to describe primarily Asian populations of various countries in Central and East Asia. It can be divided into Asian and American races. He also noted that East Asians are closest to Native Americans of the Old World races. In the Mesolithic era, Mongoloid (or, more precisely, a complex of racial characteristics close to Mongoloid) is noted in Europe (Bavaria). There are three main racial groups on Earth - Mongoloid, Negroid and Caucasian. Race should not be confused with other communities of people - clan, tribe, nationality, nation, which differ in social, not biological characteristics. The original population that underwent such a profound transformation in Central Asia is unknown. The skulls from the Upper Cave near Beijing (18,000 years old), undoubtedly Homo sapiens, have similarly pronounced Mongoloid features. The skull is sharply dolichocranial with a huge longitudinal diameter and moderate width. The face is exceptionally tall and broad at the same time. South Asian small race. Skin color is darker than that of the Far Eastern race. There is a certain percentage of wavy hair. Epicanthus is less common (20-50%). The race is widespread in the countries of South and Southeast Asia. American (Americanoid) minor race. Includes the Native American population (Indians). In addition to three (or, according to another classification, four) large human races with subraces, there are special small races, the origin of which is not clearly established.
The Laponoid race is the Sami. This peculiar anthropological type was formed in Northern Norway, Northern Finland, on the Kola Peninsula. A number of authors hypothesized that facial features of the Mongoloid type are a special adaptive feature for life in severe cold conditions. It is known that increased fat deposition on the face is characteristic of children of the Mongoloid race, who, as is known, have a particularly strong development of the epicanthus. Reviews, articles and news on the origins of the Mongoloid raceThere is also a transitional race, the Eurasian one. The creators of this monument had a very flat face, absolutely wide and tall. Central Asian minor race. Its representatives include the Mongols of the PRC and the MPR, Kalmyks, Buryats, Yakuts, Tuvinians, Khakass, Altai. American Mongoloids (Indians)In 1882, Augustus Henry Keane declared that the "Mongolian type" included the following "races": "Tibetans", "Burmese", "Tai", "Koreans", "Japanese", Ryukyus and "Malays". In 1940, anthropologist Franz Boas included the "American races" within the "Mongoloid race", among the Aztecs in Mexico and the Maya of Yucatan. In 1984, Roger J. Lederer, professor of biological sciences at California State University at Chico, separately listed the Mongoloid races from the Pacific Islands and the American Indians. Race is a group of people united by a common origin, differing in purely external - biological - characteristics: skin color, hair, etc. The forehead is strongly oblique, the superciliary is powerful, the orbits are rectangular, absolutely and relatively low. Distributed in the extreme northeast of Asia, North America, Greenland. The face is narrow, of medium width, high, and flat. The Americanoids have a yellowish-brown complexion, straight and very coarse hair with modern Asian Mongoloids. With Caucasians, they are brought together by a high nose bridge, a strongly protruding nose and the absence of epicanthus in adults. Only "pure" Australoids are known, which came along the shores of the Indian Ocean, in which Mongoloid signs arose somewhere in East Asia. Along with clearly Mongoloid features (strong development of the epicanthus, flat face, low nose bridge), they also have southern ones: strong beard development, noticeable prognathism. Features of the description of the features of the appearance of the Mongoloid type Introduction Conclusion List of used literature Introduction The modern racial makeup of humanity has been formed as a result of the complex historical development of racial groups. The term "race" (ar. Ras-head, beginning and became. Razza-tribe) denotes a community or group of people who are linked by a common origin and, as a result, are characterized by the similarity of many morphophysiological characteristics. The works of many criminologists are devoted to the problems of theory and practice of personality identification based on appearance. However, all studies were carried out with respect to persons of the Caucasian race, whose representatives are only part of the population of our country. It is known that the anthropological composition of the peoples of the world by the similarity of morphological structure, geographical distribution and formation features is divided into three large races: equatorial or Australo-Negroid (10% of the total population of the globe), Eurasian or Caucasian (50%) and Asian-American or Mongoloid. The Mongoloid race covers about 40% of the world's population, of which more than half are Chinese - 1.200 million people. The bulk of the representatives of this race is concentrated in the vast expanses of Asia, especially in its northern, eastern, central and southeastern regions. The Mongoloid race is also common in Oceania and America. Many Mongoloid groups include their own composition of the population of Russia, mainly its Asian part, where typical representatives are Buryats, Tuvinians, Altai, Yakuts, Evenks (Tungus), Chukchi, Asian Eskimos, Aleuts. In the European part of Russia, Mongoloid anthropological types are common among the Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvashes, and some other peoples. In addition, the visual perception of each other by representatives of different anthropological races differs sharply from the same perception within the same race. As a rule, in people of a different race they see only their common features and cannot distinguish features: for a Caucasoid, for example, representatives of the Mongoloid or Negroid race seem to all "look the same." Therefore, in our opinion, there is a need to solve one of the problems of habitoscopy, namely, the identification of signs of the appearance of the Mongoloid race. 1. Classification of anthropological types The first attempts to isolate races were made in antiquity. Ancient Egyptians 2 thousand years BC singled out 4 races of people, depending on the color of their skin: yellow-skinned - people of the east; white-skinned people of the north; blacks are people of the south; and the Redskins are the Egyptians themselves. When distinguishing races of the first (large), second (small) and third order (subraces), as well as anthropological types, they are guided by the principle of the taxonomic value of racial characteristics, depending on the time of formation of the racial trunk (taxon) and the territory in which this characteristic delimits groups of people. To establish the taxonomic value of a trait, the time of its formation serves: the later a racial trait is formed, the less suitable it is for identifying the main races. The degree of pigmentation, the structural features of the face and head are the signs by which the differentiation of groups has taken place since ancient times. They underlie the selection of large races, that is, of the first order. When choosing a distinguishing feature, its epochal variability is also taken into account. Thus, the time of formation of a racial trait, the breadth of its distribution, epoch-making variability and conjugation with other indicators are the basis for building a hierarchical racial scheme. In Soviet anthropology, the racial classification of N.N. Cheboksarova. Initially in 1951, he identified 3 large races: equatorial, or Australoid, Eurasian, or Caucasoid, Asian-American and 22 minor races, or races of the second order. Great Caucasoid race N.N. Cheboksarov subdivided into 5 small races: Indo-Mediterranean, Atlanto-Baltic, Central European, White Sea-Baltic and Balkan-Caucasian.). The Mongoloid big race is represented by 9 races of the second order: North Asian, Arctic (Eskimo), Far Eastern, South Asian, American, Ural, South Siberian (Turanian), Polynesian, Kuril (Ainu) Equatorial race of the first order, according to his nomenclature, includes 8 small races: Australian, Vedoid, Melanesian, Negro, (Central African), Bushman (South African), Ethiopian (East African) and South Indian (Dravidian) (Slide number 2). Consider other classifications of races that exist in modern science. Eikstedt in 1934 in his classification of races singled out "circles of the main races", then "lateral races" (which began their formation with the main races, but separated and isolated early), then "transitional races" (races in which they merged, mixed signs main races). The European circle of races includes: a) northern races: northern and eastern European; b) central races: Alpines, Armenids, Turanids; c) South Eurasian races, Mediterranean, Eastern, Indian. The races are included in the Negroid circle of races: Ethiopian, Sudanese, Nilotic, Bantoid, and mountain paleonegroid. Races are included in the Mongoloid circle of races: Siberians, Northern Tungids, Sinids, Southern Paleomongoloids (Slide No. 3). Classification of races according to the geographical principle of Ya.Ya. Roginsky and M.G. Levin in the book "Anthropology" in the form of a circle (Slide №4): the three large races (Eurasian, equatorial and Asian-American) are subdivided into small races, the gaps between the large ones are filled with six intermediate races. The Eurasian big race is divided into 5 small races: Atlanto-Baltic, Central European, Indo-Mediterranean, White Sea-Baltic, Balkan-Caucasian. An intermediate place between the equatorial and Eurasian large races is occupied by the intermediate races: Ethiopian and South Indian. Between the Eurosian and Asian-American large races are intermediate races: the South Siberian and the Ural. Classification of races by G.F. Debets in the form of a tree, which shows how from the three original races (the Negro-Australoid large race, the Caucasian large race and the Mongoloid large race), various branches, 33 small races and 47 racial types are formed due to the historical mixing of anthropological types , interweaving and fusion of racial characteristics (Slide №5). Classification of races by V.V. Bunak in the form of a bush, where the root is neoanthropic fossils (the original type of man), the trunks are races, distinguishable at first glance, consisting of individuals with a full set of differences (identifies 4 trunks 1) a tropical trunk that divides into 4 branches: Ural, Siberian, South Asian and American. In turn, the branches of races are divided into sub-branches - local races, where no more than 50% of individuals are distinguishable. There are 53 races of such subbranches in the scheme (Slide №6). Khasanov G.B. distinguishes three large races (Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid), which include 22 small ones, some of which are transitional. The very existence of transitional races testifies, on the one hand, to the dynamism of racial characteristics, and on the other, to the conventionality of the division of humanity even into large races. Transitional small races combine not only morphological characteristics, but also the genetic characteristics of large ones. Hence, we can conclude that small races either arose as a result of mixed marriages, or retained more ancient features that existed even before the formation of large races. Each of the existing large races (Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid) has its own history of origin. The Mongoloid race has a very complex origin. The history of the emergence of the Mongoloid race is not precisely defined. For a long time, scientists have put forward different points of view on their place of origin. Some believed that this race originated in Asia, others in America. So, according to A.A. Tyunyaev. and most other scientists, prefer the fact that the Mongoloid race was formed on the territory of America - "the indigenous population - Indians - belong to the Mongoloid race", "revealing a special similarity with the ancient proto-Mongoloid type" the American component of Laurasia. Their origin in their original form was facilitated by local peculiarities of living conditions. The levels of civilization they reached were also conditioned by local living conditions. And their earlier penetration into the territory of Eurasia and further, into the territory of the Russian Plain, was hindered by natural sea barriers that made the ancient continents - Arktogea, Neogea, Notogea, Paleogea - territorially divided. On the conditions of the late Paleolithic and in the process of mixing peoples. The Mongoloid race, according to others, was formed in the East, Southeast Asia and also in the north. Over a long period of development of races, about 60 thousand years, the processes taking place in this place of the Earth, led to the fact that one area became a place favorable for living. Isolation of places suitable for habitation took place, then a favorable climate covered a wider halo of the East Asian surface. After the end of the ice age, the Mongoloids settled on the islands in the Pacific Ocean, and settled in Siberia. Moving westward through Siberia, they encountered a white race, no less strong and resilient, which stopped their advance to the West. Moving across the Siberian expanses in an easterly direction, they came to America, where they came into contact with the pro-Americanoids, and formed a new race of Americanoids. The Mongoloids also came to America by water, crossing the Pacific Ocean. But recently there have been reports that the Mongoloid race began to spread from Central America. anthropological criminology habitoscopy mongoloid 2. General characteristics of the Mongoloid type Quite a few works of scientists are devoted to the classification of Mongoloids. But to this day there is no single classification of Mongoloid types. And the number of local races in the composition of the Mongoloids, and their grouping and subordination continue to be a subject of discussion. Let's consider individual classifications, choosing them according to the contrast principle. According to I.E. Dineker (1900) (Slide number 7). He combined 29 human races into six types, using only two signs for this: hair shape and pigmentation. To distinguish races within types, he included in consideration a larger number of features: skin color, shape of the head, face and nose, body length, and some others. Thus, I. Deniker based the classification on the morphological criterion. The differentiating signs were chosen by him so successfully that the races identified by I. Deniker with the help of the then fragmentary material on the territory of Siberia and the Far East, as well as within the American continent, were confirmed after the appearance of additional and more extensive data on the peoples living in this territory. According to N.N. Cheboksarov (1951) (Slide number 8). He was the first to propose to distinguish among the Asian Mongoloids the Pacific and continental branches, implying by this the early disintegration of the protomongoloids into two large groups of populations that occupied special areas - Inner Asia and the Pacific coast. Much attention was paid to the issues of the nomenclature and hierarchy of the identified taxonomic units. We can say that an integrated approach to the problem allowed in this case to come closer to the construction of a genetic classification of Mongoloids. According to G.F. Debetsu (1951) (Slide number 9). He singled out the classification of the Mongoloids of northern Asia, based on the use of both his own, numerous materials on the peoples of Siberia and the Far East, and data from other authors collected earlier. GF Debets used the geographical criterion developed earlier by E.M. Chepurkovsky (1913) and further developed by A.I. Yarkho (1934) as the basis for distinguishing racial types. The essence of this criterion is that traits are selected that form ethnographic coordination, which is not reducible to physiological correlation, and according to these traits, a classification is made and racial complexes are distinguished. For the territory of North Asia, GF Debets selected six such features: the degree of nose protrusion, the severity of the Mongoloid features of the eye region, vertical profiling of the face, the width of the pear-shaped opening on the skull, pigmentation of the eyes and hair, the intensity of eyebrow growth, and the degree of beard development. As a result, four territorial combinations of characters were identified, which were considered at the level of local races. According to Ya.Ya. Roginsky and M.G. Leuven (1955) (Slide # 10). Summarizing the data of A.I. Yarkho, G.F. Debets and N.N. Cheboksarova, Ya. Ya. Roginsky and M.G. In 1955, Levin proposed a classification of the Mongoloids based on the degree of morphological similarity, the geographical distribution of similar complexes and the antiquity of their formation. The entire Mongoloid population of Asia and America is united by the authors into a large Asian-American race, which, in turn, is subdivided into five races. Each of them is given a comparative morphological characteristic, and its distribution area is outlined. The antiquity of the formation of a racial type in the absence of paleoanthropological materials was established presumably with the help of data from related disciplines. According to V.P. Alekseev (1974) (Slide number 11). The classification of Mongoloids, built by V.P. Alekseev 1973 - 1974, differs from those proposed earlier in that it reflects the dynamics of racial processes and reconstructs the initial stages of race formation. The concept of "focus of race formation" is introduced, and the centers of the first order are the earliest stages of separation of races. Common to all of these classifications is that they are based on the results of the analysis carried out at the qualitative level. This explains the differences between the classification schemes that reflect the subjective views of a particular researcher. It should be emphasized that in the overwhelming majority of studies, when determining the degree of similarity of ethnic groups, craniometric materials are used only for male samples. An attempt to use the data for different sexes together was undertaken by G. F. Debets, but the methods of integration he proposed received almost no further development. 3. Features of the description of the Mongoloid type In forensic science, as in any other science, the classification of objects, their properties and attributes serves as a means of penetrating into the essence of cognizable phenomena and objects, establishing connections and dependencies between them, expressing relationships between structural elements, between subsystems. The scientific prerequisites for the possibility of using the properties and characteristics of a person in the process of investigating crimes are their certain combination in the form of representations, as well as the existing possibilities for a reliable scientific study of these properties and characteristics. Material objects, including a person, can be characterized by their properties and attributes, as well as in relation to the surrounding material world. Therefore, all people are distinguished from each other by the totality of their inherent properties and characteristics. When identifying a specific person from among the established persons, those properties and signs are used that, within the limits of the task, have immutability and stability. The qualitative content of the properties and characteristics of any person for various reasons (natural, artificial) can change, but these changes under certain conditions do not change their quantitative content. Within these limits, they can be considered as a qualitative certainty and used for personal identification. In this case, they acquire the value of identification. The paper examines the issue of the differences in the features of the appearance of people belonging to different groups of the Mongoloid race. In this regard, this question should start with the division of this race depending on the territory (Slide number 12): W East Asia W Indonesia Ш Central Asia W America Let's select the area of dispersal of Mongoloid populations with some approximation. 1. "center" is practically all of Asia. Most of the modern Mongoloids live in the central zone, and their physical type is close to the generalized characteristics. 2. "periphery" - Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Pacific Islands, Madagascar, North and South America. On the periphery, not only is the number less, but also the anthropological type of populations is often significantly different either as a result of isolation from the bulk of the population, or as a result of mixing with Caucasians and equatorials. It is possible to outline in general terms the changes in the frequencies of the main characters within the area. Skin color becomes darker as you move from the poles to the equator, but Mongoloids do not have very dark shades. Hair pigmentation has a slight tendency to increase from west to east (within the darker shades of the scale). At low latitudes, the frequency of wavy hair increases. The Asian-American (or Mongoloid) large race is distinguished by swarthy or light skin tones, straight, often coarse hair, weak or not very weak beard and mustache growth, medium width of the nose, low or medium-sized nose bridge, weakly protruding nose. In Asian races and strongly protruding in American, medium thickness of the lips, flattening of the face, strong protrusion of the cheekbones, large size of the face, the presence of epicanthus (Slide No. 46). Mongoloids are divided into 4 branches (Slide number 13): Northern Mongoloids (Slide number 14). (Northern Evenks, Evens, or Lamuts, Yukagirs, some groups of Buryats, Negidals, Mongols of the People's Republic of China and Mongolia, Kalmyks, Buryats, Yakuts, Tuvinians, Khakassians, Altaians, Eskimos, Chukchi, Koryaks). Their modern western border runs approximately along the Yenisei, the southern border corresponds to the northern one for the Far Eastern race, the northern and eastern borders are oceanic. Characteristic: North Asian small race. The skin color is lighter, the hair is dark and dark blond, usually straight and coarse, but there are populations (for example, the Evenks), which often have soft hair. Light brown shades of rainbow color are also common. There are relatively low-faced options. Cerebral skull with large horizontal diameters and small height. This is one of the important distinguishing features of the northern and Pacific Mongoloids. The nose varies in size and protrusion. There are groups with very flat nose. Epicanthus is common. The eye slit is very small. Body length is average and below average. Very weak beard growth and thin lips. The face is usually tall and wide, very flat, large in size and strongly flattened. This small race is quite clearly subdivided into two morphotypes - Baikal and Central Asian. Baikal small race (Slide 15). Representatives are the indigenous population of Siberia to the east of the Yenisei (northern Evenks, Evens, or Lamuts, Yukaghirs, some groups of Yakuts and Buryats, Negidals of the Amur region and Oroks of Sakhalin) (Slide 16.17). The Siberian race has been traced in Siberia since the Neolithic era. It is characterized by dark, straight, but often soft hair, weakened (in comparison with other Mongoloids) pigmentation of the skin and iris of the eyes, weak growth of the beard and mustache, pronounced Mongoloid features of the eye region (up to 60-70% of the epicanthus in adults), high, wide and very flat face with prominent cheekbones, low nose bridge, thin lips. Central Asian minor race (Slide №18). Its representatives include the Mongols of the People's Republic of China and Mongolia, Kalmyks, Buryats, Yakuts, Tuvinians, Khakass, Altai (Slide 19-26). The Central Asian minor race spread from Central Asia to the west, where it mixed with various groups of Caucasians (forming a mixed South Siberian race). They are distinguished by pronounced Mongoloid features, below average growth, large face size, moderate brachycephaly. Arctic small race (Slide number 27). Representatives of the small Arctic race: Eskimos, Chukchi, Koryaks (Slide №28). But this anthropological type is most clearly expressed among the Eskimos. Distributed in the extreme northeast of Asia, North America, Greenland. The population of the Northeast has elements associated with the ancient population of East and Southeast Asia. Characteristics: Pigmentation is darker than that of the North Asian race (closer to the Pacific). Hair is straight and coarse, epicanthus - from 30 to 50%. Protrusion of the nose is moderately weak. The face is less flattened, but more prognosis than that of the North Asian race. The face is often pentagonoid due to the large distance between the corners of the lower jaw. The shape of the legs characteristic of many Mongoloid populations in the Arctic race is poorly expressed. With a highly developed skeleton and muscles, subcutaneous fat is poorly developed, which also significantly distinguishes the Arctic groups from other Mongoloids. The Chukchi have preserved clear signs of the southern race - a large width of the nose, thick lips, and a concave nasal bridge is more common. The Arctic (Eskimo) race differs from the North Asian in stiffer hair, darker pigmentation of the skin and eyes, a lower frequency of the epicanthus, a slightly smaller zygomatic width, a narrow pear-shaped nasal opening, a high nose bridge and a more protruding nose, thick lips; Pacific Mongoloids (Slide number 29). The main area of this group of options is limited in the west by Hindustan and Tibet, in the north by the Central Asian deserts and mountain systems of the Khingan and Stanovoy Range, in the south by the Wallace Line drawn between the Sunda Islands and the so-called Greater Australia, which includes New Guinea and Australia, and China and Japan. Pacific Mongoloids are divided into A) Far Eastern and B) South Asian: A) Far Eastern small race (Slide number 30). Representatives: Chinese, Koreans, Japanese (Slide 31, 32). The race is widespread in the countries of China, Korea, and Japan has clearly expressed features of the Far Eastern race. Skin color is dark. The eyes are dark, like those of other Mongoloids. The hair is straight, coarse and very dark. In adults, epicanthus occurs in 70 to 95% of cases. Tertiary hairline is poorly developed. Body length is average or above average. The face is narrow, of medium width, high, and flat. The cranial skull is small, but high in horizontal section. The nose is rather long, with a straight back, slightly or moderately prominent. Moreover, the northern Chinese and Koreans have obvious Mongoloid features (high cheekbones, coarse hair, epicanthus, etc.). The Koreans more clearly than the northern Chinese, show the features of the southern race - their lips are thicker, the width of the nose is larger, the tertiary hairline is better developed. According to these parameters, Koreans are getting closer to the South Chinese. As for the modern population of Japan, it has a mixed anthropological type. According to some signs, the Japanese are close to the Ainu, who have a Veddo-Polynesian appearance (a late sign), and the southern Mongoloids (a relatively wide nose, thick lips, short stature). The Nivkhs can also be included in the East Asian group of Mongoloids. Along with clearly Mongoloid features (strong development of the epicanthus, flat face, low nose bridge), they also have southern ones: strong beard development, noticeable prognathism. The Far Eastern race, in comparison with the North Asian, is characterized by coarser hair, dark skin pigmentation, thicker lips, and a narrower face. Typical for her is a large skull height, but a small face; B) South Asian small race (Slide number 33). Representatives: South Chinese, Vietnamese, Javanese, Malays (Slide 34). The race is widespread in the countries of South and Southeast Asia. The main area of this group of options is limited in the west by Hindustan and Tibet, in the north by the Central Asian deserts and mountain systems of the Khingan and Stanovoy Range, in the south by the Wallace Line, drawn between the Sunda Islands and the so-called Greater Australia, which includes New Guinea and Australia. Skin color is darker than that of the Far Eastern race. There is a certain percentage of wavy hair. Epicanthus is less common (20-50%). The face is less flattened and relatively lower. The lips are thicker and the nose is relatively wider. The cranial skull is also small and relatively wide. The forehead is often convex. The body length is short. The South Asian race is characterized by an even sharper severity of those features that distinguish the Far Eastern race from the North Asian, greater dark skin, more thickened lips. It differs from the Far Eastern race in a less flattened face and shorter stature. American race (Slide number 35,36). Representatives: Native American population (Indians). Occupies a vast territory of the American continent with a variety of environmental conditions. Despite the fact that several morphotypes are distinguished within the race, it is quite uniform in its basic features. At the same time, the differences from other Mongoloids are quite significant, which gives some researchers reason to distinguish it as a separate large race. Most populations and morphotypes of American Indians are characterized by a large nose, sometimes with a convex back. It is characterized by the large size of the face and its noticeably less flattening. Epicanthus is rare. The total dimensions of the face and head are often large. The body length is medium and large. Most populations are characterized by increased massiveness (with adequate nutrition). Combines Mongoloid features (straight black hair, wide protruding cheekbones) with features not typical of Mongoloids (strongly protruding nose with a high nose bridge). In general, the American race is closer to the Mongoloid racial stem, showing a special similarity with the ancient proto-Mongoloid type. The peculiarity of the Americanoid race is explained by its long development in isolation. The Americanoids have a yellowish-brown complexion, straight and very coarse hair with modern Asian Mongoloids. weak tertiary hairline, prominent cheekbones, high orbits, very common spade-shaped incisors of the upper jaw, epicanthus in children. With Caucasians, they are brought together by a high nose bridge, they strongly retained in their appearance in different proportions the signs of all three protruding nose and the absence of epicanthus in adults. The large size of the molars, the large width of the mouth, the considerable width of the nose (up to 42 mm), the presence of a slight prognathism, the elongation of the forearm, the Indians resemble some variants of the Australoid race. Mixed Mongoloids (Slide number 37). In addition to three (or, according to another classification, four) large human races with subraces, there are special small races, the origin of which is not clearly established. They could have formed from ancient, poorly differentiated populations at the borders of climatic zones, from contact groups of populations of different races, or appear during distant migrations to unfamiliar conditions, when it was necessary to adapt to them and develop new signs or activate old ones. Mixed Mongoloids are classified into three types: Uralic (Ugric) small race.Representatives: Khanty, Mansi, Northern Altai and some groups of Khakass. Distributed in Western Siberia. The Ural subrace is intermediate between the Caucasian and Mongoloid races. It is characterized by straight dark hair, moderate development of the tertiary hairline, moderate skin pigmentation, predominantly brown eyes, sometimes a flattened face, a highly developed fold of the upper eyelid, a narrow, moderately protruding nose with a concave back. Laponoid (Sámi) minor race .Representatives of the laponoid race are the "Sami". This peculiar anthropological type was formed in Northern Norway, Northern Finland, on the Kola Peninsula. The laponoid subrace is a variant of the Uralic race. It is characterized by low stature, a very low face, protruding cheekbones, a concave nasal bridge, a small percentage of epicanthus. Hohman, anthropo-logically the Sami are characterized by the following features. The box of the turnip is short and wide, the height is medium. The forehead is of medium width and slope, moderately arched. The face is low, rather wide, orthognathic, but on some turtles alveolar prognathism is noticeable with a rather wide nose (a sign of the Australoid race). The nose is slightly protruding, the back is concave, the tip of the nose and the base are raised. Hair is straight but soft, reduced facial and body hair. Moderately dark pigmentation. Thus, lapanoids have signs of all three large races: Caucasoid (orthognathic face), southern (prognathism, wide nose; signs are not always observed) and Mongoloid (flat face, protruding cheekbones, sometimes epicanthus, oblique position of the axes of the eyes). South Siberian (Kazakhstani) small race (Slide №38).Representatives of the South Siberian small race are Kazakhs and some groups of Kyrgyz. (Slide number 39-45). Place of residence: Central Asia (Kazakhstan). The South Siberian small race was formed in the process of mixing Mongoloids and Caucasians in the south of Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, probably starting from the Hunnic times (early Middle Ages). The most typical for the Kazakhs, but it is also found among other peoples of the Asian part of the former USSR, Mongolia and Northwestern China. It is characterized by a flattened, wide and high face, a moderately prominent nose, weakened beard growth, dark hair and eyes, brachycephaly, and medium height. Conclusion As you know, one of the most difficult tasks arising in the process of solving and investigating crimes is to establish the identity of the criminals who fled from the scene, their victims, as well as other persons involved to one degree or another in the crime. In its solution, data on a person's appearance are of significant importance, since due to the properties of appearance, its features can, with a greater or lesser degree of reliability, be displayed on various carriers of search and evidentiary information. Situations requiring actions that have as their content the establishment of a person, the clarification of various data about the person, arise at various stages of the disclosure and investigation of crimes. Identification and identification of persons preparing, committing or having committed crimes. Implementation for the search of persons hiding from the bodies of inquiry, investigation and the court, evading criminal punishment, as well as the search for missing persons are two of the three tasks defined by the Federal Law on Operational Search Activities (Article 2). The Russian Federation is a multi-nation state. Representatives of various nationalities live in all regions of Russia. Which are distinguished by various signs of appearance. The use of signs of the appearance of the Mongoloid type for forensic purposes by the internal affairs bodies provides for the need to fix these signs in one way or another. This is especially true for the border regions of the Russian Federation. In our work, we proposed a modern representation of the classification of the features of the appearance of the Mongoloid race. These guidelines will contribute to a more complete compilation of subjective portraits and search orientations in law enforcement from among the people of the Mongoloid race. List of sources used 1. Alekseev V.P., Trubinikov O.B. Some problems of taxonomy and genealogy of Asian Mongoloids (cranometry) .- Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1984. 2. Anthropology: textbook. allowance / V.M. Kharitonov and others - M .: Humanit. published. center VLADOS, 2004. 3. Zinin A.M. and other Forensic description of a person's appearance (functional and accompanying signs). Moscow: All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1988. 4. Zinin A.M. Human appearance in forensics (subjective images). M .: EKTs Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 1995. 5. The use of signs of appearance in identifying identity: A guide. - M .: All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1979 (2.25 pp. In co-authorship). 6. Koldin V.Ya. Forensic identification. M., Lex Est, 2002. 7. Lukyanova N.E., Ovcharenko V.A. Anthropology: textbook. allowance / Ed. prof., Dr. med. Sci., Acad. ASOE.A. Sigids.-M .: INFRA-M, 2008. 8. Stolyarenko V.E. Anthropology is a systemic science of man: textbook. allowance / V.E. Stolyarenko, L. D. Stolyarenko. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2004. 9. Snetkov V.A. and other Forensic description of a person's appearance. Moscow: All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1984. 10. Khasanova G.B. Anthropology: textbook. manual / G.B. Khasanov. - 2nd ed., Erased. - M .: KnoRus, 2007. 11. Shaova TG, Ismatova TI, Almaganbetov P., Features of the description of the features of the appearance of persons of the Mongoloid race. The fight against crime in Kazakhstan. (Materials of the scientific and practical conference). - Almaty: NiRIO of the Almaty Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1998. 12. Cheboksarov N.N. Mongoloid elements in the population of Central Europe. // Scientific notes of Moscow State University. - M., 1941. - Issue. 63 .-- S. 235-270. Similar documentsThe concept of identifying a person's personality based on appearance (habitoscopy). The method of describing the signs of a person's appearance (the method of verbal portrait). Sources of information about a person's appearance. Forensic portrait examination. term paper, added 12/11/2008 General provisions of forensic identification of a person based on appearance. Methods for describing the signs of a person's appearance, methods and means of collecting information. Application of the "verbal portrait" method in investigative and operational-search work. abstract added 03/11/2016 Signs of a person's appearance, their properties and classification. Forensic tools and methods for establishing and fixing external signs of a person. General information about forensic portrait examination. Types and forms of forensic identification. thesis, added 06/18/2015 The main types and objects of forensic identification. Identification of a person based on appearance. Classification of identification signs of traces of a person, characteristics, features of seizure and use in the investigation of crimes. thesis, added 06/20/2015 The concept and methods of habitoscopy, types of personality identification based on appearance. Stages of forensic portrait examination, reproduction of a mental image in the testimony of eyewitnesses. The use of verbal portraits in solving crimes. term paper added 06/13/2011 The subject of study of habitoscopy. General provisions and methods of forensic identification of a person based on their appearance. Methods and means of collecting information about the external signs of a person. General characteristics of programs for drawing up an identikit. abstract, added 04/09/2010 Features, techniques and methods of shooting when photographing the scene. The essence, purpose, requirements and types of photography of the scene. Classification of signs of a person's appearance in the forensic aspect, the basic rules for their description. test, added 05/31/2010 The concept, meaning and essence of forensic habitoscopy. Scientific methods and the value of forensic doctrine about the signs of a person's appearance. Individuality and relative stability of the appearance of each person. Drawing up phototables. test, added 03/23/2009 The value of video for personal identification. Identification of personality based on appearance in forensic science. Identification research of video images of a person's appearance obtained from hidden digital video cameras of Sberbank of the Russian Federation. thesis, added 07/01/2010 Signs of a person's appearance, their properties and classification, forensic means and methods of establishing and fixing. General information about forensic portrait examination, its principles and methods. Establishment of group affiliation and diagnostics. How did the transitional variants of the Mongoloid race come about? What signs are most typical for its representatives? What is the most numerous race of Mongoloids? Stanislav Drobyshevsky, Candidate of Biological Sciences, talks about this. The Mongoloid race - it is also called the Asian race - is a race, on the one hand, with a huge area, roughly half of Asia, a mass of all islands, with a huge number. As everyone knows, there are more than a billion Chinese people alone. On the other hand, it is surprisingly monotonous - from north to south and from west to east. Among all the so-called great races, she is probably one of the most homogeneous. Which does not exclude, of course, the presence of some options. Moreover, the Mongoloid race, since it comes into contact with other races along the edges, has transitional options. Transitional groups between Caucasians and Mongoloids make up as many as two races. This is the Ural race - representatives living in the Volga region, in the Urals, in the Trans-Urals, in Western Siberia, the Khanty and Mansi are often called such super-exemplary representatives. Naturally, not only they are included there, because the Ural, or uraloid, features are found among the Tatars, the Chuvash, the Mordovians, the Mari, the Kets in Western Siberia and many others. Uralic race averaged between the Mongoloids and. From a Caucasian point of view, they may appear to be Mongoloids, but from a Mongolian point of view, they will appear to be Caucasians. This is expressed in the shape and color of the hair, and in the shape of the eyes, and in anything else. True, there is a big question: the Uralic race arose here due to isolation or due to a mixture of Mongoloids and Caucasians? Most likely, both factors mattered. Representatives of the South Siberian race live to the south. Representatives of many peoples are also included there, but two main peoples are considered typical representatives - these are Kazakhs and Kyrgyz. Perhaps more is known about the origin of the South Siberian race than about the origin of any other race, since they were nomads, not so long ago they formed there in the form of the South Siberian race, this region is well studied archaeologically and paleoanthropologically. Therefore, the addition of the South Siberian race - as a mixture of Caucasians who lived here earlier, in the Bronze Age, with Mongoloids who began to come here from the early Iron Age, all these movements ended somewhere in the 16th century - is described and studied very well. There are also transitions between the Mongoloids and the equatorials in Southeast Asia, but there is a scientific problem, because these transitions are practically not described by anyone. Mongoloids are characterized by a whole set of rather striking features. Their skin color is fairly light on a global scale, some northern ones are very light, but, for example, in Indonesia there are rather dark skin tones, although they never reach equatorial ones. Almost all Mongoloids have the same hair - straight and black. And not only straight lines. They are also so-called tight. The diameter of the hair is large, which is how it differs from straight hair, say, of northern Caucasians, whose hair is also straight, but soft, thin. This trait in Mongoloids is extremely monotonous, and any options are practically the same type. Although there are options. For example, in some groups of Yakuts and Evenks - up to 40% with light brown hair, sometimes with very light hair. Some believe that this is the influence of an admixture of Russians, but, most likely, this is their own, native state, because they lived in isolation, and in isolation such signs often appear on their own. In the very south of the settlement of Mongoloids, very wavy, even almost curly hair is sometimes found due to mixing with the equatorials - for example, in the Philippines this is far from uncommon. The most characteristic feature of the Mongoloids is a small section of the eyes and the presence of an epicanthus. Epicanthus is a fold in the inner corner of the eye that covers the lacrimal tubercle, and in most groups of Mongoloids, the frequency of this epicanthus is from 98 to 100%. It is slightly smaller in the very south - say, in the same Indonesia, in the Philippines. Due to mixing with the equatorials, the frequency of the epicanthus there may decrease. It is characteristic that epicanthus is present not only in Mongoloids. Independently, apparently, it arose among the Bushmen in South Africa, among the representatives of the South African race, and the epicanthus is found, naturally, among the Indians in America, but they are related to the Mongoloids in any way, and is found among the Caucasians. 50% of Caucasian children also have epicanthus. But in Caucasians, by the age of three or four, it usually disappears if it was at birth, and in Mongoloids it remains for life. Although I must say that in old age Mongoloids, the frequency of epicanthus decreases. A typical feature of Mongoloids is a reduced beard and mustache. Minimum in the world, less than theirs, no. Some people - men, naturally - practically never grow a beard or a mustache in their entire life. What is the reason for the biased perception of this sign by the Mongoloids themselves: for them, such a beard as now, for example, for me, will be a sign of incredible old age. What I personally encountered a couple of times when the Mongoloids perceived me as a very old person. The Chinese, for example. It is not for nothing that they depict, say, Confucius all the time with a long beard. But if you look closely, it is long, but it still goes along the very bottom edge of the face, because it is almost impossible for them to imagine that a beard can be at least the same as I have now, because they do not have this. Also for Mongoloids, a flattened face is very characteristic: in the horizontal plane, the face is extremely flat. Although it is sometimes exaggerated in descriptions, exaggerated, it is nevertheless a fact that there are individual individuals whose nose will not touch the pencil if it is put on the cheekbones. It turns out that the face is not only flat - it is actually depressed inward. These, of course, are some kind of extreme options, they are very rare, but the fact is that in other races this never happens, and the flatness of the face is great. But the shape and size of the face in Mongoloids is very variable, as well as the shape of the nose. It often seems to the inhabitants of Russia that the Mongoloids must necessarily have some kind of small, concave nose, but this idea is drawn from communication with our Mongoloids - northern, Siberian. And more southerly ones can have completely different nose shapes. Mongoloid lips can be different. As a rule, thicker than that of Caucasians, but thinner than that of the equatorials. Something more or less average. Mongoloids are very monotonous in fact, but nevertheless, variants can be distinguished. In the south, the southern Mongoloid race, or the South Asian race, is the same thing. There is a term "Malay", some other, but they are less used. This race is the most equatorial. They have the darkest skin among the Mongoloids, the most protruding jaws - up to developed prognathism. In some groups, the lips reach equatorial values: very thick, wide, unfolded. In the Philippines, in Southeast Asia, some places may have wavy, almost curly hair, and so on and so forth. Obviously, this is the result of mixing with the equatorials. Although not so ancient, because paleoanthropology shows that the Mongoloids appeared here about 2-3 thousand years ago. Before that, a completely different, proto-Australoid, Melanesian - they call it differently - lived here, but in fact the eastern equatorial population. In terms of numbers, most of the Mongoloids belong to the East Asian race. This is most of China, except for the very north and very south, Korea and Japan. Considering that China has a billion people - minus the very north and the very south, but still the same billion remains. Representatives of this East Asian, Far Eastern race, as it is called in another way, have an intermediate state between the southern Mongoloids and the northern ones. Their skin is rather light, but still darker than in the north, but lighter than in the south. They have a narrow but tall face. In the south, the face is small, in principle, but here it is narrow, high, but also flattened. What is characteristic - the nose is most often convex. In the Chinese, for example, according to statistics, 60% of the convex nasal dorsum. The Japanese also have about that, I will not name the exact figure, but about the same. The nose is usually quite narrow. The Japanese are especially narrow in the nose. Within this Far Eastern or East Asian race, there are sometimes types, variants: Japanese type, Korean type, several types in China. But there is not so much data, because, for example, they studied mainly Koreans living in Kazakhstan. Almost no one has studied Koreans in Korea itself anthropologically, oddly enough. Even further north live representatives of the North Asian race, which is divided into two types. This is Central Asian: Mongols, Buryats, partly Yakuts - they are the largest among the Mongoloids, the most massive, with a large flat face, with a very high frequency of epicanthus. And the second option is the Baikal race, or the East Siberian race, as Bunak, for example, called it. These are, for example, the Evenks. Not only Evenki, there are many peoples in Siberia, and most of them also belong there. They are slightly smaller than the Central Asian race, and differ from all other Mongoloids in a relatively large frequency of light brown hair and light eyes, sometimes even blue eyes. At the same time, their face shape is maximally Mongoloid, that is, the flattest face, the most concave back of the nose and the largest face sizes - their face is both very high and very wide. This is an example of race being a convention. For example, the Evenks are the most Mongoloid in face shape, and the least Mongoloid in eye and hair color. This suggests that the concept of "Mongoloid" is our construct, which was created for convenience, but we should not try to cram real people into it. In fact, real people are primary, and ideas are secondary. Ethnicity. Lecture number 9. Mongoloids
How did the transitional variants of the Mongoloid race come about? What signs are most typical for its representatives? What is the most numerous race of Mongoloids? Stanislav Drobyshevsky, Candidate of Biological Sciences, talks about this. Also in Stanislav Drobyshevsky- Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, scientific editor of the portal "Antropogenesis.ru". Course "Race Science" - 10 lectures by anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky on the racial variability of mankind. Mongoloids - Stanislav Drobyshevsky - The Mongoloid race - it is also called the Asian race - is a race, on the one hand, with a huge area, roughly half of Asia, a mass of all islands, with a huge number. As everyone knows, there are more than a billion Chinese people alone. On the other hand, it is surprisingly monotonous - from north to south and from west to east. Among all the so-called great races, she is probably one of the most homogeneous. Which does not exclude, of course, the presence of some options. Moreover, the Mongoloid race, since it comes into contact with other races along the edges, has transitional options. Transitional groups between Caucasians and Mongoloids make up as many as two races. This is the Ural race - representatives living in the Volga region, in the Urals, in the Trans-Urals, in Western Siberia, the Khanty and Mansi are often called such super-exemplary representatives. Naturally, not only they are included there, because the Ural, or uraloid, features are found among the Tatars, the Chuvash, the Mordovians, the Mari, the Kets in Western Siberia and many others. Uralic race averaged between Mongoloids and Caucasians. From a Caucasian point of view, they may appear to be Mongoloids, but from a Mongolian point of view, they will appear to be Caucasians. This is expressed in the shape and color of the hair, and in the shape of the eyes, and in anything else. True, there is a big question: the Uralic race arose here due to isolation or due to a mixture of Mongoloids and Caucasians? Most likely, both factors mattered. Representatives of the South Siberian race live to the south. Representatives of many peoples are also included there, but two main peoples are considered typical representatives - these are Kazakhs and Kyrgyz. Perhaps more is known about the origin of the South Siberian race than about the origin of any other race, since they were nomads, not so long ago they formed there in the form of the South Siberian race, this region is well studied archaeologically and paleoanthropologically. Therefore, the addition of the South Siberian race - as a mixture of Caucasians who lived here earlier, in the Bronze Age, with Mongoloids who began to come here from the early Iron Age, all these movements ended somewhere in the 16th century - is described and studied very well. There are also transitions between the Mongoloids and the equatorials in Southeast Asia, but there is a scientific problem, because these transitions are practically not described by anyone. Mongoloids are characterized by a whole set of rather striking features. Their skin color is fairly light on a global scale, some northern ones are very light, but, for example, in Indonesia there are rather dark skin tones, although they never reach equatorial ones. Almost all Mongoloids have the same hair - straight and black. And not only straight lines. They are also so-called tight. The diameter of the hair is large, which is how it differs from straight hair, say, of northern Caucasians, whose hair is also straight, but soft, thin. This trait in Mongoloids is extremely monotonous, and any options are practically the same type. Although there are options. For example, in some groups of Yakuts and Evenks - up to 40% with light brown hair, sometimes with very light hair. Some believe that this is the influence of an admixture of Russians, but, most likely, this is their own, native state, because they lived in isolation, and in isolation such signs often appear on their own. In the very south of the settlement of Mongoloids, very wavy, even almost curly hair is sometimes found due to mixing with the equatorials - for example, in the Philippines this is far from uncommon. The most characteristic feature of the Mongoloids is a small section of the eyes and the presence of an epicanthus. Epicanthus is a fold in the inner corner of the eye that covers the lacrimal tubercle, and in most groups of Mongoloids, the frequency of this epicanthus is from 98 to 100%. It is slightly smaller in the very south - say, in the same Indonesia, in the Philippines. Due to mixing with the equatorials, the frequency of the epicanthus there may decrease. It is characteristic that epicanthus is present not only in Mongoloids. Independently, apparently, it arose among the Bushmen in South Africa, among the representatives of the South African race, and the epicanthus is found, naturally, among the Indians in America, but they are related to the Mongoloids in any way, and is found among the Caucasians. 50% of Caucasian children also have epicanthus. But in Caucasians, by the age of three or four, it usually disappears if it was at birth, and in Mongoloids it remains for life. Although I must say that in old age Mongoloids, the frequency of epicanthus decreases. A typical feature of Mongoloids is a reduced beard and mustache. Minimum in the world, less than theirs, no. Some people - men, naturally - practically never grow a beard or a mustache in their entire life. What is the reason for the biased perception of this sign by the Mongoloids themselves: for them, such a beard as now, for example, for me, will be a sign of incredible old age. What I personally encountered a couple of times when the Mongoloids perceived me as a very old person. The Chinese, for example. It is not for nothing that they depict, say, Confucius all the time with a long beard. But if you look closely, it is long, but it still goes along the very bottom edge of the face, because it is almost impossible for them to imagine that a beard can be at least the same as I have now, because they do not have this. Also for Mongoloids, a flattened face is very characteristic: in the horizontal plane, the face is extremely flat. Although it is sometimes exaggerated in descriptions, exaggerated, it is nevertheless a fact that there are individual individuals whose nose will not touch the pencil if it is put on the cheekbones. It turns out that the face is not only flat - it is actually depressed inward. These, of course, are some kind of extreme options, they are very rare, but the fact is that in other races this never happens, and the flatness of the face is great. But the shape and size of the face in Mongoloids is very variable, as well as the shape of the nose. It often seems to the inhabitants of Russia that the Mongoloids must necessarily have some kind of small, concave nose, but this idea is drawn from communication with our Mongoloids - northern, Siberian. And more southerly ones can have completely different nose shapes. Mongoloid lips can be different. As a rule, thicker than that of Caucasians, but thinner than that of the equatorials. Something more or less average. Mongoloids are very monotonous in fact, but nevertheless, variants can be distinguished. In the south, the southern Mongoloid race, or the South Asian race, is the same. There is a term "Malay", some other, but they are less used. This race is the most equatorial. They have the darkest skin among the Mongoloids, the most protruding jaws - up to developed prognathism. In some groups, the lips reach equatorial values: very thick, wide, unfolded. In the Philippines, in Southeast Asia, some places may have wavy, almost curly hair, and so on and so forth. Obviously, this is the result of mixing with the equatorials. Although not so ancient, because paleoanthropology shows that the Mongoloids appeared here about 2-3 thousand years ago. Before that, a completely different, proto-Australoid, Melanesian - they call it differently - lived here, but in fact the eastern equatorial population. In terms of numbers, most of the Mongoloids belong to the East Asian race. This is most of China, except for the very north and very south, Korea and Japan. Considering that China has a billion people - minus the very north and the very south, but still the same billion remains. Representatives of this East Asian, Far Eastern race, as it is called in another way, have an intermediate state between the southern Mongoloids and the northern ones. Their skin is rather light, but still darker than in the north, but lighter than in the south. They have a narrow but tall face. In the south, the face is small, in principle, but here it is narrow, high, but also flattened. What is characteristic - the nose is most often convex. In the Chinese, for example, according to statistics, 60% of the convex nasal dorsum. The Japanese also have about that, I will not name the exact figure, but about the same. The nose is usually quite narrow. The Japanese are especially narrow in the nose. Within this Far Eastern or East Asian race, there are sometimes types, variants: Japanese type, Korean type, several types in China. But there is not so much data, because, for example, they studied mainly Koreans living in Kazakhstan. Almost no one has studied Koreans in Korea itself anthropologically, oddly enough. Even further north live representatives of the North Asian race, which is divided into two types. This is Central Asian: Mongols, Buryats, partly Yakuts - they are the largest among the Mongoloids, the most massive, with a large flat face, with a very high frequency of epicanthus. And the second option is the Baikal race, or the East Siberian race, as Bunak, for example, called it. These are, for example, the Evenks. Not only Evenki, there are many peoples in Siberia, and most of them also belong there. They are slightly smaller than the Central Asian race, and differ from all other Mongoloids in a relatively large frequency of light brown hair and light eyes, sometimes even blue eyes. At the same time, their face shape is maximally Mongoloid, that is, the flattest face, the most concave back of the nose and the largest face sizes - their face is both very high and very wide. This is an example of race being a convention. For example, the Evenks are the most Mongoloid in face shape, and the least Mongoloid in eye and hair color. This suggests that the concept of "Mongoloid" is our construct, which was created for convenience, but we should not try to cram real people into it. In fact, real people are primary, and ideas are secondary. Vast spaces Asia (its northern, eastern, central and southeastern regions), Oceania and America inhabited by people, the totality of external signs of which modern anthropologists unite under the name of the great Mongoloid race. These days, this is one of the largest options in terms of number. humanity. Currently, there is no consensus among researchers about the origin of the Mongoloids. However, first things first ... A field that studies the origin and development of man, which began to be developed back in the 18th century. called anthropogenesis (also human evolution). Anthropogenesis is the oldest and one of the main branches of anthropology (the science of man). At the same time, despite the fact that the process of addition of a person has been studied for a long time, a simple and universally accepted scheme of origin does not exist to this day. Taxonomists proudly assigned our species the name Homo sapiens - Homo sapiens, separating it from ancestors and relatives by a voluminous cerebral section of the skull with a high vault, a vertically rising forehead, the absence of an infraorbital ridge, a well-developed chin protrusion and other features. As with many other issues of anthropogenesis, there is no general agreement about the time of the emergence of H. sapiens. These days in time of origin H. sapiens 30-40 thousand years ago (Khrisanfova, Perevozchikov, 1991, p. 106), sometimes it dates back to 160 and more thousand years ago, and sometimes even up to 400-250 thousand years ago (Leakey, 1994). The population of Europe belonging to the modern species of people who lived in the Upper Paleolithic era - from 40 to 10 thousand years ago - is called Cro-Magnons(after the name of the Cro-Magnon cave in France, where in 1868 the finds of human skeletons and tools of the Upper Paleolithic era were made). Since about 40-45 thousand years ago, people of a completely modern appearance, only slightly more massive than we are - neoanthropes- are known from almost the entire territory of the ecumene - from Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. Only America was settled later - reliably only 11-12 thousand years ago, although some archaeologists postpone this event even up to 30-40 thousand years ago. In several African localities dating from 200 to 100 thousand years ago, bones were found of people who did not have a strongly protruding occiput, a large superciliary ridge and at the same time had a very large brain and a protruding chin. Similar finds were made in the Middle East - in the Skhul and Qafzeh caves. Be that as it may, people of modern anatomy have populated the entire accessible world, simultaneously destroying, squeezing out or assimilating earlier versions of the genus Homo ... Isolation of different branches H. sapiens and possible mixing with predecessors did not pass without leaving a trace for his gene pool and appearance. When classifying the diversity of modern man, taxonomists began to use the term "race". There are various concepts of this term. In zoology, they usually denote isolated populations that have accumulated noticeable differences in the gene pool (the set of genes) and the phenofond (the external manifestation of the gene pool). Although it happens that such populations are considered as subspecies. The terms "population" and "race" have overlapping zones, when describing the race, as a rule, they give preference to the area and phenotypic similarity, when describing the population - panmixia and genealogical relationship. There are several concepts of race. According to the first, typological, certain racial types are distinguished, and each individual is evaluated according to the degree of approximation tothis or that "pure" type. The complexity of the typological concept lies in the allocation of "pure" types, distinctly different from one another. Depending on the number of such types and characteristics defined as racial, the racial definition of a person will also change. Moreover, the consistent strict application of the typological principle leads to the fact that siblings can be attributed to different races. The population concept of race prevailing in modern Russian racial studies suggests that a race is an aggregate of populations, not individuals, and traits within a race add up to other combinations than an individual. In the middle of the 20th century, the concept of the unreality of races as intraspecific subdivisions of humanity arose. One of the first to formulate it was the Belgian scientist J. Yerno, who declared race not a fact, but a concept (Zubov, 2003). In recent decades, American and Western European anthropology has shown a decisive tendency to deny the reality of the existence of human races, apparently connected with the fight against racism. According to this trend, the modern diversity of humanity is explained not by the concept of race, but by the clinal variability of characteristics. Simply put, not Caucasians and Negroids, but clinal variability of pigmentation or, say, curly hair from south to north.
It should be noted that the races described for the modern H. sapiens , were not always and invariably so. According to the historical concept of race put forward by V.V. Bunak (1938), races are not stable, but represent time-changing categories, being "a certain stage of formation." Holocene (Holocene:12 thousand years ago - modernity) human populations could have very different "racial" differences than its modern versions. These changes are more than obvious in the modern rapidly changing world with its massive migrations and crossbreeding of all possible racial types in vast contact zones, both natural and artificial, for example, in giant metropolitan areas. The initial views on the origin of man, as a chain of successive transformations leading from an ape-like ancestor to the crown of creation of H. sapiens, usually depicted on diagrams in the form of a young, full of strength Caucasoid, have undergone significant changes. For a long time, the minds of researchers were occupied by the struggle of polycentrists, who derived modern large races from different types of paleoanthropes (or even arhanthropes) and monocentrists, who believe that sapiens, not yet differentiated into races, originated from one region of the globe from one form of ancient man. With the advent of new finds, radical positions softened, polycentrism turned into a multi-regional model, implying the recent origin of races in different but interconnected centers, and monocentrism became “wide”: one valley expanded to two continents. Both hypotheses are reconciled by the theory of network evolution, which allows for the abundant branching of the human tree, with varying degrees of diversity of branches and the possibility of their crossing.
Looking at various attempts to classify modern human diversity, it is clear that the very first racial classifications are not too different from modern ones. As before, according to the total complex of signs, humanity is divided into only a few large races - from three to five. Whereinin the overwhelming majority of classifications, Mongoloids, Caucasians and Negroids are distinguished. Although anthropology as a scientific discipline is customarily traced back to antiquity, as human biology in general and its evolution in particular, it developed in various European countries (especially Germany and France) in the 18th-19th centuries. From there she came to Russia, where her anthropological schools were subsequently formed. This circumstance influenced the fact that the views of anthropologists on many issues were essentially Eurocentric. Partly for this reason, and also because the Mongoloid groups were far enough from Europe, the study of the Mongoloids did not receive the same degree of coverage with which the Caucasoid or Negroid groups were studied. Why exactly "Mongoloids"? Historically, Negroids have been named for their most prominent feature, skin pigmentation. Caucasoids were named for the part of the world, although the term Caucasian race or Caucasoid is used in the English-language literature. But the Mongoloids got their name from the name of a small people, although it would be more logical to give the name also for the part of the world - Asiaticoids. In older articles, the term Homosapiens asiaticus is sometimes encountered. If we use the names of peoples, then the race could well be called synoid, coreoid, or, say, japonoid. But, apparently, of all Asians, it was the Mongols who made the greatest impression on the Europeans. It is believed that the first term "Mongoloid race" when describing the Kalmyks was used by Christoph Meiners in 1785 (Painter, 2003). Later in the XVIII-XIX centuries. this term was used by Johann Blumenbach, Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Georges Cuvier, Arthur de Gobineau, Thomas Huxley, August Henry Keane, initiating its wide distribution. Kant in the second half of the 18th century. along with the term "Mongolian" he also used the terms "Huns" and "Kalmyk" races. According to Khrisanfova and Perevozchikov (1999), the description of the large Mongoloid race is as follows: class = "eliadunit"> "Color of the skin - from dark-skinned to light (mainly in the North Asian groups). The hair color is dark, in some variants it is very dark (bluish-black). Hair is generally coarse and straight, but in South Asia there are groups with a significant frequency of wavy hair, and soft hair is not uncommon in North Asia. The nose is usually rather narrow, with a low or medium nose height, slightly protruding, but there are variants with a strongly protruding nose. On the whole, the nose varies considerably in size and shape, in contrast to the well-established stereotype of the "small nose" of the Mongoloids as a characteristic feature. The fold of the upper eyelid is significantly developed. Epicanthus (a special skin fold of the upper eyelid that covers the lacrimal tubercle in the inner corner of the eye) can reach a frequency of 90–95%, but in many groups (America, South Asia) it is rare. The outer corner of the eye is raised. Tertiary scalp is poorly developed on the face and is almost completely absent on the body. The body length varies less than that of Negroids, but there are few really tall groups, as there are no very small ones. " As you can see, a little .. At the same time, for many of the above signs, rather wide gradations are recorded. Ilya Vasilievich Perevozchikov, who read the general course of anthropology, noted that the common features for all Mongoloids are the flattening of the face (not to be confused with the zygomatic width), a high percentage of the occurrence of epicanthus and black, straight, coarse hair. Dermatoglyphic data (patterns on the palms and soles) and odontological signs (signs of the structure of the teeth) do not give such unambiguity, with the exception of shovel-shaped incisors, which are often found in Mongoloids. Flattened face Epicanthus. (photo by Dmitry Garmaev) Diagram of the degrees of spade-like incisors. Shovel-shaped rivers photo The center of dispersal of Mongoloid populations is almost all of Asia, the periphery is Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Pacific Islands, Madagascar, North and South America. The periphery should also include the zones of contact with Caucasians - Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Siberia. The frequency of common signs (flattening of the face, epicanthus, straight coarse hair) decreases from the center to the periphery. If we consider the features of a large race, then, according to morphological characteristics, three options are distinguished in it: Pacific, North and American, each of which breaks up into small races. Sinanthropus (Homo erectus pekinensis). Skull and reconstruction This fact has long been pointed out by polycentrists. It seems to be echoed by the recent (2010) find of a foot phalanx in Denisova Cave in Altai. The genetic characteristics of the carrier of this bone were investigated by Svante Paabo. Judging by the message of Maria Mednikova (Parallel Humanity), the results suggest a Neanderthal or mixed Neanderthal-erectoid origin of Denisovans. The most amazing thing is that part of modern people carry Denisovan heritage in their genes. Almost 5% of Denisovan genes were found in Melanesians, in the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea. The conclusion made to her is that Homo erectus sensu lato (erectus in the broadest sense) is the most stable and long-term polytypical human species, which has existed for almost 2 million years, well, at least 1.5. In some parts of its vast range, it evolves into other forms, and in some parts it retains a great affinity with the ancestral form. And during migrations and encounters of Sapiens and Neanderthals with an ancestral form, a situation of recurrent hybridization could arise. Since the genetic traits of some erectus are found among modern human populations, it is logical to assume that morphological traits could also be inherited (like spatulate incisors). However, the origin of Mongoloids based on a complex of genetic and morphological data will be discussed later ... Hoyt Sanji |
The eastern (Pacific) coast of Asia is inhabited by groups that are included in the large Mongoloid race, but differ in a number of characteristics. Far Eastern small race. Skin color is dark. The Arctic race includes the Eskimos, Chukchi and Koryaks. These differences formed the basis for the identification of small Mongoloid races. All racial groups on the Pacific coast of Asia have mixed Mongolian-Australoid traits, which unites them.
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