3. Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

(sl. 2) Lesson plan:

4. Learning new material.

1) teacher's story:

1. The economic crisis of 1812 - 1815

(sl. 3) - How, in your opinion, did foreign campaigns and World War II affect the economy of the Russian Empire?

They became a serious test for the Russian economy:

(sl. 4) 1) The total amount of material losses over these years amounted to 1 billion rubles. It was an astronomical amount, considering that the state's annual revenues usually did not exceed 100 million rubles.

2) The western regions of the country, the most affected by the war, turned out to be devastated.

But the situation in Russia was not as sad as it seems at first glance. Russia was saved from the final economic collapsetariff charter , prepared back in 1810 (he ensured the predominance of the export of goods over their import into the country), and financial assistance from England.

3) A heavy burden was also the concern for the restoration of destroyed cities, Moscow in the first place. The government paid residents of the affected cities special benefits, the total amount of which amounted to 15 million rubles.

4) "Continental Blockade" and then the war dealt the heaviest blow to the basis of the Russian economy - the peasant economy. The landlords, in turn, sought to make up for their losses by putting pressure on the peasants. All this led to the decline of peasant farms.

What do you think Alexander needed to do to bring the country out of the crisis?

(sl. 5)

It was necessary to take urgent measures to bring the country's economy out of crisis. and other most far-sighted representatives of the authorities understood that a radical improvement was possible only by solving the peasant problem, primarily by limiting and abolishing serfdom.

2. The abolition of serfdom in the Baltics.

(sq. 6) The western provinces of the country became the testing ground for this reform.

1) In 1811, the German landlords of the Baltic region turned to the tsar with a proposal to free their peasants from serfdom, but not to give them land.

2) In 1816 Alexander I approved about the complete abolition of serfdom in Estland while maintaining land for the landowners.

3) In 1818-1819. the same laws were adopted in relation to the peasants of Courland and Livonia.

(sl. 7) - Working with the document: p. 50 - Professor K.I. Arseniev.

3. Arakcheev's project on the abolition of serfdom. military settlements .

How do you think, how did the landowners react to the abolition of serfdom in the Baltics?

(sl. 8)

Soon, the landowners of the Belarusian, Pskov, St. Petersburg and Penza lands began to declare their desire to solve the peasant question in a similar way.

How could Alexander react to such a proposal? (The Emperor gave a secret order to develop an all-Russian peasant.)

And to whom could he entrust such a delicate matter? (He entrusted this matter to a completely unexpected person, the official closest to him at that time - General A. A. Arakcheev)

(sl. 9)

However, such a decision might seem strange only at first glance.

(sl. 10) Arakcheev was known for successful housekeeping in his estate Gruzino (Novgorod region).

(sl. 11) - the statement of Zubov A.B.

(sl. 12) He managed to create a large market-oriented economy there. Arakcheev opened a Loan Bank for the peasants, which issued loans for the construction of houses and the purchase of livestock. He also encouraged the entrepreneurship of his villagers. The rule was to help the poor.

(sl. 13) However, the methods of creating a model economy were harsh: the peasants were severely punished for the slightest violation and mismanagement. The profit from the estate was so great that a lot of money was directed to the construction of roads, temples and stone houses for the peasants, the creation of parks, stud farms. In 1810, Gruzino was visited by Alexander I, who was simply amazed at the results achieved by Arakcheev.

Let's find out more about him (p. 47 - 48)
- Working with a document - p. 50 - From the memories of Arakcheev …

Do you think Alexander had any instructions regarding the bill?
(sl. 14) When entrusting Arakcheev with the preparation of the project, Alexander I set only one condition: the reforms should be carried out gradually and "not include any measures that are embarrassing for the landlords." In 1818 the project was ready.

You will now find out what the bill includes by reading the material on p. 48 (1 paragraph)

To resolve the peasant issue, Arakcheev proposed to the tsar to allocate 5 million rubles annually (this was the market value of serfs put up for auction annually) to buy out estates from those landlords who would agree to this. These could be, first of all, the nobles, who mortgaged their estates and barely made ends meet. After that, the redeemed lands were to be distributed among the liberated peasants (2 acres per capita). The allotments were small, which would force the peasants, according to Arakcheev's plan, to "earn extra money" from the landowners.

Whose interests did Arakcheev's project protect? (landlords, the sale of peasants was a voluntary matter, optional)

Would the peasants be given land?

Was Arakcheev's project realistic in the conditions of Russia in the first quarter 19th century?

Has this bill been passed? Why? (the Minister of Finance said that there was no money to buy peasants)

Another plan of Alexander I, the implementation of which was entrusted to Arakcheev, was introduction of military settlements .

(sl. 15) 1) In the context of the economic crisis, it was decided to reduce the cost of maintaining the army.

2) The soldiers had to combine military service with business activities.

3) The troops settled in the countryside (“owner villagers”) consisted of family soldiers who had served at least 6 years and former state peasants aged 18 to 45 years.

4) The children of the settlers were enrolled in the service.

The deployment of military settlements took place only on state lands. This caused numerous uprisings of the state peasants, who were turned into military settlers. From the point of view of saving military spending, the settlements fulfilled their task. During the period from 1825 to 1850, 45.5 million rubles were saved. However, the creation of military settlements limited the possibility of free development of the economy.

Let's find out what contemporaries thought about the settlements - pp.50-51

(sl. 16) Arakcheevshchina - the policy of reaction, the system of measures of police despotism to preserve feudalism; the imposition of military settlements and cane discipline in the army, the suppression of public free-thinking and discontent, a significant increase in the bureaucratic apparatus.

2) independent work:

4. Development of industry and trade.

Read the material on pages 48 - 49 and prove with examples that industry and trade developed in the Russian Empire

After overcoming the post-war crisis, industry and trade in Russia developed quite steadily. If in 1804 there were 2423 factories in the country, then in 1825 there were 5261 of them. The total number of workers during this time increased from 95 thousand to 210 thousand, and wage workers among them - from 45.6 thousand (they accounted for 48% of the total number of workers) to 114.5 thousand (54%).

- Most of the factories and factories were busy fulfilling state orders, mainly associated with the production of weapons and cloth for the army, and also produced goods for export abroad. However, even before the war of 1812, the accelerate the development of light industry. Its products were already mainly for sale within the country, which testified to the expansion of the domestic market. By the end of the 20s. Russia stopped importing chintz from abroad.

St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tula, Vladimir, and the Ural region remained the main industrial centers. In the post-war period, the use of steam engines in enterprises began.

The needs of the growing domestic market required the improvement of communications, the main of which remained water. In 1803-1805. Canals connected the Kama and the Northern Dvina, the Dnieper and the Vistula, the Western Dvina and the Neman. In 1810, the Mariinsky canal system was put into operation, and in 1811 - the Tikhvin one, in 1815 the first Russian steamship "Elizabeth" was launched. The construction of paved roads began (in 1825 there were already 390 km of them).

Domestic trade was still predominantly fair. The largest fairs in the country were Makaryevskaya (which moved from the Makaryevsky Monastery to Nizhny Novgorod), Korennaya (Kursk), Kyiv, Kharkovskaya, Irbitskaya, and the fair in Rostov Veliky.

What do you think was exported abroad from Russia? (mainly grain, hemp, lard, wood)

What did they import? (consumer goods and industrial semi-finished products).

Russia's economic development in early XIX in. showed, on the one hand, the inefficiency of serf labor and the need to abandon it, and on the other, the possibility of developing factory production based on the use of steam engines. All this indicated that a new stage was beginning in the country's economic development.
- Working with a document - p.51

3) Expanding vocabulary:
Light industry- the production of products intended for consumption differs from heavy industry - the production of means of production (metal, machinery, fuel, etc.).
Hemp- fiber from hemp for the production of ropes.
Polygon- a place to test something.

Semifinished- a product of labor that must go through one or more stages of processing before becoming a finished product.
chintz- dyed cotton fabric.

Cloth- woolen fabric.
Rate- the rate of collection of a tax or payment for the use of something.
Charter- a set of rules that determines the structure, procedure for the activities of an organization or a state body.
Economic crisis- a difficult situation in the development of the economy, the time of its decline.

Task number 1.

Specify in the table the features of economic crises in Russia and in the countries of Western Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

*note. The crisis in Europe is related to the crisis of industry and was a crisis of overproduction, while the crisis in Russia is mainly related to the crisis of agriculture, which formed the basis of the economy, and was a crisis of underproduction.

Task number 2.

Who is in the portrait? What do you know about this person? Why did the tsar entrust him with the development of a project for the liberation of the peasants from serfdom?

Russian statesman and military figure, Count Alexei Andreevich Arakcheev (1769-1834). Got military education. A capable artillery officer began a rapid career under the heir Pavel Petrovich in Gatchina. Before the war of 1812, he served as Minister of War, was engaged in the reorganization, supply and training of the Russian army. The excellent condition of the Russian artillery is largely the merit of Arakcheev. During the war, he was engaged in supplying the army and organizing reserves. Contemporaries noted the mind, diligence, activity, personal disinterestedness of Arakcheev, his intolerance for bribery. At the same time, he was taciturn, gloomy and stern. In his demands for diligence, he reached cruelty. Entrusting him with the project, Alexander I probably took into account the positive experience of managing Arakcheev in his own estate Gruzino and his amazing diligence. Although, according to historians, an annual appropriation of 5 million rubles would be enough to complete the liberation of the peasants according to the Arakcheev project in 150 years.

Task number 3.

Choose the correct answer.

1. For the first quarter of the XIX century. number of factories in Russia:
a) more than doubled
b) decreased;
c) has more than tripled;
d) remained the same.

2. After the end of the Patriotic War, the most rapidly developed:
a) heavy industry
b) light industry.

3. Products of the domestic light industry were mainly sold:
a) inside the country;
b) to other countries.

4. A new direction in the development of communications in the first quarter of the XIX century. became:
a) construction of river channels;
b) construction of paved roads;
c) construction railways.

Task number 4.

Enter the wrong answer.

1. The main industrial centers of Russia after the Patriotic War of 1812 still remained:
a) Petersburg;
b) Moscow;
in Baku;
d) Tula;
e) Ural.

2. The largest fairs in the country in the first quarter of the XIX century. were:
a) Makarievskaya;
b) Indigenous;
c) Petersburg;
d) Kyiv;
e) Irbitskaya.

Task number 5.

Give definitions of concepts.

Heavy industry - industries that produce mainly the means of production: tools, raw materials, fuel.
Light industry - industries that produce mainly consumer goods from various kinds raw materials.
An economic crisis is a serious disruption in normal economic activity, characterized by a decline in the economy, the accumulation of debts and the inability to repay them on time.

Socio-economic development after the Patriotic War of 1812

Results of the Patriotic War of 1812

The main result of the Patriotic War of 1812 was the almost complete destruction of Napoleon's Great Army.

1813 - 1814 "Foreign campaigns of the Russian army" - the fighting moved to the territory of Germany and France. Napoleon was defeated in the battle of Leipzig, the Russian army took possession of Paris, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Fr. Elbe. The result is the collapse of Napoleon's empire. Liberation of all German peoples from French domination. The return of pre-war territories to the former borders.

Creation of a sacred alliance (1815) between Russia, Prussia and Austria. The main task of the union is to preserve the existing order in Europe and fight against the revolutionary movement.

After the war, Russia became a leading world power and began to influence European and world politics.

Twelve provinces were devastated, burned and destroyed the ancient Russian cities of Smolensk, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Moscow. Military losses amounted to more than 300 thousand soldiers and officers, even greater losses were among the civilian population.

Background of the economic crisis in Russia in 1812-1815.

The Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of the Russian army became an ordeal for the Russian economy. Material losses, according to researchers, amounted to more than 1 billion rubles with an annual income of the country of 100 million rubles. Cities were burned, Moscow and the western regions were especially affected. The basis of the Russian economy is Agriculture began to decline, as huge funds and food went to the needs of the army. The peasants also went to the militia, leaving agricultural work. The country was saved from the final collapse by the Speransky tariff plan and the financial assistance provided by England. According to Speransky's tariff plan, taxes were raised on products imported into the country, which contributed to merchandise exports, i.e. sale of goods on the foreign market.

Economic problems forced the government to look for additional ways to generate income and cut costs.

Understanding perfectly well that further economic development is possible only by solving the peasant question or limiting it, the emperor instructed Arakcheev to prepare a project to improve the peasant question, but with one condition: the reforms should be carried out gradually and without any inconvenience for the landowners, since the landowners were the backbone of the monarchy . The project was prepared in 1818. Arakcheev suggested that Alexander allocate an annual sum of 5 million rubles for the purchase of estates, the landlords of which would agree to this. First of all, this concerned those landowners whose estates had already been mortgaged. Redemption estates were to be distributed among the liberated peasants at 2 acres per capita. The allotments turned out to be small, so the peasant had to earn extra money from the landlords (10-15 acres are needed for a normal life). The project was never implemented, although it was temporary.

Another project of Arakcheev aimed at reducing the state.

Military settlement project

From 1810 - 1857 in Russia, a program of military settlements is being created, combining military service with productive labor, primarily agricultural. The military who had served for at least 6 years were sent to specially allocated state lands to combine military service with productive labor (the villagers are the owners). In the same settlements there were also peasants from 18 to 45 years old who were doing military service there. The children of the settlers were automatically enrolled in the service. The settlements were characterized by military pursuits and military discipline. Income went to the construction of roads, temples, houses, parks, stud farms.

THE PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT is to reduce the cost of maintaining the army, which must support itself (45.5 million rubles were saved over 20 years). When Emperor Alexander I visited one of the settlements, he was simply amazed at the results.

Despite the economic successes, the project did not take root in the conditions of the Russian Empire, as it caused resistance. The Russian officers were outraged that they were sent to live and work on the land, and the peasants that strict discipline was being introduced like in the army and they had to serve their military service for life. The statutes on the organization of the economy were also extremely strict: punishments were applied for the slightest violations.

Question 1. What do you see as the main causes of the economic crisis in Russia in 1812-1815?

Answer. Causes:

1) the ban on trade with Great Britain caused more damage to the Russian economy than to the British one;

2) military spending in 1812 reached astronomical sums;

3) the ruin of the western provinces and their subsequent restoration required large funds, for example, residents of the affected cities, and not only Moscow, were paid benefits totaling 15 million rubles;

4) French intelligence imported to Russia big number supporting paper rubles specifically to undermine the economy.

Question 2. Which sectors of the economy were in the most difficult situation? What measures did the landlords take to bring their farms out of the crisis?

Answer. Agriculture suffered the most, and the peasant households, which formed the basis of the economy, had the hardest time. Their ruin meant disaster both for their immediate owners and for the economy of the empire as a whole.

Question 3. Under what conditions was the liberation of the peasants in the Baltic States? Why was there no universal abolition of serfdom in Russia?

Answer. The Baltic peasants were freed without land. Accordingly, they had to be hired by the landowners, still perform essentially the same duties, only now the landowner was not obliged to take care of their fate. Such a reform throughout Russia could cause unprecedented peasant unrest: Russian peasants, unlike the Balts, considered the land to be the main value at that time, for the sake of owning it they were even ready to endure captivity. And most importantly, conservative circles of the landowners themselves would have opposed such measures, which would have been much more dangerous for the emperor. In the Baltic states, the vast majority of German estate owners themselves initiated such a reform. In the rest of Russia, many nobles were not ready to revise the centuries-old foundations.

Question 4. What was the meaning of the project A. A. Arakcheeva?

Answer. The first project of A.A. Arakcheev actually assumed the personal freedom of peasants without land, but in a disguised form and in stages. It was proposed to gradually redeem the land from the landowners who would agree to this (at that time, many mortgaged their estates to pay off their debts). From the land received, it was proposed to allocate to the peasants allotments so small that they would go to be hired by the landowners, that is, they would do the same as they had to do in the event of will without land.

Question 5. What tasks were to solve the organization of military settlements? Have these goals been achieved?

Answer. The main task was to reduce the cost of maintaining the army. This task was successfully completed: for the period from 1825 to 1850, 45.5 million rubles were saved. However, the creation of military settlements limited the possibility of free development of the economy.

Question 6. Give general characteristics development of Russian industry and trade.

Answer. Industry in Russia mainly fulfilled state orders, therefore its heavy industry flourished. However, light industry also gradually developed. Steam engines were introduced into production, as in all of continental Europe (in the UK, this process took place even earlier, at the end of the 18th century). However, due to the preservation of serfdom, the introduction of new technologies was slow: the low cost of labor of serfs often made it economically unprofitable to spend large sums on new equipment, and subsequently it was not possible to save so much to cover the costs. On the positive side, the number of hired workers in industry grew, albeit slowly. The development of industry demanded better means of communication. Therefore, new canals were built, there were no railways in Russia yet. The main trade continued to be conducted at fairs. This shows how little, despite the development, industry was developed, because for the sale of its products, this form of trade turned out to be sufficient.

• History of Russia, Grade 8

• 1. Economic crisis of 1812-1815
• 2. The abolition of serfdom in the Baltics.
• 3. Arakcheev's project on the abolition of serfdom. military settlements.
• 4. Development of industry and trade.

• Lesson plan:

• The economic crisis of 1812-1815

• Foreign campaigns of the Russian army

• The total amount of material losses for these years amounted to 1 billion rubles.

• The annual income of the state did not exceed 100 million rubles

• Restoration of destroyed cities, primarily Moscow

• The government paid special benefits to residents of the affected cities (15 million rubles)

• Continental blockade of England

• The economic crisis of 1812-1815

• It was necessary to take urgent measures to bring the country's economy out of crisis. Alexander I and other most far-sighted representatives of the authorities understood that a radical improvement was possible only in solving the peasant question primarily in the limitation and abolition of serfdom.

• The economic crisis of 1812-1815

• Alexander I

• 1811- conversion of German
• Baltic landlords with
• offer to release
• peasants, but without land

• 1816- statement
• Alexander I of law
• about the complete abolition
• serfdom in Estonia

• 1818 - 1819- such laws
• were adopted in Courland
• and Livonia

• The abolition of serfdom in the Baltics:

• “It has been proven that land cultivated by free peasants yields more abundant fruits than land of the same quality cultivated by serfs. The truth is immutable, approved by the experiences of many centuries that have passed.

• K.I. Arseniev

• Project A.A. Arakcheeva

• Soon about desire
• similar
• way
• solve the peasant
• the question was raised
• Belarusian landowners,
• Pskov, Petersburg
• and Penza lands.

• The emperor gave a secret order to develop
• all-Russian peasant reform. He instructed
• This is a case for a completely unexpected person.

• Project A.A. Arakcheeva

• “In appearance, Arakcheev looked like a big monkey in a uniform. He was tall, thin and sinewy, and had a long, thin neck, on which one could study the anatomy of veins, muscles, etc. ”

• ON THE. Sablukov

• A.A. Arakcheev

• Project A.A. Arakcheeva

• Project A.A. Arakcheeva

• Arakcheev, a believing and pious Orthodox Christian from a young age, gifted with brilliant organizational skills and administrative talent and, perhaps most importantly, who worked not for the sake of self-interest and glory, but also, like the Emperor, following his moral duty ..., such an employee was Alexander is endlessly needed.

• A.B. Zubov

• Arakcheev managed to create a large market-oriented economy: he opened a Loan Bank for the peasants, which issued loans for the construction of houses and the purchase of livestock. He also encouraged the entrepreneurship of his villagers.

• Project A.A. Arakcheeva

• Project A.A. Arakcheeva

• However, the methods of creating a model economy were harsh: the peasants were severely punished for the slightest violation and mismanagement. The profit from the estate was so great that a lot of money was directed to the construction of roads, temples and stone houses for the peasants, the creation of parks, stud farms.

• Charging Arakcheev preparation of the project, Alexander I set only one condition: reforms should be carried out gradually and "do not include any measures that are embarrassing for the landowners." In 1818 the project was ready.

• Project A.A. Arakcheeva

• Project A.A. Arakcheeva

• 1) it was decided to reduce the cost of maintaining the army.
• 2) Soldiers had to combine military service with economic activity.
• 3) The troops settled in the countryside consisted of family soldiers
• 4) The children of the settlers were enrolled in the service.

• Project A.A. Arakcheeva

• Arakcheevshchina - reaction politics, system of measures police despotism to save feudalism; planting military settlements and stick discipline in armies, suppression public free-thinking and discontent, a significant increase bureaucracy.

• Development of industry and trade:

• Page 48 - 49

• Summing up the lesson:

• Questions on page 49

• Homework:

• Paragraph 7, notes, questions, assignments in the workbook

• http://www.sedmitza.ru/text/430205.html
• http://www.biografija.ru/biography/arsenev-konstantin-ivanovich.htm
• http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8% D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0.jpg
• http://www.abc-people.com/data/arakcheev-aa/p-1.htm

• Antonenkova Anzhelika Viktorovna
• History teacher, MOU Budinskaya OOSh
• Tver region