2nd millennium BC e. XXI century BC e. XX century BC e. XIX century BC e. XVIII century BC e. 17th century BC e. 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 ... Wikipedia

19th century- 3 thousand years BC XVIII century A.D. XIX century 1900 1950 1950 1980 1980 2000 XXI century 1823. In Mozdok Vasily Dubinin ... Oil and gas microencyclopedia

The long 19th century is a historical period that, according to the British Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm, who singled it out, lasted from 1789 to 1918. His main feature there was a domination of empires in the world. The beginning of this period is the Great ... Wikipedia

Magazine cover. 1830 "Notes of the Fatherland" Russian literary magazine XIX century, which had a significant impact on the movement of literary life and development public thought in Russia; was published in St. Petersburg in 1818 1884 (from ... ... Wikipedia

Semya i shkola is a Russian pedagogical journal published in 1871 1888. in St. Petersburg. Founded by writers Elena Apreleva and Yulian Simashko (the first was engaged in literary and humanitarian materials, the second in natural science). ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Literary Gazette (meanings). Literary newspaper Literary type Editor-in-chief А.А. Delvig, then O.M. Somov Founded on January 1, 1830 Discontinued on June 30, 1831 ... Wikipedia

2nd millennium XVII century XVIII century XIX century XX century XXI century 1790 е 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 ... Wikipedia

2nd millennium XVII century XVIII century XIX century XX century XXI century 1790 е 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 ... Wikipedia

2nd millennium XVII century XVIII century XIX century XX century XXI century 1790 е 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 ... Wikipedia

Books

• XIX century (ed. 1901),. Reprinted edition using print-on-demand technology from the original of 1901 Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1901 edition (published by A.F. Marx Publishing House). ...
• XIX century,. Reprinted edition using print-on-demand technology from the original 1901 Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1901 edition (Publishing House AF Marx ...
• History of Russian Goverment. Biographies. 19th century first half,. The book contains information about the leaders of Russia in the first half of the 19th century - from the beginning of the reign of Alexander I to the end of the reign of Nicholas I. Here government officials Speransky and ...

According to the Gregorian calendar, the nineteenth (XIX) century lasted from 1801 to 1900 inclusive. Let's talk about what the 19th century was like, dwell on the main events of this era.

Key events of the 19th century

• Urbanization is the process of increasing the importance of cities in the life of society. As a rule, the catalyst for urbanization was the unprecedented growth of industry within cities.
• Industrial revolution or industrialization is the process of transition from traditional (agricultural) economic development to industrial production, mainly due to technical and scientific progress.
• The growth of colonies in various parts of the world.
• The flourishing of culture, literature, painting, which in the history of art and literature was called the "Golden Age". A major breakthrough in the field of art should be noted in the Russian Empire. The great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin is rightfully considered the main figure of the "Golden Age" of Russian literature and literature. He made a great contribution to Russian poetry - he became a reformer of the artistic language.

Specific historical events of the century

The nineteenth century is rich in historical events that changed the world and entailed fundamental transformations in society, politics, and the economy of many countries. Let's consider the main ones.

1. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire fell. It was a union of many European countries. The reason for the collapse and division of parts of the empire between the victorious countries was the Russian-Austro-French war of 1805. Austria, Great Britain and Russia were severely defeated in the fighting.
2. Patriotic War 1812 with Napoleon, which significantly increased the growth of national self-awareness of the people of the Russian Empire.
3. Napoleonic Wars 1803-1815
4. Russian-Turkish wars 1828-1829 between Russia and Ottoman Empire... Two years of heavy fighting, which claimed the lives of thousands of Russian soldiers, were crowned with a well-deserved victory for the Russian Empire and the signing of the Adrianople Peace Treaty. One of the most important points of the peace treaty was Russia's trade access to the Black Sea straits.
5. 1861 - abolition of serfdom in Russian Empire by decree of Emperor Alexander II.

OTHER

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The most complete reference table of the main dates and events of the history of Russia in the 19th century. This table is convenient to use for schoolchildren and applicants for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and USE in history.

Downey's celebrity portraits

Miss Charlotte (Lottie) Dod 1871-1960. Five-time Wimbledon champion. She remains the youngest champion to win her first title at the age of 15 in 1887

Sir Frederick Leighton. 1830-1896. painter and sculptor associated with the Pre-Raphaelites

Ms. Alexander. Cecilia Francis Humphries Alexander. 1818-1895. Poetess and very popular hymn writer

Maharani Suniti Devi of the Princely State of Koh Bihar, India. 1864-1932. Arrived in London with her husband in 1887 to pay tribute to Queen Victoria on her anniversary

Lady Jane. Lady Mary Jane. 1849-1931. The owner of the salon, friend of Thomas Hardy, Oscar Wilde and others, is known for her charitable work

Mr. George Du Maurier. George Louis Palmella Busson du Maurier. 1834-1896. British writer and cartoonist of French origin. Famous character creator Svengalli

Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. 1853-1920. Daughter of Tsar Alexander II

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, 1841-1910. He ascended british throne after the death of his mother Queen Victoria and ruled for 9 years as Edward VII

Alexandra, Princess of Wales, 1844-1925. She married Albert Edward, Prince of Wales in 1863, and became the mother of George V

Dame Madge Kendal. 1848-1935. Nee Margaret Robertson. A famous actress and theater manager who, together with her husband, gave respectability to the acting profession through her personal example

Mrs. Fawcett. Millicent Fawcett. 1847-1929. Women's equality activist and early feminist. Won voting rights for women over 30 in 1918

William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong. 1810-1900. Inventor, industrialist, early proponent of renewable energy sources.

Sarah Bernhardt. 1844-1923. Divine Sarah was arguably the most famous actress of the 19th century. Here she poses in the image of the Empress Theodora

Lord Charles Beresford. 1846-1919. British Admiral and Member of Parliament

Bret Garth. 1836-1902. American writer and poet. Garth spent more than a third of his life in Europe and is buried in England

Lilly (Lily) Langtree. 1853-1929. Famous British beauty, lover of the future Edward VII, actress and celebrity

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale. 1864-1892. The eldest son of the future Edward VII, second in line to the British throne, he died during a flu pandemic shortly after his 28th birthday

Anton Rubenstein. 1829-1894. Russian pianist, composer, conductor and founder of the St. Petersburg Conservatory.

Georg, of Wales. 1865-1936. Future King George V, he was the second son of Edward VII, and ascended the throne after the death of his father in 1910

Emma Ames. 1865-1952. American lyric soprano. Here she is in the image of Juliet from Gounod's opera Romeo and Juliet. Her professional operatic debut took place in 1889 at the Paris Opera in this role.

Oscar Wilde. 1854-1900. Here he is, an example of a Victorian gentleman. This famous photograph was taken at a time when he was just gaining his reputation as one of the most popular playwrights on the London stage.

Prince Arthur, Duke of Connacht. 1850-1942. Was the seventh child and third son of Victoria and Albert, Governor General of Canada

Thomas Henry Huxley. 1825-1895. English biologist who earned the nickname "Darwin's Bulldog" for promoting the theory of evolution

Princess Victoria, 1868-1935, and Princess Maud, 1869-1938. Daughter of Edward VII and sister of George V. Victoria never married while Maud became Queen of Norway

Michael Davitt. 1846-1906. Irish Republican, trade union leader and Member of Parliament

Princess Helena (1846-1923), married Princess of Schleswig-Holstein. Was the third daughter and fifth child in the Victoria and Albert family

Wilson Barrett. 1846-1904. British actor, director and playwright. Here he poses as Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet

Princess Louise, daughter of the King and Duchess of Fife. 1867-1931. She was the third child and eldest daughter of Edward VII. Here she poses with her husband, Alexander William Duff, Earl of Fife

Algernon Borthwick. 1830-1908. British journalist and conservative politician, he was the owner of the Morning Post

Christopher Tisdale. 1833-1893. Major General and winner of the Victoria Cross during the Crimean War

Ada Rehan. 1859-1916. American actress who has received universal admiration in Europe. Here she is as Rosalind in "As You Like It"

The 19th century in the history of Russia was marked by such events as the Patriotic War of 1812, the Decembrists and their uprising on December 14, 1825 on Senate Square, the Crimean War (1853-1856), the abolition of serfdom in 1861.

The 19th century is the time of the reign of Alexander I, his brother Nicholas I, Alexander II and Alexander III.

A revolution in geometry was made by the research of Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, and in medicine - by the surgeon Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. Russian navigators Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky made their first trip around the world (1803-1806).

In the 19th century, such writers as Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky worked.

And that's just a brief description of this difficult, difficult, sometimes tragic period of Russian history.

So what was this 19th century like?

It was from this tragic event that the 19th century began for Russia. Although for the entire population, the death of the emperor, which occurred as a result of the conspiracy, was more a joyful event than a sad one. On the evening of March 12, not a single bottle of wine was left in the shops in St. Petersburg.

Ascended the throne Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, who became Emperor Alexander I.

What was Russia like at the beginning of the 19th century?

Together with England and France, Russia was one of the largest European powers, but nevertheless significantly lagged behind Europe in terms of economic development... The economy was based on agriculture; Russia exported raw materials and agricultural products to the countries of Western Europe. Imports mainly consisted of machinery, tools, luxury goods, as well as cotton, spices, sugar, fruits.

Serfdom hindered economic development; many talked about the liberation of millions of Russian peasants from such cruel dependence. Alexander I, realizing the need for reforms, adopted in 1803 a decree on free farmers, according to which the peasants could obtain release from the landowner for a ransom.

The foreign policy of Russia was characterized by the contradictions that arose between Russia and France and its emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

In 1811 Napoleon proposed to conclude a new peace agreement for Russia (instead of the Peace of Tilsit in 1807), but Alexander refused it, since after the signing of the treaty, Napoleon intended to marry the sister of the Russian tsar.

On June 12, 1812 600 thousand of Napoleon's soldiers invaded Russia.

The emperor of France intended for 1 month. give a border battle and force Alexander to make peace. But one of Alexander's plans for waging the war was this: if Napoleon turns out to be stronger, then retreat as much as possible.

We all remember the phrase of Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov from the film: "There is nowhere to retreat, Moscow is ahead!"

As you know, the Patriotic War lasted for a year and ended with the defeat of France.

Alexander nevertheless refused French contributions, saying: "I fought for glory, not for money."

State finances were in dire straits, and the budget deficit was enormous. The foreign policy of that time was called "counter-revolutionary", and Russia until the 50s. 19th century called "the gendarme of Europe." Nicholas I was forced to continue this aggressive foreign policy, and he also set himself the task of strengthening the autocracy and the economy, but without carrying out reforms.

Nicholas I began with the creation of "His Imperial Majesty's Chanceries." It was his own bureaucratic apparatus, which was supposed to oversee the execution of decrees.

This indicated that the tsar did not trust the nobility (which, in principle, was natural after the uprising of the Decembrists) and officials became the ruling class. As a result, the number of officials increased 6 times.

During the reign of Nicholas I, he carried out the following transformations:

1. The codification of Russian legislation or the reduction of all laws into codes, carried out by Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky. Speransky, the son of a poor rural priest, becomes, thanks to his abilities, the first adviser to the emperor. He publishes 15 volumes of laws that were in effect until 1920.
2. The reform of Yegor Frantsevich Kankrin, one of the first economists admitted to power. Kankrin canceled all the old money and was replaced by the silver ruble (since Russia had a large silver reserve). In addition, Kankrin introduced customs duties on almost all imported goods, as a result of which the budget deficit was eliminated.
3. The reform of Pavel Dmitrievich Kisilev or the reform of the state village. As a result, its peasants received the right to own real estate-private property.

In the 1850s. Russia will be drawn into a series of military conflicts, of which the most significant was the conflict with Turkey. ended with the Crimean War, which lasted 2 years and Russia was defeated in it.

The defeat in the Crimean War led to the death of the emperor, tk. according to one version, Nicholas I committed suicide due to military failures.

They called him the liberator king because of the reform he carried out in 1861 to abolish serfdom. In addition, he was military reform(service was reduced from 20 to 6 years), judicial (3-level judicial system, including the magistrate court, the district court and the Senate, the highest court), zemstvo (zemstvos became the body of local self-government).

Alexander II was killed in 1881, his reign ended, and his son ascended to the throne Alexander III, who during his reign did not fight a single war, for which he was called "Peacemaker".

In addition, he concluded that his father was killed due to the fact that he reformed a lot, so Alexander III refuses reforms, and the reign of Nicholas I was his ideal. But he believes that the main mistake of his grandfather is the poor development of industry and does everything to ensure that the money is directed to the development of large industrial enterprises.

The main source of financing for industrial production was the export of grain, but this money is not enough. With the appointment of Minister of Finance Sergei Yulievich Witte, the policy changed. Witte declares that bread export is an unreliable source of income and introduces a wine monopoly (the budget began to be called "drunk"), gold collateral for the ruble.

• The golden Russian ruble appears, which attracts foreign investment.

The result of this policy was that at the end of the 19th century. rapid economic growth begins and Russia became an industrial power, although Russian industry was only 1/3 Russian, and 2/3 foreign.

So, despite the wars, the unstable domestic policy, Russia is experiencing a rapid growth in industrial production, and in order to reach his country it took a whole century, the nineteenth.

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