Favorable conditions for human life on our planet are very limited, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bhis habitat occupies only a small part of the biosphere, however, by changing both the natural environment and creating new, specific environments, at present, man inhabits almost all natural zones of the Earth.

For a favorable life, the following components of a person are important: air, water, soil, the contents of the bowels, flora and fauna, climate, components of the energy environment. Let's consider them in more detail

When breathing, thousands of cubic meters of air pass through our lungs every year, so it is air pollution that primarily affects the human body.

Air environment for a person can be:

¾ outdoor (outside), located outdoors (street, park, forest), in which most people spend on average up to 10-15% of the time during the day;

¾ internal production (workplace), where they usually spend about 30% of the time (8 hours);

¾ internal residential (inside) - living quarters (houses, apartments). In them, a person usually spends up to 70% of the time.

The air of a clean outdoor environment is the most favorable for breathing in terms of composition and properties, but at present its quality is declining for various reasons. The main problems associated with the state of the external environment will be discussed below (see section 2.4). The quality of the air of the internal production environment is one of the main subjects of consideration for the discipline "Life Safety", which is an obligatory component of education in the direction "Technospheric Safety"

Indoor air in residential premises has, as a rule, a high content of carbon dioxide and other chemical substances: formaldehyde(sources - furniture, plywood, polystyrene), asbestos(insulating material), various combustion products, such as CO, NO, etc.

Water environment. Man does not live in an aquatic environment, but the quality of water is of great importance to him. For a person water environment includes superficial And underground water.

- Surface waters are concentrated mostly in the World Ocean, the surface of which is 361 million km 2 (2.4 times more area land (149 million km 2)).

- Underground waters are: salty, brackish (lower salinity) and fresh.

The most important for humans is fresh water, which makes up only 2.7% of the total volume of water on Earth, and only 0.36% of it is available in easily accessible places.

Greatest practical value for a person they represent river waters. Lake water is used to a lesser extent, and glacial water is still practically not used. Significant water reserves are concentrated in the aquifers of rocks (groundwater).

Formally the Russian Federation is one of two water-abundant countries (along with Brazil). There are 28.5 thousand m 3 /year of fresh water per inhabitant of Russia, but the distribution of river flow is extremely uneven. The average long-term total runoff of rivers in Russia is 4270 km 3 / year, however, more than 90% of it falls on the basins of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. to the basins of the Caspian and Seas of Azov, where 80% of the population of Russia lives and its main industrial and agricultural potential is concentrated, accounts for less than 8% of the total annual runoff.

For example, Rostov, Astrakhan, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Belgorod, Kursk regions, the Republic of Kalmykia and some other regions are insufficiently provided with their own water resources. In addition, there is a progressive decline in the water resources of the southern rivers of the country under the influence of economic activity. The decrease in annual runoff averages from 10% (Volga) to 50% or more (Kuban, Terek, Ural, etc.), which exceeds the level of environmentally acceptable water intake.

The soil is a superficial fertile layer earth's crust. The amount of food produced directly depends on it. In the biosphere, it performs two main functions that are of great importance for humans:

the production of organic matter;

Mineralization of dead organic residues.

At present, the soil has also become a biological filter that absorbs and neutralizes industrial and domestic waste.

Most often, soil is considered as land resources, i.e. land systematically used or suitable for use for specific economic purposes. Land resources are limited. They are not replaceable by other means of production. They differ in agricultural production properties, fertility and location. The land fund of the world is distributed as follows:

1. cultivated land - 11.3%, of which - arable 10.4%;

2. uncultivated land - 88.7%, of which meadows and pastures - 25.8%; forest land - 29.6%; other lands - 33.3%.

The quality of productive land in different regions of the Earth can vary greatly. On a significant part of the land, land use in general and agriculture in particular is limited by various natural factors:

28% of the land surface is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts, i.e. areas subject to severe aridity

On 23% of lands in soils, either a deficiency of biophilic elements is observed, which sharply reduces productivity, or the accumulation of toxic compounds (soil salinization);

22% of the land is in the mountains, in these areas agriculture is constrained by high surface slopes, a high risk of erosion and thin soils;

10% of lands experience excessive moisture with groundwater stagnation and waterlogging;

At 6%, agriculture is limited as a result of the development of permafrost.

Thus, only on 11% of the lands there are no serious limiting factors and more or less full-fledged agriculture is possible.

At the beginning of the 21st century, on average, there was about 0.3 hectares of arable land per person (in Japan 0.04 hectares, in the USA 0.63 hectares, in Russia 0.88 hectares). Since the 1970s, this number has been continuously declining, despite the constant involvement of new lands in agricultural circulation. This is primarily due to population growth.

It should be noted that due to intensive farming, the quality of land is declining. In dry and hot climates, this often leads to desertification. This phenomenon has been observed since ancient times. So, now the desert is most of territories of Western Asia (Iran, Iraq, Syria), where agriculture appeared at one time (about 10 thousand years ago).

The main reasons for the decrease in the quantity and quality of agricultural land are: soil pollution, overgrowth of small contour and remote areas with forests and shrubs, the development of erosion processes, flooding and waterlogging of lands.

The soils around large cities and industrial centers are contaminated for several tens of kilometers with heavy metals, oil products, and fluorine compounds.

Erosion is the process of destruction soil cover and demolition of soil particles by water flows (water erosion) or wind (wind erosion). In Russia, the area of ​​arable land subject to water and wind erosion is 82 million hectares, or 64% of its total area. Every year, the area of ​​eroded lands increases by 0.4-0.5 million hectares, and the loss of fertile soil is 1.5 billion tons. A significant part of irrigated and drained agricultural lands requires a comprehensive reconstruction, and the collector and drainage network also needs to be reconstructed. Despite drainage reclamation, the areas of waterlogged and waterlogged lands are constantly increasing. Of all agricultural lands, 7.3% have saline lands to varying degrees. Although soil deoxidation work is constantly being carried out, their area is practically not decreasing and now amounts to about 5 million hectares. The condition of arid territories in Russia is deteriorating everywhere, desertification is becoming more and more significant. The pace of reclamation of disturbed lands is also unsatisfactory.

The state of land resources around the world, and especially in developing countries, raises serious concerns in connection with the tasks of increasing food production.

Subsoil - part of the earth's crust located below the soil layer, and in its absence - below the earth's surface and the bottom of reservoirs and drains, extending to depths accessible for geological study and development. The main component of the subsoil are mineral resources- a set of minerals contained in the bowels of the earth, which are the basis for the development of sectors of the national economy. As part of the mineral resources, there are: non-ferrous and rare metals, precious metals, energy raw materials, non-metallic minerals, raw materials for the construction industry, healing springs and mud.

The subsoil provides raw materials not only for industry, but also agriculture(for the production of mineral fertilizers). On the globe every 15-18 years there is a doubling of the volume of mining. The share of Russia in the global mining and industrial production is 14%. Our country annually extracts 9-10% of world oil production, 20-25% of natural gas, 5-7% of coal, 7-8% of iron ores, 12-20% of nickel and cobalt, more than 10% of tungsten, 26% of diamonds, 12% potassium salts, 6% phosphorus concentrate, a significant part of other non-ferrous and rare metals, gold, silver, platinum and platinoids. Mineral products continue to be the main component of Russian exports, providing about 70% of all foreign exchange earnings in Russia.

In terms of explored reserves, Russia occupies a leading position in the world. In the bowels of Russia, whose territory is 12% of the Earth's land, 14% of the world's oil reserves, 35% of gas, 11% of coal, 26% of iron ores, a significant part of the world's reserves of gold, diamonds, non-ferrous and rare metals are concentrated.

In general, the problem of quantitative growth in production concerns only a limited range of minerals (manganese, chromium, antimony, mercury, muscovite, fluorspar). However, it should be noted that the level of losses is quite high in the underground method of coal mining (23.5%), chromium ore (27.7%), potash salts (62.5%). The state suffers serious damage from the loss of valuable components during their processing and transportation. The most acute questions are the complex use of mineral raw materials. Currently, the mining complex has become one of the largest sources of environmental pollution.

Vegetation cover plays a huge role in human life. Plants are involved in the formation of soil humus, in the formation of gas composition atmospheric air. The most important plant resource of the globe is the forest, which produces more than 60% of biologically active oxygen. (one tree in 24 hours restores the amount of oxygen that is necessary for the normal breathing of three people during the day). Green plants of the continents make up 99.2% of the biomass of the Earth's organisms, and forests account for more than 90% of the total plant biomass on land. Therefore, forests occupy the most important place in the life of man and nature. forest like component The biosphere is a powerful regulator of climate and water balance. Its role is high in cleansing atmospheric air from harmful impurities and pathogenic microbes, replenishing oxygen reserves, maintaining the balance of the chemical composition of the atmosphere, especially the balances of oxygen, carbon and nitrogen; in maintaining the hydrological regime of rivers; soil erosion prevention; fight against droughts and dry winds. 1 hectare of forest, depending on its species composition, is able to absorb 5-10 tons of carbon dioxide and release 10-20 tons of oxygen during the year. In addition, the forest is a habitat for various species of wild animals, a place for the growth of mushrooms and berries, a supplier of wood - the most valuable raw material for human economic activity. It has been proven that only the recreational value of forests is ten times higher than the cost of all timber.

The role of tree plantations is not only in the retention of dust, the absorption of carbon dioxide, but also in the remarkable quality of plants to release phytoncides into the environment, biologically active substances that inhibit the growth and development of pathogens. Forest strips are the best means of optimal snow distribution in the fields. Unfortunately, in many regions of Russia, as well as throughout the world, there is an increase in the rate of negative changes in vegetation cover and a decrease in floristic diversity. Between 8 and 21% of wild flora species need protection.

Despite the increase in last years forested area, the quality of the forest is deteriorating due to a decrease in density and a decrease in the age composition of plantations.

Animal world to renewable natural resources. He has great importance for soil-forming processes, participates in the formation of the gas composition of the atmosphere, the water regime and the flora of the biosphere.

Science knows two reasons for the extinction of animals: natural processes due to environmental changes, and human activity. When the rate of environmental change exceeds the adaptive capacity of species, the latter die out. Now there is a trend towards the depletion of the fauna by about 10% of the world fauna.

The faunistic diversity of wild animals on the territory of Russia was estimated for 1991 by the following indicators: insects up to 80 thousand species, aquatic non-vertebrates up to 12 thousand, freshwater fish about 400, marine fish about 2400, amphibians 26, reptiles 66, birds 720, mammals 328 species . Nowadays, there is a trend towards the depletion of the fauna, especially in areas with a high concentration of industry and population, on average, by about 10% of the world's faunal diversity.

Climate. The climatic environment is an important factor determining the development various kinds living organisms. No less important is the climate both for the development of human society as a whole, and for economic development individual countries.

A characteristic feature of Russia is that in most of its territory the climate is colder than in other countries. For example, let's give the average January temperature in different cities of the world: Moscow - -6.5 ° С; Washington - + 2.2 ° С; New York - + 0.3 ° С; Rome - + 8.1 ° С; Stockholm - -2.3 ° С; Paris - + 4.2 ° С. It should also be noted that the cold period in our country is on average 2-3 months longer than, for example, in Europe.

49% of the country's territory is occupied by permafrost soils. From the point of view of ecology, the climatic conditions of Russia are the least favorable: firstly, increased fuel consumption for heating leads to additional air pollution in the cold season, and secondly, the northern regions are more sensitive to pollution and less resistant to external influences.

Energy environment as a component of the human environment are formed under the influence of noise, vibration, ultrasound, infrasound, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation. They can be of natural and artificial origin.

Noise is any sound that is outside the range of sound comfort. Most often these are disordered sound vibrations; but there are also ordered ones that interfere with the perception of the necessary sounds or cause an unpleasant sensation and damage the organs of hearing. Noise levels can be characterized by the intensity of the sound. Noise is measured in decibels and the audible range is 140 decibels.

The higher the frequency of sound in the area of ​​ultrasound and audible sound, the harder it is to endure the noise. Sudden sharp sounds of high frequency are especially hard to bear. The human ear perceives sounds with a frequency of 16-20000 Hz. Inaudible vibrations with a frequency of less than 16 Hz are infrasound, and with a frequency of more than 20,000 Hz, ultrasound and hypersound. Noise adaptation is not possible. With noise of 30-40 dB, slight discomfort is felt. 50-60 dB negatively affects nervous system a person who is especially busy mental labor(distracting, irritating effect).

Vibration refers to complex vibrations in mechanical systems, which are transmitted through the ground and are perceived only upon contact with a vibrating body; at a frequency of 1-100 Hz, they are perceived as tremors.

The main sources of vibration are impact equipment (hammers, presses), powerful power plants (pumps, compressors, engines), rail transport. Vibrations propagate along the ground and reach the foundations of public and residential buildings, often causing sound vibrations that have a destructive effect on structures and structures.

Electromagnetic pollution (according to N. Reimers) occurs as a result of changes in the electromagnetic properties of the environment, leading to disruptions in the operation of electronic systems and changes in fine cellular and molecular biological structures. Natural changes in the electromagnetic background (with changes in solar activity, magnetic "storms", etc.) are called electromagnetic anomalies. Recently, in connection with the widest development of electronic control systems, transmissions, communications, electric power facilities, anthropogenic electromagnetic pollution has come to the fore - the creation of artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF). Their influence on our lives is diverse, but not well understood.

Thus, electromagnetic pollution occurs as a result of changes in the electromagnetic properties of the environment. Recently, much attention has been paid to artificial electromagnetic fields(EMF), the source of which is radio transmitting devices, electrified vehicles, power lines, etc.

Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation, the interaction of which with the environment leads to the formation of ions. A few decades ago, it came only from natural sources of radioactivity. With the beginning of the use of nuclear energy, an artificial radiation load due to civilization was added to natural radiation. The impact of ionizing radiation on living organisms in areas of radioactive contamination can cause severe damage, including genetic damage.

The main types of ionizing radiation are:

α rays, heavy, positively charged particles moving at 107 m/s and being absorbed by aluminum foil a few microns (millionth of a meter) thick. These particles are helium nuclei.

β - lungs, negatively charged particles moving at a speed close to the speed, and absorbed by a layer of aluminum 1 mm thick. These particles are electrons.

γ rays- strongly penetrating radiation that does not deviate either in electrical or in magnetic fields. The nature of γ rays is hard e / m radiation, which has an even shorter wavelength than x-rays.

Radioactivity- spontaneous transformation of an unstable nuclide into another nuclide, accompanied by the emission of ionizing radiation.

Main characteristic The degree of danger of ionizing radiation is the dose of radiation (a portion of energy transferred by radiation to a substance). There are several groups of doses. For example, e exposure dose is the amount of g-radiation capable of ionizing dry air. The exposure dose characterizes the potential danger of g-radiation. Absorbed dose the amount of energy of any type of radiation absorbed per unit mass of a substance. This is the physical dose of radiation.

The equivalent dose is the amount of energy of any type of radiation absorbed per unit mass of a substance, taking into account the quality of the radiation. This is the most important dose in terms of biological effect. It cannot be measured, but must be calculated.

The problem of the impact on the natural environment and human health of the energy environment deserves the closest attention.

Wednesday- a set of factors and elements that affect the body in its habitat. Any living being lives in conditions of constant change in environmental factors, adapting to them and regulating its life activity in accordance with these changes. Living organisms exist as mobile systems open to the flow of energy and information from the environment.

The natural environment represents human living conditions and resources for life. The development of human economic activity improves the conditions of his existence, but requires an increase in the expenditure of natural, energy and material resources. In the course of industrial and agricultural production, waste is generated, which, together with the production processes themselves, disrupt and pollute biogeocenoses, gradually worsening human living conditions.

Biological factors, or the driving forces of evolution, are common to all living nature, including man. These include hereditary variability and natural selection.

The adaptation of organisms to the effects of environmental factors is called adaptation. The ability to adapt is one of the most important properties of living things. Only adapted organisms survive, acquiring traits useful for life in the process of evolution. These signs are fixed in generations due to the ability of organisms to reproduce.

Changes in the environment as a result of the impact of anthropogenic factors: 1) changes in the structure of the earth's surface; 2) change in the composition of the atmosphere; 3) change in the circulation of substances; 4) changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of flora and fauna; 5) greenhouse effect; 6) noise pollution; 7) military actions.

Irrational human activity has led to violations of all components of the biosphere.

Atmosphere: The main sources of pollution are cars and industrial enterprises. Every year, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere. In addition, a large number of fine particles are emitted into the atmosphere, forming the so-called atmospheric aerosol. Due to the combustion of coal, mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium enter the atmosphere in quantities exceeding their involvement in the circulation of substances.

Hydrosphere: The main cause of pollution water basin is the discharge of untreated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises, as well as agricultural land. Washing into the rivers of mineral fertilizers and pesticides causes deterioration in the quality of drinking water and the death of many species of aquatic animals. Falls into the water great amount lead, oil and oil products, household waste, pesticides.

Lithosphere: The fertile soil layer is formed for a long time, and thanks to the cultivation of agricultural crops, tens of millions of tons of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, the main elements of plant nutrition, are annually withdrawn from the soil. Artificial irrigation of soils also has an adverse effect, since waterlogging or salinization of the surface layer of the soil most often occurs. Among the anthropogenic changes in the soil, erosion is of great importance - the destruction and demolition of the upper fertile soil layer.

Ecological differentiation of mankind.

The artificial environment contributes to leveling the direct impact of natural environmental factors on humans. However, for most of the history of the species, natural environmental factors (climatic, geochemical, biological) acted on it. The consequences of this pressure persist in modern humanity in the form of the presence of adaptive types of people.

adaptive type- the rate of biological response to the prevailing living conditions and is manifested in the development of a complex of morphofunctional, biochemical and immunological traits that cause better adaptability to a particular environment.

The complex of signs of adaptive types from different geographical areas is divided into two groups of elements:

General Specific

Indicators of musculoskeletal - related to the prevailing conditions

body weight; in this habitat: hypoxia,

Number of immune proteins hot or cold climate.

blood serum.

The combination of general and specific elements serves as the basis for the allocation of adaptive types: arctic;

tropical; temperate zones; alpine; deserts and semi-deserts, etc.

Features of a certain adaptive type are formed in embryogenesis. So, differences in body proportions between Negroids and Caucasians are quite noticeable by the end of the intrauterine period of development.

Environmental factors influencing the formation of the type:

arctic type- strong development of the musculoskeletal system, consume more meat food, the size of the chest is larger, high level hemoglobin, minerals in bones.

tropical type- consumes less animal protein, warm and humid climate, low basal metabolic rate, elongated body shape, reduced muscle mass, a decrease in the circumference of the chest, intense sweating due to an increased number of sweat glands.

moderate type- the richness of the animal world, the seasonal rhythms of nature, the uneven distribution of heat and moisture, in terms of somatic indicators, it occupies an intermediate position between a resident of the Arctic and tropical regions.

Alpine type- hypoxia - the main factor in the formation of signs, the level of basal metabolism is increased, the lengthening of the long tubular bones of the skeleton, the expansion of the chest, the increase in oxygen in the blood due to the increase in red blood cells.

desert type- Decrease in basal metabolism, less hemoglobin.

The result of an action social factors serves education and a natural change in historical development economic and cultural types of the community of people. The formation of economic and cultural types depends on the natural habitat of people. This dependence was strongest in the early stages of the development of human society. However, even then, and especially in later periods of human development, the dependence of the formation of economic and cultural types on natural conditions mediated by the level of socio-economic development of the people.

anthropogenic ecosystems.

Distinctive feature anthropogenic ecosystems lies in the fact that the dominant environmental factor in them is represented by the community of people and the products of its industrial and social activities.

In the anthropogenic ecosystem, the artificial environment prevails over the natural one.

The most important modern anthropogenic ecosystems: cities, rural settlements, transport communications.

Cities are a special habitat. Despite the fact that urbanization as a whole is a progressive phenomenon, however, a number of problems arise:

1. Change in the natural environment.

2. Abundance of waste.

3. A favorable environment is being created for the spread of infectious and inversion diseases.

4. The duration of sunlight is reduced.

5. High population density leads to an overstrain of the nervous system.

6. Fall in physical activity.

7. Power imbalance.

Man in competitive struggle for survival in natural environment began to build their artificial anthropogenic ecosystems. On the present stage he is forced to change natural ecosystems and even destroy them to meet his ever-increasing needs, perhaps not wanting to.

Energy- this is the original driving force of ecosystems, and all - both natural and anthropogenic. The energy resources of these systems can be inexhaustible - the sun, wind, tides, and exhaustible - fuel and energy (coal, oil, gas, etc.). Using fuel, a person can add to the system or even completely subsidize it with energy.

Thus, natural ecosystems "work" to maintain their viability and their own development without any worries and costs on the part of man, moreover, they create a significant proportion of food and other materials necessary for the life of man himself. But most importantly, it is here that large volumes of air are cleaned, fresh water is returned to circulation, the climate is formed, etc.

Anthropogenic ecosystems work quite differently. These include agro-ecosystems, aquacultures that produce food and fibrous materials, but not only at the expense of solar energy, but also its subsidies in the form of fuel supplied by man.

These systems are similar to natural ones, since the self-development of cultivated plants during the growing season is a natural process and is brought to life by natural solar energy. But soil preparation, sowing, harvesting, etc. - this is already a person's energy costs. Moreover, a person almost completely changes the natural ecosystem, which is expressed primarily in simplification, i.e., reduction species diversity, up to a highly simplified monoculture system.

The steady emergence of new species, such as herbaceous plants, is the result of a natural succession process. What we call weeds are nothing but pioneer plant species, pests are insects and other animals, and pathogens are microorganisms. Weeds, pests, and diseases can destroy an entire crop if not actively controlled.

As population grows, people will be forced to transform all new mature ecosystems into simple young productive ones. To maintain these systems at a "young" age, the use of fuel and energy resources will increase. In addition, there will be a loss of species (genetic) diversity and natural landscapes.

The situation is quite different in industrial-urban ecosystems - here the fuel energy completely replaces solar energy. Compared to the flow of energy in natural ecosystems, here its consumption is two to three orders of magnitude higher.

So, it should be noted that industrial-urban agroecosystems cannot exist without natural systems, while natural ecosystems can exist without anthropogenic ones.

Socio-demographic personality traits

These include: gender, work experience, age, education, marital status, place of residence, etc.

It is known that women are more efficient than men. They are better at maintaining order, they have a higher sense of duty, and are less prone to injury.

The number of injuries depends on the length of service of the workers. Largest number injuries occur at the beginning of labor activity due to insufficient development of work skills. With a work experience of 3–7 years, the second peak of injuries is observed. Peaks of traumatism are explained by the psychological nature.

The first peak of traumatism is associated with self-doubt, one's safety, and the second one is generated by negligence, and sometimes by risk (the motive of profit is triggered).

Literature:, S.62–184.

1.3. HAZARD IS THE RESULT OF HUMAN INTERACTION WITH THE HABITAT

The habitat is commonly understood as an integral system of natural and anthropogenic (man-made) objects and phenomena in which people work and rest, i.e. everything that directly or indirectly affects the life and activity of a person. Any noticeable deviations from the usual, determined in the course of a long biological evolution conditions of human existence, lead to injury or disease.

The main characteristics of the habitat are:

temperature,

atmospheric pressure,

outside pressure,

oxygen concentration,

concentration of toxic substances,

concentration of pathogens

energy flux density of electromagnetic radiation,

level of ionizing radiation,

electric potential difference,

noise level.

An increase or decrease in a person's body temperature can cause injury or death. A change in body temperature can occur as a result of the action thermal radiation through convection or as a result of direct heat transfer from or to the skin, inhalation of extremely cold or hot air, ingestion of liquids that are too cold or warm, etc.

Sudden change in ambient air pressure due to air shock wave may result in injury or death.

As a result of excessive pressure applied to certain parts of the human body, mechanical injuries, bruises, fractures, etc. occur. These injuries can lead to disability and death.

A decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the air also leads to injury or death. Excess oxygen is also dangerous. So in the presence of 25% or more oxygen in the air, the fire hazard increases sharply.

The presence of harmful substances in the environment leads to severe diseases.

Excess concentration of microorganisms leads to infectious diseases.

The action of electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths is harmful to human health if its intensity exceeds the maximum permissible values.

The human body has adapted to exist in conditions of natural radioactive background (up to 20 microR/h). Increased radiation levels lead to chronic diseases.

The human body is sensitive to electrical potential differences of the order of tens of volts. A potential difference of hundreds of volts can lead to death.

Noise exposure leads to chronic diseases.