The first in the history of Russia, the Patriotic War occurred in 1812, when Napoleon I Bonaparte, following his bourgeois ideas, attacked the Russian Empire. Against the united enemy, all the segments of the population were risen, and old and young were fought. For such a raising of the People's Spirit and the entire population in the bayonet the war officially and dubbed the domestic.

This event was firmly imprinted in the history of our country and the whole world. The bloody battle between the two great empires was reflected in literature and culture. Napoleon Bonaparte planned to quickly exeve the Russian empire, by fast and thoughtful blows in Kiev, St. Petersburg and Moscow. The Russian army, led by the greatest leaders, took the battle in the heart of the country and won, running the French back to the border of Russia.

Patriotic War of 1812 at a minimum for the exam.

At the end of the 18th century, in France, there was a thousand and thousands of lives and led to the throne of the overthrown dynasty of Napoleon's Burbones I Bonaparte. He glorified his name during the Italian and Egyptian military campaigns, approved by the glory of the valiant commander. Having enlisted support for the army and influential people, he accelerates Directory, the main ruling body of France at that time, and appoints himself as an consul, and soon the emperor. Taking power into their hands, the French emperor unfolds a campaign aimed at expansion of European states in a short time.

By 1809, almost all of Europe was conquered by Napoleon. Only the United Kingdom remained unfortunate. The domination of the British fleet in the strait of La Mans made the peninsula almost invulnerable. Pulling the oil into the fire, the British are selected from France a colony in America and in India, thus depriving the empire of key trading points. The only right solution for France would be to deploy the continental blockade to cut off the UK from Europe. But to organize such sanctions, Napoleon needed support for Alexander I, the emperor of the Russian Empire, otherwise these actions would be meaningless

Map: Napoleonic wars in Russia 1799-1812 "The path of Napoleonic Wars in front of the war with Russia."

The reasons

In the interests of Russia was concluded Tilzit Mirwhich was essentially a delay to accumulate military power.

The main points of the contract were:

• support for continental blockade of Britain;
• recognition of all French conquests;
• recognition of governors prescribed by Bonaparte in conquered countries, etc.

The deterioration of relations was the non-compliance of the points of the agreement of the prisoner, as well as the refusal to marry Napoleon on Russian princes. His proposal was rejected twice. The French emperor was needed to marry to confirm the legitimacy of his title.

Occasion

The main reason for the Russian-French war was the violation of the border of the Russian Empire of the French troops. It should be understood that Napoleon was not going to conquer the whole country. His worst enemy was an impregnable UK. The purpose of the campaign to Russia was to apply a military defeat and conclude peace on its conditions against the British.

Participants

"Twenty Language"Thus called the French troops captured by the French army. The name itself makes it clear that there were many participating countries in the conflict. From Russia, there were not so many allies.

Goals of Party

The main reason for this war, as actually all conflicts, was the problem of the section of influence in Europe between France, British and Russia. In the interests of all three it was prevented by the absolute leadership of one of the countries.

Objectives were persecuted as follows:

The ratio of power

At the time of intersection of Napoleon of the Russian border, the military power of both parties could be expressed in the following figures:

At the disposal of the Russian army there was also a Cossack regiment who fought on the side of Russians on special rights.

Commander and commander

Commander-in-Chief of the Great Army and the Russian Army, Napoleon I Bonaparte and Alexander I, respectively, were in their disposal of talented tactics and strategists.

From side France Main should be noted the following commander:

Louis Nicolas Davu - "Iron Marshal", Marshal of the Empire, not losing a single battle. He commanded the Guards Grenaders during the war with Russia.

Iohim Muut - King of the Kingdom of Neapolitan, commanded the backup cavalry of the French army. He took direct participation in the Borodino battle. It is known for its dustiness, courage and hot temper.

Jacques McDonald - Marshal of the Empire, commanded the French-Prussian infantry corps. He served as the reserve power of the Great Army. She covered the retreat of the French military forces.

Michelle Ne. - One of the most active participants in the conflict. Marshal of the Empire in battle deserved the nickname "Braveish from brave." Desperately fought in the Borodino battle, and after closed the retreat of the main parts of his army.

Russian army I also had a lot of outstanding military leaders in your camp:

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly - At the beginning of the Patriotic War, Alexander I gave him the opportunity to be the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, with the words - "I don't have another army". She held this post before the appointment of Kutuzov.

Bagration Petr Ivanovich - General from infanteria, commanded the 2nd Western Army at the time of crossing the border by the enemy. One of the most famous students of Suvorov. Insisted on the general battle with Napoleon. In Borodino battle, he was seriously injured by a fragment of the scornful nucleus, died in flour in Lazarut.

Tramasov Alexander Petrovich - Russian General who commanded the cavalry of the Russian army. In the south of the Empire, the 3rd Western Army was in his submission. His task was to restrain the allies of France - Austria and Prussia.

Wittgenstein Peter Christianovich- Lieutenant-General, commanded the first infantry corps. Rose on the path of the Great Army, which moved to St. Petersburg. Skillful tactical actions intercepted the initiative in battle with the French and sowed three corps on the way to the capital. In this fight behind the north of the state, Wittgenstein was injured, but the battlefield did not leave.

Glenchev-Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich- Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the War of 1812. An outstanding strategist, tactics and diplomat. He became the first fellow geeman of St. George's Order. During the Patriotic War, the French nicknamed him "Old fox from the north." The most famous and recognizable man of war 1812.

The main stages and the course of the war

Separation of the Great Army into three directions: South, Central, Northern.

Marsh from the River Neman to Smolensk.

March from Smolensk to Moscow.

• Reorganization of command: Cutuzov's approval for the post of commander-in-chief of the Russian Army (August 29, 1812)

The retreat of the Great Army.

• Escape from Moscow to Maloyaroslavets

  Retreat from Maloyaroslavets to Berezina

  Berezina's retreat to Neman

Map: Patriotic War 1812

Peace treaty

Being in a flaming Moscow, Napoleon I Bonaparte tried three times to conclude a peace agreement with the Russian Empire.

The first attempt was carried out with the help of the prisoner Major General Tulline. Feeling his dominant position, Napoleon continued to demand the blockade of the UK from the Russian emperor, the Union and France and the refusal of the land conquered by Russia.

The second time the Commander-in-Chief of the Great Army sent a letter to Alexander I with the same negotiator with the world's proposal.

The third time Bonaparte sent his general Loriston to the Russian emperor with the words, - " I need a world, I need it absolutely, by all means, save only the honor».

All three attempts were ignored by the command of the Russian army.

Results and consequences of war

The Great Army lost in the six months of war in the territory of the Russian Empire about 580 thousand soldiers. These include deserters, allied troops who fled to their homeland. Some fugitives from Napoleon's army in Russia, local residents and nobility sheltered about 60 thousand people.

The Russian Empire, for his part, also suffered considerable losses: from 150 to 200 thousand people. About 300 thousand people were injured in varying severity and about half of them remained disabled.

In early 1813 The foreign campaign began the Russian army, who passed through the lands of Germany and France, pursuing the remnants of the Great Army. Pressing Napoleon on its territory, Alexander I achieved his surrender and captivity. The Russian empire at this campaign joined the Duchy of Warsaw, and Finland's lands were again recognized by Russian.

Historical value of war

Patriotic War 1812. Empocheted in the history and culture of many nations. A large number of literary works are devoted to this event, such as "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy, Borodino M.Yu. Lermontova, O.N. Mikhailov "Kutuzov". In honor of the victory, the Church of Christ the Savior was built, and in the cities of heroes there are memorable obelski. On the Borodino field every year the battle is reconstructed, where the impressive number of those who want to plunge into the era take part.

References:

1. Alexey Shcherbakov - "Napoleon. Winners do not judge. "
2. Sergey Nechaev - "1812. Hour pride and glory. "

This year is celebrated by the 200th anniversary of the victorious for Russian weapons of the Patriotic War of 1812. At first glance, any problems regarding its duration does not exist in historiography. Nevertheless, I would like to suggest thinking about one principal question: when did the war ended in our history after all?

War continued

In determining the date of its beginning, there is no ambiguity. As you know, this is June 24, 1812 - the day of the transition of the Great Army of Napoleon of the Border River Neman. And on the question, when the war ended, I am sure that a clear answer will follow: since she is 1812, it ended, respectively, in 1812. But is it consistent with the generally accepted statement with the historical truth? Let's deal with.
In December 1812, the remnants of the French troops were expelled from the limits of Russia. But the war is still not over! There was no no peace between Russia and France. Military actions did not cease, and the Russian army, after the retreating enemy, crossed the border of his country and invaded Poland (at that time - the great Duchy of Warsaw) and Eastern Prussia. Soon the Prussian Kingdom was joined at first, and then the Austrian Empire and a number of other small German states.
During 1813, after bloody battles under Lucene, Bauzen, Dresden and Leipzig, the allies with general efforts were outstretched by Napoleon from Germany. And again no peace with France was signed. The war still continued.
At the beginning of 1814, the army of the antifranzu coalition entered into the territory of France, took Paris. But then the Patriotic War of Russia against Napoleon, who lasted since June 1812, was completed - in April 1814.

Stamp of the Russian Army

However, historiography shares this single war, which actually was carried out for almost two years, for several years.
Its initial period was isolated in the "Patriotic War of 1812." Subsequent periods of war have no generally accepted name and are referred to in Russian historical studies in different ways: "The overseas campaign of the Russian Army 1813 and 1814", "Campaign of 1813", "Campaign of 1814", etc.
The overseas hike and the campaign of 1813 and 1814 in the Russian army were indeed, but why are they considered separate wars? They did not wear any independent nature, but were only a chronological continuation of the Patriotic War, which began on June 24, 1812, during which the time and territory of hostilities were changed.

Second domestic

Let us turn to an analogy in our military history, where, in addition to the Patriotic War, 1812 there was another nationwide war - the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945. But this war of historians did not dismember the wars somewhat independent from each other.
If this war attaches the same non-communal historical frameworks, which measure the duration and date of completion of the first domestic war, then the picture would be just fantastic!
The Great Patriotic War had to be considered not finished on May 9, 1945, and somewhere in the summer of 1944, when almost the entire territory of the USSR, except for a small part of Latvia (Kurlendia), was purified by the Red Army from the German-fascist invaders. The subsequent liberation from the fascism of the countries of Eastern Europe and Germany, following such a "historical" approach, should not be considered the Great Patriotic War, but to announce with some separate wars - "foreign campaign of the Red Army of 1944-1945" or "Campaign 1944 "," Campaign 1945 ". But, fortunately, in the historiography of the Great Patriotic War to such an absurdity, her historical integrity did not retain.
Taking into account the above analysis of the flow and development of Russia's military operations against France and guided by historical logic, we believe that the Patriotic War with Napoleon is more correct to recognize the war only in 1812, but by the Patriotic War of 1812-1814.

Sergey Ivanovich Glushko,
Pskov

The war of 1812, briefly speaking, became the most difficult and important event of the XIX century for the Russian Empire. In Russian historiography, she received the name of the Patriotic War of 1812.

How did it happen that France and Russia, which were associated with friendly relations and were allies over the years, became opponents and began military actions against each other?

The main reason for all military conflicts of that time with France, including the Patriotic War of 1812, briefly, was associated with the imperial shocks of Napoleon Bonaparte. Solving the Great French Revolution, he did not hide his desire to extend the influence of the French Empire on as many countries as much as possible. Huge ambition, magnificent data of the commander and diplomat did in the short term Napoleon by the ruler of almost all of Europe. Dissatisfied with such a state of things, Russia came out of the Union with France and joined England. So former allies became opponents.

Then during the unsuccessful allies wars with Napoleon's troops, the Russian empire was forced to go to a peace agreement with France. So the Tilzite world was signed. Its main condition was to maintain Russia's continental blockade of England, which Napoleon wanted to weaken in this way. The authorities of the Russian Empire wanted to use this truce as an opportunity to accumulate forces, as everyone understood the need for further fight against Napoleon.

But the blockade threatened the Russian economy, and then the Russian authorities went to the trick. They began to trade with neutral countries through which they continued to trade with England using them as intermediaries. At the same time, Russia formally did not violate the conditions of the world with France. She indignantly, but could not do anything.

War of 1812, briefly about the reasons

The reasons for which it became possible to keep hostilities directly between France and Russia was a lot of:
1. Failure to comply with the conditions of the Tilzite peace treaty;
2. Failure to marry the emperor of France first of the sister of Alexander I Catherine, and then Anna;
3. France violated the agreement of the Tilzite world, continuing the occupation of Prussia.

By 1812, the war became inevitable evidence for both countries. And France and Russia hastily prepared for her, collecting allies around them. On the side of France were Austria and Prussia. Allies of Russia - United Kingdom, Sweden and Spain.

Patriotic War of 1812 - the course of its hostilities

The war began on June 12, 1812 since the Napoleon's Army Schobli through the Neman Border River. Russian troops were divided into three parts, because the enemy was not known about the exact place of the transition of the boundary. The French troops switched to her in the Army district under the command of Barclay de Tolly. Seeing the huge numerical superiority of the enemy and seeking to preserve his strength, he ordered to retreat. Barclay de Tolly and Bagratione armies managed to connect near Smolensk. There was the first battle in this war. The city of Russian troops could not be defeated, and they continued in August the departure of the country in August.
After the failure of the Russian troops near Smolensky, people entered the fight against Napoleon's army. The active partisan actions of the country's inhabitants against the enemy began. The partisan movement had a huge support for the army in the fight against the French troops.

In August, General M. Kutuzov became the commander-in-chief of Russian troops. He approved the tactics of his predecessors and continued the organized retreat of the army to Moscow.
Under Moscow, in the village of Borodino, the most significant battle of this war took place, which completely promoted the myth of the invincibility of Napoleon - Borodino battle. The forces of the two armies by that time were almost the same.

According to the results of the Borodino battle No side could call themselves the winner, but the French troops were very exhausted.
In September, by the decision of Kutuzov, with whom Alexander I agreed, the Russian troops left Moscow. Frost began, to which the French were not familiar. Actually locked in Moscow, Napoleon's army was completely demoralized. The Russian troops, on the contrary, rested and received support for food, weapons and volunteers.

Napoleon decides to retreat, which soon develops into flight. Russian troops make the French retreat on the Smolensk road completely broken with them.
In December 1812, the army under the command of Napoleon finally left the territory of Russia, and the war of 1812 ended with the full victory of the Russian people. Thus, the Patriotic War of 1812 ended

Patriotic War of 1812 - a detailed version

Patriotic War of 1812

CONTENT:

1. Background conflict
2. Diplomacy, exploration
3. Armed Forces of opponents
4. Strategic plans of the Party
5. Napoleon's offensive
6. From Neman to Smolensk
7. From Smolensk to Moscow
8. Attempts to achieve the world
9. People's War
10. Tarutinsky maneuvr
11. Napoleon's retreat
12. Plans by Party
13. From Moscow to Maloyaroslavets
14. From Maloyaroslavets to Berezina
15. From Berezina toNeman
16. Northern direction
17. Southern direction
18. Results of the domestic team
19. Causes of defeatus
20. Early consequences of war
21. Memory of war
22. 100th anniversary of victory
23. 200th anniversary of victory

Briefly about the main thing

• The war was held between Russia and France, in Russian land. The reason for the war was that Russia refused to participate in the Britain blocade. And another policy of France towards Europe, without Russian participation.
• Initially, the Russian army continuously retreated to Moscow.
• Then, Napoleon's army, retreating from Moscow, made different maneuvers, wanting to get to the apartments prepared in advance, but she had to move to the border constantly pursued by Russian troops. On the side of the Russians there was a lutty frost and hunger, which broke out in the Army of Napoleon.
• The war ended in the full victory of the Russian army. The territory of Russia was completely released, military actions moved to Germany and Warsaw.
• The causes of the defeat of the French were: unification of the people in the face of the enemy; brave and heroic actions of Russian soldiers and officers; Poor preparation of the Napoleon army to war in conditions of huge territory and winter frosts. Military and strategic kutuzov talent.

Background conflict

As a result of the Great French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte came to power. Russia and several more large countries created anti-armnce coalitions. Their goal was the desire to restore the Burbon Dynasty Monarchy. In 1807, Russia suffered a defeat in the fourth coalition, and Alexander I was forced to conclude peace with Napoleon, undertaking to participate in the Britain blocade. This Tilzite world was completely unprofitable by Russia. The conditions were simply humiliating for the state. Russian government began to prepare for war with France. And Napoleon was ready to conquer Europe, he moved his troops to the Russian borders.

Causes of war

From France

Napoleon considered its chief enemy the UK. She prevented free trade in the sea, capturing American and Indian colonies. Create continental blockade of England was possible, only with the help of other European countries. Russia did not want to participate in this.

The Government of Russia began trade through intermediaries, and for imported goods from France significantly raised the customs fee.

In 1808, Napoleon first received a refusal to propose a marriage with Russian Prince Catherine. The second proposal of Princess Anna was also rejected. This caused the deterioration of relationships. In 1810, Bonaparte was still married to Mary Louise, she was the daughter of the Austrian emperor.

From Russia

Participation in the continental blockade of Great Britain has adversely affected agriculture and trade in Russia, which in turn significantly reduced the financial power of the state. The export of bread has decreased, prices immediately fell on it. If earlier the bread was worth 40 kopecks, now it was possible to buy it for 22 kopecks. From the country, gold is exported by a large pace, the Russian ruble depreciated. Measures have been taken, saving the state economy. Trading through neutral countries and an increase in customs fee into French wines, and objects relating to luxury.

There is another opinion that merchants and peasants did not suffer large losses from the blockade of England. On the contrary, during this period they paid much more taxes, and the decrease in exports led to the development of the Russian industry.

Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw from Polish lands in 1807. Poles dreamed of independence, for this they needed to take part of their lands from Russia. Napoleon began to occupy the Prussian territories, Alexander was categorically against this.

At the end of 1810, it became clear that the war was inevitable.

Diplomacy, exploration

In 1812, France and Austria were drawn up a contract for which the Austrian Army should be exhibited against Russia under the actual French command. Napoleon, in the event of victory, had to reimburse all military losses.

In February 1812, Prussia provided 20,000 soldiers and supplied Napoleon's troops with everything necessary. For that she demanded Kurland and Liflandia.

Napoleon began an in-depth study of the political situation and the economic state of Russia. French spies were introduced into various areas of Russian life. They worked for governors, teachers, doctors, artists, merchants. In addition to the French, Poles and Prussians spied. Many important information about the Russian army knew Napoleon before the war, including the number of army.

Russia has not lagged in terms of intelligence activities. It was possible to find out that the Austrians do not plan to actively act on the front and will not go far from their border.

Napoleon promised the Swedes, for joining the war, give Finland. And Alexander I pledged to give Norway for similar actions against France. Prince of Sweden accepted the proposal of Russia and concluded with it the Union Treaty.

Mae Kutuzov signed a peace agreement with Turkey.
Successful exploration actions brought their fruits. Two times of each month, the French minister sent a report on the change in the army to Alexander.

Armed Forces of opponents

On the side of France

• By the beginning of the war, Napoleon's army consisted of approximately 430 thousand people. The Austrians were 30,000, Prussians - 20000, Lithuanians - 20000. And the soldiers from 16 countries. For other data, more than 650 thousand people were prepared for the invasion of Russia. In addition, the reserve was about 200,000 in Central Europe and in Prussia about 100,000.
• On the shores of the Vistula River, large warehouses of food and ammunition were created, which could provide 400 thousandth army for more than a month.
• The army was divided into 3 groups. Napoleon headed the left part.
• The advantages of Napoleon's army were:
• . a huge number;
• . good preparation of soldiers;
• . Fanatical faith in victory;
• . technical support.
• Minus became multinationality.

On the side of Russia

• The first blows of the French took the troops of Barclay de Tole. The second army commanded Bagration, he had a little over 150,000 soldiers and 758 guns. The third army, under the command of Tormasov, stood in the south of Volyn and had 45,000 soldiers and 168 guns. Admiral Chichagov, with his troops settled in Moldova. Essen Case - in Riga.
• It was good for weapons production in Russia. About 1200 units of guns were produced per year. Only Tula and Izhevsk factories could supply every year to 96,000 rifles. In France, about 100,000 guns were produced per year. The technical data of Russian weapons were no worse than French analogues. But, the capacity was missing for the entire army, so there was Austrian and English guns in the shelves.
• Artillery in service there were 6-pound guns and a small amount of 12-pound guns.
• Russia did not lag behind France in numbers and technical armediation. But in the army, theft and treblery of the highest ranks on satisfaction flourished.

Reform in the army

• The Minister of Military Affairs, Barclay de Tollya, in March 1811 began to be reform. The experience of other countries, especially France, was studied.
• All troops obeyed the main staff, at the head of which was the commander-in-chief. The measures for the formation of armies headquarters began.
• Allies of Russia
• The United Kingdom signed a peace agreement with Russia, which provided for mutual assistance in the attack of another country.
• Spain helped Russian troops, leading partisan war with the French.

Strategic plans of the Party

Napoleon

• The goals of Napoleon were:
• . rigid blockade of England;
• . Revival of Poland and expansion of its borders;
• . Military campaign to India, together with Russia.
• He hoped that Russia would attack the first, military actions would be on the territory of Poland and the war would end the rapid victory of the French army. When the Russians began to retreat, Napoleon was greatly puzzled, his plans did not include a deep invasion of the opponent's territory.

Russian command

• The Russian plans provided for the offensive tactics of hostilities and defensive. To prevent large losses in the battles were plans for long-term retreat. Created fortified points along the battle. A bet on winter frost was made.
• Based on the Pfula plan, battles could be conducted at once with 3 armies. The 1st should be part of the front, 2nd reliably protect the rear, the third work on all flanks and in the enemy rear. But, during the war, this plan was impossible, the combat operations of the armies were too maneuverable.
• The plan of Bagration was offensive, but Alexander it rejected, because the border was already focused on the 200,000-french army.

Napoleon's offensive

June 22, 1812 Napoleon voiced the appeal to his army. Russia was accused of violating the contract and the need to attack it.

On June 24, the French shielded to the Russian shore and entered the fortress Kovna. Immediately about this was reported to the emperor.

The four-day crossing ended, and on the Russian side under Kovno, it turned out to be 220,000 soldiers of France. 67000 - under the missile, 79000 - near Grodno.

June 28, when Vilna fell, Alexander I sent to Napoleon General Balashov. It was proposed to conclude the world and bring the army from the territory of Russia. Napoleon refused.

From Neman to Smolensk

North direction

Marshal McDonald's housing was aimed at taking St. Petersburg. It was necessary at first to take Riga and uniting with the second building to go further. McDonald had no siege tools and, approaching a well-fortified city, Marshal stopped. Governor of Riga, destroying nearby villages, closed in the city. Prussian soldiers were afraid of direct clashes with the enemy.

Moscow direction

The first Western army was scattered in a huge territory. He commanded Barclay de Tolly. The French fell, and there was a threat to destroy it in parts. The retreat to Wilna began. Inappropriate actions on the command of the army Alexander became obvious. Trusted persons convinced him to go to the capital, allegedly to create reserves.

The second Western army is located near Grodno. He commanded Bagration. He wanted to associate 2 armies, but realizing that it was impossible, retreated south. The rear of the army, who started the retreat, covered the Cossacks.

Napoleon very much wanted to destroy Bagration, for this he sent 50,000 soldiers. But the rapid march allowed Bagration to tear off his pursuers. Now Bagration Army and Davi separated 60 kilometers. There was a fight under Saltanovka. The Russians went to Smolensk, let's not chase her.

The 1st Army under the leadership of Barclay de Tolly was to connect from the first. But as a result of the battle, he had to retreat to Smolensk. And only on August 3 they managed to unite, it was the first success. The armies of both opponents needed a passage. The soldiers are tired of rapid marches and battles. Napoleon overcame more than 400 km.

Southern direction

The army of General Tormasov led battles with the right flank of the French. He managed to return Brest and Pinsk. Napoleon sent the case of Schwarzenberg against him. On August 12, the Russians retreated to Lutsk. All September was carried out minor battles in Lutsk swamps.

In the south there was a reserve of Ertel. There was a Polish division of Dombrovsky against him.

From Smolensk to Moscow

The Russian army connected, and the command began to demand from the borcular decisive battle. At this time, Napoleon's troops were scattered from each other. Taking advantage of the situation, the general decided to split them.

Napoleon tried to collect all the strength in his fist and, going to the rear of the Russian, crossed through the Dnieper. On his way, the Division of Neverovsky was. The decisive actions of the general allowed General Raevsky on time to arrive at Smolensk.

On August 16, the French, which were 180,000, approached the city. The defense of Smolensk was instructed by Raevsky, whose subordination was 15,000 soldiers. Early in the morning began the storming of the city. 2 days was the bloody battle. The city burned, and Barclay de Toli decided to take the troops on Dorogobuzh. The waste covered Bagration.

Chasing the rapidly retreating army of Russians became it. But in battle at Valtina Mountain, he suffered great losses. In the rear, General Juno was sent to Russian, but he did not fulfill the order of Napoleon. Russians went to the road to the road.

The destruction of Smolensk served as the beginning of the war of the Russian people against the French. All sat down on the way of the army of the invaders, the inhabitants went to the partisans. Napoleon tried to make Alexander a proposal for the world, but as a strong side. Russian king did not answer.

Reorganization of management

The king did not leave the commander-in-chief in the troops, after his departure. Bagration and Barclay could not find a common language after retreat from Smolensk. The Emergency Committee was created, at a meeting of which, he was elected commander-in-chief of the Feld Marshal Kutuzov. He immediately formed the headquarters of the army.

Borodino

The political and moral principles of Kutuzov did not allow him to evade the decisive battle. September 3, Russians retreated to Borodino. It was impossible to retreat further, and Kutuzov decided to fight. In order to have time to build strengthening on the site of the battle, General Gorchakov was ordered to sow the French troops near Shevardino.

On September 7, the famous Borodino battle occurred. There was an approximately the same number of troops, but poor weapons of Russian militias. They went to the attack with peaks.

The French attacked Russian fortifications using artillery. At noon, the eighth attack began. The battle lasted about 12 hours. Napoleon lost 30,000 killed, but he managed to break through the defense on the left flank. Russians were killed 45,000 people. Kutuzov decided to retreat.

Council in phily

By the 13th of September, the army focused on Moscow. The front line stretched 4 km. A bad message between units made this position inadmissible.

In the village of Fili collected a military council. A difficult decision on the delivery of Moscow expressed Barclay. Bennigsen was resolutely against such a turn of events. But Suvorov ordered the troops to start the retreat. Moscow was decided to leave and escape along the Ryazan road. Kutuzov was very worried and did not sleep at all.

Departure of Moscow

Moscow was left without a fight. And at night a terrible fire began in the city. Napoleon could not stay in the Kremlin. In arson accused the peaceful population, and 400 people were shot.
Arson could organize:
. People Rostopina;
. criminals;
. Russian lazutchiki;
. Chaos in the city.

Several foci of fire were found. For 5 days a significant part of the city was destroyed. Of the 30000 houses left less than 5000.

Attempts to achieve the world

Napoleon understood perfectly well that Moscow takes more political victory. Further in his plans was a trip to Petersburg. There were all French marshal against it. They were afraid of the upcoming winter and deep rear of the enemy.

• On September 18, Napoleon produced the first attempted truce with Russia.
• On September 20, he made the second attempt, but there was no answer again.
• October 4, another one, but Alexander was silent.

People's War

At first, learning about the offensive of the French, rumors crawled among the peasants that Napoleon wants to free them from serfdom, and give the earth. There were attacks of peasants on troops. In some regions, the peasants handed over their landowners in the French hands.

In the course of the promotion of Napoleon's army started violence against the local population, looting in the villages, looting and fires in cities. It served to the beginning of the partisan war.

Army partisan detachments

In pursuit of the retreating Russian army, for 3 months the French overcame about 1200 km. Significantly stretched its divisions and communications. Russian commanders decided to create mobile detachments for action in the rear of the enemy. The task was delivered to destroy communication, deprive the supplies of advanced, combat units. Such units met all sorts of help from the local population.

Peasant partisan detachments

The partisan detachments were formed by fizzly prisoners, local volunteers. There were such squads in relation to the enemy, very cruel. Partisans destroyed 25,000 soldiers located in Moscow.

The peasants did not want to give food and fodder to the enemy. Napoleon's plan, about the army's replenishment with everything necessary at the expense of the local population failed.

Militia

In July 1812, on the manifesto, nobles with their peasants were to join the rings of militia. Muscovites also created their militia. The first ring that surrounded Moscow was partisans, in the second - militants of the militia. While Kutuzov's army was preparing for new battles, they created a ring around the Napoleonic troops located in Moscow.

Tarutinsky maneuvr

• When the French army has already entered Moscow, the last routes of Russian only left it. In the way, except for soldiers, there were local residents. Deeping, Kutuzov all the time maneuvered, and Napoleon did not even imagine where the Russian army is now located.
• Russians stopped at the village of Tarutino. The place was chosen in no coincidence. Under the cover appeared Tula, Kaluga and rich bread southern regions, on the other hand, the army was the threat of the French rear.
• While in Moscow, Napoleon's army fell to the west. It was impossible to stay for the winter in the burnt city. Food and fodder ended, communications were very battered by partisans. In the army began disobedience and sabotage. Napoleon decided to retreat. Apartments prepared for wintering were very far away, Dnipro
• On October 18, Tarutino battle occurred, as a result, the French lost 4,000 soldiers. In war there was a fracture.

Napoleon's retreat

Napoleon went far deep into Russia. On his flank on the left side, the Army of Wittgenstein was located. Right flank stuck in Belarus. His rear replaced garrisons stretched over the Smolensk Road.

Plans by Party

Napoleon

There are no reliable information about Napoleon's plans, after the capture of Moscow. He said that it is impossible to stay in the city for the winter, it is necessary to look for other reasonable positions and move to Petersburg.

Kutuzov

Based on the testimony of the prisoners of the French, Kutuzov concluded that Napoleon would move along the Smolensk road. He ordered to take a round-the-clock observation of all alleged departures from Moscow. At this time, the fortifications of the northern frontiers were conducted. A detailed analysis of all occurring events on the fronts was represented by the Kutuzov king. He provided a plan for the expulsion of Napoleon from the territory of Russia. Showing ingenuity and foresight, the commander-in-chief solved the intentions of Napoleon.

From Moscow to Maloyaroslavets

• In October, by the Kaluga Road to Smolensk, the conversion of the French army. Napoleon leaving Moscow. In Smolensk there was a large base with food. But the path broken the army of Kutuzov.
• The French had very few horses, respectively, artillery and cavalry. Understanding that it is impossible to break through the Russians, Napoleon decided to bypass the Russians near the village of Troitsky. But Kutuzov managed to cut off this path of retreat.
• Heavy battle occurred in the Maloyaroslavets district. As a result, the city was occupied by the French. Kutuzov created fortified frontiers outside the city. The advantage in the number of soldiers, technicians, cavalry was on the side of Russia.
• Cossacks continued to make raids into French visits. As a result of one of them, the Kutuzov himself was almost injured. He traveled around his position. Understanding that it is impossible to slow down, the French began a meeting on further actions of the army. Murat offered to come back. Opinions were different and Napoleon, thinking for a long time, yet ordered to retreat back. It was necessary to return to already ruined, looted by the road. They walked along the road, which was previously moving with victories.

From Maloyaroslavets to Berezina

Until the red village of Russian, under the beginning of Miloradovich, pursued the French. They did not give them the respite of the Cossacks and partisans. The supply of troops deteriorated. Kutuzov at this time moved south. The next battle occurred under Vyazma. Heavily got the units closed by the retreating army.

On November 8, the army stopped in Smolensk for 5 days. Peashed the retarded detachments. Capital soldiers remained about 45,000, and as many wounded and unarmed. Nadezhda Napoleon to replenish food reserves in Smolensk, collapsed. Crowds of hungry soldiers destroyed everything that remained in the city. The intenntener of the army was shot. The second intennant was justified, referring to the legendary Praskoven, the commander of the partisan detachment.

Partisan detachments defeated the Friend of the Ozhero. More than 60 officers and 1,500 soldiers were captured.

The position of Napoleon's army was getting worse every day. In the south, the Danube Army concentrated, in the north was General Wittgenstein. Vitebsk was captured, in which food reserves remained.

If the avant-garde of the French army came out of Smolensk on November 14, then the Ariergard left the city only on November 17. Kutuzov was able to take advantage of the strongly stretched enemy army. The fight on November 18 ended with a breakthrough of Napoleonic soldiers. But their losses were huge.

Danube Army, freeing Minsk, completely deprived the French of the rear center. Crossing through Berezina stood in question. Admiral Chigarov with his army controlled all approaches to possible places of crossing.
On November 24, the French, withdrawing from the Russians, stood at the river.

From Berezina to Neman

Northern direction

As a result of battles for Polotsk, Wittgenstein's army was dangerously approaching the reasons of the French. Napoleon already conducted a retreat from Moscow. His help from the city of Smolensk headed Victor's building. He had just been converted from European countries as a reserve. The number of soldiers in both armies was almost equal. On October 31, the battle occurred, and the French were forced to retreat south.

On November 7, Wittgenstein took Vitebsk. 300 Frenchmen surrendered. All foods intended for retreating troops were captured.
Victor Marshall attempted attacks on soldiers Wittgenstein, trying to knock them out of the Dvina, but it was not successful. The troops were in their positions until the Napoleon approach. The Army of the French united, and Victor became airship.

Under Riga was the McDonald Corps. Russians, being on their positions, only occasionally did the bits in the rear of the enemy. But on November 15, McDonald suddenly attacked and inflicted a big damage to the Russian squad. In Prussia, the corps headed only after Napoleon had already completely left the territory of Russia.

Southern direction

The Chichagov Army, which consisted of 38,000 people arrived at the southern front. United with General Tormasov, they forced Schupancebg to retreat from Lutsk. The army after two weeks recreeded to Minsk. Schwarzenberg began pursuit. After spending some successful combat shys with the French, he managed to get to the rear of Napoleon and take Minsk. He went to the Berezina River, where Napoleon's crossway.

Collaborationism in the war of 1812

In Russian land during the occupation there were cases of collaborationism. Archbishop from Mogilev immediately at the end of July 1812 gave an oath in loyalty to Napoleon. For him, most of the clergy swatched. In the territories where partisan detachments were created, there were also cases of betrayal. Russian officers were very rarely switched to the side of the enemy. The Draghunsky Regiment's cornet began to cooperate with the French in the summer of 1812. When he was captured by the Russians, he was shot.

Results of the Patriotic War

The main outcome of the war is the absolute victory of the Russian army over Napoleon's army. The Military Historian Clausevitz believes that the army has entered Russia, which has 610000 soldiers. In Prussia, only about 30,000 were reached in a deplorable state, many soon died from various diseases.
Those officers who remained alive in the Russian company joined the French army in 1813.

Napoleon's losses amounted to approximately 580000 soldiers, more than 1,2 thousand guns.
Russian losses amounted to about 210,000 soldiers.

At the very beginning of 1913, military actions continued in Germany. Napoleon was completely broken under Leipzig in October.
April 1814 was marked by the renunciation of Napoleon from the throne.

Causes of defeat

Most often called:
. manifestation of heroism and persistence of the Russian army;
. a huge territory of Russia;
. Strong frost;
. The mind and foresight of Kutuzov and Russian generals.

Another, very important reason for the defeat of Napoleon, was the association of all Russian people to protect the Motherland.

The fact that the Russians refused to give a battle near their border, forced Napoleon to urgently change their plans. And the offensive is deep into the Russian territories, beyond the borders of the supply bases, passed for Napoleon Fatal.

Russian generals, headed by Kutuzov tried to preserve the army. Napoleon's plans for rapid victory at the borders of Russia did not come true.

The farther the French army from Neman was removed, the worse the supply was becoming. The army was too stretched, and the foded teams were undisciplined. Russian population did not want to give food to the French. Partisan struggle played its role in the collapse of the supply system. The hunger began, which made a miserable similarity from a combat-ready army.

Moroz continued the destruction of soldiers and officers. Russian army, almost all the time, retreating, led the French to their border.

Early consequences of war

• Russia's victory over Napoleon helped coalitions to defeat France. The prestige of Russia in international politics rose at a high stage. She gave the opportunity to Russia to influence Europe.
• But if everything was well in the foreign policy level, then the inner state left much to be desired. The socio-economic system was not changed. But the peasants who have passed through the territory of Europe have seen that anywhere there is no serfdom. Ended 1812, and the serfdom was never canceled. The peasant uprisings began. Among the advanced nobility began the formation of the opposition.
• After the victory, the desire of the people to freedom increased. This led to the uprising of the Decembrists.
• During the invasion of Napoleon, culture began to develop in Russia. Pushkin could not be if there were no war of 1812.
• In Russia, there are many prisoners of war from the Napoleon army. They accepted the citizenship and began to work for the benefit of Russia. Former prisoners of Poles became Siberian Cossacks. They were given the opportunity to return to Poland, but many remained in Russian land and acquired families. Later they were able to get the ranks of officers. There were also those who had a good European education. They began to teach in the Cadet Corps. The descendants of the former prisoners of war were not distinguished from the masses of the population. Could give the origin of only the names.
• The Patriotic War remains in the memory of the Russian people. She helped in the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War, when it was hard. When retired and died, especially in the first years of war.

Memory of war

Alexander I issued a decree that the Christmas of Christ, which is celebrated on December 25, will be at the same time a day of victory.

The war received a variety of reflection in works of art, in architecture, in scientific works. On the topic of the war of 1812, 15,000 books were written. Monuments and monuments are installed throughout the country. In the Winter Palace, portraits of more than 300 generals who took part in the war are posted. On the Borodino field shows the historical reconstruction of the battle. It is difficult to overestimate the novel "War and Peace" and the film of S. Bondarchuk. The central bank of Russia produced a silver coin in honor of the victory in the war of 1812.

100th anniversary of victory

In 1912, the Russian government found 25 eyewitnesses of hostilities. 14 of them were direct participants in battle. 1 ruble was released to a solemn date.

200th anniversary of victory

In Moscow, there was a solemn opening of the Museum of Patriotic War. Don Cossacks passed on horseback from Moscow to Paris, repeating the glorious campaign of ancestors. Passing in places of battles, they bowed the graves of the fallen Russian soldiers and officers.

More war, battles, battles, riots and uprisings in Russia:

A. Nortin "Napoleon's retreat from Moscow"

As you know, the war usually begins when a lot of reasons and circumstances converge at one point when mutual claims and resentment reach huge sizes, and the voice of the mind is muted.

Prehistory

After 1807, Napoleon went to the victorious march in Europe and further, and only one British did not want to subjugate him: she captured in America and India's colony of France and dominated the sea, preventing French trade. The only thing that could be done in such a situation Napoleon is to declare the UK continental blockade (after the battle of Trafalgar on October 21, 1805, Napoleon lost the opportunity to fight England at the sea, where she became almost the only lord). He decided to undermine England's trade by closing all European ports for her, put a crushing blow to the trade and economics of Great Britain. But the effectiveness of the continental blockade depended on other European states, respecting the sanctions. Napoleon persistently demanded from Alexander I to more consistently carry out continental blockade, but for Russia the UK was the main trading partner, and she did not want to break out trade relations with her.

P. Deerosh "Napoleon Bonaparte"

In 1810, Russia introduced free trade with neutral countries, which allowed it to trade with the UK through intermediaries, and also accepted a barrage rate that raised customs rates mainly on imported French goods. Napoleon was outraged by Russia's policies. But he had a personal reason for the war with Russia: in order to confirm the legitimacy of his coronation, he wanted to marry a marriage with a representative of one of the monarchies, but Alexander I rejected his sentences twice: the first time for marriage with his sister's great prince Catherine, and then with Great Prince Anna. Napoleon married the daughter of the Austrian Emperor Franz I, but stated in 1811: " In five years I will be the lord of the whole world. One Russia remains, - I will give it away ... ". At the same time, Napoleon continued to break the Tilzite truce, occupying Prussia. Alexander demanded to bring French troops from there. In a word, the military car twisted: Napoleon concludes a military contract with the Austrian Empire, which was obliged to provide France for the war with Russia by 30 thousand, then followed the contract with Prussia, which provided for the Army of Napoleon another 20,000 soldiers, and the French emperor himself studied hardly The military and economic situation of Russia, preparing for war with her. But the Russian intelligence is not Dremad: M.I. Kutuzov successfully concludes a peace treaty with Turkey (graduated from a 5-year war for Moldova), thereby relieving the Danube Army under the command of Admiral Chichagov; In addition, in the Russian embassy in Paris, information was regularly intercepted about the state of the Great French Army and its movements.

Thus, both sides were preparing for war. The number of the French army was, according to various sources, from 400 to 500 thousand soldiers, of which the French were only half, the remaining soldiers were 16 nationalities, mainly the Germans and Poles. Napoleon's army was well armed and materially secured. The only weakness of it was just the digital composition of the national composition.

The number of the Russian army: the 1st Army Barclay de Tolly and the 2nd Army of Bagration was 153 thousand soldiers + 3rd Army Tormasov 45 thousand + Danube Army Admiral Chichagova 55 thousand + Finnish Corps of Stheingel 19 thousand + Separate Essen Case Near Riga is 18 thousand + 20-25 thousand Cossacks \u003d approximately 315 thousand. Technically, Russia did not lag behind France. But in the Russian army, the treasures flourished. England provided Russia material and financial support.

Barclay de Toll. Lithography A. Münstera

Starting the war, Napoleon did not plan to raise his troops into the depths of Russia, in his plans there was the creation of a complete continental blockade of England, then the inclusion of Belarus and Lithuania and the creation of a Polish state in opposition to the Russian Empire, to then conclude a military union with Russia and Together move to India. Truly, Napoleonic plans! Napoleon counted his victory to finish the battle with Russia in the border areas, so the retreat of Russian troops into the depths of the country found him by surprise.

Alexander I provided this circumstance (disastrous for the French army Promotion of deep into): " If the emperor Napoleon starts war against me, it is possible and it is likely that he will beat us if we take the battle, but it will not give him peace. ... for us - an immense space, and we will retain a well-organized army. ... if the lot of weapons decide the matter against me, then I will rather give up to Kamchatka than to give up his province and sign in his capital the contracts that are only a breather. The Frenchman brave, but long deprivation and bad climate tiring and discourage him. Our climate and our winter will fight for us"He wrote to the Ambassador of France in Russia A. Klenkuru.

Start of war

The first shootout with the French (Supper Rotary) occurred on June 23, 1812, when they crossed themselves into Russian shore. And at 6 am on June 24, 1812, the avant-garde of the French troops entered Coveno. In the evening of the same day, Alexander I was reported on the invasion of Napoleon. So the Patriotic War of 1812 began.

The Napoleonic army occurs simultaneously in the northern, central and southern directions. For the northern direction, the main task was the capture of St. Petersburg (pre-taking Riga). But as a result of battles under the stalks and on August 17, under the Polotsk (the fight between the 1st infantry corps of the Russians under the command of General Wittgenstein and the French corps of Marshal Udineos and General Saint-Sira). This fight did not have serious consequences. In the next two months, the parties did not lead active fighting, accumulating strength. Wittgenstein task prevent the French promotion to St. Petersburg, Saint-Sir blocked the core of the Russians.

The main battles unfold in the Moscow direction.

The 1st Western Russian Army was stretched from the Baltic Sea to Belarus (Lida). She was headed by Barclay de Tolly, Chief of Staff - General A.P. Ermolov. The Russian army threatened the destruction in parts, because Napoleonic army has been rapidly. The 2nd Western Army, headed by PI Bagration, was under Grodno. Bagration's attempt to connect with the 1st Army Barclay de Toll was unsuccessful, and he retreated south. But the Cossacks of Ataman Platov supported the Army of Bagration in Grodno. On July 8, Marshal Davu took Minsk, but Bagration, bypassing Minsk south, moved to Bobruisk. According to the plan, two Russian armies were to unite in Vitebsk to block the French road to Smolensk. A fight took place under Saltanovka, as a result of which Raevsky delayed the promotion of Giving Smolensk, but the path to Vitebsk was closed.

N. Samokish "The feat of the soldier Raevsky near Saltanovka"

On July 23, the 1st Army Barclay de Tolly came to Vitebsk to wait for the 2nd Army. Barclay de Tolly sent to the French of the 4th Corps of Osterman-Tolstoy, who gave a fight near Vitebsk, under Isno. However, the army could not be reunited anyway, and then Barclay de Tolly retreats from Vitebsk to Smolensk, where both Russian army combined on August 3. On August 13, he spoke to Smolensk and Napoleon, having rested in Vitebsk.

The 3rd Russian southern army commanded General Tormamov. French General Rainier stretched his corps on line 179 km: Brest-Kobrin-Pinsk, Tramasov used the irrational location of the French troops and broke it under the Cobrn, but, uniting with the Corps of General Schwarzenberg, Rainier attacked Torramassov, and he was forced to retreat to Lutsk.

To Moscow!

Napoleon is attributed to the phrase: " If I take Kiev, I will take Russia for my feet; If I am preparing Petersburg, I will take her head; Having taken Moscow, I am angry with her heart" Saying these words Napoleon or not - now not to establish exactly. But one clear: the main forces of the Napoleonic army were aimed at capturing Moscow. On August 16, Napoleon was already at Smolensk with an army of 180 thousand and on the same day began his assault. Barclay de Tolly did not consider it possible to give the battle here and retreated with his army from the spontaneous city. The French marshal pursued her the retreating Russian army, and the Russians decided to give him a fight. On August 19, a bloody battle took place at the Valtina Mountain, as a result of which she suffered heavy losses and was detained. The battle for Smolensk is the beginning of the People's, Patriotic War:the population began to leave their homes and burn settlements on the path of the French army. Here, Napoleon seriously doubted his brilliant victory and asked the captured in the battle of the Valtina Mountain of General P.A. Tuchkova Write a letter to his brother, so that he brought to Alexander I, Napoleon's desire to conclude the world. He did not receive an answer from Alexander I. In the meantime, the relationship between Bagration and Barclay de Tolly after Smolensk was becoming more busy and irreconcilable: everyone saw her way to victory over Napoleon. On August 17, the Emergency Committee of the Unified Commander was approved by General from Kutuzov's infanteria, and on August 29, he had already accepted the army in Tsarevo-Compensation. The French meanwhile have already entered Vyazma ...

V. Kelerman "Moscow militias on the old Smolensk road"

M.I. Kutuzov, by that time, a famous military leader and a diplomat who served under Catherine II, Pavel I, who participated in the Russian-Turkish wars, in the Russian-Polish war, in 1802 he fell into opal to Alexander I, was removed from his post and lived in his The estate of peas in the Zhytomyr region. But when Russia entered the coalition to fight Napoleon, he was appointed commander-in-chief of one of the armies and showed himself as an experienced commander. But after Austerlitsky defeat, against whom Kutuzov performed and at which Alexander I insisted, he did not blame in the defeat of Kutuzov, and even awarded him with the Order of St. Vladimir 1st degree, but he did not forgive defeat.

At the beginning of the Patriotic War, 1812 Kutuzov was appointed head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia, but the unsuccessful course of the war showed that the commander of the entire Russian army needs an experienced and enjoyable society. Alexander I was forced to appoint the commander-in-chief of the Russian army and the militia of Kutuzov.

Kutuzov initially continued the Barclay-de-Tolly strategy - retreat. He is credited with words: « We will not win Napoleon. We deceive it».

At the same time, Kutuzov understood the need for general battle: first, this was required by public opinion, which was concerned about the constant retreat of the Russian army; Secondly, further retreat would be already voluntary passing of Moscow.

On September 3, the Russian army stood at the village of Borodino. Here Kutuzov decided to give a big battle, but to distract the French to get the time to prepare the fortifications, he ordered General Gorchakov to give a fight at the Shevardino village, where he was reinforced (strengthening the closed species, with a shaft and a moat, intended for circular defense). All day September 5th there was a fight for Shevardinsky Reduce.

After 12 hours of bloody battle, the French fled the left flank and the center of Russian positions, but could not develop the offensive. The Russian army suffered heavy losses (40-5,000 killed and wounded), French - 30-34 thousand. There were almost no prisoners with both sides. On September 8, Kutuzov ordered to retreat on Mozhaisk with confidence, which only in this way can be preserved by the army.

On September 13, a meeting of the Foreign Action Plan was held in the village of Fili. Most generals spoke in favor of a new battle. Kutuzov interrupted the meeting and ordered to retreat through Moscow along the Ryazan road. By evening, on September 14, Napoleon entered the empty Moscow. From the same day, a fire began in Moscow, which covered almost the entire earthy city and the White City, as well as the outskirts of the city, destroying three quarters of the buildings.

A. Smirnov "Fire of Moscow"

There is still no uniform version about the reasons for the fire of Moscow. There are several of them: organized arson in the inhabitants when leaving the city, deliberate arson of Russian trains, uncontrolled the actions of the French, who accidentally emerged, the spread of which was promoted by the overall chaos in the city left. Kutuzov directly indicated that the French burned Moscow. Since fire foci was somewhat, it is possible that all versions are true.

More than half of the residential buildings are burned in the fire, more than 8 thousand outlets, 122 temples from existing 329; Up to 2 thousand wounded Russian soldiers left in Moscow died. University, theaters, libraries were destroyed, in Musina Pushkin's palace burned out the manuscript "Words about the regiment of Igor" and Trinity chronicle. Not all population of Moscow left the city, only more than 50 thousand people (out of 270 thousand).

In Moscow, Napoleon, on the one hand, is building a hike plan for Petersburg, on the other hand, it takes attempts to conclude a world with Alexander I, but it remains with its requirements (continental blockade of England, Lithuanian rejection and the creation of a military union with Russia). He makes three delegations of the truce, but the answer from Alexander does not receive any of them.

Militia

I. Arkhipov "The militia of 1812"

On July 18, 1812, Alexander I publishes the manifest and appeal to the residents of the "first-end capital of our Moscow" with a call to join the militia (temporary armed formations to the aid of the army to reflect the invasion of the Napoleonic army). Zemsky militias were limited to 16 provinces directly adjacent to the theater of hostilities:

I district - Moscow, Tverskaya, Yaroslavskaya, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tula, Kaluga, Smolensk province - was intended to protect Moscow.

II DISTRICT - St. Petersburg and Novgorod province - ensured the "cooling" of the capital.

III DC (Volga) - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Kostroma, Simbirskaya and Vyatka province - reserve of the two first militia districts.

The rest of the provinces - to remain "without action", while "will not need to consume them to uniform party's victims and services."

Picture of the banner of the St. Petersburg militia

Heads of militia of the Patriotic War 1812

Collection of militia has begun on the apparatus of state power, nobility and church. The military trained warrids, the collection of cash for militia was declared. Each landowner was supposed to present a certain number of equipment and armed warriors from their fortress. Self-altitude care to the militia of fortress peasants was considered a crime. The selection in the detachment produced a landowner or peasant communities in the lot.

I. Lucanin "Blessing of the militia"

Firearms for the militia lacked, it first allocated to form the reserve parts of the regular army. Therefore, after graduating from collecting, all the militia, except for St. Petersburg, were armed mainly by cold weapons - peaks, horns and axes. Military preparation of the militia held in the abbreviated program of training recruit by officers and lower ranks from the Army and Cossack parts. In addition to Zemstvo (peasant), the formation and Cossack militia began. Some rich landowners collected entire regiments from their fortress peasants or formed them for their own funds.

In some cities, villages adjacent to Smolensk, Moscow, Kaluga, Tula, Tverskaya, Pskov, Chernihiv, Tambov, Oryol, Cordon, were formed "Cordons" or "Fleetings" for self-defense and maintaining internal order.

The convening of militia allowed the Government of Alexander I in a short time to mobilize large human and material resources to war. After the completion of the formation, all the militia was under a single command of General-Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov and the Supreme Guide of Emperor Alexander I.

S. Gersimov "Kutuzov - Head of the militia"

During the period of the Great French Army in Moscow, Tverskova, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Tula, Ryazan and Kaluga militia defended the boundaries of their provinces from enemy foragers and marauders and, together with army partisans, blocked the enemy in Moscow, and during the retreat of the French, the militia of the Moscow, Smolensky, Tver, Yaroslavl, Tula, Kaluga, St. Petersburg and Novgorod Zemstvo provincial troops, Don, Little Russian and Bashkir Cossack regiments, as well as individual battalions, squadrons and detachments. As an independent combat force, the militia could not be applied, because They had weak military training and weapons. But they fought with enemy foragers, marauders, deserters, and also performed police functions to maintain internal order. They destroyed and captured 10-12 thousand enemy soldiers and officers.

After the end of hostilities in Russia, all provincial militias, except Vladimir, Tver and Smolensky, participated in foreign hits of the Russian Army 1813-1814. In the spring of 1813, Moscow and Smolenskoye were dissolved, and by the end of 1814 - all other Zemsky troops.

Partisan War

J. Dow "D.V. Davydov"

After the start of the fire of Moscow, the partisan war and passive resistance strengthened. The peasants refused to supply the French with food and fodder, went into the forest, burned out the unlucky bread in the fields, so that nothing went to the enemy. The volatile partisan detachments were created for action in the rear and the communications lines of the enemy to prevent its supply and destroy his small detachments. Denis Davydov, Alexander Sillavin, Alexander Figner were the most famous commanders of the volatile detachments. Army partisan detachments received comprehensive support from the natural peasant partisan movement. It was the violence and robbery from the French by the partisan war. The partisans made up the first ring of the environment around Moscow, occupied by the French, and the second ring was militia.

Fight at Tarutino

Kutuzov, retreating, took the army south to Selu Tarutino, closer to Kaluga. Being on the Old Kaluga Road, Kutuzov's army covered Tula, Kaluga, Bryansk and Herborne South provinces, threatened to the enemy rear between Moscow and Smolensk. He waited, knowing that the Napoleonic army would not last long in Moscow without the province, and the winter was approaching ... On October 18, under Tarutino, he gave the fight to the French brand under the command of Murat - and the retreat of Murata marked the fact of the transition of the initiative in the war to Russian.

Beginning of the End

Napoleon was forced to think about the wintering of his army. Where? "I am looking for another position, whereby will be more profitable to start a new campaign, the action of which will send to Petersburg or Kiev" And Kutuzov at that time put under observation all the possible ways of waste of the Napoleonic army from Moscow. The far-sightedness of Kutuzov manifested itself in the fact that he anticipated the movement of the French troops to Smolensk by his Tarutinsky maneuver through Kaluga.

On October 19, the French army (as part of 110 thousand) began to leave Moscow on the old Kaluga road. Napoleon planned to get to the nearest major food base in Smolensk at the unexpected war of the locality - through Kaluga, but the way he chose Kutuzov. Then Napoleon turned around the village of Troitsky's village to a new Kaluga road (modern Kiev highway) to bypass Tarutino. However, Kutuzov challenged the army under Maloyaroslavets and cut the French by the French path of retreat on the new Kaluga road.

History of the USSR. Short Curch Shestakov Andrey Vasilyevich

34. Tsar Alexander I. Patriotic War of 1812

Accession of Georgia. Entered into the throne after the murder of Paul, his son Alexander I participated in a conspiracy against the Father. Alexander I continued to be launched by Peter I and Catherine II conquest of the Black Sea coast and the rich land of the Caucasus. First of all, he strengthened in Georgia.

In Georgia, as in the then Russia, landlords dominated. Peasants, not flexing their backs, worked on them from morning to evening. There were peasants in sacla stones folded from stones, in dugouts. Most of the crop of fields and gardens they took their gentlemen - landowners. The rulers of the neighboring states (Turkey and Iran) made devastating raids on rich Georgian lands and even more ruined the peasants.

After one attack, when Iranians have captured more than 10 thousand Georgians, the king of Georgia turned to Pavlu I. In the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi, tsarist troops were introduced; In 1801, Georgia finally joined Russia. The ruinous raids of the Iranian kings on Georgia ceased.

Georgia has become the ownership of Tsarist Russia. In courts and other institutions, Russian officials were planted, they demanded that the petitioners spoke in all institutions of Georgia only in Russian, which the Georgian people did not know. The serfdom in Georgia continued to exist. Brutally oppressed Georgian peasants raised the uprisings against their landowners and royal officials, but with the help of Georgian princes and the nobles, the royal troops were mercilessly suppressed. Relying on the kobor-destroyers of Georgia, Alexander I firmly strengthened in the Transcaucasus.

Creation of Finland and Bessarabia. In 1805, Alexander I, restoring the Military Union with England, began the war with Napoleon 1, who announced himself with the emperor of France.

Napoleon broke the troops of Alexander I and demanded that Russia cease to stop trading with the main opponent of France - England. Defeated Alexander I had to agree. Napoleon promised to fight the Russian emperor to fight with Sweden and Turkey for it. Napoleon himself submitted to the domination of France almost all the peoples of Western Europe.

Soon Alexander I announced the War of Sweden and quickly took Finland's troops who belonged to Swedes. The Russian army moved in winter on the ice of the Botnik Bay and threatened the capital of Sweden. The Swedish king was supposed to enter into 1809 and agreed to the transfer of Russia Finland.

After 3 years, Alexander I managed to conquer in Turkey who captured by her Bessarabia - the area between the Dniester and the Prut.

Patriotic Warrior 1812. But the Union of Russia and France continued not long. The landowners and merchants were very interested in free trade with England and demanded the tsar gap with Napoleon. The nobles were also afraid that under the influence of bourgeois france, where the serfdom was destroyed, their dominance in Russia will be weakened. Alexander I gave way. Trading with England resumed.

Then Napoleon with a huge army, more than 500 thousand people, attacked Russia in the summer 1812 of the year. Russian troops were only about 200 thousand people. They retired, destroying all the reserves of food and equipment along the way. Soon Napoleon captured Lithuania and Belorussia and moved to Moscow. Napoleon's invasion of Russia raised the Russian people to the Patriotic War with invaders; The peasants began a partisan war.

In the fight against Napoleon, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Bashkirs and other peoples of our country participated in the fight against Napoleon.

At the head of the Russian army, a favorite student Suvorov, the great commander Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov.

At the end of August, near Moscow, the village of Borodino had the largest battle. Russian troops with an enemy fought stubbornly, who ruin their country. More than 50 thousand Russians went up in this bloody battle, but the power of the Russian army was not broken.

The losses of the French were huge, but the advantage remained on their side. Kutuzov decided to hand over Moscow Napoleon without a fight and retreat to keep the army.

The French occupied Moscow. Large fires began in the city. Many houses burned down. In Moscow, the French remained without products.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745-1813).

Zima is approaching. The French in Moscow was impossible to consist. Napoleon with the army began to retreat on the road, ruined when hiking to Moscow. His attempt to retreat to others did not succeed - other roads were busy with Russian troops.

Kutuzov has relentlessly pursued the retreating troops of Napoleon. The partisans attacked and destroyed separate French troops. When crossing through r. Berezina Napoleon barely escaped the complete defeat of the remnants of his army and personal captivity. From all the vast army, Napoleon survived and returned from Russia abroad only 30 thousand people.

In 1812. The retreat of the French army. From the painting of spitter.

Napoleon collected a new army and began to continue the war. But now Prussia, Austria, England and Sweden appeared against him in the Union with Russia. Under the city of Leipzig, they broke Napoleon. The Allies switched to France's border and occupied Paris.

Winners of Napoleon restored the power of old French kings and princes in France. The French began to edit the brother of the king, executed during the revolution. Napoleon was referred to a distant island in the Atlantic Ocean. In all other European countries, conquered before Napoleon, began to manage the kings and princes to be managed.

Alexander I for his struggle with Napoleon allies gave part of Poland with the city of Warsaw.

To fight the revolution in Europe, the Russian king, the Prussian king and the Austrian emperor concluded a reactionary sacred union among themselves. They swore help each other in the fight against popular uprisings. The head of this union was Russian Tsar Alexander I. Tsarist Russia became the gendarme of Europe.