NATIVE- NATIVE, dear, dear. 1. Consanguineous in a straight line. My own father. My own son. Dear grandfather. Native great-grandfather. Mother, daughter, grandmother. "And my own father is an enemy to me: he will not allow me to go for an unloving Pole." Gogol. || uptr. towards… … Dictionary Ushakova

native- Relative, relative, close, close, blood. Brothers are uterine, half-brothers. They are flesh of our flesh, bone of our bones. See home ... Synonym dictionary

native- NATIVE, oh, oh. 1.in sign. noun, wow, m. Iron. appeal. Well, darling, do you want to be in the piggy (face)? 2. Foreign made abroad. And what, the sweater is soviet (Soviet)? Non-native. 3. Originally inherent in a given thing, a given type. Your ... ... Dictionary of Russian argo

NATIVE- NATIVE, oh, oh. 1. Consisting in a direct (blood) relationship, as well as in general in relationship. Native sister. R. uncle. To visit relatives (n.). 2. Own by birth, by spirit, by habits. R. edge. Home country. R. language (the language of their homeland, rum is spoken with ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

native- native, short. f. m. and cf. not used, dear, dear and outdated and in common parlance dear ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

native- adj., uptr. very often 1. You call family a person who is a direct blood relative to you, as well as any relative in general. My own mother. | Native brother. | Lera was my paternal sister. 2. To your family you ... ... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

native- a / z, o / e 1) Being in a blood relationship in a straight line, as well as in any relationship in general. My own father. My own mother. A native family. Young Mikhail was descended from Rurik on a female knee, for his own grandmother, the wife of Nikita Romanovich, was dear ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

native-, oh, oh. Dear, close to my heart. == Native [Communist] Party. pathet. Soviet people unanimously and fervently support the political course of their native The communist party... Worker, 1984, No. 5, 2. The workers of the plant warmly approve ... ... Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Soviets

native- I see native 3); Wow; m. Hello, dear. II a / i, o / e. see also. dear, dear, dear, dear 1) Being in a blood relationship in a straight line, as well as in any relationship in general ... Dictionary of many expressions

native- (oh, oh) own mother bahan enin; brother baldiohan yeah; home of baldiohan dё ... Russian-Nanai Dictionary

native- ▲ close to (whom), dear soul close to soul(# edge). dear. stepfather. fatherly. close (# relationship). short. close. sincere (# friend). bosom. unforgettable. unforgettable. indelible. memorable. painfully familiar (# features) ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

Books

• Native ABC book. Educational-methodical complex in 4 parts. Part 4, N. V. Antonenko, T. M. Klimenkova, O. V. Naboichenko, M. V. Ulyanova, Toolkit to the textbook `Native ABC book` is intended for teachers and parents. The manual contains scientific and theoretical material presenting a natural methodology ... Category: Miscellaneous Series: Bio-Adequate Textbooks Publisher: TRADITION, Manufacturer: TRADITION, Buy for 331 UAH (only Ukraine)
• Native space. Democratic movement. Memories. Part 4, A.E. Levitin-Krasnov, Your attention is invited to the publication NATIVE SPACE. DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT. MEMORIES. PART 4 ​​... Category: Other memoir authors Publisher:

Philological training Russian monarchs

Philological training took a special place in the educational practice of the Russian imperial family. In this process, there were two opposite streams. On the one hand, the wives of Russian emperors, usually German princesses, had to urgently learn the language of their new homeland. On the other hand, Russian grand dukes and princesses studied an impressive block of foreign languages.

The need to learn foreign languages ​​did not raise any questions for anyone. Firstly, in noble Russia, knowledge of the French language was simply necessary, since the Petersburg elite used it as the language of everyday communication. Secondly, the empresses, being native speakers of the language themselves, passed it on (German or Danish) to their children. Thirdly, all the numerous mutual relatives or official visits required communication without translators in intermediate languages. This was the norm in diplomatic practice in the 18th and early 20th centuries. Fourth, the multilingualism of the Imperial Court formed a multi-layered structure of the perception of the world, when European culture in all its diversity was organically assimilated in the language of the native speaker. Fifth, the level of knowledge of foreign languages ​​at the Imperial Court served as an almost official "indicator", dividing those present into "friends" (those who knew foreign languages ​​as native) and "strangers" (that is, those who spoke a mixture of "Nizhny Novgorod with French "). And only those" strangers "who managed to climb to the very top of the hierarchical ladder could neglect this" indicator ", and society resigned itself to this. Such a "stranger" was A.A. Arakcheev, he studied with "copper money" and did not speak languages.

One more important component of the philological block of education of the royal children should be mentioned. The Tsarevich and the Grand Dukes had to speak Russian correctly, without an accent. In the multilingual Imperial court, when children began to speak English or French, and only then Russian, it seemed extremely important. All this is quite obvious, but little is known about how, in fact, the educational process was built.

In the XVIII century. the basis of philological education was the direct communication of children with native speakers, who were enrolled in the servicing staff of royal babies. English Bonns not only raised babies, but also communicated with him. The courtiers surrounded the children, for them French was more organic than their native language. Well, grandmother Catherine II and all subsequent Germans on the throne always remembered their roots well. As a result of this "Babylonian" mixing of languages, children learned the beginnings of foreign dialects, organically growing into a variegated linguistic environment.

It is noteworthy that these traditions were preserved until the beginning of the 20th century. Children began to speak both Russian and English at the same time, at an early age they learned the basics of the French language. So, about the Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, who was in his ninth year in 1865, his tutor wrote: “Of the new languages, Sergei Alexandrovich was quite fluent in English, which he learned, of course, exclusively practically, almost at the same time as he began to speak and in Russian, thanks to the fact that he was in the arms of the English nanny E.I. Struton. Quite fluently Grand Duke spoke French as well, having learned this language in a practical way, partly under the guidance of Mr. Remy, partly hearing constantly French speech both from his parents and in the company of his sister, when he was in the care of A.F. Tyutcheva ... finally, and in German, even before leaving abroad in the summer of 1864, Sergei Alexandrovich began to take lessons, but he still could not speak ”849. Thus, for Russian monarchs and grand dukes from the second half of the 18th century. and before the beginning of the XX century. knowledge of three or four foreign languages ​​was the norm.

This practice began at the court of Catherine II. About her four-year-old grandson, the future Alexander I, Catherine II wrote in July 1781 that "he understands German very well, and even more French and English ..." 850. In order to consolidate and systematize the language training of his grandson, in 1784, a French teacher from a Swiss citizen, Caesar Laharpe, was invited to him.

When the younger sons of Paul I grew up, they also began to learn languages. The future Nicholas I began to be regularly taught French in 1802, at the age of 7. His mother, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, was his teacher at first. Then the process passed into the hands professional teacher du Puget. Subsequently, Nicholas I recalled that he did not particularly like these lessons.

Simultaneously with the French language, Russian language lessons began in 1802, but Russian lessons, unlike foreign languages, were taught by amateurs. So, the first teacher of the Russian language of the future emperor was his Scottish teacher Miss Lyon. With her he taught the "Russian alphabet". Then the Russian language classes came under the control of anonymous "gentlemen on duty." It is unlikely that these "attendants" paid serious attention to the rules of the Russian language. But, one way or another, in 1806 Nikolai Pavlovich already wrote compositions in Russian.

In January 1804, the 9-year-old Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich began to study German, which he taught professional teacher Adelung. The same teacher taught the Grand Duke Latin and Greek 851. Ancient languages ​​at that time were an indispensable part of a good education. But in the aristocratic environment, the study of Latin and Greek languages ​​did not spread widely. These languages ​​are introduced in educational program Nikolai Pavlovich at the insistence of their mother - Empress Maria Feodorovna. Nicholas I's darkest memories are associated with the study of Latin and Greek 852.

When, in 1817, Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich married the Prussian princess Louise, who adopted the name of Alexandra Feodorovna in Orthodoxy, the new Grand Duchess had to urgently start studying the Russian language. In the summer of 1817, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, at that time already a famous poet, was identified as a teacher to Alexandra Fedorovna.

V.A. Zhukovsky was a poet, not a teacher-methodist. Therefore, his lessons pursued very high goals, but far from the utilitarian task - in the shortest possible time to teach the Prussian princess to speak Russian correctly. In the diary of V.A. Zhukovsky formulated his pedagogical tasks as follows: “I hope over time to make my lessons very interesting. They will not only be useful to her from the side of the tongue, but will give food for thought and have a beneficial effect on the heart ”853.

From his pupil, of course, he heard only words of gratitude (November 6, 1817): "My lesson was very pleasant ... I had the pleasure of hearing from her that she liked my lessons" 854. However, later Alexandra Feodorovna, although she remembered his lessons with gratitude, did not prevent her from seeing the methodological "flaws" of her teacher. Respecting Zhukovsky, she considered him too "poetic" to be a good teacher 855. According to her, “instead of plodding over the study of grammar, some single word gave birth to an idea, the idea made you look for a poem, and the poem served as a subject for conversation; this is how the lessons went. Therefore, I comprehended the Russian language poorly, and, despite my passionate desire to learn it, it turned out to be so difficult that for many years I did not have the spirit to pronounce whole phrases in it ”856.

Apparently, the relatively regular lessons of the Russian language lasted for about a year and a half. At least in the winter of 1819, Alexandra Feodorovna still continued to “take lessons from Zhukovsky” 857. However, the salon language of the Russian Imperial Court at that time was French, and little Russian was spoken at the Court. It must be said that at the beginning of her life in Russia, the young Grand Duchess had great philological difficulties, since in addition to the Russian language, she had to urgently close the gaps in French, in which she also at first "found it difficult to speak" 858.

Of course, over time, all problems were resolved, although Empress Alexandra Feodorovna's difficulties with the Russian language remained throughout her 43-year life in Russia. To his first teacher of the Russian language, poet V.A. Zhukovsky, she retained a warm attitude throughout her life and remembered his lessons well. They even celebrated "their own" anniversaries. So, on March 12, 1842, she considered it her duty to write to the poet: “And now we will celebrate our silver lessons, it seems, in the month of September. 25 years!!! My God, this is a lifetime. ”859.

Evidence from foreigners themselves has been preserved about the level of proficiency in foreign languages ​​of Russian monarchs. Thus, the American envoy D. Dallas at the Russian imperial court in 1837-1838 mentioned that Empress Alexandra Feodorovna "knew English quite well" and talked a lot with the ambassador about American literature and especially about Fenimore Cooper, whose novels were read all over Europe at that time 860. And if the American ambassador spoke to the empress in English, then to Nicholas I - first in French. However, after the acquaintance took place, the emperor also switched to English. It should be borne in mind that the rules of court etiquette prescribed to speak the language in which the highest persons would speak. Apparently, at first Nikolai Pavlovich was not sure of his English. Subsequently, the emperor said to the ambassador: “You are the first person who made me speak English in public. I hope that you will not refuse to talk with me more often and teach me this language ”861.

Apparently, the lack of confidence in English remained with Nicholas I, which is quite understandable, since the everyday language at the Russian imperial court is French, and the emperor was fluent in it. He practically had no one to speak English with. Therefore, during an official visit to England in 1844, Nicholas I communicated with the owners in French and, occasionally, in German. Just before leaving England, he addressed one of the 862 dignitaries in English.

The level of language training of Nicholas I was also assessed by compatriots. Baron Korf, describing Nikolai Pavlovich's manner of behaving at palace receptions, mentions that the emperor talked with his guests now “in Russian, now in French, now in German, now in English. And everything is equally free ”863. At the table, Nikolai Pavlovich usually spoke Russian, and only when addressing the Empress, or when others were having a conversation with her, did he switch to French.

Frailina A.F. Tyutcheva noted that Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich “had the gift of tongues; he spoke not only Russian, but also French and German with a very clear accent and graceful pronunciation ”864. Tyutcheva does not mention the level of knowledge of the English language by Nicholas I, since at that time he was practically not used at the Court. It should be noted that Korf and Tyutcheva were the most educated people of their time and were well versed in philological nuances.

The children of Nicholas I got acquainted with foreign languages ​​in the same way as their parents, through the English Bonn and courtiers. According to the daughter of Nicholas I, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, at the age of five she could read and write in three languages ​​865. Apparently she meant German, English and French.

When in the late 1820s. the poet V.A. Zhukovsky drew up a plan for the education of Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich, in it, of course, much attention was paid to foreign languages. Gradually, a circle of teachers-philologists formed around the crown prince. Later, the same teachers taught the daughters of Nicholas I. One of them gave characteristics to each of the teachers. Thus, the English language was conducted by the "cheerful" Verandah. German was taught by Ertel. According to Olga Nikolaevna, he “hammered into his willful heads our terribly difficult German phrases, in which one had to wait for verbs indefinitely”. The girl even tried to keep her diary in German. The princess called Ertel's system of studies "brilliant", but at the same time added that she only learned to speak German when she got married and left for Germany 866.

Although Olga Nikolaevna spoke and wrote French at the age of 5 (according to her), she began to systematically learn French only at the age of 15. Apparently, it was just a grammatical polishing of the already existing knowledge. But the princess also studied this language longer than other languages. The Grand Duchess finished her education in 1842. By that year she was only engaged in Russian and French reading "at Pletnev and Cournot" 867.

Olga Nikolaevna wrote about the practice of everyday use of foreign languages ​​in the imperial family: “Mom read a lot in Russian ... but it was much more difficult for her to speak. In the family, we, the four elders, always spoke French to each other, as well as to the Parents. The younger three brothers, on the other hand, spoke only Russian. This was consistent with national movement in the reign of the Pope, which gradually supplanted everything foreign ”868.

Nikolai Pavlovich, following his nationally oriented scenario of power, laid the foundation for a "philological revolution" at his Court. Communicating with the courtiers, he began to speak Russian. This was immediately noticed in his immediate circle. One of the ladies-in-waiting wrote in her diary: “The Tsar always speaks Russian to me. He was the first to speak Russian in the Empress's salon. Alexander Pavlovich and his Lisette always spoke French ”869. It should be clarified that we are talking about Alexander I and his wife, Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna. About this, with a feeling of some surprise, A.S. Pushkin: "February 28, 1834 Sunday at the ball, in the concert hall, the sovereign talked to me for a long time: he speaks very well, without mixing both languages, without making ordinary mistakes and using real expressions" 870. However, despite all the efforts of Nikolai Pavlovich, the Russian Imperial Court remained French-speaking. But the Russian language at the Court, at least, ceased to be bad manners.

Emperor Nicholas I was fluent in Russian in all his palette, especially in the male, officer environment. So, once, after an unsuccessful review of the combined battalion of military educational institutions, he called the battalion "blancmange" 871.

Everyday communication between parents and daughters in French led to "language imbalances." So, the youngest daughter of Nicholas I, Alexandra Nikolaevna, or Adini, as her relatives called her, generally spoke poorly in Russian, since she had not only an English Bonn, but also an English teacher. Therefore, she never learned to speak her native language fluently 872.

Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich gave the utmost importance to the study of foreign languages. The course of his studies included a "standard set" of three foreign languages. But in order to broaden the children's horizons, they were periodically collected in the Tsarevich's library, and the actors of the French theater read French classics to them, especially Moliere, of course, in the original 873.

Along with the study of the "standard set" of European languages, the Tsarevich specially studied Polish language what happened with the filing of Nicholas I: he understood that Polish problems would not be limited to the time of his reign. The teacher of the First Cadet Corps, Captain Yurievich, taught the Polish language with the Tsarevich. Moreover, in order to give the Tsarevich a certain language practice, Nicholas I ordered the tutor of the Tsarevich K.K. In January 1829, Merder invited the adjutant wing of Gauke to dinner, and the Grand Duke several times "dared to speak to him in Polish" 874. It should be added that the Grand Duke was then 11 years old. Literally a few days after this dinner, the Tsarevich's exam in Polish and English took place. Apparently, arranging a lunch meeting with a Pole, Nicholas I wanted to find out for himself how the Tsarevich had mastered the spoken language, and to give his son the opportunity for additional training before the exam. As a result, Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna “were very pleased with the progress made in both languages, especially in Polish. The Grand Duke translated from Russian into Polish and wrote in Polish without mistakes ”875. In his mature years, Alexander II spoke Polish quite fluently.

I must say that the fears of Nicholas I about Poland came true, and when in the early 1860s. there an uprising began, the younger brother of Alexander II, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, had to urgently master the Polish language. This was due to the fact that he was appointed governor of the Kingdom of Poland. In his diary in May 1862, he noted: “In the morning I had my first Polish lesson” 876.

Returning to the language training of the future Alexander II at the turn of the 1820s-1830s, several features should be noted. So, from the training plan of Alexander Nikolaevich, prepared by V.A. Zhukovsky in 1828, Nicholas I personally excluded Latin language... It was an echo of the childhood negative experience of Nicholas I, who literally hated Latin. In the early 1850s. Nikolai Pavlovich will order to transfer all the tomes in Latin from the library of the Imperial Hermitage to the Imperial Public Library, explaining this with his gloomy childhood memories of learning Latin. Latin was not taught to any of the children of Nicholas I. Subsequently, this tradition was preserved for all subsequent Russian monarchs.

In 1856, the eldest son of Alexander II was "threatened" by the study of ancient languages, since the diplomat prince

A.M. Gorchakov, in the teaching program compiled by him, spoke in favor of the resumption of their teaching: “ Dead tongues- a school of syllable, taste and logic ... From the Russian national point of view, preference should be given to Greek... But the Latin language is easier and develops more logically. If the heir would learn Latin, then the Greek language could be taught to one of his brothers ”877. However, in 1857, the idea of ​​teaching the grand dukes one of the classical languages ​​was completely abandoned. And although in the second half of the XIX century. in classical grammar schools, the boys were hammered into Latin and Greek, and the tsar's children were relieved of this for a while.

Starting with Vladimir, the younger brother Alexander III, the teaching of Latin for the royal children is resumed. K.V. Kedrov taught Latin to the Grand Dukes Vladimir, Alexei, Sergei and Pavel Alexandrovich. The memoirist testifies that Alexander II himself initiated the resumption of the study of Latin, believing it scientific basis of all linguistics 878.

Along with the study of foreign languages, no less importance was given to the study of the Russian language. Educator Tsarevich K.K. Even during the holidays, Merder taught the Grand Duke to speak Russian correctly and developed his reading skills in his native language 879.

When Alexander II married a German princess, Empress Maria Alexandrovna in Orthodoxy, she, like her predecessors, had to engage in a thorough study of the Russian language. However, her teacher was not a poet or a professional teacher, but the teacher of the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, the maid of honor Anna Aleksandrovna Okulova. Apparently, the results turned out to be very good, because, according to Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, "after Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna, no German princess knew our language as well and did not know our literature as well as Marie knew."

It should be noted that in the 1850s. around Empress Maria Alexandrovna a Slavophil circle was formed. Worthy representatives of Russian thought and words entered her salon: Prince P.A. Vyazemsky, F.I. Tyutchev and Count A.K. Tolstoy. Tolstoy dedicated the following lines to Empress Maria Alexandrovna:

Recalling the days when the Queen, down

Leaning with a pensive head,

I listened to the Russian verb

With my Russian soul ...

Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and Maria Alexandrovna spoke German with foreign teachers. But the teachers-philologists themselves could hear their Russian speech. And they were amazed that Maria Alexandrovna spoke mostly Russian and with a very good pronunciation.

It should be noted that the gallant "Westernizer" Alexander II completely returned the French language to the Court, and the Russian language at the Court again became a rarity. And, oddly enough, the main bearer of "Russianness" at the Court of Alexander II was the Darmstadt princess - Empress Maria Alexandrovna.

It is noteworthy that the educators constantly noted the level of "correctness" of the Russian language among the tsar's children, even when they were very young. Thus, in 1847, one of the educators wrote to Alexander II that his four-year-old son Nikolai “is amazingly how well he speaks in Russian, and, moreover, extremely logically” 880.

The teachers (prof. Pogodin and Grot) were pleasantly surprised that the empress spoke to the children, and the children answered her in Russian "clearly, purely, correctly" 881. When in December 1855 “annual exams” were held for the elder sons of the tsar, one day of them was devoted to the Russian and Slavic languages. The 10-year-old Grand Duke Alexander (future Alexander III) read Borodino during the exam. Attention was also paid to the philological training of the young grand dukes during their leisure time. From 1856 peers began to be brought to the boys in the Winter Palace for games, and the guests were strictly instructed to speak to each other only in Russian.

Over time, the results took their toll. Biographers noted that Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich "mastered the laws of Russian speech and, over time, developed a clear, correct and elegant written syllable" 882. However, the Tsarevich had difficulty in the Church Slavonic language.

Along with the Russian language, parents were very worried about the level of their children’s knowledge of European languages. It should be borne in mind that in the 1840s. the children of the crown prince, by tradition, received their nannies-Englishwomen and learned the basics of the English language from childhood. In the fall of 1851, the two eldest sons of the Tsarevich, Nicholas (8 years old, from September 17) and Alexander (it was the 7th year, from December 4), began to learn French. French was taught by Curiar, receiving 285 rubles for each student. in year. Subsequently, the content was doubled for his extracurricular conversations with them 883.

The children's German language was weak, not only because the classes lasted no more than two hours a week, but also because "none of the members of the royal family ever spoke German to the children."

Since education was at home, every year in December, boys were given annual exams, including in foreign languages. In December 1855 exams in German and French were held. The teachers noted the success of the children in German speech. Parents were satisfied with 884.

As the boys grew older, the teachers changed, and with them the "systems" of learning foreign languages ​​changed. In order to somehow streamline their study, in 1856 the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Chancellor A.M. Gorchakov, at the request of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, drew up instructions on the education of the heir. In this instruction, a considerable place was also given to strategies in the study of foreign languages. First of all, he stated that “knowledge of many foreign languages ​​is not needed. It would take too much time to devote to facts and ideas. " According to Gorchakov, in addition to the Russian language, it is enough for the Tsarevich to know two other living languages: first French, then German. According to the diplomat, the English language “has only a third-rate importance, and one can do without it. Rarely does the Sovereign benefit from direct negotiations with foreigners. So much the better if one of the heir's brothers learns to speak English. "

From 1856 Tsarevich Nicholas began to be taught separately, according to a more thorough curriculum. His younger brothers Alexander and Vladimir studied together. All the brothers gathered only for lunch. The ruthless teachers told them to speak only French, German, or English at dinner. Anyone who casually spoke Russian was “fined” with a penny in favor of the poor. This greatly amused the great dukes. They often made mistakes out of absentmindedness and paid the prescribed fine of 885.

Empress Maria Alexandrovna paid special attention to her eldest son Nicholas. At the end of 1860, when the heir-crown prince was 17 years old, the teaching of the English language, which he knew from the cradle, was stopped, but the study of French and German literature continued 886.

The French language of the emperor's children was polished especially carefully. When in the spring the royal family went to Tsarskoe Selo, of all the teachers-philologists, only the French language teacher Remy was taken there. In his presence, the children were required to speak only French. The teacher, of course, was paid extra.

It should be noted that the teachers had a very hard time with the Grand Dukes Alexander and Vladimir. There was no question of any corporal punishment. The boys had to be influenced only verbally, but the grand dukes studied frankly badly. Their diaries for 1861-1862. are literally overwhelmed with examples of “school sabotage” of the grand dukes: “Alexander Alexandrovich showed terrible stubbornness in his conversation in French; he kept insisting that on Sunday one should speak Russian ”; “In the Russian language class again there was a lack of attention, and I knew the lesson very poorly. During this lesson, the sovereign came to us and reprimanded the great princes for their negligence ”; “The French exam was less successful. Alexander Alexandrovich made 18 mistakes in eight lines, and quite gross ones. All this, it is true, is very weak, especially in years, but there is no doubt that there are successes after the summer exam ”; “The grand dukes somehow look especially condescendingly at their ignorance of languages ​​... the English language exam was below any criticism”; “From 12 to 2, Alexander Alexandrovich had lessons in Russian literature and English; from the first he got "two" and "three", and for english lesson"Three" and "three". So, Alexander Alexandrovich received today three times "three" "887.

Nevertheless, the titanic efforts of the teachers still bore little fruit. In 1863, the 18-year-old Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich could already speak French without difficulty. TO pedagogical process even his father, Emperor Alexander II, joined in, an incident altogether unprecedented. In 1865, Alexander II asked his 20-year-old son to read aloud to him in French, spoke to him and encouraged him to write letters to his mother in this language. 888

The younger sons of Alexander II, Sergei and Pavel, studied more diligently. Sergei had his first English lesson when he was seven years old. The Grand Duke already had a linguistic basis. Thanks to her English nanny E.I. Struton he knew the pronunciation english letters and syllables 889.

Under Alexander III, the philological side Everyday life The imperial court underwent changes again. And this, again, was associated with the return of the Russian tsar to a nationally oriented scenario of power. In fact, the situation was repeated in the 1830s, when Nicholas I first spoke Russian at the Court. 50 years later, in the 1880s, this was repeated by Alexander III. He again made Russian the main language of communication at the Imperial Court. Of course, the French language partly retained its meaning, but now the French speech was heard only when addressing the Empress Maria Feodorovna. Everyone spoke with the emperor only in Russian 890.

It should be especially noted that Aleksandr Aleksandrovich spoke Russian at the Court in the second half of the 1870s, when he was still a Tsarevich. And he spoke at the Court of Alexander II, who used mainly French. Count S.D. Sheremetev recalled that the Tsarevich patiently endured, “as if not noticing hints and tricks, calmly addressing them in Russian and forcing them to respond in kind, although for the most part they knew the language better than they wanted to show it ”891.

After becoming emperor, Alexander III began to seriously influence the philological component of his Court, under which, over time, a kind of "bilingualism" developed. They spoke mainly in Russian with Alexander III, and mainly in French with Empress Maria Feodorovna.

It is noteworthy that "in the Russian half" of Alexander III, not only jargon, but also strong words were not forbidden. Once, at a court meal, the refined aristocrat Princess Kurakina, for some unknown reason, expressed herself about the wine tasting, which was discussed, recalling the well-known dictum "to walk through sherries." Alexander III rose to his senses: “Princess! How do you know this expression? " From that day on, he, without ceasing, made fun of her, reminding her all: "How do you say, princess, walk through the sherry?" 892.

It should be noted that Alexander III did not digest some of the members of his numerous relatives. Part of this relationship is also related to the philological component. For example, he could not stand the Grand Duchess Ekaterina Mikhailovna 893, she was “a perfect German and could hardly speak Russian. The sovereign did not recognize her kinship and called her children “poodles” ”894.

But for all his "Russianness" Alexander III did not miss the opportunity to practice speaking in a foreign language. Count S.D. Sheremetev mentions an episode connected with a trip in an English carriage from Tsarskoye Selo to Krasnoe Selo. Alexander III, then the crown prince, ruled himself. With them was an English coachman, "with whom he willingly talked in English, although it was far from correct" 895.

A number of publications mention that Alexander III spoke Danish. This is hardly the case. Of course, Alexander III repeatedly visited his wife's homeland, but his "knowledge" of the Danish language, most likely, was at best reduced to individual words or phrases. Of course, arriving in Denmark, he could greet the lower ranks in Danish 896.

Speaking about Empress Maria Feodorovna, it should be noted that she quickly mastered the Russian language. Preserved her study books, in which she diligently and methodically studied the Russian language.

Of course, the accent remained, as noted by the memoirists. She wrote in Russian worse than she spoke. Maria Fedorovna conducted all her personal correspondence in European languages. Throughout her life, she wrote her personal diary and letters to her beloved sister Alexandra in her native Danish. At the same time, Maria Fedorovna spoke compulsory French and English. According to the memoirs of the American G. Fox, she “easily maintained a conversation and spoke English fluently, practically making no mistakes” 897.

When children grew up in the family of Alexander III, the traditions associated with their language training were fully reproduced. There were also traditional English Bonn. But at the same time, Danish was also included in the "gentleman's set" of languages ​​at the Russian imperial court. He was not specially taught, but regular communication with Danish relatives and the lessons of his mother led to the fact that Nicholas II knew Danish quite well at the everyday level.

By the end of the XIX century. the role of the English language in the Russian imperial court has changed. This language has decisively supplanted German and partly French. At the beginning of the XX century. “English was the means of communication in Petrograd society: it was invariably spoken at court” 898. This was largely due to changes in both the dynastic and political situation... On the one hand, in 1901, Empress Alexandra's elder sister became the Queen of England. On the other hand, Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna did not sympathize with the growing Germany. Therefore, Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich mastered English very well. This is largely the merit of the teacher Tsarevich Karl Iosifovich His 899.

Karl Iosifovich Heath (Heath) was born in England in 1826. He went to look for his happiness in Russia, where he arrived in 1850. A breakthrough in his teaching career occurred in 1856 (this was the year of the end of the Crimean War, in which Russia fought against England), when he took up the position of teacher of English language and literature at the prestigious Imperial Alexander Lyceum, where he worked for over 20 years. In 1878, Karl Heath took the position of English teacher at the 10-year-old Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich. With this he secured his future, and among his students were the children of Alexander II - the grand dukes Sergei and Pavel Alexandrovich, Maria Alexandrovna. He taught English to the future translator of Hamlet, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, who entered the annals of Russian poetry under the pseudonym K. R.". The last famous "student of His was the younger brother of Nicholas II, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich - the failed Michael III. Karl Heath has achieved a lot in life. He retired with the rank of full state councilor and died in 1901.

It should be noted that the English "tilt" in the language training of the Tsarevich was noticed by many dignitaries and reacted to this without much enthusiasm. Here is one of the typical opinions on this matter: “The difference between that time and the present is that then the dominant language was French, now it is being replaced by English, which made tremendous successes under the Tsar, a pupil of a Pole and an Englishwoman. An English royal educator is a phenomenon of later times, like an English queen ... This is a fatal phenomenon ... Bowing to much that English culture has given to humanity, respecting individual Englishmen and especially their moral stability in all my thoughts, I, nevertheless, respect the English the nation and the British government are our sworn and most insidious enemies. This is "Cain's spawn," as my grandmother's aunt Maria Semyonovna Bakhmetyeva used to say "900.

One of the results teaching activities Nicholas II's brilliant knowledge of English became a talented teacher. According to the testimony of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich: “On the eve of graduation, before entering the Life Hussar Regiment, the future Emperor Nicholas II could mislead any Oxford professor who would have taken him for a real Englishman by his knowledge of English. Nikolai Alexandrovich knew French and German in exactly the same way. ”901

It should be emphasized that Nicholas II had an excellent sense of style. The abdication text, written personally by the emperor on March 2, 1917, demonstrates a beautiful, well-formed syllable. However, in oral speech Nicholas II had a subtle so-called "guards accent". This was noted by many memoirists. So, General Yu.N. Danilov, who communicated closely with the tsar from 1915 to 1917, noted: “In the speech of Emperor Nicholas, a subtle foreign accent was heard, which became more noticeable when he pronounced words with the Russian letter“ Yat ”” 902. State Duma deputy V.V. Shulgin: “The sovereign spoke quietly, but very clearly and clearly. His voice was low, rather thick, and his accent was a little with a touch of foreign languages. He did not pronounce "Kommersant" very little, which is why the last word sounded not like "krepla", but almost like "got stronger" "903.

The wife of Emperor Nicholas II, according to tradition, was a German princess, in Orthodoxy, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. Her position at the Russian imperial court turned out to be difficult from the very beginning. This is partly due to language problems.

First of all, the bilingualism of the Darmstadt princess Alyx should be noted. On the one hand, her father was the Duke of Darmstadt, and she was considered a natural German princess. On the other hand, her mother was the daughter of the English Queen Victoria. And since Alike's mother died early, the girl lived for a long time at the Court of her grandmother, Queen Victoria of England. Like all aristocrats, Alyx received a home education. She also had a teacher of French, but she did not speak this language very well 904.

It was English that became her native language, in which she kept all her personal correspondence and diary. In English, Alexandra Fedorovna talked in private life with her husband, Nicholas II. There was one more important circumstance. Alexandra Fyodorovna had to master the Russian language urgently, literally "from the wheels." The fact is that she arrived in Russia literally a week before the death of Alexander III, who died on October 20, 1894. And she became empress on November 14, 1894, having married Nicholas II.

It should be noted that Alexandra Feodorovna began her studies in the Russian language even before her marriage. The future empress visited Russia three times until 1894. She first visited Russia in 1884, having come to visit older sister- Elizaveta Fyodorovna, who married the Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich.

Alike visited Russia for the second time in 1889. Before the trip, she first learned a few words in Russian, as etiquette required to pronounce a few words in the host language. In January 1899, an entry appeared in the princess's diary: “I began to study the Russian language” 905. Alike and her father were received by the royal family in Peterhof. It was then that her romance began with the heir Nikolai. However, the girl did not like the Empress Maria Feodorovna, and she was not included in the "list" of candidates for the potential wife of the Tsarevich. But Alike had her own plans ...

For the third time she visited Russia in 1890. Alika again came to her elder sister and lived with her in Moscow. However, the parents did not let the heir to Moscow. Despite this, the German princess was seriously counting on the development of her romance with the Tsarevich. Upon returning from Russia to England

Alike takes up the study of the Russian language, gets acquainted with Russian literature and even invites the priest of the Russian embassy church in London and has lengthy religious conversations with him, that is, in essence, he gets acquainted with the dogmas of the Orthodox faith 906. However, Alike's dream came true only four years later, when in April 1894, 26-year-old Tsarevich Nikolai and 22-year-old Princess Alyx of Darmstadt became engaged in Coburg.

After the engagement, Ekaterina Adolfovna Schneider was immediately sent from Russia to England to teach Alika the Russian language. The choice of E.A. Schneider was not accidental. Back in 1884, the daughter of the court counselor E.A. Schneider taught Russian to Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna, the elder sister of Alika. Apparently, the teacher managed to find mutual language with a student, and they were connected for life. Even after the services of E.A. Schneider was no longer required, she received the position of "gof-lektrissa" at the Court and lived all her life in the Winter Palace, and then in the Alexander Palace of Tsarskoye Selo. In the "family" she was called by her home name Trina.

There were always people near the imperial family who cannot be called servants in the direct sense of the word. That is one of the long-standing traditions of landlord Russia, when doctors, teachers, nannies and others turned into family members over the years. This position was occupied by Ekaterina Adolfovna Schneider under the family of Nicholas II. She herself came from a Baltic family, being the daughter of the court councilor Schneider.

Alexandra Fedorovna's studies with Trina continued for several years. In a letter to her elder sister Victoria of Battenberg (February 4, 1895), Alexandra Feodorovna mentioned that Trina, she called her “Schneiderlein” behind her back, lives in the Winter Palace, that “the other day she turned 38 or 39. She comes every morning, and we study hard. She also reads to me an hour before dinner. ”907.

E.A. Schneider did not marry, and her whole life was focused on royal family... Schneider constantly kept in the shadows, but close to the empress. The size of her "apartment" indirectly testified to her status. On the second floor of the "suite half" of the Alexander Palace, Trina's apartment included seven rooms: the first human room (room No. 38), the second human room (No. 39), corridor (No. 40), living room (No. 41), bedroom (No. 42), bathroom (No. 43) and even a dressmaker's room (No. 44). She lived next to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna for 23 years, until 1917, all this time holding the official position of a gof-lectress. E.A. Schneider went to Siberia for her mistress, and she was shot in September 1918.

Most of the contemporaries who communicated with the empress noted her level of command of the Russian language. Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, close to the royal family, recalled that after marriage, "the young empress could hardly speak Russian .... Princess Alyx had to study the language of her new homeland and get used to its way of life and customs" 908. During her coronation in May 1896, after the disaster on the Khodynskoye field, Alexandra Feodorovna went around hospitals and “asked in Russian” 909. In 1902, one of the generals "spoke to the Empress, and she also answered me in Russian, briefly, but quite correctly" 910. This satisfaction of Alexandra Feodorovna's Russian speech was also noted by memoirists later. Thus, one of the State Duma deputies recalled that the Empress spoke Russian (in 1907) "sufficiently satisfactory for a German woman" 911. Baroness S.K. Buxgewden argued (clearly exaggerating) that the Empress had perfectly mastered the Russian language and “could speak it without the slightest foreign accent, however, for many years she was afraid to conduct conversations in Russian, fearing to make some mistake” 912. Another memoirist, who also met with Alexandra Fyodorovna in 1907, recalled that “she speaks Russian with a noticeable English accent” 913. On the other hand, according to one of the people closest to the empress, the captain of the 1st rank N.P. Sablina, "she spoke Russian well, albeit with a noticeable German accent."

Despite some discord of memoirists, we can confidently state that Alexandra Feodorovna coped with all the difficulties of the Russian language and was confidently fluent in it. Nicholas II also contributed to this to a large extent, over the years he found time to read Russian classics aloud to her. This is how she acquired considerable knowledge in the field of Russian literature 914. Moreover, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna also mastered the Old Church Slavonic language. The devout empress regularly attended church services, and the basis of her personal library in the Alexander Palace was precisely the service books.

When children appeared in the family of Nicholas II, then, according to tradition, English nannies were invited from England to them, but there were Russian educators next to them. As a result, the eldest daughter of the tsar, Olga Nikolaevna, who was born in 1895, in 1897 spoke "the same in Russian and in English." Children read books mainly in English.

In fact, the family of Nicholas II was bilingual. On the one hand, Nicholas II wanted his daughters and son to grow up Russian in character and outlook on the world, so he spoke with children only in Russian, and Tsarevich Alexei began to teach foreign languages ​​quite late. On the other hand, Nicholas II spoke and corresponded with his wife only in English. When the children grew up, they spoke only Russian to each other, the girls talked with their mother in English, and talked in French with the teacher P. Gilliard. Olga and Tatiana knew a little German, but spoke it with difficulty. Maria, Anastasia and Alexey German language did not know at all 915.

The main backbone of teachers-philologists was formed around the tsar's daughters. In the 1908/09 academic year, the language load for girls was determined by the following schedule:

In total, the study load was 31 lessons per week, that is, with a five-day mode of classes, 6 lessons per day.

Teachers were usually recruited on the basis of recommendations. Most often, after the French language teacher P. Gilliard, the English language teacher, a Cambridge graduate, Sidney Gibbs is mentioned in the memoir literature. The teacher of the royal daughters of the maid of honor S.I. Tyutchev. In October 1908, she sent a letter to the empress's secretary, Count Rostovtsev, with a request to inform her “what impression he would make on you” 916. Attached to the letter were the recommendations of Mrs. Bobrishcheva-Pushkina, in educational institution which Gibbs taught English. The headmistress wrote of him as an "extremely talented" teacher working in the classes of a privileged law school. As a result of the "smotrin" in November 1908, 32-year-old S. Gibbs was appointed teacher of the English language for the tsar's children. Since the tsar's family permanently lived in the palace suburbs of St. Petersburg, they paid him additional money monthly for transportation costs 917.

Speaking about the study of foreign languages, it should be noted once again that the heir to Alexei began to be taught them quite late. On the one hand, this was due to his constant ailments and long rehabilitation periods, and on the other hand, the royal family deliberately postponed the teaching of the heir to foreign languages. Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna believed that Alexei should, first of all, develop a pure Russian accent 918.

In the 1909/10 academic year, the teaching load for the tsar's daughters increased significantly. Then the eldest daughter, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, was 15 years old, and the youngest, Anastasia, 6th. Philological block was:

The weekly study load increased from 31 lessons to 54 lessons, that is, with a five-day week, more than 10 lessons per day. It was the language disciplines that were in the lead in terms of the number of hours allotted. However, it should be borne in mind that this schedule was not fixed, since social duties and travel certainly reduced the actual volume of classes, and the duration of one lesson was only 30 minutes 919.

Like any mother, Alexandra Feodorovna paid attention precisely to the language training of her daughters. In a letter to her older sister (August 19, 1912), she wrote: “I read to them a lot, and they themselves have already begun to read English books to each other. They read a lot in French, and the two younger ones played great in the play ... Four languages ​​are a lot, but they all just need them ... I also insist that they have breakfast and lunch with us, as this is a good practice for them ”920. Language practice, as we have already mentioned, is connected with the fact that between themselves Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna spoke only English.

When Tsarevich Alexei grew up, these same teachers began to study with him. The Tsarevich began to study French when he was nine years old. P. Gilliard gave his first French lesson to the Tsarevich on October 2, 1912 in Spala, but due to illness the classes were interrupted for a long time. Relatively regular classes with the Tsarevich resumed only in the second half of 1913. It should be emphasized that, according to tradition, foreign languages ​​were taught to members of the House of Romanov only by native speakers, that is, foreigners.

Teaching abilities of teachers of French and English languages highly appreciated Vyrubova: “The first teachers were the Swiss Monsieur Gilliard and the Englishman Mr. Gibbs. A better choice was hardly possible. It seemed absolutely wonderful how the boy had changed under the influence of these two people, how his manners improved and how well he began to treat people. ”921 Over time, Pierre Gilliard took over the position of educator under the Tsarevich, and his home name was "Zhilik".

In May 1913 British citizen Charles Sidney Gibbs was awarded the Order of St. Anne III degree... In March 1914 he had his last lesson with seventeen-year-old Olga Nikolaevna. On this occasion, he received gold cufflinks. As Alexei grew older, S. Gibbs's attention was focused on him, and in September 1916 "in connection ... with the intensification of his studies with His Imperial Highness the Heir Tsesarevich" the payment for his studies increased to 6,000 rubles. per year 922.

Good relations with teachers were preserved literally until last days life of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich.

After the February Revolution of 1917, S. Gibbs remained a teacher, and then in September, following the royal family, he left for Tobolsk. In 1918, in a letter to the Yekaterinburg executive committee, medical life E.S. Botkin asked to leave his tutors Gibbs and Gilliard next to the crown prince, emphasizing that "they often bring more relief to the patient than medical supplies, the supply of which for such cases, unfortunately, is extremely limited" 923.

Gibbs was saved from death by the fact that he, as an English subject, was not taken from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg. In the spring of 1918, Gibbs was exiled to Tyumen. After the execution of the royal family in August 1918, Gibbs returned to Yekaterinburg and helped Sokolov in the investigation of the death of the royal family. In 1919, under Admiral A.V. Kolchake Gibbs served as Secretary of the British Supreme Secretariat in Omsk. After the defeat of Kolchak's armies, S. Gibbs fled to China. In 1934 he converted to Orthodoxy and became hieromonk Fr. Nicholas, and then archimandrite. In 1938, Fr. Nikolai (S. Gibbs) returned to England. After World War II, he founded an Orthodox parish in Oxford, died in 1963 and was buried in Hadiston Cemetery in Oxford.

Pierre Gilliard also managed to survive, being next to the royal family. Having got out of Russia through China, he married the "room girl" of the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, Alexandra Alexandrovna Tegeleva, and settled in his native Switzerland. There he wrote a memoir about his service with the royal family and published numerous photographs.

This essay along with known methods The study of language and culture relies on the DNA of the peoples of the planet, determined by the XY chromosomes of the worldwide FTDNA human genome database. The author of this article began such a study in the monographs "Cradle of the Aryan Race" and "Reincarnation - the Key to Truth" published in 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. To establish paternity, they are based on the fact that the Y chromosome is invariably passed from father to son, as well as through generations over millennia, in contrast to female mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), which is used to identify peoples. Therefore, it is worth noting: if a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg from a male XY pair, then a boy XY will be born. In the case of fertilization of an egg with an X chromosome, a girl XX is born. Therefore, the famous expression of M. Gorbachev “Who is xy and ha-ha?” Is appropriate, where “who” sounds in English “xy”, respectively, in Gorbachev's way, you can pronounce XY as xy, and XX - ha-ha ...

So what is the difference between mother tongue and mother tongue? This problem arose in connection with the stereotype, according to which it is believed that the language spoken by the people is their native language. This stereotype is far from true for the majority of the peoples of Eurasia, since ethnogenesis was formed in the process of migrations, mainly the conquests of some peoples by other peoples. Therefore, the peoples, as a result of countless wars over many millennia, have been forcibly assimilated. Many peoples have even forgotten the language spoken by their ancestors, and in the language of some peoples there is a mixture of several languages, which is felt in dialects and pronunciation.
The mother is engaged in upbringing, teaching the language and culture, and the father is entrusted with the creation, construction and protection of culture and ancestral lands. The tongue is instilled with mother's milk, and if there is no father, then there is no one to give the skills of creating, building and protecting the hearth. Ancestors, according to Orthodox customs and traditions, are called the paternal line, but by no means the maternal line. The peoples of Europe go back to their ancestors along the lines of both the father and the mother, therefore the paternal line is called direct descendants. This is due to the fact that Catholics married cousins, concluding consanguineous marriages with cousins. In Orthodoxy, marriages up to the 7th generation are prohibited. With the permission of the bishop, marriage on the 6th tribe is allowed.

A well-known fact of history is the education of the janissaries from the captured boys so that the janissaries completely forgot their native language and spoke only Turkish. Studying a language, you immerse yourself in the culture of that language, become a part of it, and sometimes a slave to culture, for example, when you live for a long time among the carriers of another culture. If a foreigner marries a girl local culture, i.e. on an Aboriginal woman, she will instill in his children the language and culture of the Aboriginal with mother's milk. For example, the French are native to France. Children from mixed marriages, i.e. mestizo or F1 hybrids, will speak French. If the father is from Algeria, the child's native language will be Arabic or Berber, and the mother's language will be French. However, people with good hearing will hear Semitic notes in the child's speech, which are distinctly heard among the Odessa Jews, and they speak the languages ​​of all peoples. Each mother teaches her child in her own way, and therefore remember the first lines of "Departing Russia" by S. Yesenin

We still do not realize much
Pets of Lenin's victory,
And new songs
We sing in the old way
As we were taught by our grandmothers and grandfathers.

In Eurasia, the Kazakh language for Kazakhs is the mother's language, absorbed with mother's milk. Germans call their mother tongue their language, which was emphasized by Angela Merkel. The Kyrgyz also call their language the mother's language, and the Bulgarians speak of both Bulgarian and Turkish as the mother's language. For Western Ukrainians, the Ukrainian language is the mother's language, and the native language is Polish, since the mother tongue is by birth, i.e. on the father's side, native language. In addition, the pronunciation of Western Ukrainians is closer to Poles, but Eastern Ukrainians are closer to Russian, since the vocal apparatus has been unchanged for millennia, as it is formed under the influence of DNA, like anthropology, craniology, eye color, hair color, etc.

The genetic marker M17 / M198 of the genus R1a1 is carried by Russians (> 50%), Ukrainians (> 50%), Belarusians (> 50%), Swedes (25%), Norwegians (25%), Danes (16%), Kyrgyz (63 %), Tajiks of Khujand (64%) and Pashtuns (27%). These peoples are blood brothers (see to the right of the Mercator card or on a separate table). The population of Russia is equal to 145 million people, Ukraine - 45 million, Belarus - 9.5 million. There are 9 million people in Sweden, 5 million in Norway and Denmark, 5.5 million in Kyrgyzstan, and half a million in Khujand. The number of Pashtuns in Afghanistan is 12 million. Consequently, the most powerful diaspora of the R1a1 genus is M17 / M198 in Russia. The marker has not changed for many millennia. This makes it possible to determine the habitat, migration and ethnogenesis of the genus R1a1 M17 / M198 in Eurasia, i.e. his story. In general, who I am in this world.

Poles are also from the R1a1 genus, but differ in the M458 mutation, but in the north of Poland the R1a1 M17 / M198 genus predominates, since it goes back to the Prussians. According to the Rig Veda, Poles in pagan times were vaisy, van (see the second root in the word Slavs), which corresponds to their consanguineous marriages. It is these Vans who are mentioned in the Scandinavian "Saga of the Inglins" with their leader Kvasir for the period up to the 9th century. In the population of Western Ukraine along the Curzon line, the M458 mutation indicates that it belongs to the Poles who speak the Ukrainian language, since their mother is Ukrainian, filled with the Commonwealth, i.e. they are incestuous nephews.

In the historical documents of different regions, the same people has different names. Moreover, the sources reflect the military class, the army of the conquerors in the language of the document. Therefore, the conquerors, out of fear, are presented as a formidable, wild crowd, according to which the name of the conquerors arises. A detailed study of the document makes it possible to understand the nature of the conquerors, to establish their belonging to a specific people by anthropological characteristics, hair color, eyes, by weapons, by the battle cry of the conquerors, given that the language of the conquerors is incomprehensible to the defenders. Read the book by G.V. Vernadsky " Ancient Russia". Currently, identification has been enriched by DNA analysis.

For example, according to Chinese and Persian sources, the Yenisei Kyrgyz are tall, blue-eyed, blond and fair-haired people. Cross-examine different sources to eliminate bias. On the whole planet, only the Russian people respond to these signs, and the signs are recorded in DNA. The modern Kyrgyz, after the invasion of Genghis Khan for 8 centuries, have a Mongolian mother. Secondly, European genetics isolated the gene of the white race, but it turned out that such genes in the white European himself, and Europeans from the genus R1b1, are half as many as in Russians (Balanovskaya E.V., Balanovsky O.P. Russian gene pool on the Russian Plain ). Vikings, Normans scolded the white XY at the swarthy girls of Europe. This happened during the Viking campaigns from north to south along the Atlantic coast.

The Vikings, which in translation is the life of the king (vi - life, king - king), capture the area where they breed on the daughters of the conquered people of R1b1 in order to replenish the army, since the campaign lasts for centuries. If F1 boys are born, then they are raised by warriors who go with their fathers to conquer distant countries. F1 girls remain to ennoble the dark-skinned inhabitants of the conquered area with white genes. Therefore, in the north of Europe, the white population predominates, and in the south and inland regions of Europe, it is dark. Look for a woman XX!

The Kalmyk language is the Mongolian language, and the Kalmyk is the native language, but the Kalmyks profess Tibetan Buddhism, since the Mongolian clan (C3c) comes from Tibet, for which see L. Gumilyov. The characteristic Mongolian gene EPAS1 gives them the epicanthus and the fatty layer in general. Chinese sources testify that the Mongols descended from Tibet and in 798 completely filled Kashgaria, subduing the Turks and Uighurs living there. As a result of the multiplication of the Mongols, the Uyghur-speaking Mongols were born on the Uyghurs. Then, in 840, the Yenisei Kyrgyz defeated the Uyghur Kaganate and drove the Oghuz Turks from Asia to the west. Skirting the Caspian from the south and north, the Turks were divided into Seljuks and Ottomans. The Oguz tribes are ten tribes of Turks who headed the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (the Land of the Turks) and plundered Altai. In the winter of 710-711, they killed Barsbek and devastated the Kyrgyz Kaganate. This Country of Turks is mentioned in the "Saga of the Inglins". The last wave of Turks reached Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul.

See how the Turk looks like a bull, from under his brows. Let us recall in translation that ogyz, oguz is a bull, kyr is to exterminate, Kyrgyz are ogyz erasers, uy is a cow, Uigur is a holy cow. However, from the Old Russian vuy, uy is the wife's brother, and therefore the Uighurs are the wife's brothers (nephews), since the Uyghur woman became the wife of the Yenisei Kyrgyz after 840. Uighur will learn the Uyghur language for Kyrgyz children. Therefore, the Kyrgyz speaks the same language with the Uighur-speaking Mongol, and they are similar to each other. Among the modern peoples of Asia, such are the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. Among Kazakhs, 50% C3c and 30% O, i.e. they are descendants of the Uighur-speaking Mongols. For reference, haplogroup O is the Chinese, and its presence among the Kazakhs is associated with the Chinese campaigns of the Tang Empire against the Huns and their descendants - the Turks. Legend has it that the Turks are descended from a she-wolf and a Hunnic prince thrown into a swamp with his arms and legs chopped off (Lev Gumilev).

As for the word Kyrgyz, I will reveal a secret. It consists of two words-roots: kir - enter, giz - appearance, which means: enter into me. This word is uttered by a woman exhausted from the upcoming intercourse with a man, when she, having reached ecstasy, wants the man to pierce her, according to the formula XX + XY = SEX. Everything is accurate, without any ha-ha, even the English verb "sex", based on the root of the word, means the same process as the same Kyrgyz verb. The bottom line is that the ancient Kirgiz language is the language of the Huns, which was the native language of the Anglam and Saxons during the time of Attila (5th century). Latin contains half of the Türkic words. After the death of Attila, the Angles and Saxons were incorporated into the Germanic tribes and speak the mother's language.

The linguists who do not think about history and geography translated the "Saga of the Inglins" into Russian. The Saga says: in the east, beyond the Don, to the mountain range that stretches from northeast to southwest, is the Country of the Aes of Great Sweden with the capital Asgard, and not far in the south is the Country of the Turks. Look at the map of the planet from Volgograd, since here the Don is shifted eastward towards the Volga. You will see that the Urals stretches from north to south, and Siberia opens to the east in the passage between the Caspian and the Urals. In Siberia, only one mountain range stretches from northeast to southwest - the Sayany-Altai and further on the Tien Shan. Moreover, in this direction he is the only one in the world, so it is impossible to confuse, even a first-grader. Mountains from Altai to the north-west-west Western Siberia, up to the Kolyma and Magadan. Now it is clear why the Country of Turks - Kashgaria - is mentioned in the Saga to the south of Altai. As recorded on the Mercator map of 1538, the Russian Plain is Scythia, and Altai is distant Scythia, moreover, the mountain range mentioned in the Saga is drawn. Of course, for a literate translator from Moscow or Kiev, Turkey is not far in the south, in this case, Magadan is visible from the NKVD building in the east. Other scholars of the Caucasus, which has a latitudinal direction and is located from the Don in the south, were carried to the east.

Note that the researchers have revealed that the Mercator map is known as the map of the ancient Aryans. She was captured by Alexander the Great in Central Asia and after the crusades came to Europe. Mercator is credited with drawing a grid of parallels and meridians on the ancient Aryan map. A similar story happened with the map of the Turkish admiral Pierce, who was convicted of using a map of the ancient Aryans from the archives of Alexander the Great for travel.

Thus, the land of their ancestors - Asgard of the Norwegians and Swedes is located in southern Siberia, but they do not know where they came to Scandinavia from and do not know the Old Norse language, as now they speak the mother's language. Thor Heyerdahl even wandered into the Caucasus in search of the homeland of his ancestors, but the clue turned out to be genetics and the origin of the Scandinavians from the genus R1a1 M17 / M198. Even your name speaks of the blood protector of faith. By syllables skan-din-av contains in the roots "kan" - blood, "din" - faith, av (gav) - protector. Moreover, the Ross are one of the Scandinavian tribes, according to Swedish sources (Golovnev A.V. Anthropology of movement (antiquities of northern Eurasia) / Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2009).

The narrative refers to the period before the 9th century, since the Saga says that the sons of Odin had to go to the northern lands due to warming when the rivers flooded, and the warming in Eurasia was in the 9th century. Now a similar warming has led to the fact that in winter the coast of the Arctic Ocean is ice-free. They moved on boats with belongings along the Ob and with horse guards along the Great Steppe. By the way, Finns are not Scandinavians, but Ugrians, therefore they belong to the N1c1 genus. Their relatives are Yakuts (N1c1 = 80%), Finns (N1c1 = 68%), Udmurts (N1c1 = 56%), but some are married to Europeans, others to Asians.

Expelling the Turks in the 9th century, the Kyrgyz are entrenched in the Crimea with the settlement of Kyrgyz. Chinese sources note that after the defeat of the Uighurs in 840, the Kyrgyz disappeared somewhere. Where did the 80,000-strong regular heavily armed army disappear? Such an army must always be kept in sight, and the tentacles of Chinese intelligence extended to the Caspian and Iran.

The reason for the departure of the Kyrgyz army to the west is the collapse of the Franks' empire. In 840, King Louis died, so it took three years Civil War for the inheritance between the three sons of Louis. In 843, the Treaty of Verdun divided the empire into three parts and the redivision of the world began. From that moment in Europe, the Russian military class - the Kyrgyz caste - was identified with the Rossomon or Ross, which corresponds to the Ksatriyans in India. It is in Asia they are Kyrgyz, and in Europe, first, the Scythians, and then the Russians, and in the North Atlantic - the Viking caste. Beyond the Urals, advancing on the Turks, the Russian Kaganate marched through the Khazars, who were puppets of the Western Turkic Kaganate. It was then that the Ashkenazi Levites were born, as evidenced by their DNA age.

In 860, the Rossomons kicked the tail of Constantinople (Constantinople) so hard that they did not understand how the Vikings attacked the city both from the sea and from land, when they were expected from the sea. However, Byzantine historians have remembered and recorded that the Vikings called themselves Rossomon. On top of that, only the Vikings, ancient Russian warriors and the Yenisei Kyrgyz had the same weapons, armor, and, therefore, weapons forged in the same smithy. Since that time there has been a Russian battle cry "Hurray" so that the Turks have no doubts that they will be beaten (ur - bey).

In conclusion, let us return to the flight of the Seljuks and Ottomans. Some skidded along the southern side of the Caspian and the Black Sea, others along the northern coast, but whatever one may say, the finish was in Constantinople. It was then in 860 that the Kyrgyz Rossomons nailed a shield on the gates of Constantinople. Then the army of the Rossomon arrives from the south to the crossing over the Dnieper, where Askold founded the city of Kiev, which is known as the arrival of Askold with the Rossomon in 860. Then the Slavs, for the first time, are baptized from Askold. Askold in 882 was despicably killed by the pagans-Ugrians, but the memory of him is kept by Askold's grave in Kiev, and Rurik was a pagan, like the rest of Europe. Long vaccinated Kievan Rus orthodoxy. Two centuries later, in 1056, the banner of Askold with dinlins reigned in Kievan Rus, with the arrival of which the construction of monasteries began as a stronghold, support and protection of the faith. Previously, the pagans did not build anything. Let me remind you: din is faith; Lean - Lean Manufacturing from English; As - the Supreme; gold - treasure, gold; mon is a man, and tyr is a fence. Brahmanas are analogous to dinlins.

Dinlins, Geguni, and then as Jianguni, are mentioned in 201 BC in Chinese sources when describing the Yenisei Kyrgyz, who expelled the Huns to the west. Moreover, the blond dinlins were the tallest people on Earth, two meters tall and taller than the warriors. Read about the dinlins problem from L. Gumilyov. Such people belong to the genus R1a1 M17 / M198 of the Andronovo culture, the carriers of which, the ancient Aryans, spread knowledge across the planet, including 40 centuries ago, brought them to Ancient India.

Heavenly land, at what time?
You called me to distant lands
For distant lands, for distant seas,
Where in the blue silence we can be alone.

The name "Gegun" as a people is based on their battle cry. In syllables ge-gun means get or ket gunn, i.e. out, so that it was clear to the Huns, since they spoke the Turkic language. The verbs get and ket are often used in Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan during the color revolutions.

It was possible to deal with the Jiangongs without difficulty, since this is the Chinese name for the heavenly iron people who process iron. The Chinese pointed out precisely that the word "jiasha" is a meteoric, heavenly iron. Further, it was not difficult to guess, taking into account the Slavic dialects, that jiasha is iron distorted by Chinese speech. In addition, Chinese sources pointed to the habitat of the Jiangong in the Urals region, i.e. on the ancient mining of iron ore, on the ability of the Yenisei Kyrgyz to extract iron, copper, gold, silver and process it into weapons. On the other hand, in Western sources, the ross are people associated with the ore.

By the way, meteoric iron has magnetic properties, and the Yenisei Kyrgyz, from ancient times until 840, made arrowheads from it. Any weapon needed to find the center of gravity, so the arrow was hung on a horse's hair. A torsion balance is obtained, and the arrowhead will point to the North magnetic pole... An arrow with such a tip was used as a magnetic compass, and therefore our ancestors were not lost in this world and knew how to return to their home. This is the history of the Fatherland, dear Jiashi! From the first steps since 840, when the ancestors first started building the state, next year 2015 will be 2015 - 840 = 1175 years of Russia's unshakable existence on the world map. In addition, taking into account Askold's dinlins, counting from 201 BC, we get 2215 years, and there is no such history of any state on the planet.

In the highest circles of Europe, knowledge of several languages ​​has always been welcomed. But how are things really?

Probably, you will not surprise anyone with your knowledge of English - international language communication and business negotiations.

It is easier in this regard for children from mixed marriages - bilinguals from early childhood, and sometimes even trilinguals.

Who are the most humble connoisseurs, and who deserves the first place?

Unfortunately, the British royal family is not famous for its knowledge of foreign languages. And the first place can rightfully belong to the ruling ducal family of Luxembourg: children from childhood are bilingual (father's Luxembourgish, mother's Spanish), and in addition, they speak fluently in English, French and German.

Of course, don't forget. that before any important visit, representatives of the royal families must undergo an intensive special course in the state language of a particular country.

If you are going to meet with any representative of the royal family of Europe or the world, in what language will you speak?

Below is some useful information.

Queen Margrethe of Denmark speaks English

Great Britain

Traditionally, British aristocrats study French at school.

Queen Elizabeth of Britain is fluent in French, her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, speaks German, French and English. Born Prince of Greece and Denmark, Philip later tried to learn even Greek. The Queen's children learned French at school, but none of them speaks well in this language. The late Diana also did not speak foreign languages. She tried to learn French in a boarding house, but abandoned the business. The Prince of Wales learned Welsh at a beginner level. William and Harry studied French at school, William also tried to learn Swahili. During the Canadian tour, William gave a French speech in which he probably hasn't spoken in a long time. His wife, Catherine, is rumored to have a conversational level of French and Italian.

In the Windsor family, polyglots, perhaps, are representatives of the Kent branch of the dynasty. Prince Michael of Kent speaks Russian with a diploma as a military translator. His daughter Gabriella speaks Spanish. In the family of the eldest son of the Duke of Kent, children speak several languages.

Prince William speaks French in Quebec (Quebecans expected more)

Norway

Queen Sonya, besides her native Norwegian, speaks fluent English and French.

So, apart from native Norwegian ...

King Harald - English

Crown Prince Haakon - English

Crown Princess MM - English

Princess Martha Louise is a native Norwegian, English, a little Dutch.

Crown Princess MM (English)

Sweden

By right, the first place belongs to Queen Silvia, a translator by profession - bilingual (her father's mother tongue is German, mother's mother tongue is Portuguese, she grew up in Brazil), as well as English, Swedish, Spanish, French. In addition, she is fluent in sign language.

King Karl-Gustav - native Swedish, English, German

Crown Princess Victoria - native Swedish, English, German, French

Prince Daniel is native Swedish and English.

Princess Madeleine - native Swedish, German, English. a little french

Chris O "Neil is bilingual, fluent in English and German, but has not yet been able to master Swedish.

Prince Karl-Philip - besides Swedish, English.

Princess Sofia is a native Swedish and English speaker.

Crown Princess Victoria speaks German

Crown Princess Victoria, Princess Madeleine and Prince KF speak English

Denmark

Besides native Danish:

Queen Margrethe - excellent English, French, German, Swedish

Crown Prince Frederick and Prince Joachim - English, French (mother tongue of their father, Prince Henrik, of French descent), German

Crown Princess Mary - native English, Danish, rumored to have learned French after marriage

Princess Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg, ex-wife Prince Joachim - English, French, German, French, Danish, Cantonese, Japanese (3 years of study in Japan)

Princess Marie - native French, English, Italian, Danish

Belgium

Queen Matilda - French, Flemish, English, Italian, Spanish

King Philip - French, Flemish, German, Italian, French, Spanish

Children of Princess Astrid and Prince Lorenzo - French, Flemish, German, English

Queen Paola - French, English, Italian, German

The king of Belgium and his sister were accused of insufficient knowledge of the Flemish language.

Netherlands

Queen Maxima - native Spanish, Dutch, English, Italian, French

King Willem-Alexander - native Dutch, excellent German, English, French, Spanish

Princess Beatrix - native Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, some Danish

King VA speaks German, and Maxima speaks English

French Queen Maxima

Morocco

King Mohammed VI - native Arabic, French (Moroccans Francophones), Spanish, English

Princess Lalla Salma - native Arabic, excellent French, English, Spanish

Princess Lalla Salma's English speech

Monaco

Princess Grace spoke English with the children, Prince Rainier in French, and among themselves the children spoke French.

Prince Albert - bilingual, native French + English (American dialect), Italian, a little German

Princess Charlene - native English, a little Afrikaans, Charlene has a hard time with French

Princess Carolina - native French, English (mother's native language), Italian, German

Andrea, Pierre and Charlotte Casiraghi - French, English, Italian, a little German

Princess Stephanie is bilingual. like her older brother and sister, speaks French and English

Luxembourg

Grand Duchess Maria Teresa - native Spanish, Luxembourgish, German, French, Italian and some English

Grand Duke Henri - native Luxembourgish, German, French, English

The couple's children also speak several European languages. The Crown Duchess of Luxembourg Stephanie speaks Russian, but little is known about her level. but still this is official information. Native language Stephanie - French.

Spain

Queen Sofia - native Greek, excellent English, Spanish, German ( higher education), French

King Juan Carlos - native Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, English

Infanta Cristina - native Spanish, English, French, Greek, Catalan

Infanta Elena - English, French, Catalan (and native Spanish, of course)

Queen Letizia - native Spanish, English

King Felipe - native Spanish, Catalan, English, French

According to rumors, the Infants Leonor and Sophia learned Chinese at school.

Future King Felipe (English)

Future Queen Leticia (English)

The family of the Emir of Qatar speaks English and French, except for their native Arabic.

Princess Maria Romanova and her son George also speak several foreign languages... Princess Maria Vladimirovna is fluent in Russian, English, French and Spanish... She also speaks to a lesser extent Arabic, German and Italian. Prince George is fluent in Russian, English, German, French and Spanish to varying degrees.

English speech of the princess