Pirates - sea (or river) robbers. The word "pirate" (lat. Pirata) happens, in turn, from Greek. πειρατής, one-called with the word πειράω ("try, testing"). Thus, the meaning of the word will be "trying happiness." Etymology indicates how if the border between the professions of the navigator and the pirate was from the very beginning.
The latal list with pictures is intended for those who suddenly decided that he is fond of pirates, but can not remember any name, except Jack Sparrow.

Henry Morgan

(1635-1688) became the most famous pirate in the world using peculiar glory. This person has become famous even so much with his Corsair's exploits, how much activity as a commander and politics. The main merit Morgan was the help of England in capturing control over the Caribbean Sea. Since childhood, Henry was fidget, which affected his adult life. In a short time, he managed to visit the slave, collect his own gang of thugs and get his first ship. Along the way, many people were robbed. While in the service of the queen, Morgan sent his energy to the ruin of Spanish colonies, it was removed from him. As a result, the name of the active sailor learned everything. But then the pirate unexpectedly decided to be cooled - he married, bought a house ... However, the rainy temper took his own, besides, at leisure Henry realized, which is much more profitable to seize coastal cities than just to rob the sea vessels. Once Morgan applied a tricky stroke. On the approach to one of the cities, he took a big ship and started his gunpowder to the top, sending to the Spanish port at dusk. A huge explosion led to such a turmoil that was just a defense to defend the city. So the city was taken, and the local fleet was destroyed, thanks to the tricks of Morgan. Storming Panama, the commander decided to attack the city from Sushi, putting the army by turning around the city. As a result, the maneuver succeeded, the fortress fell. The last years of Morgan's life spent in the status of Vice-Governor Jamaica. His whole life was held in a frantic pirate pace, with all the apparent sessions in the form of alcohol. We won the brave sailor only Rum - he died from the liver cirrhosis and was buried as a nobleman. True, the sea took his dust - the cemetery after the earthquake plunged into the sea.

Francis Dreyk

(1540-1596) Born in England, in the family of a priest. Sea career young man started Jung on a small trading ship. There's a cleaned and observational Francis and comprehected the art of navigation. Already at 18, he received his own ship under the command, which he got from the old captain. In those days, Queen blessed pirated raids, if only they were directed against the enemies of England. During one of these swimming pools, Drake fell into the Western, but despite the death of 5 other English ships, managed to save his ship. The pirate quickly became famous for his cruelty, and Fortuna loved him. Trying to take revenge on the Spaniards, Drake begins to lead their own war against them - robs their trial, city. In 1572, he managed to seize the "silver caravan", transporting more than 30 tons of silver, which immediately made the pirate rich. An interesting feature of Drake was the fact that he not only sought to rebel more, but also to visit the uncharted places. As a result, the set of navigate was gratitude to Drake for his work to clarify and correct the world map. With the permission of Queen, Pirate went to a secret expedition to South America, with the official version of Australia's research. The expedition brought a great success. Drake so chidly maneuvered, avoiding traps of enemies, which managed to take a world tour on the way home. On the way, he attacked Spanish settlements in South America, reinforced Africa and brought to the homeland of potatoes. The total profit from the campaign was unprecedented - more than half a million pound sterling. Then it twice exceeded the budget of the whole country. As a result, right on board the ship Drake was dedicated to the knights - an unprecedented case to which there are no analogues in history. Apogee Majesty Pirate fell at the end of the 16th century, when he participated as an admiral in the defeat of invincible Armada. In the future, luck turned away from the pirate, during one of the subsequent swimming for the American shores, he fell ill with tropical fever and died.

Edward Tich

(1680-1718) is more famous for his nickname black beard. It was because of this external attribute, Tich was considered a terrible monster. The first references to the activities of this Corsaard are only in 1717, which the Englishman did before that, remained unknown. According to indirect signs, it is possible to guess that he was a soldier, but deserted and became Fleibuster. Then he was already piracted, catching horror on people with his beard, which closed almost the face. Titch was very bold and bravely than caused respect from other pirates. In his beard, he walked philitol, which, smoking, was horrified on opponents. In 1716, Edward received his gate into command to carry out caper operations against the French. Soon, Titch captured a larger ship and made it his flagship, renaming to the "Revenge of Queen Anna". The pirate at this time acts in the area of \u200b\u200bJamaica, the rabbits of all in a row and gaining new handicrafts. By the beginning of 1718, under the start of Tich already 300 people. During the year he managed to capture more than 40 ships. All pirates knew that the bearded on some of the uninhabited islands hides the treasure, but no one did not know where it was. The absence of the pirate against the British and the robbery of the colonies forced the authorities to declare the hunt for a black beard. An impressive reward was announced and Lieutenant Mainard was hired, who was driving a Tiche. In November 1718, the pirate was overtaken by the authorities and was killed during the battle. Tiche's head was cut down, and the body is suspended in ree.

William Kidd.

(1645-1701). Born in Scotland near docks, the future pirate since childhood decided to tie his fate with the sea. In 1688, Kidd, being a simple sailor, survived in the shipwreck near Haiti and was forced to become a pirate. In 1689, betraying his associates, William saw the frigate, calling him "Blessed William." With the help of a caper patent, KIDD took part in the war against the French. In the winter of 1690, he left his part of the team, and Kidd decided to be cooled. He married a rich widow, adopting land and property. But the heart of the pirate required adventures and now, after 5 years, he is already a captain again. The powerful frigate "brave" was called upon to rob, but only the French. After all, the expedition was sponsored by the state, which did not need unnecessary political scandals. However, the sailors, seeing the scarce of profits, periodically raised the riot. Did not save the situation and the seizure of a rich ship with French goods. Falling from their former subordinates, Kidd surrendered to the English authorities. Pirate was taken to London, where he quickly became a exchange coin in the struggle of political parties. Upon charges of piracy and murder of the ship officer (who was the insurgent of the rebellion) Kidda was sentenced to death. In 1701, Pirate was hanged, and his body was kept in an iron cage over a random of 23 years, as a warning to Corsaras about an imminent square.

Mary Reed

(1685-1721). From the very childhood, the girl was shifted into the boy's clothes. So the mother tried to hide the death of early deceased son. At 15, Mary went to serve in the army. In the battles in Flanders, she under the name Mark showed miracles of courage, but did not wait for promotion. Then the woman decided to go to the cavalry, where they fell in love with his colleague. After the end of the fighting, the couple got married. However, happiness was not long, the husband suddenly died, Mary, changing into men's clothing, became a sailor. The ship fell into the hands of pirates, the woman was forced to join them, facilitating with the captain. In battle, Mary wore a male form, participating in skirmishes on a par with everyone. Over time, the woman fell in love with an artisan who helped the pirate. They even made a marriage and were going to end the past. But here happiness did not last long. Pregnant Reed was caught by the authorities. When she was caught together with other pirates, she said that he made robbery against his will. However, other pirates showed that there was no one more decisively Mary Reed in the robbery of ships and caporoda. The court did not dare to hang a pregnant woman, she patiently waited for his fate in Jamaica prison, not afraid of shameful death. But the strong fever finished it before.

Olivier (Francois) Le Wasser

became the most famous French pirate. He wore the nickname "La Blues", or "Kanyuk". Noble origin Norman nobleman was able to turn the island of Tortuga (now Haiti) into the impregnable fortress of flibusers. Initially, Le Wasser was directed to the island for the protection of French settlers, but he quickly drove out of the British (on other sources - Spaniards) and began to maintain his own policy. Being a talented engineer, the Frenchman designed a well-fortified fortress. Le Wasser issued a very dubious documents to Fleibuster for the right to hunt the Spaniards, taking the lion's share of her extraction. In essence, he became the leader of the pirates, without taking direct participation in hostilities. When in 1643, the Spaniards could not take the island, with surprise to find the strengthening, the authority of Le Wasser significantly increased. He finally refused to obey the French and pay the deductions to the crown. However, the Frenchman who spoiled, tyranny and the Samoragranism led to the fact that in 1652 his own friends killed him. According to the legend, Le Wasser collected and hid the most huge treasure for all times, worth 235 million pounds of sterling for the current money. Information about the treasure place was stored in the form of a cryptogram on the neck of the governor, but the gold remained hazed.

William Dampir

(1651-1715) is often referred to as not just a pirate, but also by scientists. After all, he made as many three round-air swimming, opening a lot of islands in the Pacific. Early Osapotev, William chose a season. At first he took part in trade swabs, and then managed and play. In 1674, the Englishman hit Jamaica as a sales agent, but the career was not asked in such capacity, and the Dampir was forced to become a sailor of the merchant ship. Having studied the Caribbean, William Donkey on the shores of the Gulf of Mexican, on the coast of Yucatan. Here he found friends in the form of runaway slaves and flibusers. The further life of the dump was occurring in the idea of \u200b\u200btraveling through Central America, the robbery of Spanish settlements on land and the sea. He sailed in the waters of Chile, Panama, New Spain. The dumpier almost immediately began to keep notes about his adventures. As a result, in 1697 his book "New Journey around the World", which made him famous. The Dampier began in the most prestigious houses of London, entered the royal service and continued the study by writing a new book. However, in 1703, a number of robberies of Spanish ships and settlements in the Panama area continued to continue on the English ship Dumpier. In 1708-1710, he took part as the navigator of the Corsair round-the-world expedition. The works of the pirate-scientist turned out to be so valuable for science that it is considered to be one of the fathers of modern oceanography.

Zheng Shi

(1785-1844) It is considered one of the most fortunate pirates. The facts that she commanded the fleet in 2000 vessels, which served more than 70 thousand sailors was said about the scale of its actions. The 16-year-old prostitute "Madame Jing" married the famous Pirate Zheng I. After his death in 1807, the widow inherited a pirate fleet in 400 vessels. Corsairs not only attacked trade vessels off the coast of China, but also swim deep into the mouth of rivers, ruining coastal settlements. The emperor was so surprised by the actions of the pirates, which sent his fleet against them, but it did not have significant consequences. The key to the success of Zheng Shea was the strictest discipline for the success of it. She put an end to the traditional pirate freedom - the allied robberies and the rape of the prisoners were punished with the death penalty. However, as a result of the betrayal of one of his captains, a female pirate in 1810 was forced to conclude a truce with the authorities. Its further career was held as a main house and tritons for gambling. The story of a female pirate was reflected in literature and cinema, a lot of legends go about her.

Edward Lau

(1690-1724) is also known as weeks. Most of the life, this man was embraced by small steam. In 1719, his wife died at childbirth, and Edward realized that henceforth, nothing binds to the house. Two years later, he became a pirate, wrapping near the Azores, New England and in the Caribbean Sea. This time is considered a sunset of the eyelids of piracy, however, Lau became famous for the fact that in a short time he managed to capture more than a hundred ships, showing rare bloodthiance.

Jeep Barbarossa

(1473-1518) became a pirate at the age of 16, after the Turks captured his native Lesbos Island. Already at 20, Barbarossa became a merciless and brave Corsary. Fucking from captivity, he soon captured his ship, becoming the leader. The Jerudz concluded a contract with the authorities of Tunisia, who allowed him to organize a base on one of the islands in exchange for a share of production. As a result, the Pirate Fleet of Justle suffered all Mediterranean ports. Relaxing into politics, Jergu became the Lord of Algeria under the name Barbarossa. However, the struggle against the Spaniards did not bring good luck to Sultan - he was killed. His case continued his younger brother, known as Barbarossa Second.

All pirate ships regardless of sizes and origin to one degree or another satisfied certain requirements. First of all, the pirate ship should have had enough navigation, as he often had to endure storms in the open ocean.

A little about ships!

The so-called "golden age of piracy" (1690-1730) is marked by special pirated activity in the Caribbean, at the Atlantic Coast of North America, the West Coast of Africa and in the Indian Ocean. The first two of the listed areas are famous for frequent hurricanes, the season of which continues from June to November, reaching a peak in August-September. At the beginning of the XVII century, the sailors already knew well about the existence of the Hurricanes season on the Atlantic and that these hurricanes are born at the West African coast. The navigators learned to predict the approaching hurricane. Knowing about the approach of the storm, the captain of the ship could try to get away from him or find shelter. The wind blowing at a speed of more than 150 km / h caused catastrophic destruction on the shore and the winds to the ships for centuries. For pirates, which the road to most ports was closed, the storms represented a special threat. Their ships were to differ particularly stable and withstand any storm. The mandatory attributes of the pirate ship were a set of storm sails, a durable case, reliable pumps for pumping water from a truma and an experienced crew. For pirates, hurricanes had a positive side, as they damaged other vessels, making them defenseless. Pirate Henry Jennings began his career, robbing the Spanish galleons thrown on the coast of 1715 by the hurricane. In the Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones were not less dangerous, which are known in the western part of the Pacific Ocean called Typhins. In the north of the Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones are rapped from May to November, whereas further to the south, the cyclone season falls for the period from December to March. Meteorologists, on average, 85 hurricanes, typhoon and tropical cyclones are celebrated for a year. Apparently, during the years of the Golden Age of Piracy, this number was about the same. Hurricanes and Typhoon are dangerous even for modern ships. How dangerous for sailing "ship", devoid of opportunities to get a storm warning on the radio! Add to this the permanent risk of atlantic storms and excitement in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Cape of Good Hope ... It is interesting that in those days the transatlantic transitions (and round-tile swims!) Often they made a boat and even smaller in the size of the court, which today are used only for coastal Fisheries (referring to the court of the same size). For example, Bartolomew Roberts crossed the Atlantic several times, and also walked along the coast of the new light from Brazil to Newfoundland. The load on the wooden hull of the vessel during a long-term swimming is compatible with short-term load during the storm. The problem still exacerbates the constant fossil of the bottoms by algae and shells, which seriously worsen the driving quality of the vessel. A strongly increasing sailing ship cannot develop the speed of more than three or four nodes. Therefore, it is very important to periodically clean the bottom of the ship. But if at the disposal of the military and merchants, there were shipyards in the port cities, the pirates had to clean the bottom of their vessels with secret, hiding in the secluded bays and river foods. Cleaning the bottom (grinding, cylinder) of a small ship (gateway or brig) usually occupied a week. Larger ships demanded proportionally more time on this operation. During the cropping, the ship was vulnerable to attacks and cases of attack on pirated ships, which were in a similar position, are known. The ship is also threatened by worms-treeobs. The waters of the Caribbean are most infected by the vertices, so wooden ships floating in this region are quiet than others. The Spaniards adhered to the rules according to which the ship, regular flights to the Caribbean area, could not serve for longer than ten years, even if taking measures to protect the hull. It should be noted that the problem of the durability of the ship in front of the pirates never got up, because even the most fortunate of them, like Bartolomew Roberts, rarely acted for more than two years. Large ships were better approached for swimming through the Atlantic, but demanded more time to grove. It is much easier to clean the bottom of a small ship. Small ships have a fine precipitate, which allows them more confidently walk in coastal waters, as well as swim in the mouth of rivers, on sandy shallow and inland waters. In 1715, the Governor of New York Hunter wrote the following lines to London: "The coast is tearing with kapaps, which, taking advantage of the possibility of swimming on a shallow in shallow water, go from the ships of His Majesty." The governor demanded at his disposal flotilla of the gaters, capable of fighting pirates in shallow water in the Long Island area and at the mouth of Hudzon.
Another mandatory requirement to the pirate ship was high speed. There is a mathematical formula that determines the ratio between the size of the vessel, the form of the housing and the number of sails, which can carry the ship. Theoretically, a large ship can carry more sails, but its body has a large displacement. A large sail area has a positive effect on speed, while large displacement, on the contrary, limits it. In small courts, such as brigantine, small sailboat, but the ratio of savage sails to displacement is greater than that of ships with direct sailing arms, which gives them an advantage in speed. Small narrow and petty ships, like sluts and shhun have refined hydrodynamics, which also increases the speed. Although the speed is determined by the complex equation of the third degree, the main reasons that define it are well known. Pirate ships, as a rule, were the faster shopping ships with direct sailing arms. Pirates valued some types of vessels for their high speed. So, especially popular among the pirates used one-way chatenes built on Jamaica or Bermuda.
The velocity of the ship is also influenced by such factors that are hardly amenable to mathematical expression. We have already spoken about the backrest of the bottom. Pirates were required to regularly cume their ships, as each additional speed node was presented for them. Some types of ships were better walked with certain winds. For example, ships with Gafel sails could be kept steeper to the wind than ships with straight sails, the Latin sail is especially good with lateral wind, but it helps little with passing. But the most important was the experience of the captain and qualification of the team. Experienced sailors can squeeze an additional velocity node, knowing the features of their vessel. Upon other things being equal, the experimental crew will definitely replay the enemy. When in 1718, the ships of the Royal Fleet went towards the Bahamas on the interception of Charles Weene, the pirate, thanks to his skill and the quality of the ship, was able to break away from the pursuers. According to a testimony of one of the English officers, Wayne did two feet when the royal ships did one. Finally, an adequate weapon was important for the pirate ship. The more cannons carries the ship, the greater its displacement, the lower the speed. For a successful pirate, extracted guns did not constitute a problem. They could be found on any vessel taken to the board. Pirates avoided to decide the sea battle with an artillery duel, as they did not want to damage the trophy hull. Nevertheless, it is surprising to find out that the pirates tried to arm their ships as much as possible, sometimes turning them into real floating batteries. All this was done exclusively in case of meeting with wrestling ships. Large ships can carry more guns and are a more convenient combat platform. We will tell about armament of pirate ships below. Now we only note that the pirates found a balance between weapons, speed and seating of their ships in different ways. If some preferred small speed-spending boats with a minimum of weapons, others tried to acquire large ships capable of carrying impressive artillery and sailing weapons.

Bartolomew Roberts (1682-1722).

This pirate was one of the most successful and striking in history. It is believed that Roberts was able to capture more than four hundred ships. At the same time, the cost of producing the pirate was more than 50 million pounds. And the pirate has achieved such results in just two and a half years. Bartolomew was an unusual pirate - he was enlightened and adored fashionably dressing. Roberts often saw in burgundy vest and bridges, he wore a hat with a red pen, and on his chest his gold chain was hung with a diamond cross. The pirate did not abuse alcohol at all, as was customary in this environment. Moreover, he even punished his sailors for drunkenness. It can be said that it is Bartolomew who was called "Black Bart" and was the most successful pirate in history. In addition, in contrast to Henry Morgan, he never collaborated with the authorities. And the famous pirate appeared in South Wales. His marine career began with the post of third assistant captain on the slave trade ship. Responsibilities of Roberts included a leverage for the "cargo" and its safety. However, after getting captured to the pirates, the sailor visited the role of a slave. Nevertheless, the young european was able to capture him captain Howell Davis and he accepted him into his crew. And in June 1719, after the death of the leader Vatagi during the storming of Fort, it was Roberts headed by a team. He immediately captured the ill-fated city of Princepe on the coast of Guinea and equalized him with the face of the earth. After entering the sea, the pirate quickly captured several merchant ships. However, the extraction of the African coast was scarce, which is why in early 1720 Roberts headed to the Caribbean Sea. The glory of a lucky pirate overtook him, and shopping ships have already shake at the sight of a black barart ship. In the north Roberts, African goods sold profitably. All summer of 1720 he was accompanied by good luck - the pirate captured many ships, 22 of them right in the bays. However, even dealing with a discrepancy, Black Bart remained a pious person. He even managed to pray a lot in the breaks between murders and robbery. But this particular pirate came up with a cruel execution with the board, shifted over the board of the ship. The team loved her captain so much that was ready to go behind him at least on the edge of the world. And the explanation was simple - Roberts desperately lucky. At various times, he ran from 7 to 20 pirated ships. The teams were runaway criminals and slaves of various nationalities, called themselves "The Chamber of Lords". And the name of Black Bart inspired the horror of the whole Atlantic.

Henry Morgan (1635-1688)

Henry Morgan has become the most famous pirate in the world, using peculiar glory. This person has become famous even so much with his Corsair's exploits, how much activity as a commander and politics. The main merit Morgan was the help of England in capturing control over the Caribbean Sea. Since childhood, Henry was fidget, which affected his adult life. In a short time, he managed to visit the slave, collect his own gang of thugs and get his first ship. Along the way, many people were robbed. While in the service of the queen, Morgan sent his energy to the ruin of Spanish colonies, it was removed from him. As a result, the name of the active sailor learned everything. But then the pirate unexpectedly decided to be cooled - he married, bought a house ... However, the rainy temper took his own, besides, at leisure Henry realized, which is much more profitable to seize coastal cities than just to rob the sea vessels. Once Morgan applied a tricky stroke. On the approach to one of the cities, he took a big ship and started his gunpowder to the top, sending to the Spanish port at dusk. A huge explosion led to such a turmoil that was just a defense to defend the city. So the city was taken, and the local fleet was destroyed, thanks to the tricks of Morgan. Storming Panama, the commander decided to attack the city from Sushi, putting the army by turning around the city. As a result, the maneuver succeeded, the fortress fell. The last years of Morgan's life spent in the status of Vice-Governor Jamaica. His whole life was held in a frantic pirate pace, with all the apparent sessions in the form of alcohol. We won the brave sailor only Rum - he died from the liver cirrhosis and was buried as a nobleman. True, the sea took his dust - the cemetery after the earthquake plunged into the sea.

Francis Drake (1540-1596)

Francis Drake was born in England, in the family of a priest. Sea career young man started Jung on a small trading ship. There's a cleaned and observational Francis and comprehected the art of navigation. Already at 18, he received his own ship under the command, which he got from the old captain. In those days, Queen blessed pirated raids, if only they were directed against the enemies of England. During one of these swimming pools, Drake fell into the Western, but despite the death of 5 other English ships, managed to save his ship. The pirate quickly became famous for his cruelty, and Fortuna loved him. Trying to take revenge on the Spaniards, Drake begins to lead their own war against them - robs their trial, city. In 1572, he managed to seize the "silver caravan", transporting more than 30 tons of silver, which immediately made the pirate rich. An interesting feature of Drake was the fact that he not only sought to rebel more, but also to visit the uncharted places. As a result, the set of navigate was gratitude to Drake for his work to clarify and correct the world map. With the permission of Queen, Pirate went to a secret expedition to South America, with the official version of Australia's research. The expedition brought a great success. Drake so chidly maneuvered, avoiding traps of enemies, which managed to take a world tour on the way home. On the way, he attacked Spanish settlements in South America, reinforced Africa and brought to the homeland of potatoes. The total profit from the campaign was unprecedented - more than half a million pound sterling. Then it twice exceeded the budget of the whole country. As a result, right on board the ship Drake was dedicated to the knights - an unprecedented case to which there are no analogues in history. Apogee Majesty Pirate fell at the end of the 16th century, when he participated as an admiral in the defeat of invincible Armada. In the future, luck turned away from the pirate, during one of the subsequent swimming for the American shores, he fell ill with tropical fever and died.

Edward Tich (1680-1718)

Edward Tich more famous for his nickname black beard. It was because of this external attribute, Tich was considered a terrible monster. The first references to the activities of this Corsaard are only in 1717, which the Englishman did before that, remained unknown. According to indirect signs, it is possible to guess that he was a soldier, but deserted and became Fleibuster. Then he was already piracted, catching horror on people with his beard, which closed almost the face. Titch was very bold and bravely than caused respect from other pirates. In his beard, he walked philitol, which, smoking, was horrified on opponents. In 1716, Edward received his gate into command to carry out caper operations against the French. Soon, Titch captured a larger ship and made it his flagship, renaming to the "Revenge of Queen Anna". The pirate at this time acts in the area of \u200b\u200bJamaica, the rabbits of all in a row and gaining new handicrafts. By the beginning of 1718, under the start of Tich already 300 people. During the year he managed to capture more than 40 ships. All pirates knew that the bearded on some of the uninhabited islands hides the treasure, but no one did not know where it was. The absence of the pirate against the British and the robbery of the colonies forced the authorities to declare the hunt for a black beard. An impressive reward was announced and Lieutenant Mainard was hired, who was driving a Tiche. In November 1718, the pirate was overtaken by the authorities and was killed during the battle. Tiche's head was cut down, and the body is suspended in ree.

William Kidd (1645-1701).

William Kidd born in Scotland near the docks, the future pirate since childhood decided to tie his destiny with the sea. In 1688, Kidd, being a simple sailor, survived in the shipwreck near Haiti and was forced to become a pirate. In 1689, betraying his associates, William saw the frigate, calling him "Blessed William." With the help of a caper patent, KIDD took part in the war against the French. In the winter of 1690, he left his part of the team, and Kidd decided to be cooled. He married a rich widow, adopting land and property. But the heart of the pirate required adventures and now, after 5 years, he is already a captain again. The powerful frigate "brave" was called upon to rob, but only the French. After all, the expedition was sponsored by the state, which did not need unnecessary political scandals. However, the sailors, seeing the scarce of profits, periodically raised the riot. Did not save the situation and the seizure of a rich ship with French goods. Falling from their former subordinates, Kidd surrendered to the English authorities. Pirate was taken to London, where he quickly became a exchange coin in the struggle of political parties. Upon charges of piracy and murder of the ship officer (who was the insurgent of the rebellion) Kidda was sentenced to death. In 1701, Pirate was hanged, and his body was kept in an iron cage over a random of 23 years, as a warning to Corsaras about an imminent square.

Mary Reed (1685-1721).

Mary Reed From the very childhood, the girl was shifted into the boy's clothes. So the mother tried to hide the death of early deceased son. At 15, Mary went to serve in the army. In the battles in Flanders, she under the name Mark showed miracles of courage, but did not wait for promotion. Then the woman decided to go to the cavalry, where they fell in love with his colleague. After the end of the fighting, the couple got married. However, happiness was not long, the husband suddenly died, Mary, changing into men's clothing, became a sailor. The ship fell into the hands of pirates, the woman was forced to join them, facilitating with the captain. In battle, Mary wore a male form, participating in skirmishes on a par with everyone. Over time, the woman fell in love with an artisan who helped the pirate. They even made a marriage and were going to end the past. But here happiness did not last long. Pregnant Reed was caught by the authorities. When she was caught together with other pirates, she said that he made robbery against his will. However, other pirates showed that there was no one more decisively Mary Reed in the robbery of ships and caporoda. The court did not dare to hang a pregnant woman, she patiently waited for his fate in Jamaica prison, not afraid of shameful death. But the strong fever finished it before.

Bonnie Ann (1690 -?)

Bonnie Ann is one of the most famous female pirates. Born in Ireland in the family of a rich lawyer William Kormak. Its childhood passed in South Carolina, where the family moved when the father of Ann bought plantation. Quite early married a simple sailor James Bonnie with whom fled in search of adventures. Then Ann Bonnie contacted the famous Pirate of Jack Rackham. She began to swim on his ship and participate in pirate raids. During one of these raids, Ann met Mary Reed. , after which they continued to engage in sea wake together. It is not known exactly how many lives of the spoiled daughter of the ex-lawyer ruined, but in 1720 the Pirates ship fell into the ambush, after which all the robbers waited for Hicks. However, by that time, Ann was already pregnant, it was very useful to the interference of a rich daddy, so that, as a result, Pirates managed to avoid deserved gallows and even get out of freedom. Further tracks are lost. In general, the example of Ann Bonnie is interesting, as rare in those times when a woman was taken for a purely male craft.

Zheng Shi (1785-1844)

Zheng Shi (1785-1844) is considered one of the most fortunate pirates. The facts that she commanded the fleet in 2000 vessels, which served more than 70 thousand sailors was said about the scale of its actions. The 16-year-old prostitute "Madame Jing" married the famous Pirate Zheng I. After his death in 1807, the widow inherited a pirate fleet in 400 vessels. Corsairs not only attacked trade vessels off the coast of China, but also swim deep into the mouth of rivers, ruining coastal settlements. The emperor was so surprised by the actions of the pirates, which sent his fleet against them, but it did not have significant consequences. The key to the success of Zheng Shea has become the strictest discipline on ships. She put an end to the traditional pirate freedom - the allied robberies and the rape of the prisoners were punished with the death penalty. However, as a result of the betrayal of one of his captains, a female pirate in 1810 was forced to conclude a truce with the authorities. Its further career was held as a main house and tritons for gambling. The story of a female pirate was reflected in literature and cinema, a lot of legends go about her.

William Dampir (1651-1715)

William Dumpier is often referred to as a pirate, but also by scientists. After all, he made as many three round-air swimming, opening a lot of islands in the Pacific. Early Osapotev, William chose a season. At first he took part in trade swabs, and then managed and play. In 1674, the Englishman hit Jamaica as a sales agent, but the career was not asked in such capacity, and the Dampir was forced to become a sailor of the merchant ship. Having studied the Caribbean, William Donkey on the shores of the Gulf of Mexican, on the coast of Yucatan. Here he found friends in the form of runaway slaves and flibusers. The further life of the dump was occurring in the idea of \u200b\u200btraveling through Central America, the robbery of Spanish settlements on land and the sea. He sailed in the waters of Chile, Panama, New Spain. The dumpier almost immediately began to keep notes about his adventures. As a result, in 1697 his book "New Journey around the World", which made him famous. The Dampier began in the most prestigious houses of London, entered the royal service and continued the study by writing a new book. However, in 1703, a number of robberies of Spanish ships and settlements in the Panama area continued to continue on the English ship Dumpier. In 1708-1710, he took part as the navigator of the Corsair round-the-world expedition. The works of the pirate-scientist turned out to be so valuable for science that it is considered to be one of the fathers of modern oceanography.

Edward Lau (1690-1724)

Edward Lau is also known as week. Most of the life, this man was embraced by small steam. In 1719, his wife died at childbirth, and Edward realized that henceforth, nothing binds to the house. Two years later, he became a pirate, wrapping near the Azores, New England and in the Caribbean Sea. This time is considered a sunset of the eyelids of piracy, however, Lau became famous for the fact that in a short time he managed to capture more than a hundred ships, showing rare bloodthiance.

Jeep Barbarossa (1473-1518)

Jarj Barbarossa (1473-1518) became a pirate at the age of 16, after the Turks captured his native Lesbos Island. Already at 20, Barbarossa became a merciless and brave Corsary. Fucking from captivity, he soon captured his ship, becoming the leader. The Jerudz concluded a contract with the authorities of Tunisia, who allowed him to organize a base on one of the islands in exchange for a share of production. As a result, the Pirate Fleet of Justle suffered all Mediterranean ports. Relaxing into politics, Jergu became the Lord of Algeria under the name Barbarossa. However, the struggle against the Spaniards did not bring good luck to Sultan - he was killed. His case continued his younger brother, known as Barbarossa Second.

Jack Rackham (1682-1720).

Jack Rackhem and this famous pirate was nickname Calico Jack. The fact is that he adored to wear Kalico pants, which brought from India. And although this pirate was not the most cruel or most fortunate, he managed to become famous. The fact is that there were two women in the RECHEM team, disguised into men's clothing - Mary Reed and Ann Boni. Both of them were lover of pirate. Thanks to this fact, as well as courage and courage to his ladies, the RECKHEM team became famous. But luck changed him when in 1720 his vessel met with the ship of Jamaica's governor. At that time, the whole team of Pirates was the dead drunk. To get away from persecution, Rackham ordered to reflect anchor. However, the military was able to catch up with him and take after a short contraction. Captain Pirates together with all his team hanged on Jamaica, in Port Royal. Before the death of Racham asked for a date with Anne Boni. But she himself refused to him in this, saying that if the pirate had fought like a man, he would not die like a dog. It is said that it was John Racham that is the author of the famous pirate symbol - skulls with bones, "Merry Roger". Jean Lafit (? -1826). This famous Corsair was also a smuggler. With the silent consent of the government of the young American state, he calmly robbed the ships of England and Spain in the Gulf of Mexico. The flourishing of the activities of the pirate fell in the 1810s. It is not known where and when Jean Lafit was born. It is possible that he was a native of Haiti and was a secret Spanish agent. They said that Lafite knew the coast of the bay of many cartographers. It was exactly known that the troubled good he was sold through his brother-merchant who lived in New Orleans. Lafites illegally supplied slaves in the southern states, but thanks to their guns and people, the Americans were able to defeat the British in 1815 in the battle for New Orleans. In 1817, the Pirate under the pressure of the authorities settled on the Texas Island Galveston, where he even founded his own state Campech. Lafite continued to also supply slaves using for this intermediaries. But in 1821, one of his captains selfly attacked plantation in Louisiana. And although the lafit is an adultery, the authorities ordered him to flood his ships and leave the island. Pirate has only two ships from the once whole fleet. Then the lafit with the group of his followers settled on the island of Isla-Mucheres near the banks of Mexico. But even then he did not attack American ships. And after 1826, the valiant pirate of information is not found. In the same Louisiana, there are still legends about the captain of Laphite. And in the city of Lake Charles, they are even held in memory of it "Days of smugglers". The name of the pirate is even named the reserve near the coast of Bratharia. And in 1958, Hollywood even released a film about Lafite, Yul Brinner played him.

Thomas Cavendish (1560-1592).

Thomas Cavendish (1560-1592). Pirates not only robbed ships, but also were bold travelers, opening new lands. In particular, Cavendish was the third sailor decided on the world journey. Its youth passed on the English Fleet. Thomas led so stormy life that he quickly lowered the inheritance to him. And in 1585, he left the service and went for his share of extraction into a rich America. He returned to his homeland is rich. Light money and the assistance of Fortune forced Cavendish to choose the path of the pirate to conquer glory and state. On July 22, 1586, Thomas, at the head of his own flotilla, went from Plymouth in Sierra Leone. The expedition set the goal to find new islands, study wind and flow. However, this did not bother to engage in parallel and frank robbery. At the very first stop in Sierra Leone Kevendish, along with its 70 sailors robbed local settlements. A successful start allowed the captain to dream of upcoming exploits. On January 7, 1587, Cavendish passed through Magellan Strait, and then went north along the Chile coast. Before him, only one European was held in this way - Francis Drake. The Spaniards controlled this part of the Pacific Ocean, generally called it by the Spanish lake. Rumor about the British pirates made the garrisons gather. But the Uniforms of the Englishman painted - Thomas found a quiet bay for repair. The Spaniards did not expect, finding pirates during the clouds. However, the British not only beat the attack of superior forces, but also turned them into flight and immediately robbed several neighboring settlements. Further went two vessels. On June 12, they reached the equator and until November, the pirates were waiting for the "Treasury" ship with all revenues of Mexican colonies. Perseverance was rewarded, and the British captured a lot of gold and jewels. However, in case of deregistration, the pirates raised, and Cavendish remained with one ship. With him, he went to the West, where the cargo of the spices was folded. September 9, 1588, the Cavedish ship returned to Plymouth. The pirate not only became one of the first to host around the world, but also did it very quickly - for 2 years and 50 days. In addition, 50 people of his team returned with the captain. This record was so significant that she lasted over two centuries.

Olivier (Francois) Le Wasser 1690-1730.

Olivier (Francois) Le Wasser became the most famous French pirate. He wore the nickname "La Blues", or "Kanyuk". Noble origin Norman nobleman was able to turn the island of Tortuga (now Haiti) into the impregnable fortress of flibusers. Initially, Le Wasser was directed to the island for the protection of French settlers, but he quickly drove out of the British (on other sources - Spaniards) and began to maintain his own policy. Being a talented engineer, the Frenchman designed a well-fortified fortress. Le Wasser issued a very dubious documents to Fleibuster for the right to hunt the Spaniards, taking the lion's share of her extraction. In essence, he became the leader of the pirates, without taking direct participation in hostilities. When in 1643, the Spaniards could not take the island, with surprise to find the strengthening, the authority of Le Wasser significantly increased. He finally refused to obey the French and pay the deductions to the crown. However, the Frenchman who spoiled, tyranny and the Samoragranism led to the fact that in 1652 his own friends killed him. According to the legend, Le Wasser collected and hid the most huge treasure for all times, worth 235 million pounds of sterling for the current money. Information about the treasure place was stored as a cryptogram on the neck of the governor, but the gold remained not found.

When Russia came out into the sea, he gained his own fleet and overseas colonies - Russian America - she had only to go ahead. It was hard to believe that quite recently the Russian fleet created by the will of Peter I did not exist at all. And now there is a thought about the world journey, which would be committed under the Russian naval flag.

Predecessors

Under the phrase of the famous diplomat and traveler N. P. Rezanov "May the fate of Russia covered by sails!" A lot of people would have signed - and the commander, and simple sailors, and those who, without leaving the sea, did everything possible to implement such expeditions. The great converter was dreamed of distant sea travel, Peter's plans were a trip to West India, the crossing of the equator and the establishment of trade relations with "great migrants".

These ideas were not destined to come true. Nevertheless, in 1725-1726, the Russian Ocean Expedition took place in Spain under the top of Captain I. Koshelev, who later offered and the idea of \u200b\u200ba round-the-world hike from St. Petersburg.

In 1776, Ekaterina II signed a decree on sending vessels from the Baltic Sea to the first Russian round-the-world expedition. A young captain G. I. Mulovsky, an experienced and skillful sailor was supposed to lead the campaign. The expedition should have solved several tasks at once: deliver fortress tools to the Petropavlovsk harbor, to establish trading relations with Japan, take cattle and sowing grain, as well as other necessary products to settlers in Russian America, and in addition - to open new lands and strengthen the prestige of Russia.

Preparations for a large-scale expedition unfolded in full swing, cast-iron coat of arms and medals with images of Catherine were already cast on the factories and the images of Catherine, which should be installed in newly open territories. But the Russian-Turkish war began, and all the supplies were ordered to distribute on ships going to the Mediterranean Sea. Mulovsky himself died in the sea battle. In the reign of Catherine, the Russian world swimming was never implemented, but the idea already firmly seen the minds.

The first Russian round-the-world expedition

Sometimes life is so strange that in any book there would be a stretch of such a plot. On the ship "Mstislav" was completely young Michman, yesterday's Gardemarine. Ivan Kruzenshtern was just 17 years old when he came under the beginning of Captain Molovsky. It is difficult to say whether they were talking about the failed expedition, but it was Kruzenchtern who had to commit that that fate refused his brave predecessor.

I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisya

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and his fellow on the sea corpus of Yuri Fedorovich Lissean as young sailors, showing significant successes, were sent to internship in the English fleet. Kruzenshtern is extremely interested in trade with China, visited Chinese ports - and on returning to Russia in detail, with numbers and calculations, outlined his opinion that the organization of the maritime communication of Russian colonies with China is extremely favorable and useful for Russia. Of course, the opinion of the young lieutenant was neglected - the proposal was too brave. But suddenly Kruzenshtern supported prominent and authoritative Velmazbors - the State Chancellor of the Rumyantsev and Admiral Mordvinov, and soon the Russian-American company (Cancer) was made with a similar offer - and so the fate of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was solved.

Generous sponsorship cancer allowed not to wait until the courts were built, able to withstand the path. Two suitable vessels were purchased in England, improved, named "Hope" and "Neva". Cancer was a fairly influential and rich organization for the expedition to be equipped with all the best in record rapid terms.

Only volunteers were gained in a distant and dangerous journey - nevertheless there were so much that there would be three expeditions. Scientists, artists were included in the team (in order to sketch landscapes, unknown science of plants and animals), astronomer. The goal was to deliver the necessary goods to our Russian settlements in America, to pick up the fur with them, to sell or missing goods in Chinese ports, prove the benefit of the sea route to Russian America compared with land - through Siberia. And besides, the embassy under the leadership of Chamber N. P. Rezanov to the shores of Japan is to the shores of Japan.

Despite the "trade" character of the expedition, the court went under the naval flag. Camger Rezanov was far from the last man in cancer, as was the chapter and founder of the company, G. Shelikhov, heir to capital "Russian Columbus". It was assumed that he was responsible for the scientific and economic part, and Kruzenshtern - for the marine. In August 1803, "Neva" and "Nadezhda" sailed from Kronstadt. After the Hawaiian Islands, ships, as agreed, diverged. "Neva" under the leadership of Lisyansky went north, to the islands of Kodiak and Sitka in the Alaskan Gulf, with a load of goods for cancer, to meet with "Hope" in Macau in September 1805. "Nadezhda" went to Kamchatka - and then - to Japan to fulfill the diplomatic mission of Rezanov. On the road, "Nadezhda" fell into the most severe storm - and, as it turned out, in the zunami zone.

Alas, the mission turned out to be failed - after almost a semi-annual expectation in Nagasaki, the Russians received a refusal. The Japanese emperor returned gifts (huge mirrors in the frames), refused to accept the embassy and ordered to immediately leave Japan, however, supplied the ship with water, food and firewood. Macau captains met, profitably exchanged fur for tea, porcelain and other rare and liquid products in Europe and went to Russia. After the storm, losing each other from sight, "Hope" and "Neva" safely returned to Russia, first "Neva", then, after a couple of weeks, "Nadezhda".

Swimming proceeded not so serene, as it would like. Problems began almost immediately after sailing. Chamber Rezanov had a rescript signed by Alexander I, according to which he, Rezanov, was appointed head of the expedition, but with the reservation, so that all decisions were taken jointly with the captain of Cruisestrine.

For the sake of accommodation on a relatively small "hope" Sweet Rezanov had to refuse a number of people really needed in swimming. In addition, the Rezanov's retinue consisted, for example, Count Fedor Tolstoy, subsequently nicknamed American, - a person is absolutely unmanaged, a cruel manipulator and intrigan. He managed to overstand the whole team, more than once crossed his leavings personally, Kruzenster - and in the end was forcibly landed on the island of Sitka.

N. P. Rezanov

On a warship, according to the Charter, there could be only one leader, the orders of which are being carried out unquestioned. Rezans, as a non-military man, did not take discipline at all, and gradually the relationship between him and the cruise-seater ran to the limit. Forced over a couple of years to share one tiny cabin, rezanov and cruzenshtern communicated through notes.

Rezanov tried to force Krusenstern to change the expedition route in order to immediately go to Kamchatka - in fact, interrupting around the world. Finally, Rezans allowed himself rudeness in relation to the captain in the presence of the team - and this, from the point of view of the charter, was completely unforgivable. After a loud scandal, making sure that there is no one on his side, the offended rezanov almost did not leave the cabin, while Nadezhda did not reach Petropavlovsk.

Fortunately, the experienced and composite commandant P. Koshelev disassembled the case, despite the faces, seeking the quarrel of two individuals to prevent the implementation of public debt. With this, Cruisestrennis was completely agreed, and Rezanov had to go to the opponent. Upon completion of the Japanese mission, Rezanov left the "hope" - and they did not meet more with Kruzenstern, to mutual pleasure.

The Further History of N. P. Rezanov, who went to California and met there 14-year-old beauty Maria Concept of Arguuelo, the daughter of San Francisco's commandant, is known as one of the most romantic pages not only Russian, but also, probably, world history. In the famous rock opera "Juno and Avos" narrates precisely about their tragic love, but this is another, although very interesting, history.

Travel Kotsebu

Among the volunteers, who went with the Cruisestricer at the Hope, was 15-year-old Jung, German Otto Cotceb. The mother of the boy was the native sister of Captain-Lieutenant - Christina Kruzhenstern. When "Nadezhda" returned to the port, the Kotseb was produced in Michmans, and another year later - in Lieutenants, and although he was not a graduate of the Maritime School, Otto Evstafyevich received the best of maritime schools - round-the-tier school, and since then no longer Thought of life without the sea and serving Fatherland.

Brig "Rurik" on the Marshall Islands brand

Upon completion of the circular swimming, Kruzenshtern worked tirelessly on the results of the expedition, prepared the reports, released and commented on the cards and "South Seas" cards, and in particular, together with the Count Rumyantsev developed a new round-the-world expedition. It was tasked before her: to find the northeast marine passage from the quiet in the Atlantic Ocean. The expedition was supposed to go on Brigon Rurik. Command Brig, on the recommendation of Kruzenshtern, was proposed by Kotzeb.

This expedition returned after 3 years, losing just one person and enriching the geography of the mass of discoveries. The map was applied and described in detail the poorly studied or generally unknown islands, archipelagoes and the coasts of the Pacific Ocean. Meteorological observations, research of marine currents, the depths of the ocean, temperature, saline and transparency of water, earthly magnetism and various living organisms were an invaluable contribution to science - and had a considerable practical benefit.

In swimming on Rurica, by the way, the German scientist and poet-romantician A. Von Shamisso - translator of Pushkin took part as the natural resource. His novel "Travel around the World" in Germany became a classic adventure literature, he was published in Russia.

The third round-the-world journey O. E. Kotzebu committed in 1823-1826. Before that, he was guarded from the pirates and smugglers of the coast of Russian America with its 24-cannger Slut "Enterprise". The scientific results of the expedition on the "enterprise" were hardly more than weighty than the results of the navigation on Rurik. Physicist E. Lenz, the future academician who went with the Kotceb, constructed along with a colleague, professor a parroid, a device called a beto, for taking water samples with different depths, and the device for measuring depths. Lane investigated the vertical salt distribution, scrupulously noted the temperature of the Pacific waters and daily changes in air temperature on different latitudes.

By 20 years of the XIX century, round-the-world travels ceased to be something unpredictable and out of a series of outgoing. A number of glorious Russian captains were angry with a globe, coming out of Kronstadt and heading towards the horizon.

Vasily Golovin - irrepressible and unrelacted

Vasily Mikhailovich Golinnov, captain and excellent marine writer, even among his colleagues captains were considered a man who saw species. Adventures on his share fell more than enough. At fourteen years, Gardenemaryn, he participated in maritime battles - and was awarded a medal, and after returned to returned, because it was still too small to become an officer.

He committed his own independent round-world swimming, being just a lieutenant. Admiralty has changed its own rules and transferred Diana's gate under the beginning of Lieutenant, because everyone understood that this is for a man - lieutenant head. And indeed, their expectations were justified - an excellent captain, the head fully possessed and tranquility, and courage, and an inflexible character. When, due to the beginning of the war, the Russian sailors were detained by the British in South Africa, the head managed to escape from the captivity and still fulfilled the mission assigned to the expedition. Around the world's trip to Diana's gate in 1808-1809. Completed successfully.

"Gentlemansky" captivity from the British was not too painful for our sailors, but the conclusion during the second trip was not comic. This time the head and a number of his comrades were pleased with the most real prison - to the Japanese. However, I did not like that the Russian ship conducted a cartographic filming of the Kuril Islands - in 1811, the head was instructed to describe the Kuril, Shartar Islands and the coast of the Tatar Strait. Japan decided that the bold cartographers violate the principle of isolation of their state - and if so, the place of criminals in prison. The captivity lasted two years, because of this incident, Russia and Japan balanced on a dangerous face - the war between them was quite possible.

Japanese Scroll Deploying Cancer

Titanic efforts were made to save the head and his people. But only thanks to the actions of the friend of the head of the officer P. I. Rikord and the help of the influential Japanese merchant Mr. Takataya Cachey, with which Rykord managed to establish a purely human contact, managed to accomplish almost incredible - to return Russian sailors from Japanese prison. On the territory of Nalishevo Natural Park, there are so-called "tops of Russian-Japanese friendship" - the rock of Cachey, Mount Ramikord and the Mountain Golovn. Nowadays, the "incident of the head" is among the advantage of the history of world diplomacy.

Head's notes about his adventures were translated into many languages, and in Russia they became a bestseller. Returning home, Vasily Golinnor continued to continue to work for the benefit of Russian navigation, his knowledge, experience, the energy was invaluable, and the books of the head of distant wanderings were read by many young men, subsequently chosen for their career of the Marine officer.

Baron Wrangel - Head of Alaska

In 1816, Gardenaryarin Ferdinand Wrangel, who had served in Roer, filed a petition for participation in the expedition of the captain of the head at the Kamchatka Slut. Yuntsu refused. Then he, having affected the patient before the authorities, got to St. Petersburg and practically feet on his legs, asking for him to take him. He strictly noticed that unfortunate flight from the ship is a desertion and a worthy court. Gardemarin agreed, but he asked him to give him a court after a swim, which was ready to be at least a simple sailor. The head waved his hand and surrendered.

It was the first round trip Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, in honor of which the famous reserve was later called the famous Island of Wrangel. On board "Kamchatka", a desperate young man was held not only a maritime school, but also diligently joined the gaps in his education, as well as gained faithful friends - future researchers and tireless travelers Fedor Litz and yesterday's lyceist, a friend of Pushkin Fedor Matyushkina.

A trip to Kamchatka turned out to be an invaluable blacksmith for the Russian Fleet. Returned from Swimming Wrangel with an excellent sailor - and a scientist researcher. It was Wrangel with Matyushkin who was ordered to go on an expedition to study the northeast coast of Siberia.

Map showed by Wrangel travel routes

Few people gave so much strength and energy to the study of Alaska and Kamchatka, as Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. He explored the northeastern Siberia from the sea and from Sushi, walked into the world swimming, the commander of Milnian Military Transport, was awarded orders, and in 1829 he was appointed head of Russian-based America, and, by the way, built a magnetic meteorological observatory on Alaska . Under his boss, Russian America flourished, new settlements were created. Its name is the island, his works for the benefit of Russia were highly appreciated by the state and history. Less than fifty years have passed since the end of the first round-the-world travel of Cruisesttern and Lisyansky, and the Russian fleet burly flourished and developed - so much enthusiasts, according to the present devotees, has numbered in its ranks.

Land unknown

"I went around the ocean of a southern hemisphere on high latitudes and did it in such a way that it is indisputable rejected the possibility of the existence of a mainland, which, if and can be detected, only near the pole, in places inaccessible to swimming ... Risk associated with swimming in these Nexpeted and ice-covered seas in search of southern mainland, so great that I can safely say that no one will never decide to penetrate the south further than it succeeded. "- These words of James Cook, the star of the XVIII century, closed Antarctic studies for almost 50 years. It was simply not interested in financing projects, knowingly doomed to failure, and in case of good luck - all the same commercially failed.

It is the Russians who went to pass through common sense and everyday logic. Kruzenshtern, Kotsebu and Captain-polar star Sarychev developed an expedition and presented it to Emperor Alexander. That suddenly agreed.

The main task of the expedition was defined as a purely scientific: "Discoveries in the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole" with the aim of "Acquisition of the utmost knowledge of our globe". The expeditions were charged with the instructions and was prescribed to the instructions to celebrate and study everything that deserves attention, "Not only related to marine art, but also to the distribution of human knowledge in all parts".

V. Volkov. Opening of Antarctica Sluts "East" and "Mirny", 2008

In the summer of the same year, the "Mirny" and transport, conveyed to the slut, was released towards the Southern Pole, "Vostok". They led the two captains who were considered one of the best in the Russian fleet, - the Commander of the Expedition of Faddey Faddeevich Bellylsgausen, a member of the world tour of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev - a young, but very promising captain. Subsequently, Lazarev will make three rounds, but these feats will not eclipte his glory of the polar researcher.

Sailing lasted 751 days, of which 535 days in the southern hemisphere, at the same time 100 days in ice. Six times sailors came to the southern polar circle. Nobody approached the mysterious Antarctica so closely and so for a long time. In February 1820, Bellinshausen wrote: "Here behind the ice fields of small ice and the islands, the mainland of ice is visible, which is frantic perpendicular to the edge, and which continued as usual, tightened to the south, like the shore. Flat Ice Islands, near these mainland, clearly show that they are the essence of some of the mainland, for they have edges and the upper surface like the mainland.. For the first time in the history of mankind, people saw Antarctica. And these people were our, Russian sailors.

James Cook was led by three round-tile swimming, each of which gave the world community to significant discoveries.

Sea cost, cartographer, researcher and pioneer James Cook appeared on October 27, 1728.

It became famous for a lot of discoveries, including as the first researcher of the Southern Polar Seas and Antarctic, and the mythological history of its tragic death from the hands of wild aborigines during the circulation. Also, Mr. Cook is also known to those who were honored with a diet for long-distance travel, while observing whom no one in his crews sick in Qing, curse travelers of that time.

The famous English navigator lived 50 years old, 37 of whom was a sailor. First, from thirteen years, Yunga, then a skipper, and in the flourish career - a member of the Royal Society and the captain of the Royal Navy. And this despite the fact that he did not have a maritime, military or at least some kind of education. From his youth, he studied everything easily and very quickly, soon he was recognized as an experienced and skillful sailor. He is even recognized as the leading specialist of his time on the Pacific Ocean.

Achievements of Cook are not theoretical, but practical: he simply sailed the many rivers and seas himself, he saw new lands with his own eyes and struck them on the map. On the task of British Admiralty, he with the team made three round-world swimming for military-scientific purposes. He died, it can be said, in a combat post - during the third round-the-world travel. Then his ship came across the ice, was forced to return to warm waters to stop. The British stopped at the Hawaiian Islands.

Aboriginal morals differed from European, which led to a categorical misunderstanding of each other and in the end to the tragedy. The islanders honored white people for the deities that did not deny theft. According to their concepts, it was necessary to get a property that brought with them the Divine. And once they stole even the tools for the repair of the vessel. The head of the expedition of Cook with eight sailors arrived in the local village to understand. The aborigines attacked the delegation, Cook and another three British died, the rest fled on the barcase to the gate. According to the famous legend, Hawaiians ate the killed James Cook. But the vintage sources say that the British demanded to give the corpse of the commander. And after a couple of days, the aborigines brought pieces of meat and almost a whole Cook's head. Comrades found a terrible transfer for the remains of Dzhymes Cook and buried them by the tradition of the waters of the Pacific Ocean.

The name of Cook is the islands in the Pacific Ocean, the bay of the southern coast of Alaska, the shed between the North and South Islands of New Zealand, the mountain on the southern island of this country. James Cook was led by three round-tile swimming, each of which gave the world community to significant discoveries.

"Evening Moscow" proposes to remember these expeditions and their results.

1. The first round-the-world swimming 1768-1771gg in Barka "Indvr", lasted for more than three years. Then the British Admiralty intended to find the southern mainland and join it to the British Empire. Cook ship went to the Pacific Ocean, where researchers opened four islands. Then he followed a long passing and wasted and on October 8, 1769 finally "Indvr" reached a large unknown land. She was mountainous and snowy, for her examination along the contour, it took more than three months, it was two major islands. So the Europeans discovered New Zealand. In the summer, the expedition reached the east coast of Australia and announced his British possession called New South Wales. Award James Cube for such a gift of the empire was the assignment of the title of captain 1 rank.

2. Antarctic world swimming - Cook's second expedition in 1772-1775gg on two courts - the "resolist" gate and Barka "Edvecher". After seeking her, the British Admiralty again sends people to search for southern mainland, and at the same time survey of the islands of New Zealand. This swimming has become an outstanding event in the history of geographical studies of the 18th century. After all, so far into the polar latitudes no one has yet been swimming. The expedition clarified the map of Oceania and the islands of the South Atlantic, their geology, flora and fauna. For the first time in the history of the navigation court, the southern polar circle crossed, this happened in January 1773. James Cook understood that the Earth is somewhere near, but I didn't get the ice closer, I had to turn. But the team in the South Arctic Ocean found South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and in the Pacific Ocean - New Caledonia Islands, Norfolk and a few atolls. Cook also opened and unusual "Ice Islands" at all - so he called flat icebergs in descriptions.

Around thetest swimming and travel, expeditions around the Earth, during which all the meridians or parallels are intersecting. Around the waters were held (in different sequences) across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, were initially in search of new lands and trade routes, which led to great geographical discoveries. The first in history, around the world was performed by the Spanish Expedition in 1519-22, headed by F. Magellan in search of a direct Western path from Europe to West India (where the Spaniards were sent for spices) under the command of six replacing captains (the last - H. S. Elkano) . As a result of this, the most important in the history of the geographical discoveries of the swimming was revealed by a giant water area, called the Pacific Ocean, the unity of the World Ocean was proved, questioned the hypothesis about the predominance of sushi over the waters, confirmed the theory of the land of the earth, the irrefutable data appeared to determine its true sizes, the idea of The need to introduce a line change line. Despite the death of Magellan in this swimming, it should be considered to be the first round-the-world seawater. The second world swimming was carried out by English Pirate F. Drake (1577-80), and the third - English pirate T. Cavendish (1586-88); They penetrated Magellan Strait in the Pacific Ocean for robbery of the Spanish-American port cities and the capture of Spanish courts. Drake became the first captain who fully committed around the world. The fourth world swimming (again through Magellan Strait) was carried out by the Netherlands Expedition O. Van North (1598-1601). Netherlands Expedition Ya. Levere - V. Schauten (1615-17), equipped with competing merchants-compatriots to eliminate the monopoly of the Netherlands Ost-India Company, paved a new way around the Outdoor Cape Horn, but the company's agents seized their ship at Muskki Islands, and the surviving Sailors (including Schauten) graduated from round-the-world swimming already as arrestants on her ships. Of the three round-mounted swimming pools of the English navigator U. Dampir, the most significant - the first one that he fulfilled on different ships with big breaks in 1679-91, gathering materials that allowed him to be one of the founders of oceanography.

In the 2nd half of the 18th century, when the struggle was aggravated for the seizure of new land, the United Kingdom and France sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, including the first French circulation expedition under the post of L. A. De Bougainville (1766-69), which opened in Oceania a number of islands; Among the participants of this expedition was J. Bar - the first woman who made around the world. These swimming have proven, although it is not fully, that in the Pacific Ocean, between the parallels of 50 ° of the northern latitude and 60 ° of southern latitude, east of Asian archipelago, New Guinea and Australia there are no large sushi massifs except New Zealand. The English navigator S. Wallis in a circular swimming of 1766-68 for the first time using a new method of recalculation of longitude quite accurately determined the position of Tahiti Island, several islands and atolls in the western and central parts of the Pacific Ocean. The largest geographical results achieved the English navigator J. Cook in three rounds of swimming.

In the 19th century, hundreds of world swimming pools with trade, commercial and purely scientific purposes were held, discoveries in the southern hemisphere. In the 1st half of the 19th century, the Russian sailing fleet played an outstanding role; During the first round-the-world swimming, performed at the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" gateways, I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky (1803-06), interpassate countercases in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are revealed, the causes of the sea glow are explained. The following dozens of other Russian circular swimming pools were associated with relatively cheap maritime powder St. Petersburg with the Far East and Russian possessions in North America, strengthened Russian positions in the northern part of the Pacific. Russian expeditions made a major contribution to the development of oceanography and opened a lot of islands; O. E. Kotsebu during its second round-air swimming (1815-18) for the first time expressed the right assumption about the origin of the coral islands. Expedition F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazareva (1819-21) at the "East" and "Mirny" boats on January 5 and 6, 1820, almost close to the coast of mythical to this southern land - Antarctica (now the shore Princesses Marta and Coast Princess Astrid), revealed an arcuate underwater ridge with a length of 4,800 km, caused 29 islands to map.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, when sailing vessels were crowded with steamers and the main discoveries of new lands were completed, three round-world swimming were held, which made a great contribution to the study of the Relief of the World Ocean. British expedition of the 1872-76 years on Corway "Challenger" (captains of J.S. Naherson and who changed it in 1874 F. Tomson) in the Atlantic Ocean found a number of Kotlovin, Puerto Rico, underwater ridges around Antarctica; In the Pacific Ocean, the first definitions of the depths in a number of underwater kitlovin were performed, underwater raising and hills, Mariana godnes were revealed. The German Expedition of 1874-76 on the Military Corwet "Gazelle" (commander of the city of Shleynitz) continued the discovery of the elements of the bottom of the bottom and the premiers of the depths in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Russian expedition 1886-89 on Korvette "Vityaz" (commander S. O. Makarov) first revealed the main laws of the total circulation of surface water of the northern hemisphere and found the existence of a "cold intermediate layer", retaining the remains of winter cooling in the waters of the seas and oceans.

In the 20th century, large discoveries were made during round-the-world swimming pools in the main Antarctic expeditions, which established in general terms of Antarctica contours, including the British expedition on the Discovery-N ship under the command of D. John and W. Carey, which in 1931-33 In the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, he discovered a raising Chatham, traced for almost 2,000 km the South Pacific Ridge and conducted the oceanographic shooting of the Antarctic Waters.

At the end of the 19th - early 20th century, round-tile swims with training and sports and tourist purposes began, including single. The first single round-the-world swimming was carried out by the American traveler J. Slochum (1895-98), the second is his compatriot Pidgen (1921-1925), the third - French traveler A. Zherbo (1923-29). In 1960, the first round-road swimming on the Triton submarine (USA) was held under the command of Captain E. Beach. In 1966, the squad of Soviet nuclear submarines under the command of the counter-admiral A. I. Sorokina made the first round-the-world swimming without ascending to the surface position. In 1968-69, the first single non-stop round-the-world swimming was carried out on a sailing yacht "Sukhaili" English Captain R. Noks-Johnston. The first of the women was the solitary round-the-world swimming in 1976-78 the Polish traveler K. Khojnovskaya-Liskievich on the yacht "Mazurek". UK first introduced round-the-world lone races and made them regular (since 1982). Russian navigator and traveler F. F. Konyukhov (born in 1951) made 4 single round-the-world swimming: 1st (1990-91) - on the Yacht "Karaan", 2nd (1993-94) - on the "Formosa" yacht, 3rd (1998-99) - on the yacht "Modern Humanitarian University", participating in the international sailing race "around the world", 4th (2004-05) - on the yacht "Scarlet Sails". The first round-the-world swimming in the Russian training sailboat "Kruzenshtern" in 1995-1996 was dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet.

The first round trip from the West to the East was carried out by P. Teixeira (Portugal) in 1586-1601, having encouraged the land on ships and on foot. The second in 1785-1788 - performed a French traveler J. B. Leespes, the only surviving participant of the J. Laperus expedition. In the last third of the 19th century, after the publication of Roman J. Verne "around the world for 80 days" (1872), round-world travels for record time were distributed. In 1889-90, the American journalist N. Blya rebuilt the land for 72 days, at the end of the 19th - early 20th century, this record was repeatedly improved. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, round-the-world swimming and travel no longer appeared something exotic, latitudinal was added to them. In 1979-82, for the first time in the history of mankind, R. Fains and Ch. Burton (United Kingdom) made a world tour of Greenwich Meridian with relatively short deviations to the east and west through both poles of the planet (on ships, cars, motorboats, motorboats and on foot) . Travelers contributed to the geographical study of Antarctica. In 1911-13, the Russian athlete A. Pankratov carried out the first round trip on the history of the bike. The first round trip in the history of the aeronautics belongs to the German Airclabl "Count Zeppelin" under the command of the Ecker: In 1929 in 21 days, he overcame with three intermediate landings about 31.4 thousand km. In 1949, the American bomber in-50 (commander - Captain J. Gallahher) made the first non-over-the-world flight (with refueling in the air). The first space flight in the history of mankind around the Earth in 1961 was performed by Soviet cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on the spacecraft "Vostok". In 1986, the British crew produced the first airport flight on the vehicle around the world by plane without refueling (D. Rolin and J. Yiger). Supbo Kate and Devid Grant (United Kingdom) with three children made a world tour in the van, harnessed a couple of horses. They left the Orkney Islands (United Kingdom) in 1990, the oceans, the countries of Europe, Asia and North America and were returned to their homeland in 1997. Equestrian world journey in 1992-98 committed Russian travelers P. F. Plenin and N. K. Davidovsky. In 1999-2002, V. A. Shanin (Russia) drove around the world on passing cars, airplanes, cargo ships. In a single balloon, the land was alone in 2002 S. Fossette (USA), he also made the first in the history of aviation a single round-world constriction flights to the aircraft without refueling.

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