List of countries in southern Europe. Tourism: capitals, cities and resorts. Maps of foreign states of the Southern Europe region.

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The sunniest, most cheerful and fertile region of the Old World, Southern Europe seems to have been created by the Creator exclusively for the tireless enjoyment of life. Absolutely everything that the soul and body needs is harmoniously combined in its open spaces: a wonderful climate, a warm sea and wonderful beaches - for any color and texture: pebble, white sand, and rocky, delicious, and most importantly, healthy cuisine, on whose ingredients they acquire a healthy blush even for slender young ladies, a variety of wines (also for every color and taste), and finally - an impressive number of sights and cultural objects, as well as (where without it!) Exciting and, importantly, high-quality shopping. In a word, there would be a desire - to realize anything is possible in Southern Europe.

It is easy to remember the countries of the region by reaffirming the rule: this includes everything related to the “southern coasts”, primarily the coast mediterranean sea.

These are the states located on the Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas: Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Italy, Vatican City, San Marino, respectively, plus the owners of their own access to the sea Monaco and Greece, the blessed Mediterranean islands of Malta and Cyprus and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula : Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, etc.

From a tourist point of view, Southern Europe is the most resort region of the “civilized” abroad, without focusing on the Arab surroundings or tropical exoticism. A high-quality beach holiday in a sedately noble European setting with a large share of spiritual food in the form of a rich “excursion”. Among other things, all the conditions for the “exchange of experience” are created here - thanks to a single Schengen visa, it costs nothing to combine a vacation somewhere on the Cote d'Azur with an excursion in the footsteps (and works) of da Vinci or a good time on the Alpine heights. As for the pricing policy, here Southern Europe offers simply massive coverage: if you want, go to the popular Greek resort for a couple of hundred EUR “from the nose”, or if you want, go to the pompous openwork palace on the Croisette. In this sense, South European beaches compare favorably with exotic ones - the shock of all five senses, of course, is not the same, but tourists with any scale of spending can afford to splash around in foreign territorial waters.

Somewhere in the Mediterranean

What else is good about Southern Europe is the climate that is pleasant for the domestic sense of touch. On the one hand, there are no sudden changes in the weather - summers are traditionally hot, winters are moderately cool. On the other hand, the longed-for warmth in the midst of the Russian winter (say, +18 ° C on the Italian "heel" in January) and the real Mediterranean summer, as opposed to the restless northern cyclones - with air trembling from the heat, cicadas torn in every way, piercing blue of the sea and sky and soothing warm evenings somewhere on the terrace of a fish restaurant in Cyprus.

And of course, one cannot fail to mention the mouth-watering dishes of southern European cuisines, the mere sight of which makes even the staunchest adherents of gastronomic asceticism cloud their minds. All these soft cheeses, olives and new wine, juicy tomatoes and fresh herbs, a deafening variety of fish and seafood, an Edenic amount of ripe fruits, sweets, cakes and tartlets ... In general, you already understood that in Southern Europe you should definitely go into everything heavy, despite the conventions and despite the treacherously crawling to the next "top ten" arrow of the scales!

Southern Europe (over 1696 thousand km2, 180 million people) is the second region in Europe in terms of territory (after Eastern Europe) and population.

Most of the countries of Southern Europe, with the exception of Spain, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Yugoslavia, belong to the small countries of Europe, occupying an area, each in particular, less than 100 thousand km2.

The territory of the region is quite clearly divided into three large sub-regions in the form of peninsulas - the Iberian, Apennine, Balkan.

In southern Europe, there are also islands in the northern part of the Mediterranean Sea - Crete, Sicily, Sardinia, the Balearic Islands, etc.

Southern Europe is very elongated along the parallel - at a distance exceeding 4000 km., And compressed along the meridian, barely exceeding 1000 km.

In general, the economic - geographical position of Southern Europe is characterized by the following features: 1) the proximity of the region to North Africa. This neighborhood has a decisive influence not only natural features, but also the ethnogenesis of the peoples living here, 2) proximity to the countries of Southwest Asia, rich fuel and energy resources, which are lacking in Southern Europe, 3) the wide length of maritime borders with the Atlantic Ocean, with the seas of the Mediterranean basin, in particular the Tyrrhenian , Adriatic, Aegean, as well as western part Black Sea, has influenced and continues to influence the economic activity and beneficial economic relations of the North European countries with all the continents of the world, 4.) The Mediterranean is an ancient region of human civilization, it is also called the "cradle European civilization"because Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome had a decisive influence on the historical fate of neighboring countries and all of Europe.

So, the macro-region of Southern Europe is a special community, due not only to the typical features of the Mediterranean climate, but also to the similarity of historical fate, culture, traditions, and even the level of socio-economic development.

Economic - geographical assessment of natural conditions and resources. Southern Europe, although not territorially compact, is rather homogeneous in terms of morphostructural and climatic characteristics.

Southern Europe is the most mountainous among the European macro-regions, occupying more than three quarters of its territory. The highest mountains are mainly located in the north of the region, on the borders with Western and Central-Eastern Europe. So, the Pyrenees separate Spain from France, the high Alps are a natural border between Italy, France, Switzerland and Austria, and the Southern Carpathians fence off the Southern region from Central and Eastern Europe with their northern slopes.

The interior regions of Southern Europe are occupied by medium-altitude mountain ranges - the Iberian mountains, the Apennine mountain system, the Balkan mountains and plateaus, as well as plains.

The mountain system of Southern Europe is located in the zone of Alpine folding. The relative youth of these structures is evidenced by geological processes that continue to this day. This is reminiscent of frequent and strong earthquakes, as well as volcanic activity.

Mountain ranges covered with Mesozoic limestones are often exposed, forming bizarre landforms in the form of steep peaks, jagged ridges and the like. Karst phenomena are common here. Where sedimentary rocks (fliesch) come to the surface, soft forms of mountains are formed, mainly with rich vegetation.

One of the main natural resources of the South of Europe is a mild climate, very favorable for human life. Here it is typically Mediterranean in most of the region - dry hot summers, mild rainy winters, early springs and long warm autumns. The growing season in the region lasts 200-220 days. And in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and in Sicily - even longer. Here temperature regime promotes vegetation of plants throughout the year.

All this is a good prerequisite for growing two crops: in the winter season - low heat-loving crops (cereals, vegetables), and in the summer - late varieties of rice, tea, figs, olives, citrus fruits.

The aridity of the climate is most pronounced in summer - in the inner subregions, in particular in Central and Eastern Spain, even in the temperate climatic zone of the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands, in the east of the macroregion.

In winter, maritime air masses of temperate latitudes prevail. They bring warm heavy rains from the Atlantic.

In general, there is little rainfall. The level of moistening of the surface of the macroregion tends to decrease in the eastern and southern directions. This confirms the growth of continental climate.

The territory of Southern Europe belongs to the weakly secured water resources. Their greatest shortage is felt in Greece, Italy, Spain. For the latter, this problem has become a priority. Despite this, some mountainous areas with full-flowing swift rivers have significant water resources. These include the rivers of northern Spain - the Ebro with its tributaries, the Duero, the Tajo, as well as the Dinaric Highlands, the Balkans, and others.

The land resources of Southern Europe are concentrated mainly in river valleys or in intermountain basins. The exception is the Iberian Peninsula, a large part of which is occupied by a vast plain, but it requires intensive irrigation.

Brown (Mediterranean) soils predominate in the South European macroregion, rich in minerals and are characterized by a significant content of humus. More humid northern regions, such as Portugal, northern Italy, have brown soils but are depleted in carbonates, so they must be fertilized to obtain high yields. The forest resources of Southern Europe are negligible. Only a few arrays are of industrial importance. Thus, the Iberian Peninsula is rich in cork oak forests, which allows Spain and Portugal to be the main exporters of cork products in the world. The forests on the Balkan Peninsula are well preserved, especially in the Dinaric Highlands, in the Southern Carpathians. But in general, the forest coverage of the South is very low. In some countries it does not exceed 15-20%, in Greece - 16%. In addition, the forests of the south are often devastated by fires.

The recreational resources of the South of Europe are very valuable and promising for use. natural conditions, as well as a variety of vegetation cover, landforms, the presence of sea beaches, unique historical monuments create favorable conditions for the development various kinds tourism and recreation.

Among mineral resources The greatest wealth of the South European countries is ferrous ores, non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials. The main iron ore deposits are located in Spain, which has its own iron ore base. The ores of Spain contain 48-51% of the metal, while the rich ores of Sweden and Ukraine contain 57-70% of the metal.

Significant reserves of aluminum raw materials are bauxites of Greece, copper reserves - Spain, mercury - Spain, Italy, potash salts - Spain.

The energy resources of the South European countries are represented by coal, lignite (Spain, Italy), oil (Romania, Slovenia), uranium (Spain, Portugal), but not all of them are of industrial importance.

Southern Europe is famous throughout the world for building materials, in particular marble, tuff, granite, clay, raw materials for the cement industry, etc.

Population. About 180 million people live in Southern Europe, which is more than 27.0% of the total European population. It ranks second in Europe in terms of population. Among the southern European countries, three countries stand out with the largest population: Italy (57.2 million people), Spain (39.6 million people) and Romania (22.4 million people), which account for two-thirds of the population, or 66.3% of the total number of residents in the region.

In terms of population density (106.0 inhabitants / km2), Southern Europe exceeds the European average by 74%, but is inferior among the inner European regions to industrialized Western Europe, where the population density is 173 individuals / km2, in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe this figure is much lower - more than 94 individuals/km2. Among individual countries, the most densely populated is the industrially developed and long-given Italy (190 abs/km2), Albania (119.0 abs/km2). Less dense are such countries of the Balkan Peninsula as Croatia (85.3 ind./km2), Bosnia and Herzegovina (86.5 ind./km2), Macedonia (80.2 ind./km2) and Spain (77.5 ind./km2) . So, the center of Southern Europe - peninsula is the most densely populated, in particular the fertile Padana Plain and most of the coastal lowlands. The least densely populated are the highlands of Spain, where there are less than 10 people per km2.

In the South European macro-region, the birth rate is almost the same as in the Western European macro-region - 11 children per 1,000 inhabitants and is second only to Northern Europe, where this figure in 1999 was almost 12%. Among individual countries, Albania occupies the first place in this indicator, where the birth rate reaches 23 people per 1 thousand inhabitants per year, and the natural increase is 18 people. On the second - Macedonia, where these figures are 16 and 8, respectively, and on the third - fourth - Malta, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the industrialized countries of the South, the birth rate is much lower. So, in Italy - 9% with a negative growth (-1), in Slovenia - 10 people with zero natural growth. Infant mortality is slightly higher in southern European countries than in Western and Northern Europe, but four deaths per 1,000 live births are lower than in Eastern Europe. Among individual countries, it is in the Adriatic-Black Sea subregion, in particular in Albania, Macedonia, Romania and the former Yugoslavia - respectively 33, 24, 23, 22 and 18 child deaths per 1000 births. Thus, mortality is highest in post-socialist countries with low living standards.

Per last years The average life expectancy of the population in the region has risen to 70 years for men and 76 years for women. Men live longer in Greece (75 years) and in Italy, Andorra, Malta, respectively, 74 years, and women - in Italy, Spain and Andorra, respectively, 81 years. According to UN forecasts, in the next ten years, the average life expectancy of men and women in Southern Europe should increase to 73 and 79 years, respectively.

Southern Europe is the least urbanized on the European continent. Here, 56.1% of the population lives in cities. The largest cities in the region are Athens (3662 thousand), Madrid (3030), Rome (2791), Belgrade, Zaragoza, Milan, Naples, Bucharest and others. Most of the southern cities were founded a very long time ago, back in the pre-Christian era. In many of them, monuments of the ancient period and later eras (Rome, Athens and dozens of other equally famous southern cities) have been preserved.

Southern Europe is quite racially homogeneous. The population of the region belongs to the Mediterranean or southern branch of the Caucasoid big race(white). Her characteristic features are small stature, dark wavy hair and brown eyes. Almost the entire population of southern Europe speaks Indo-European languages language family. The population of Italy, Spain, Romania, Portugal belongs to the Romance peoples who speak languages ​​that are formed from ancient Latin. Their largest groups are Italians, Spaniards, Romanians. In the high Alpine regions of Italy live Ladino, Friuli, who speak Romansh, in Spain - Catalans and Galicians. Portugal is settled by the Portuguese. Southern Slavs live on the Balkan Peninsula. These include Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and Macedonians. The South Slavic peoples belong to the Mediterranean race. In addition to the Slavs, Albanians and Greeks live here. The South Slavic influence is strong in the language and culture of the Albanians. Ethnic Greeks are the descendants of the ancient Greeks - Hellenes, who were subjected to strong influence Slavs. The anthropological type of modern Greeks differs from the ancient Greek, speech has changed.

From non-Roman peoples on the Iberian Peninsula live the Basques, who inhabit a small area of ​​​​Northern Spain. These are the descendants of the Iberians - an ancient population who have preserved their language and cultural elements. Most The population of Romania is made up of Romanians, who formed in united nation from two close peoples - the Vlachs and the Moldavians.

The countries of Southern Europe are distinguished by their location on large peninsulas - the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan, deeply protruding into the Mediterranean Sea. The largest states of this part of Europe are Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece. In addition to them, in Southern Europe there are several of the smallest, "dwarf" states in the world. (What do you know about them?)

Specify the main features geographical location countries of southern Europe. Find the capitals of the countries named in the text. Remember the main features of the nature of Ancient Italy and Ancient Greece.

The countries of Southern Europe have much in common in nature and in the economic activity of the population.

Italy is one of ancient states world, distinguished by its rich history and typically Mediterranean nature. It occupies the Apennine Peninsula, large islands in the Mediterranean - Sicily and Sardinia, as well as part of the mainland.

Mountains stretch across almost the entire territory of the country. northern part occupies the largest mountain system in all of Europe and Italy - the Alps. Their mountain peaks on the northern border reach almost 5 thousand m (Mount Blanc - 4807 m). This is an area of ​​young folding on the border lithospheric plates. It coincides with the Euro-Asian seismic belt. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur here. The most famous of the volcanoes is Vesuvius. Mount Etna is located on the island of Sicily. Earthquakes are most frequent in Central and Southern Italy.

The Apennines are inferior in height to the Alps and do not exceed 3000 m above sea level. They don't have permanent snow. The Apennines are composed of limestone and sandstone, which is favorable for the formation of caves and grottoes.

There are few lowlands in Italy, they stretch in a narrow strip along the coasts. The largest - the Padan Plain - is located along the valley of the Po River. This is the main granary of the country, where fruit orchards and vineyards, grain crops, sugar beets are everywhere.

Rice. 107. In the mountainous regions of Italy

Italy is relatively poor in minerals, with the exception of mercury ore and sulfur. There are small deposits of polymetallic ores. But many different building materials- marble, granites, volcanic tuffs.

Great length of the country from north to south, security from the north high mountains and the influence of the warm and non-freezing sea determine the climate of the country. The further south, the warmer it gets. The Padan Plain has a warm temperate climate, with hot summers but cold and foggy winters.

Much of the country has a Mediterranean climate with long, hot summers and warm, wet winters. The average January temperature is above 0°C. In winter it often rains, the sky is covered with clouds. Snow on the Apennine Peninsula falls very rarely.

Rice. 108. In the south of the Balkan Peninsula. Greece

The climate of the Alps is typical for mountains. It varies from the foot to the top, from moderately warm to cold. In the mountains, the snow does not melt for several months, and the peaks of the mountains are covered with eternal snow. In the Alps, there is especially a lot of precipitation, up to 3000 mm in the western, highest part. They are brought by damp westerly winds.

The rivers of Italy are short and fast-flowing. Unlike other European rivers, they flood in winter. The longest and deepest river is Po. She carries great amount suspended particles and forms a delta when it flows into the Adriatic Sea. On the Apennine Peninsula, the largest river is the Tiber, on which the capital of the country, Rome, is located.

There are many relatively large lakes of glacial origin in the Alps. World-class resorts have been created on their beautiful shores.

The soils of Italy are favorable for agriculture, growing fruit trees, grapes.

Italy is located in a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs, but the forests are almost not preserved. The slopes of the hills and foothills are covered with dense thickets of evergreen shrubs and low trees. On the plains, the land is used for various agricultural crops.

To protect the flora and fauna in the high parts of the Alps and the Apennines, national parks have been created. In Italy, floods are not uncommon, causing great damage to the local population. The enterprises located on the coast pollute the Mediterranean Sea.

Population. In terms of population in foreign Europe, Italy is second only to Germany. The main population is Italians, their language belongs to the Romance group. The highest population density is in the north of the country, where there are many cities, and around Naples. Relatively rare population in the mountains. Many Italians live and work in neighboring Switzerland and Germany. More than half of the population lives in cities.

Italy is an industrial country. Most of the population is employed in factories and plants. Since there are not enough own minerals, imported raw materials are mostly used. The country produces a variety of cars, among which the production of cars stands out, in their manufacture Italy occupies one of the first places in the world. There are many factories that refine oil into fuel and chemical products - plastics, synthetic fibers, fabrics made from them, yarn, varnishes and paints. Almost all oil is imported from abroad, mainly from Southwest Asia and North Africa. Many industrial enterprises located on the sea coast. Modern ships are being built in port cities. Italian motorcycles and scooters are also known. Italy is the birthplace of scooters.

High temperatures in summer and warm, wet winters favor the cultivation of a wide variety of crops. Cereals can produce two crops a year, but dry summers require artificial irrigation in many places. The main grain crop is wheat. Everyone knows the traditional Italian dish made from wheat flour - pasta, of which there are several dozen types. On the irrigated lands of the Padana Plain large areas busy with rice and vegetables.

Rice. 109. On the Mediterranean coast

Italy is called the "main garden" of Europe, so diverse are the grown fruits - apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, figs. In the southern part of the country, and especially in Sicily, plantations of oranges, tangerines, lemons, vineyards are everywhere. Italy is second only to Spain in harvesting olives.

Big number sunny days, beautiful nature, warm sea, an abundance of historical monuments attract millions of tourists from around the world to Italy. In Rome, a city with almost three thousand years of history, buildings and ruins of buildings built at the beginning of our era have been preserved. Part of the city is occupied by the "dwarf" state of the Vatican, where the head of the Catholic Church is located.

1. What changes did the economic activity of the population bring to the nature of Italy?
2. Find the largest cities in the country on the comprehensive map of Western and Southern Europe.
3. Find areas where crops, rice, fruits are grown.

Municipal State Educational Institution Basic Educational School in Ramonovo Settlement

Public lesson

by geography on the topic:

“Countries of Southern Europe.

Italy"

Prepared by:

geography teacher

first qualification category

Elkanova L.Kh.

2015

Demonstration of the presentation “Countries of Southern Europe. Italy" slide 1.

The purpose of the lesson: name and show the countries of Southern Europe and their capitals on political map; describe the geographical position, climate, inland waters of Italy, vegetation and animal world, population, industrial development and sights of the country. develop feelings of will and independence (development of initiative, self-confidence, perseverance, the ability to overcome difficulties, achieve the intended goal, the ability to control oneself, endurance, self-control, the ability to act independently)Slide 2.

Lesson type: study of new educational material.

Type of lesson: lesson is a lecture.

Teaching methods and techniques: dialogic method.

Tasks:

Educational:

to introduce students to all the countries of Southern Europe;

to form knowledge about the features of the nature and development of Italy.

Developing:

learn to identify from an atlas geographic features(countries and their capitals);

develop the communication skills of students through the use of information technology;

Educational:

education of cognitive interest among students in geography; instill love for the subject.

Equipment:

interactive board,

multimedia presentation,

projector, computer,

World map,

a map of Europe.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Survey.

Let's remember what we learned in the last lesson.

Express survey. Test (Program SMART notebook ). Slide 3. Moving objects around interactive whiteboard, you will have to give the correct answer. So, let's begin.

Learning new material.

The countries of Southern Europe are distinguished by their location on large peninsulas - the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan, deeply protruding into the Mediterranean Sea.slide 4. The largest states of this part of Europe are Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece.Slide 5. In addition to them, in Southern Europe there are several of the smallest, "dwarf" states in the world.slide 6.

The countries of Southern Europe have much in common in nature and in the economic activity of the population.

Italy is one of the oldest countries in the world, distinguished by its rich history and typically Mediterranean nature. Known for its boot-like shape. It occupies the Apennine Peninsula, large islands in the Mediterranean Sea - Sicily and Sardinia, as well as part of the mainland.Slide 7.

Italy , official name -Italian Republic - statevSouthern Europe, in the centerMediterranean. The capital of Italy is the cityRome . Borders withFrance in the northwest, withSwitzerland and Austria - in the north andSlovenia - in the north-east. It also has internal borders withthe Vatican andSan Marino . Slide 7.

The origin of the word Italia is not exactly known. According to the most common point of view, the term came from Greece, and means"the country calves ». The bull was a symbol of the peoples who inhabited southern Italy, and was often depicted heading the Roman She-Wolf.

Mountains stretch across almost the entire territory of the country. The northern part is occupied by the largest mountain system in all of Europe and Italy - the Alps.slide 8. Their mountain peaks on the northern border reach almost 5 thousand meters. (Mount Blanc - 4807 m).Slide 9 . By the way, in Italy this mountain in Italy is called Monte Bianco. This is an area of ​​young folding at the boundary of lithospheric plates. It coincides with the Euro-Asian seismic belt. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur here. The most famous of the volcanoes is Vesuvius.slide 10. Watch the video and answer what you saw.Slide 11 (Vesuvius 1).

Report of Katipova Farida. Slide 11 (Vesuvius 2)

Mount Etna is located on the island of Sicily.slide 12. Earthquakes are most frequent in Central and Southern Italy. Watch the video and answer what you saw.

The Apennines are inferior in height to the Alps and do not exceed 3000 m above sea level.slide 13. They don't have permanent snow.

There are few lowlands in Italy, they stretch in a narrow strip along the coasts. The largest - the Padan Plain - is located along the valley of the Po River.. slide 14. This is the main granary of the country, where fruit orchards and vineyards, grain crops, sugar beets are everywhere.slide 15.

Italy is relatively poor in minerals, with the exception of mercury ore and sulfur. There are small deposits of polymetallic ores. But there are many different building materials - marble, granite, volcanic tuffs.slide 16.

The great length of the country from north to south, the protection from the north by high mountains and the influence of the warm and non-freezing sea determine the climate of the country. The further south, the warmer it gets. The Padan Plain has a warm temperate climate, with hot summers but cold and foggy winters.slide 17.

Much of the country has a Mediterranean climate with long, hot summers and warm, wet winters. The average January temperature is above 0⁰С. In winter it often rains, the sky is covered with clouds. Snow on the Apennine Peninsula falls very rarely.

Now let's take a lookvideo report , which was prepared for us by Afrasimova Madina.slide 18.

Population . In terms of population in foreign Europe, Italy is second only to Germany.slide 19. The main population is Italians, their language belongs to the Romance group. The highest population density is in the north of the country, where there are many cities, and around Naples. Relatively rare population in the mountains. Many Italians live and work in neighboring Switzerland and Germany. More than half of the population lives in cities.slide 20.

Italy is an industrial country. Most of the population is employed in factories and plants.Slide 21. Since there are not enough own minerals, imported raw materials are mostly used. The country produces a variety of cars, among which the production of cars stands out, in their manufacture Italy occupies one of the first places in the world.slide 22. Many factories refining oil into fuel and chemical products - plastics, synthetic fibers, fabrics from them, yarn, varnishes and paints. slide 23. Almost all oil is imported from abroad, mainly from Southwest Asia and North Africa. Many industrial enterprises are located on the sea coast. Modern ships are also built here. Italian motorcycles and scooters are also known. Italy is the birthplace of scooters.

Italy is called the "main garden" of Europe, so diverse are the grown fruits - apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, figs.slide 24. In the southern part of the country, and especially in Sicily, plantations of oranges, tangerines, lemons, vineyards are everywhere.Slide 25 . Italy is second only to Spain in harvesting olives.

Video "Agriculture in Sicily" slide 26.

High temperatures in summer and warm, wet winters favor the cultivation of a wide variety of crops. Cereals can produce two crops a year, but dry summers require artificial irrigation in many places. The main grain crop is wheat. slide 27. Everyone knows the traditional Italian dish made from wheat flour - pasta, of which there are several dozen types.slide 28. On the irrigated lands of the Padana Plain, large areas are occupied by rice and vegetable crops.

A large number of sunny days, beautiful nature, warm sea, an abundance of historical monuments attract millions of tourists to Italy from around the world.slide 29. In Rome, a city with almost three thousand years of history, buildings and ruins of buildings built a very long time ago have been preserved. Part of the city is occupied by the "dwarf" state of the Vatican, where the head of the Catholic Church is located.

Coliseum or Flavian amphitheater - amphitheater, architectural monument ancient rome, the most famous and one of the most grandiose structures of the ancient world that have survived to our time. Is in Rome. slide 30.

Video "Colosseum" slide 31.

Consolidation.

So, you got acquainted with the countries of Southern Europe. Particularly with Italy. And now let's check the knowledge gained on this country(Handout).

We continue to fix. You need to answer some interesting questions. slide 32.

Summary of the lesson.

Italy…- The cradle of civilization, which gave rise to the existence of all countries of Western Europe, their languages ​​and national cultures. Not a single era has done without the active participation of Italy: it is worth remembering at least the Roman Empire, which conquered half the world more than three thousand years ago. Or the Renaissance, without which we would not have seen the world in its usual form. A great contribution to world culture was made by Michelangelo, Dante Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci, Petrarch - and all of them are natives of this fertile region.slide 33.

Homework. §72, write down the questions at the end of the paragraph.

Sources:

Internet resources;

Textbook "Geography of continents and oceans", Grade 7, Korinskaya V.A., Dushina I.V., Shchenev V.A.slide 34.

The video tutorial allows you to get an interesting and detailed information about the countries of Southern Europe. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of Southern Europe, the characteristics of the countries of the region, their geographical position, nature, climate, place in this subregion. The teacher will tell you in detail about the main country of Southern Europe - Italy. In addition, the lesson provides interesting information about a tiny country - the Vatican.

Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe

Lesson:Southern Europe

Rice. 1. Map of the subregions of Europe. Southern Europe highlighted in green ()

Southern Europe- cultural and geographical region, which includes states located on the southern peninsular and insular parts of the region.

Compound:

1. Spain.

2. Andorra.

3. Portugal.

4. Italy.

5. Vatican.

6. San Marino.

7. Greece.

8. Croatia.

9. Montenegro.

10. Serbia.

11. Albania.

12. Slovenia.

13. Bosnia and Herzegovina.

14. Macedonia.

15. Malta.

16. Sometimes Cyprus is referred to as Southern Europe.

Southern Europe is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

The climate in most of southern Europe is subtropical Mediterranean.

Almost the entire territory of Southern Europe is located within hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs.

The population of the region exceeds 160 million people.

Southern European countries with the largest population:

1. Italy (61 million people).

2. Spain (47 million people).

3. Portugal and Greece (11 million people each).

At the same time, the population of the Vatican is less than 1000 people, and the population density is almost 2000 people. per sq. km.

The most numerous peoples of Southern Europe:

1. Italians.

2. Spaniards.

3. Portuguese.

The religious composition of the region is diverse. In general, the southwestern countries of the region profess Catholicism, the southeastern countries - Orthodoxy, Albania and partly in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Islam.

Rice. 2. Map of the religious denominations of Europe (blue - Catholicism, purple - Protestantism, pink - Orthodoxy, yellow - Islam). ()

According to the form of government, Spain, Andorra, the Vatican are monarchies.

The most powerful economies in the region are Italy and Spain.

All the countries of Southern Europe are characterized by the modern type of population reproduction.

Most high level urbanization in Spain (91%) and Malta (89%).

In most countries, the mining industry, agriculture, mountain pastoral animal husbandry, the production of machinery and instruments, fabrics, leather, the cultivation of grapes and citrus fruits are widespread. Tourism is very common. Spain and Italy are world leaders in tourism. The main branch of specialization, in addition to international tourism, is agriculture, in particular, this area is rich in grapes, olives, quite high rates in the cultivation of cereals and legumes (Spain - 22.6 million tons, Italy - 20.8 million tons), as well as vegetables and fruits (Spain - 11.5 million tons, Italy - 14.5 million tons). Despite the predominance of agriculture, there are also industrial areas, in particular, the cities of Genoa, Turin and Milan are the main industrial cities of Italy. It should be noted that they are located mainly in the north, closer to the countries of Western Europe.

Italy. Population - 61 million people (4th place in foreign Europe). Capital - Rome.

The full name is the Italian Republic. It borders France in the northwest, Switzerland and Austria in the north, and Slovenia in the northeast. It also has internal borders with the Vatican and San Marino. The country occupies the Apennine Peninsula, the Padan Plain, the southern slopes of the Alps, the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and a number of small islands.

Italy has a variety of minerals, but their deposits are for the most part small, dispersed over the territory, and often lie inconveniently for development. Italy is a developed industrial and agricultural country. It is characterized by a combination of highly developed industry in the north and backward agriculture in the southern regions. The economy is dominated by powerful industrial and banking monopolies. In agriculture, especially in the south, the survivals of feudalism are strong and backward forms of agriculture dominate. Much land still belongs to large landowners. Peasants rent tiny plots and pay for it up to half of the harvest. Italy is poor in coal and iron ore, but in its bowels there is a lot of mercury, pyrites, gas, marble, and sulfur. About 40% of the electricity consumed by the Italian industry is provided by hydroelectric power stations. The most powerful of them are built on the northern rivers. Italy became the first country in the world to make extensive use of groundwater heat for electricity generation. Several nuclear power plants have been built. The leading place in the industry is occupied by mechanical engineering. Italian factories produce cars, motorcycles, aircraft, and ships.

Over the past twenty years, 6 million Italians have left in search of work in other countries. The army of the unemployed is constantly replenished by ruined peasants. V agriculture Italy the leading place belongs to agriculture. Dairy and meat animal husbandry is developed only in the northern regions. The most common cereals are wheat and corn.

Grapes are grown everywhere. The area occupied by vineyards is larger here than in any other country in the world. Italy exports a lot of wine, as well as oranges, lemons, and vegetables. There are many large industrial cities in the north. The most significant of them is Milan. It is the economic capital of Italy. Industrial districts surround the city in a continuous ring. The plants and factories of Milan are owned by several trusts that control a significant part of the country's industry.

On the coast of the Ligurian Sea, in Northern Italy, there is the largest seaport in the country - Genoa. Genoa is a large industrial city. Here are the country's largest shipyards, oil refineries, metallurgical and machine-building plants.

Of all the developed countries, Italy has the sharpest territorial contrasts in the level of industrialization. In Southern Italy, less than 15% of the economically active population is employed in industry, and about 40% in the Northwest. The vast majority of the most advanced science-intensive industries are also concentrated here.

The regional policy pursued by the Italian government and the EU is aimed at eliminating the economic backwardness of a number of central and southern regions of the country. The industrialization carried out in these areas involves the construction of small enterprises of light and Food Industry in small and medium towns of Central and Southern Italy. There is an accelerated development of coastal industrial centers (Ravenna, Taranto, Cagliari in Sardinia, etc.) based on the use of imported raw materials, in particular oil.

In the structure of Italian industry, there is a constant increase in the share of the manufacturing industry - the basis of Italian industry. The leading place in the manufacturing industry is occupied by the machine-building complex, whose share exceeds 35%. These include: general engineering; production Vehicle; production of electrical and electronic equipment; metalworking and production of metal products.

There is some lagging behind Italy from other industrial countries in terms of scientific potential, so the country in the MGRT specializes in the production of machinery and equipment of medium and low science intensity, supplying a fairly wide range of engineering products to the world market. In particular, it is one of the largest manufacturers of agricultural machinery, electrical household, packaging and food equipment, machine tools, textile machinery, rolling stock and other vehicles.

Italy is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of consumer goods of high quality and exquisite design.

Fuel and energy complex. Italy is extremely poor in energy sources and has an unfavorable energy balance. On average, only 17% of needs are covered by own resources. Almost 70% of the energy balance comes from oil. According to this indicator, Italy is comparable among post-industrial countries only with Japan: about 15% - for natural gas, 7 - 8% - for coal, hydro- and geothermal energy. Own oil production is small - 1.5 million tons per year. Italy buys 98% of all oil consumed abroad (over 75 million tons). Oil comes from Saudi Arabia, Libya, Russia. Italy has the largest oil refining industry in Western Europe in terms of installed capacity (200 million tons), but its utilization rate is very low. Gas is imported from Russia, Algeria, the Netherlands. Italy buys about 80% of solid fuel. Hard coal is imported from the USA and South Africa.

Over 3/4 of electricity is generated at thermal power plants, which use mainly fuel oil. Therefore, electricity is expensive, there is a large import of electricity from France. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, it was decided to stop the operation of existing nuclear power plants and not build new ones. The main goals of the state energy program are to save energy consumption and reduce oil imports.

Ferrous metallurgy of Italy works on imported raw materials. Own production is insignificant - 185 thousand tons per year. Coking coal is imported entirely from abroad, mainly from the USA. Italy is a major exporter of scrap metal, as well as ores of alloying metals.

The import of raw materials for the industry predetermined the placement of the largest metallurgical plants on the sea coast in Genoa, Naples, Piombino, Taranto (the last, the largest in the EU, with a capacity of 10 million tons of steel per year).

On the world market, Italy specializes in the production of thin, cold-rolled steel and steel pipes. The main products of non-ferrous metallurgy are aluminum, zinc, lead and mercury.

The country ranks second in the EU and sixth in the world in metal rolling, accounting for 40% of ferrous metal production in the EU.

The Italian chemical industry specializes in the production of petrochemicals, polymers (especially polyethylene, polypropylene) and synthetic fibers.

The industry is highly monopolized, dominated by large firms. ENI ranks first in Europe in the production of acrylic fibers, second in the production of plastics, and third in the production of fertilizers. "Montedison" provides 1/4 of the production of chemical fertilizers in the country. "SNIA" specializes in the production of chemical fibers, plastics, dyes, plant protection products, medicines.

Italy ranks fifth in the world in drug production.

The oldest and most important region of the chemical industry is the North-West. Due to exacerbation environmental situation, lack of free space, difficulties with power supply, this region specializes in the production of fine chemicals. Major centers are: Milan, Turin, Mantova, Savona, Novara, Genoa.

Northeast Italy specializes in the production of bulk petrochemicals, fertilizers, synthetic rubber (Venice, Porto Marghera, Ravenna).

Profile of Central Italy - inorganic chemistry (Rosignano, Follonica, Piombino, Terni and others).

Southern Italy specializes in the production of organic synthesis products, mineral fertilizers (Brenzi, Augusta, Gele, Torto Torres and others).

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of Italian industry. It employs 2/5 of all industrial workers, creates 1/3 of the total value of industrial output and 1/3 of the country's exports.

The industry is characterized by a high share of transport engineering in production and exports. Italy is one of the world's leading car manufacturers. The largest automobile company is Fiat (Italian car factory in Turin). It is diversified and produces locomotives and wagons, tractors, marine and aircraft engines, road transport vehicles, machine tools, and robots. The capital of Fiat is Turin, where the headquarters and the largest Mirafiori factory are located; automobile plants have also been built in Milan, Naples, Bolzano, and Modena. The company has its branches in many countries of the world. In the 1960s participated in the construction of the giant plant VAZ in Togliatti. Fiat is one of the top ten largest car manufacturers, accounting for 5.3% of world production.

Rice. 4. Car "FIAT" 1899. ()

Ferrari is known for making racing cars.

The international specialization of Italy is the production of not only cars, but also motorcycles, scooters, mopeds and bicycles.

Shipbuilding is a crisis branch of transport engineering; the tonnage of ships launched annually does not exceed 250 - 350 thousand barrels. reg. t. Shipbuilding centers: Monofalcone, Genoa, Trieste, Taranto.

Diverse products manufactured by the electrical industry - refrigerators, washing machines, televisions. The industry is highly concentrated in Milan, its suburbs and in neighboring cities - Varese, Como and Bergamo.

The production of products in electronics is growing. Italy produces personal computers, electronic components.

Light industry was developed in Italy. The country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of cotton and woolen fabrics, clothing and footwear, furniture, jewelry and earthenware, etc. Italy ranks second in the world after China in the production of footwear. Italy is famous for its designer houses.

Rice. 5. Giorgio Armani - Italian fashion designer ()

Services sector. Tourism and banking play a leading role in the industry. Tourism is the most important source of income. More than 50 million tourists visit Italy every year. More than 3/4 of the total turnover of the Italian tourism business falls on three cities: Rome, Venice and Florence. Almost all tourists arriving in Rome visit the unique state of the Vatican. So-called shopping tourism is also developing, attracting wholesalers of Italian small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as individual consumers of Italian clothing and footwear.

In Italy, all types of transport are well developed. More than 90% of passengers and 80% of cargo are transported by cars. The main transport artery of the country is the "freeway of the sun", connecting Turin and Milan through Bologna and Florence with Rome. In the external transport of goods, maritime transport prevails; 80 - 90% of imported goods are delivered by sea. The largest ports are Genoa (handling 50 million tons per year) and Trieste (35 million tons per year). The country's main coastal port is Naples.

Agriculture is dominated by crop production. The main crops are wheat, corn, rice (1st place in terms of collection in Europe; over 1 million tons per year), sugar beet. Italy is one of the world's largest and Europe's leading producers of citrus fruits (over 3.3 million tons per year), tomatoes (over 5.5 million tons), grapes (about 10 million tons per year; over 90% is processed into wine) , olives. Floriculture and poultry farming are developed.

Vatican located on the Vatican Hill in the northwestern part of Rome, a few hundred meters from the Tiber. The Vatican is surrounded on all sides by Italian territory. The Vatican has a non-profit planned economy. Sources of income - primarily donations from Catholics around the world. Part of the funds is tourism (sale of postage stamps, Vatican euro coins, souvenirs, fees for visiting museums). Most of the workforce (museum attendants, gardeners, janitors, and so on) are Italian citizens.

Almost the entire population of the Vatican is subjects of the Holy See (citizenship of the Vatican does not exist).

The status of the Vatican in international law is an auxiliary sovereign territory of the Holy See, the seat of the highest spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church. The sovereignty of the Vatican is not independent (national), but stems from the sovereignty of the Holy See. In other words, its source is not the population of the Vatican, but the papacy.

Homework

Topic 6, Item 3

1. What are the features of the geographical location of Southern Europe?

2. Tell us about the economy of Italy.

Bibliography

Main

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Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute pedagogical measurements ().

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().