There are horse-drawn, automobile, agricultural (tractors and combines), railway, water, air and pipeline transport. The length of the world's main roads with hard surface exceeds 12 million km, air lines - 5.6 million km, railways - 1.5 million km, main pipelines - about 1.1 million km, inland waterways - more than 600 thousand km. Sea lines are many millions of kilometers.

All vehicles with autonomous prime movers pollute the atmosphere to some extent with chemical compounds contained in exhaust gases. On average, the contribution of certain types of vehicles to air pollution is as follows:

automobile - 85%;

sea ​​and river - 5.3%;

air - 3.7%;

railway - 3.5%;

agricultural - 2.5%.

In many large cities, such as Berlin, Mexico City, Tokyo, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, air pollution from automobile exhausts, according to various estimates, is from 80 to 95% of all pollution.

As for air pollution by other modes of transport, the problem is less acute here, since vehicles of these types are not concentrated directly in cities. So, in the largest railway junctions, all traffic has been switched to electric traction, and diesel locomotives are used only for shunting work. River and sea ports, as a rule, are located outside the residential areas of cities, and the movement of ships in the port areas is almost negligible. Airports, as a rule, are 20-40 km away from cities. In addition, large open spaces over airfields, as well as over river and sea ports, do not pose a danger of high concentrations of toxic impurities emitted by engines. Along with environmental pollution by harmful emissions, one should note the physical impact on the atmosphere in the form of the formation of anthropogenic physical fields (increased noise, infrasound, electromagnetic radiation). Of these factors, increased noise has the most massive impact. Transport is the main source of acoustic pollution of the environment. In large cities, the noise level reaches 70-75 dBA, which is several times higher than the permissible norms.

10.2. Automobile transport

The total world fleet of vehicles has more than 800 million units, of which 83-85% are cars, and 15-17% are trucks and buses. If the growth trends in the production of motor vehicles remain unchanged, then by 2015 the number of vehicles may increase to 1.5 billion units. Motor transport, on the one hand, consumes oxygen from the atmosphere, and on the other hand, it emits exhaust gases, crankcase gases and hydrocarbons into it due to their evaporation from fuel tanks and leakage of fuel supply systems. The car negatively affects almost all components of the biosphere: the atmosphere, water resources, land resources, the lithosphere and humans. An assessment of the environmental hazard through the resource and energy variables of the entire life cycle of a car from the moment of extraction of the mineral resources needed for its production to the recycling of waste after the end of its service showed that the environmental "cost" of a 1-ton car, in which approximately 2/3 of the mass is metal, equal to 15 to 18 tons of solid and 7 to 8 tons of liquid waste placed in the environment.

Emissions from motor vehicles are distributed directly to the streets of the city along the roads, having a direct harmful effect on pedestrians, residents of nearby houses and vegetation. It was revealed that zones with exceeding the MPC for nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide cover up to 90% of the urban area.

The car is the most active consumer of air oxygen. If a person consumes up to 20 kg of air (15.5 m 3) per day and up to 7.5 tons per year, then a modern car consumes about 12 m 3 of air or about 250 liters of oxygen in oxygen equivalent to burn 1 kg of gasoline. Thus, all road transport in the United States consumes 2 times more oxygen than nature regenerates it throughout their territory.

Thus, in large metropolitan areas, road transport absorbs ten times more oxygen than their entire population. Studies conducted on the highways of Moscow have shown that in calm calm weather and low atmospheric pressure on busy highways, the combustion of oxygen in the air often rises to 15% of its total volume.

It is known that at an oxygen concentration in the air below 17%, people develop symptoms of malaise, at 12% or less there is a danger to life, at a concentration below 11%, loss of consciousness occurs, and at 6%, breathing stops. On the other hand, there is not only little oxygen on these highways, but the air is still saturated with harmful substances from automobile exhaust. A feature of automobile emissions is also that they pollute the air at the height of human growth, and people breathe these emissions.

Composed of vehicle emissions includes about 200 chemical compounds, which, depending on the characteristics of the impact on the human body, are divided into 7 groups.

AT 1st group includes chemical compounds contained in the natural composition of atmospheric air: water (in the form of steam), hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Vehicles release into the atmosphere great amount steam, that in Europe and the European part of Russia it exceeds the mass of evaporation of all reservoirs and rivers. Because of this, cloudiness is growing, and the number of sunny days is noticeably reduced. Gray, without sun, days, unheated soil, constantly high humidity - all this contributes to the growth of viral diseases, a decrease in crop yields.

In 2nd group included carbon monoxide (maximum concentration limit 20 mg/m3; class 4). It is a colorless gas, odorless and tasteless, very slightly soluble in water. Inhaled by a person, it combines with blood hemoglobin and inhibits its ability to supply oxygen to body tissues. As a result, oxygen starvation of the body occurs and disturbances occur in the activity of the central nervous system. The effects of exposure depend on the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air; so, at a concentration of 0.05%, after 1 hour, signs of mild poisoning appear, and at 1%, loss of consciousness occurs after several breaths.

AT 3rd group includes nitric oxide (MPC 5 mg / m 3, 3 cells) - a colorless gas and nitrogen dioxide (MPC 2 mg / m 3, 3 cells) - a reddish-brown gas with a characteristic odor. These gases are impurities that contribute to the formation of smog. Getting into the human body, they, interacting with moisture, form nitrous and nitric acids (MPC 2 mg / m 3, 3 cells). The consequences of exposure depend on their concentration in the air, so, at a concentration of 0.0013%, there is a slight irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose, at 0.002%, the formation of metahemoglobin, at 0.008%, pulmonary edema.

AT 4th group includes hydrocarbons. The most dangerous of them is 3,4-benz (a) pyrene (MPC 0.00015 mg / m 3, 1 class) - a powerful carcinogen. Under normal conditions, this compound is a needle-shaped yellow crystals, poorly soluble in water and well - in organic solvents. In human serum, the solubility of benzo(a)pyrene reaches 50 mg/ml.

AT 5th group includes aldehydes. The most dangerous for humans are acrolein and formaldehyde. Acrolein is an aldehyde of acrylic acid (MPC 0.2 mg / m 3, 2 cells), colorless, with the smell of burnt fat and a very volatile liquid that dissolves well in water. A concentration of 0.00016% is the threshold of odor perception, at 0.002% the smell is difficult to tolerate, at 0.005% it is unbearable, and at 0.014 death occurs after 10 minutes. Formaldehyde (MPC 0.5 mg / m 3, 2 cells) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor, easily soluble in water.

At a concentration of 0.007%, it causes slight irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose, as well as the upper respiratory organs, at a concentration of 0.018%, the breathing process is complicated.

AT 6th group includes soot (MPC 4 mg / m 3, 3 cells), which has an irritating effect on the respiratory system. Studies conducted in the United States have revealed that 50-60 thousand people die every year from soot pollution in the air. It was found that soot particles actively adsorb benzo(a)pyrene on its surface, as a result of which the health of children suffering from respiratory diseases, people with asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, as well as the elderly deteriorates sharply.

AT 7th group includes lead and its compounds. Tetraethyl lead (MAC 0.005 mg/m 3 , 1 cell) is introduced into gasoline as an anti-knock additive. Therefore, about 80% of lead and its compounds that pollute the air enter it when using leaded gasoline. Lead and its compounds reduce the activity of enzymes and disrupt the metabolism in the human body, and also have a cumulative effect, i.e. ability to accumulate in the body. Lead compounds are especially harmful to the intellectual abilities of children. Up to 40% of the compounds that have got into it remain in the child's body. In the United States, the use of leaded gasoline is prohibited everywhere, and in Russia - in Moscow, St. Petersburg and a number of other large cities.

Exactly 25 years ago, a United Nations conference was held in sunny Brazil. During it, Russia was named one of the most environmentally disadvantaged countries. A quarter of a century has passed...

Perhaps things have gotten a little better? Not at all. On the contrary, the volume of emissions into the atmosphere is increasing every year. And in many respects the reason for the deterioration of the situation was the growing influence of cars, rail, hydro and air transport on the environment.

Transport bypassed metallurgy

According to statistics, in the 21st century, the share of all harmful transport emissions in environment reaches the limit. It has already exceeded similar indicators in energy, metallurgy, gas and many other industries.

Among the popular modes of transport by volume atmospheric pollution automotive is in the lead. The situation is especially acute in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar and other major Russian cities. After all, every fifth inhabitant of "millionaires" has his own car, which he operates daily.

What does this lead to? Let's move on to the language of numbers and bare facts. So:

• air pollution by emissions - 95% of total emissions;
• noise "garbage" - 50%;
• the total impact on the climate is 70%.

Each of these factors of the impact of motor transport on the environment deserves a separate discussion. So let's go in order!

Poisons thrown out by cars

Most modern cars "eat" gasoline. Just imagine: one ton of fuel emits up to 800 kg of harmful substances during the combustion process! But worst of all, if the engine runs on ethylated gasoline. In this case, lead will get into the air, which easily settles down and pollutes the soil. The relationship is as follows: a hazardous metal ends up in the ground, then accumulates in plants, then goes into the body of an animal or a person. Gradually accumulating in the cells, it can cause serious diseases, including oncology.

However, the matter is not limited to one lead. Cars "throw" into the air up to three hundred harmful chemical substances and connections.

• nitrogen oxides. Interacting with a humid environment, they form nitrous and nitric acids. They, in turn, lead to various disorders of the respiratory and circulatory system.
• Formaldehyde. An extremely toxic substance - at least causes allergies, at a maximum - malignant tumors, leukemia and mutational changes in the body.
• Benzene. It is a terrible carcinogen that provokes the development of anemia, sexual dysfunction and cancer.
• Sulfur dioxide. This is a highly toxic substance. First of all, it "beats" living organisms. As for a person, an excess causes kidney and heart failure, as well as a number of other pathologies.
• Soot and other solid particles. They enter the body of people, causing malfunctions internal organs. And a couple more “negatives” are related to the fact that these substances pollute water bodies, and also interfere with the normal growth of plants.
• Benzopyrene. It tends to accumulate in the body and eventually cause oncology.

I would like to dwell on the last “ingredient” of exhausts. To do this, let's go back to the summer of 2010, which was recognized as abnormally hot in the entire history of meteorological observations. Then a terrible smog hit the Russian capital. Because of him, many Muscovites were forced to take their children away from the metropolis. And they didn’t do it in vain, because smog contains benzopyrene in large quantities, which is dangerous for the child’s body.

So the car is not only the most emergency mode of transport. It is also a source of harmful emissions - a real time bomb.

From rubber dust to rusty bodies

On the one hand, the car improves the quality of human life. On your "iron horse" it is convenient to go to work, to shops, to visit and to rest ... On the other hand, it is cars that spoil this very quality of life! After all, the more cars there are in the settlement, the less green areas there will be: the maximum free area will be given over to roads, garages, and parking lots.

And now - about the less known ways of transport impact on the environment. We all know what car tires are made of. During their friction on the asphalt, fine, but harmful rubber dust gets into the air. It penetrates the respiratory organs of living beings (including humans) and worsens the general state of health. This problem is especially relevant for asthmatics and those who suffer from chronic bronchitis.

In addition, old bodies, tires and other “remains” continue to accumulate in landfills, the disposal of which requires money, time and enthusiasm.

But this is not all the consequences of global motorization! Few people know, but cars not only emit harmful substances into the atmosphere, but also absorb oxygen, which is so important for living organisms. So, just one car for a year of regular operation destroys over 4 tons of oxygen.

"Noisy" means "harmful"

Few think, but it's not only their exhaust that cars harm nature. There is such a thing as "noise exposure". Its source is a running engine, and its “victims” are humans, animals, insects, and even, as some biologists believe, trees and plants.

The background noise level is measured in decibels. For example, for a person, this indicator should not exceed 40 dB. However, a modern city with thousands of roaring cars stuns us with all 100 or more decibels!

Noise pollution leads to the following:

• mental and nervous disorders;
• hearing loss;
• constant feeling of fatigue.

Accumulating day after day, these consequences make us hostages of constant depression and reduced immunity.

A day without a car - driving a car? ..

What are the ways to reduce the transport load on the environment do experts offer? Some of them can only be performed at the state level. In particular, to remove transit cargo flows from the city limits. In fact, this requirement is fixed in the current rules and regulations. Another issue is that in practice they are not respected.

However, ordinary citizens can also reduce the harmful effects of cars. One of the most effective options is to change from your own cars to bike or city transport on weekdays.

So, starting from 2008, the action "Day without cars" has become traditional for Russia. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kursk, Ufa, Rostov-on-Don, Yekaterinburg, Kaluga, Vladivostok... These major cities have also joined the fight for “general greening”. Most conscious citizens on September 22 refuse to travel on the "iron horse" and move by any other means.

Alas, as statistics show, in 2016 the number of participants in the action was minimal. The psychology of those who did not want to give up a comfortable stay in the car is clear: "Let it be someone else, but not me." But this pseudo-logic is deadly; moreover, not only for us, but to a greater extent for our children and grandchildren. After all, it is they who inherit the “killed” ecology and the numerous diseases caused by it.

Danger on the rails

However, not only cars destroy the world around us. The influence of rail transport deserves a separate discussion. For starters, a few indicative figures. Our trains and other components of the industry annually consume:

• about 7% of all fuel produced in Russia;
• approximately 6% of electricity;
• up to 4.5% of forest resources.

On a national scale, these are huge numbers! In addition, the environmental impact of rail transport is reflected in a large amount of mechanical solid waste, as well as thermal radiation and vibrations that negatively affect living beings.

What can a man in the street do who has chosen railway? Of course, do not throw garbage out of the windows. Plastic bags, glass jars, plastic utensils… This is a small list of what is lying along the tracks in huge quantities and gradually poisoning the environment. So, if you are still thinking about traveling by train or train, stock up on individual garbage bags. Throw them away only in special bins to contribute to the protection of nature from the harmful effects of railway transport.

The railway industry is also a source of danger to soil and water resources. Indeed, as a result of the activity of each locomotive depot, industrial wastewater remains. They contain oil products, bacterial dirt, suspended particles, acids, alkalis, surfactants… And all this easily gets into the ground and water, poisoning them. And from there - a stone's throw to the human body.

Watercraft and their influence

Many inhabitants consider water transport environmentally friendly, but in vain. Pollution in this case occurs in two ways:

• sea ​​and river vessels worsen the state of the biosphere due to waste from operational activities;
• periodically occurring accidents on ships with toxic cargo (oil and oil products) are the causes of real environmental disasters.

A large percentage of harmful substances first enters the atmosphere, and then, together with precipitation, penetrates into the water. This is a well known fact.

On the other hand, oil tankers regularly flush their tanks. The goal is to remove the remnants of the previously transported cargo. As a result - extremely dirty water, saturated with oil residues. Usually it, without thinking about the damage caused, is simply poured overboard. But this is a real poison for aquatic flora and fauna.

The main "environmental sinner" of the future

And now for the unexpected. According to surveys, modern Russians consider one of the most environmentally friendly modes of transport ... airplanes. And this is a fundamental misconception! After all, the impact of aircraft on the atmosphere is incommensurable with other ways of moving in space. Moreover, experts say that in 10 years, air transport will become the main "environmental sinner", thus displacing the current "leader" - the car.

We list the main factors negative impact air transport on the environment:

• harmful engine emissions;
• high noise "throw-in";
• sonic booms (typical for flights at supersonic speeds).

Let's stop at the first, significant point. The fact is that all harmful emissions emanating from airplanes and helicopters are as close as possible to the ozone layer. And, accordingly, they destroy it much more intensively than those that come from our planet.

What is included in these emissions?

• about 70% - carbon dioxide;
• about 30% - water vapor;
• 2-5% - pollutants: sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides.

Thus, aircraft make their rather significant contribution to the formation of the greenhouse effect on the planet. And he is the main reason global warming, which leads to very serious consequences, such as the melting of glaciers, increased risks in the agricultural sector, etc.

The impact of transport on the environment is a topic that concerns each of us. Humanity is accustomed to comfortable life. But how quickly will it get used to a world with a disgusting air composition, polluted soils, poisoned water and a strong greenhouse effect? But all this is the price of convenience and high speeds, which we pay from the pocket of our descendants.

Introduction

The impact of motor transport on the state of the environment

Chemical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods for its prevention

1 Air pollution

2 Pollution of the lithosphere

3 Pollution of the hydrosphere

Physical impact of motor transport and methods of its prevention

Mechanical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods for its prevention

Conclusion

List of used literature

motor vehicle pollution environment

Introduction

The problem of reliable environmental protection, rational and maximum use natural resources is one of the most pressing global issues.

The transport complex, in particular in Russia, which includes road, sea, inland waterway, rail and air transport, is one of the largest air pollutants. Its impact on the environment is expressed mainly in the emissions of toxicants into the atmosphere with the exhaust gases of transport engines and harmful substances from stationary sources, as well as in pollution surface water facilities, education solid waste and exposure to traffic noise.

The main sources of environmental pollution and consumers of energy resources include road transport and the infrastructure of the motor transport complex.

Air pollutant emissions from cars are more than an order of magnitude larger than emissions from rail vehicles. Next come (in descending order) air transport, maritime transport and inland water transport. The non-compliance of vehicles with environmental requirements, the continued increase in traffic flows, the poor condition of roads - all this leads to a constant deterioration of the environmental situation.
In addition to poisoning with harmful emissions of air gases, road transport pollutes large areas with fuel and lubricants, and is a powerful source of increased noise and electromagnetic radiation.

The overall picture of environmental pollution by road transport continues to deteriorate.
In recent decades, due to the rapid development of road transport, the problems of its impact on the environment have become significantly aggravated. Cars burn a huge amount of oil products, causing significant damage to the environment, mainly the atmosphere.

Every year the number of vehicles is growing, and, consequently, the content of harmful substances in the atmospheric air is growing. The constant increase in the number of cars has a certain negative impact on the environment and human health.

1. The impact of vehicles on the environment

Nature is an integral system with many balanced connections. Violation of these bonds leads to a change in the cycles of substances and energy established in nature. Modern society production and consumption involves such an amount of matter and energy that is hundreds of times greater than the biological needs of man, which is the main cause of the current environmental crisis.

Today, the production activity of mankind is associated with the use of a variety of natural resources, covering most of the chemical elements. The increased technogenic impact on the natural environment has given rise to a number of environmental problems. The most acute are associated with the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

One of the problems of urbanized territories is the change in the properties of the environment under the influence of vehicles. Types of motor transport impact on the environment are presented in fig. one.

Scheme 1. The impact of vehicles on the environment

2. Chemical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods for its prevention

2.1 Air pollution

The share of vehicles in a number of regions accounts for over 50% of the total emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Atmospheric pollution by mobile sources of vehicles occurs to a greater extent with exhaust gases through the exhaust system of an automobile engine, and also, to a lesser extent, with crankcase gases.

Each car emits about 200 different components into the atmosphere with exhaust gases. The main types of pollutant emissions from mobile sources, their impact on the human body and the environment are presented in the table.

Crankcase gases are a mixture of part of the exhaust gases that have penetrated through the leakage of the piston rings into the crankcase of the engine, with engine oil vapor. The amount of crankcase gases in the engine increases with increasing wear. In addition, it depends on driving conditions and engine operation.

Evaporation of gasoline in the car occurs when the engine is running and when it is not running. They arise not only in mobile sources, but also in stationary sources, which, first of all, include gas stations. They receive, store and sell gasoline and other petroleum products in large quantities. This is a serious conduit for environmental pollution, both as a result of fuel vapors and spills.

Roads are one of the sources of dust formation in the surface air layer. When driving, abrasion of road surfaces and car tires occurs, the wear products of which are mixed with solid particles of exhaust gases. Added to this is the dirt brought onto the roadway from the soil layer adjacent to the road. The chemical composition and amount of dust depends on the pavement materials.

The modern world is hard to imagine without a large number vehicles, therefore, in order to maintain the ecological and economic balance, it is advisable to develop a system of measures aimed at improving the quality of atmospheric air

Scheme 2. System of measures aimed at improving the quality of atmospheric air

Only the comprehensive implementation of technological, planning, organizational and technical measures can lead to an improvement in the quality of the environment in the city.

2.2 Pollution of the lithosphere

Substances that enter the atmospheric air with exhaust gases, and then settle on the soil. Soils have the ability to retain and preserve both atmospheric and groundwater, enriching the soil with chemical compounds and thereby influencing the formation of one or another type of soil. It is determined that the soil makes a finite number of elements infinite. This happens because the soil is involved in a number of biospheric cyclic processes. Elements found in soil, water, soil air can enter into an almost unlimited number of contacts and form an infinite number of bonds.

The soil - component almost all biospheric cycles of substances. Metals and their compounds are the main soil pollutants. Soil contamination with lead is massive and dangerous. Lead compounds are used as additives to gasoline, so motor vehicles are a serious source of lead pollution. Especially a lot of lead in soils along major highways.

When burning 1 liter of leaded gasoline, 200 to 500 mg of lead is released. This highly active, dispersed lead enriches the soil along the roads.

As long as heavy metals are firmly bound to the constituents of the soil and are difficult to access, their negative impact on the soil and the environment will be negligible. However, if soil conditions allow heavy metals to pass into the soil solution, there is a direct danger of soil contamination, there is a possibility of their penetration into plants, as well as into the human body and animals that consume these plants. The danger of contamination of soils and plants depends on: the type of plants; forms of chemical compounds in the soil; the presence of elements that counteract the influence of heavy metals and substances that form complex compounds with them; from adsorption and desorption processes; the amount of available forms of these metals in the soil and soil and climatic conditions. Therefore, the negative effect of heavy metals depends essentially on their mobility, i.e. solubility.

Self-purification of soils is usually a slow process. Toxic substances accumulate, which contributes to a gradual change in the chemical composition of soils, disruption of the unity of the geochemical environment and living organisms. From the soil, toxic substances can enter the organisms of animals and people and cause severe illness and death.

The size of the zone of influence of vehicles on ecosystems varies greatly. The width of roadside anomalies in the content of lead in the soil can reach 100-150m. Forest belts along the roads trap the flows of lead from vehicles in their crowns. In the conditions of the city, the size of lead pollution is determined by the building conditions and the structure of green spaces. In dry weather, lead accumulates on the surface of plants, but after heavy rains, a significant part of it (up to 45%) is washed off.

In order to reduce lead pollution, it is necessary to reduce the use of leaded gasoline, because. this gasoline is the source of lead emissions into the atmosphere. It is also necessary to create a number of installations that would retain lead, i.e. the amount of lead settled in these installations. Natural such installation are any kinds of vegetation.

2.3 Pollution of the hydrosphere

Pollution of water bodies is understood as a decrease in their biospheric functions and ecological significance as a result of the entry of harmful substances into them. Water pollution by transport waste is manifested in a change in physical and organoleptic properties (violation of transparency, color, odors, taste), an increase in the content of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, toxic heavy metals, a reduction in air oxygen dissolved in water, and the appearance of radioactive elements. It has been established that more than 400 types of substances emitted during the operation of vehicles can cause water pollution. If the permissible norm is exceeded by at least one of the three indicators of harmfulness: sanitary-toxicological, general sanitary or organoleptic, the water is considered contaminated.

Intensive pollution of the hydrosphere by vehicles occurs due to the following factors. One of them is the lack of garages for thousands of individual cars stored in open areas, in the yards of residential buildings. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the network of repair services for personal vehicles is not sufficiently developed. This forces their owners to carry out repairs and maintenance on their own, which they do, of course, without taking into account the environmental consequences. An example would be private car washes or unauthorized car wash sites: due to the lack of washing facilities, this operation is often carried out on the banks of a river, lake or pond.

Meanwhile, motorists increasingly use synthetic detergents in large volumes, which pose a certain danger to water bodies. Storm sewage from the surface of highways, gas station sites, from the territory of motor transport and auto repair enterprises is also a powerful source of pollution. water basins in urban areas with oil products, phenols and easily oxidized organic substances. The intake of heavy metals and toxic substances with effluents severely limits the consumption and use of water resources.

To reduce surface water pollution in open water bodies, it is necessary to create a drainless water supply system in areas used for washing cars, as well as to build local treatment facilities with subsequent dilution of the residual amount of pollutants. Practice has shown that the existing technological processes for the disposal of wastewater contribute to the removal of 95-99% of organic matter and 40-99% of suspended solids. However, they practically do not reduce the content of salts in them, of which the greatest danger is posed by toxic substances, including carcinogens, which include one of the most toxic - tetraethyl lead.

3. Physical impact of vehicles and methods of its prevention

The level of street noise is determined by the intensity, speed and nature (composition) of the traffic flow. In addition, it depends on planning decisions (longitudinal and transverse profile of streets, building height and density) and such landscaping elements as roadway coverage and the presence of green spaces. Each of these factors can change the level of traffic noise up to 10 dB.

In an industrial city, the percentage of freight transport on highways is usually high. An increase in the general traffic flow of trucks, especially heavy trucks with diesel engines, leads to an increase in noise levels. The noise that occurs on the roadway of the highway extends not only to the territory adjacent to the highway, but also deep into residential buildings. Noise levels measured in living rooms with open windows oriented to the indicated highways are only 10-15 dB lower.

The acoustic characteristic of the traffic flow is determined by the vehicle noise indicators. The noise produced by individual transport crews depends on many factors: engine power and operation mode, technical condition of the crew, quality of the road surface, speed of movement. Significant noise causes sudden braking of the car when driving at high speed.

Recently middle level the noise produced by transport increased by 12-14 dB. That is why the problem of combating noise in the city is becoming increasingly acute.

In conditions of strong urban noise, there is a constant voltage of the auditory analyzer. The damage that strong noise causes to hearing depends on the spectrum of sound vibrations and the nature of their change. The risk of possible hearing loss due to noise is highly dependent on the individual.

Noise in big cities reduces the life expectancy of a person, and can also cause nervous exhaustion, mental depression, autonomic neurosis, peptic ulcer, disorders of the endocrine and cardiovascular systems, and also significantly disrupts sleep.

To protect people from the harmful effects of urban noise, it is necessary to regulate its intensity, spectral composition, duration and other parameters. In hygienic standardization, a noise level is set as acceptable, the influence of which for a long time does not cause changes in the entire complex of physiological indicators, reflecting the reactions of the body systems that are most sensitive to noise.

Currently, noise for urban development conditions is standardized in accordance with the Sanitary Norms for Permissible Noise in the Premises of Residential and Public Buildings and on the Territory of Residential Development (No. 3077-84) and Construction Norms and Rules II.12-77 "Noise Protection". Sanitary standards are obligatory for all ministries, departments and organizations that design, build and operate housing and public buildings, develop projects for the planning and development of cities, microdistricts, residential buildings, quarters, communications, etc., as well as for organizations that design, manufacture and operating vehicles, technological and engineering equipment of buildings and household appliances.

GOST 19358-85 “External and internal noise of motor vehicles. Permissible Levels and Measurement Methods” establishes noise characteristics, methods for their measurement and permissible noise levels for cars (motorcycles) of all samples accepted for state, interdepartmental, departmental and periodic control tests.

Reducing urban noise can be achieved primarily by reducing vehicle noise.

Urban planning measures to protect the population from noise include: increasing the distance between the noise source and the protected object; the use of acoustically opaque screens (slopes, walls and buildings-screens), special noise-protective landscaping strips; the use of various methods of planning, rational placement of microdistricts. In addition, urban planning measures are the rational development of main streets, the maximum greening of the territory of microdistricts and dividing strips, the use of the terrain, etc.

4. Mechanical impact of vehicles on the environment and methods for its prevention

Significant land areas are being alienated for roads. Thus, the construction of 1 km of a modern highway requires up to 10-12 hectares of area, including fertile land. Soil erosion occurs quite quickly, and it takes about 100 years to recreate a fertile layer 1 cm deep. Soil conservation is served by such main directions in the development of transport as the allocation of less valuable agricultural land for transport facilities; preservation of traditional hydrological regimes in the area of ​​transport facilities; reduction (better termination) of soil pollution by harmful components of the operation of vehicles.

Abroad and in our country, they are accumulating experience in the economic use of land with the development of motor transport, for example, large underground garages are being built in cities. It is planned to create many new underground structures.

Extraction from the earth in large quantities of metals necessary for the production of vehicles leads to a violation of the alignment of the energy balance, as a result of which, when this balance is leveled, energy consumption or release into space occurs mainly through faults in the lithosphere, and not through ore deposits, as it was earlier, which began to lead to local earthquakes and the emergence of local fires.

The construction of roads affects the hydrological regime of the region, which leads to a change in the composition of biogeocenoses; and deforestation, in turn, leads to a change in the floristic composition.

Conclusion

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. There are several most important reasons for Russia's lagging behind in the field of ecology:

low culture of car operation. The number of faulty vehicles in service is still quite high;

lack of strict legislative requirements for the environmental qualities of cars. In the absence of sufficiently stringent emission toxicity requirements, the consumer is not interested in buying environmentally friendly, but at the same time more expensive cars, and the manufacturer is not inclined to release them;

unpreparedness of the infrastructure for the operation of vehicles equipped in accordance with modern environmental requirements;

unlike European countries, the introduction of neutralizers is still difficult in our country.

AT last years the situation began to change for the better. Although the introduction of stringent environmental regulations is 10 years late, it is important that it has begun.

The main ways to reduce environmental damage from transport are as follows:

) optimization of urban transport;

) development of alternative energy sources;

) afterburning and purification of fossil fuels;

) creation (modification) of engines using alternative fuels;

) noise protection;

) economic initiatives for fleet and traffic management

List of used literature

1. Gasoline, make room // Factor. No. 3. 2011. - S. 40-41.

2. Golubev I.R., Novikov Yu.V. Environment and transport. - M.: Transport, 2007

Guryanov D.I. Environmentally friendly transport: development directions

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In his practical activities, a person uses various types of transport that have mobile and stationary power plants. Mobile power plants allow the vehicle to move on the surface (land or water, or in the atmosphere), these are cars, ships, aircraft, etc. Stationary power plants supply electrical or other types of energy to devices that perform the necessary work, including the movement of vehicles, for example, electric railway trains, trams and trolleybuses.

There are the following types of transport: road, rail (ground and underground - metro), air, water (river and sea), as well as rail and trackless ground electric transport (trams, trolleybuses). Electric transport has a polluting effect on the environment due to noise and electromagnetic radiation, as well as due to the ingress of substances used in the maintenance of this transport into the environment, however, due to the fact that electricity is generated outside settlements, electric transport significantly improves the ecological atmosphere in cities.

On the various types transport use the following types of fuel: automobile and aviation gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene fractions, natural gas and a mixture of different types of fuel. According to the design of engines, carburetor, injection, engines with direct fuel mixture injection, diesel and jet power plants are distinguished, which have different designs and have different effects on the natural environment.

The negative impact of transport on the environment is that its operation requires fuel, which is toxic in itself; during the work of different oxygen is absorbed and exhaust gases are released, many of which adversely affect Nature. The irrational use of substances used in the care of engines also pollutes the environment. The operation of transport is accompanied by noise, vibrations, radiation electromagnetic oscillations, thermal pollution of the environment. When cars drive on dirt roads, the surface layer of the soil is disturbed, dusting occurs, etc.

Brief environmental characteristics of fuels

In industry and transport, motor gasolines of the A-72, A-76, AI-92, AI-93, AI-95 and AI-98 grades are used. The numbers in the designation of gasoline indicate the octane number (fuel resistance to self-ignition at elevated pressures and). The higher the octane number, the better the quality of the gasoline. The most modern internal combustion engines of cars run on AI-98 gasoline.

Most types of gasoline are ethylated (tetraethyl lead is added) to increase the octane number. Aviation gasolines are produced on a limited basis.

Various types of diesel fuel are widely used. For high-speed diesel engines, the ZL, DZ, DL brands are used, and for low-speed diesel engines, DT and DM. In these fuels, the sulfur content should be no more than 0.2-0.5% (for high-speed diesel engines) and 0.5-3% (for low-speed diesel engines).

Jet engines can develop subsonic and supersonic speeds. For the former, fuel grades T-1, TS-1 and RT are used, and for the latter, T-6 and T-8. Basically, these brands of fuel are kerosene fractions of oil refining with boiling points of 150-315 ° C, to which anti-wear, antioxidant, protective, antistatic and other additives are added.

For the operation of gas turbine engines, gaseous, liquid, solid, and pulverized fuels can be used. Fuel for these engines must contain no more than 3% sulfur and 0.05% ash.

For ship and stationary power plants, fuel oil grades are used - F5, F12 (naval fuel oil), 40, 100 and 200 (furnace fuel oil) and MP fuel. Furnace fuel oils, unlike naval ones, have a higher ash content, viscosity and a higher content of sulfur, water and resinous substances.

For the operation of engines, lubricating oils and special organic liquids are used, which are flammable and toxic. Thus, the content of gasoline in the air in the amount of 5-10 mg/l causes acute poisoning, a concentration of 35-40 mg/l leads to chronic disorders, and concentrations of more than 50 mg/l can lead to death. The toxicity of diesel fuel components is higher than that of gasoline components, but this fuel is less volatile, and dangerous concentrations can only occur at elevated temperatures.

Ethyl liquid is very harmful to health due to the presence of lead in it. This liquid is volatile, and already at 0 ° C concentrations of this substance dangerous for human health appear, therefore, working with tetraethyl lead requires extreme caution.

The composition of lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids contains harmful components (these are compounds of sulfur, chlorine, zinc, lead). Ethylene glycol used as antifreeze is also very dangerous (mixtures of ethylene glycol and water freeze at low temperatures); it affects the nervous system, kidneys; lethal dose - 50 grams, it should never be taken orally.

Brief ecological characteristics of fuel combustion products

Transport is the main polluter. It has been established that annually one passenger car, absorbing 4 tons of molecular oxygen, releases 0.8 tons of CO into the atmosphere, up to 40 kg of various nitrogen oxides, up to 200 kg of hydrocarbons, in addition, soot, tetraethyl lead and other substances (aldehydes, organic acids, polycyclic hydrocarbons and their derivatives).

Diesel engines emit less carbon monoxide but more carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. The smallest amount of harmful impurities is contained in the exhaust gases of engines running on liquefied gas (CO is five times less than in carburetor engines, nitrogen oxides are two times less, and sulfur oxides are absent).

The composition of exhaust gases largely depends on the mode of operation of the engine. So, the CO content is: at idle 0.5-6.5, at a constant speed - 0.3 - 3.5, during acceleration (from 0 to 40 km / h) - 2.5-5.0, when braking (from 40 km / h to 0) - 1.8-4.5% by volume. For nitrogen oxides: 0.005 - 0.01; 0.1-0.2; 0.12-0.19; 0.003-0.005 (respectively with CO).

Exhaust gases contain carcinogens (substances that promote the development of cancer) compounds, such as benzapyrene.

Analyzing the above information, it should be noted that the composition of exhaust gases depends both on the type of engine and on the mode of operation of the vehicle, which is important to take into account when implementing environmental measures.

Features of the polluting impact of transport on the biosphere

As shown above, during the operation of vehicles, gaseous (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, various hydrocarbons, products of incomplete combustion and decomposition of fuels of variable composition), vaporous (tetraethyl lead and other substances), liquid (sewage of variable composition) and solid (ash) pollutants.

Vehicles running on carburetor engines heavily pollute the environment with carbon monoxide, tetraethyl lead (more than 8 thousand tons of it enters the atmosphere annually), nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.

Vehicles running on diesel engines pollute the environment with CO to a lesser extent, but to a greater extent with sulfur and nitrogen oxides.

Due to the operation of vehicles, photochemical smog occurs, associated with the entry into the atmosphere of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, oxygen and water vapor. Under the influence of solar radiation, oxidants are formed, the toxic effect of which is very high and exceeds that of other substances entering the atmosphere.

The transformation products of various pollutants in the atmosphere enter the soil and natural waters.

Maintenance of vehicles requires a large amount of water and is accompanied by the formation of wastewater. Service station effluents contain slurries solids, emulsions of oils, as well as solutions of salts and detergents. The ingress of such waters into natural water bodies or into the soil leads to pollution of the latter.

Both the atmosphere and the soil are polluted as a result of violations of the rules for the transport of goods and various accidents in transport. A large amount of oil and oil products, coal, and various salts fall into, and into the seas, and into the lithosphere. However, it was found that, as a pollutant, it enters the environment () mainly through drain waters formed during the sedimentation of transported oil.

The atmosphere is a powerful polluting factor of natural waters and the lithosphere, since more than 50% of all pollution entering it enters the World Ocean and land. Therefore, automobile, ground rail and other types of land transport are a source of pollution of both the hydrosphere and the lithosphere.

In addition to the fact that vehicles emit a large amount of fuel combustion products, all modes of transport are a source of thermal and noise pollution, as well as electromagnetic radiation.

A brief overview of environmental protection measures taken during the operation and maintenance of vehicles

Vehicles are a necessary attribute of the life of a modern person.

It is impossible to completely eliminate the negative impact of transport on Nature, but it is possible and necessary to reduce the negative impact.

The main areas of environmental protection activities in transport are as follows:

1. Strict observance of the rules for the transportation of people and goods, which will make the operation of transport more optimal, cost-effective, reduce the cost of energy, fuel and other resources.

2. Carrying out the reconstruction of engines, which will reduce fuel consumption per unit of run, reduce the level of noise and vibration (due to fundamentally new technological solutions), and significantly reduce the content of harmful impurities in exhaust or waste gases.

3. Development of new types of engines (such as electric vehicles), which pollute the environment to a minimum degree, and put them into practice.

4. Development of new types of fuel that would be more environmentally friendly, i.e. when they are burned, a smaller amount of substances would be formed that have a negative impact on human health and natural environmental processes.

5. Considering that the amount of harmful pollutants depends on the mode of engine operation, optimize the mode of movement on roads, if possible, eliminating the occurrence of "traffic jams" and other difficulties in the movement of vehicles.

6. Application of new fuel combustion technologies without the use of tetraethyl lead, which contribute to more complete fuel combustion.

7. Development of devices that trap or neutralize harmful pollutants contained in exhaust gases and equip vehicles with them.

8. Development of the optimal mode of operation of engines of various types and the use of computers for fine control of the mode of fuel combustion.

9. Collection, disposal of wastewater generated during the operation and maintenance of vehicles, utilization of useful components extracted from them.

10. Collection of sludge water, neutralization and removal of useful components from them for the purpose of disposal; impact on these waters by various means of purification.

11. Carrying out systematically organized environmental education of workers involved in the operation and maintenance of vehicles, in order to actively involve them in work that ensures minimal environmental pollution.

Specialists involved in the field of transport should know the technical features of the implementation of the above areas of environmental protection, this is necessary for both the heads of transport enterprises and engineering and technical workers. These issues are addressed in special courses.

Plan:

Introduction.

The impact of transport on the environment. The greenhouse effect.

Ways to solve environmental problems:

a) creation of new engines;

b) development of means for protecting the atmosphere and hydrosphere (obtaining additives that promote more complete combustion of fuel, creating effective filters, etc.).

Conclusion.

Introduction

The problem of preventing degradative changes in the human environment, rational use and protection of nature affects not only developed industrial states. To a lesser extent, this problem also applies to developing countries. There is no doubt that the scale of industrial and agricultural production, the degree of use of natural resources and, accordingly, the nature of degradation changes in the human environment in these countries differ significantly from the first. Nevertheless, the existing modification of the historically established ecological, thermodynamic and biogeochemical structure of the biosphere is becoming a real fact for developing countries.

The problem of the relationship "man-nature" is one of the concrete expressions of the main question of philosophy about the status of being and thinking, about the interaction of the material and the spiritual.

The genesis of the “man-nature” relationship corresponds to the era of the separation of man from the animal world. In the early stages of his history, man realized himself as a special phenomenon of nature, but only one of its many manifestations. This can be regarded as a spiritual expression of a certain level of development of primitive society, which was at the stage of gathering, that is, absolute dependence on the external environment.

"Before, nature terrified man, but now man terrifies nature."

Jean Yves Cousteau.

The impact of transport on the environment. The greenhouse effect.

The main toxic vehicle emissions include: exhaust gases, crankcase gases and fuel fumes. Exhaust gases emitted by the engine contain carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (CxHy), nitrogen oxides (NOx), benzopyrene, aldehydes and soot. The distribution of the main components of emissions from a carburetor engine is as follows: exhaust gases contain 95% CO, 55% CxHy and 98% NOx, crankcase gases at 5% CxHy, 2% NOx, and fuel vapors up to 40% CxHy.

The main toxic substances - products of incomplete combustion are soot, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes.

Harmful toxic emissions can be divided into two types: regulated and unregulated. They act on the human body in different ways.

Lead is the main air pollutant in Russian Federation Currently, there is a motor vehicle using leaded gasoline: from 70 to 87% of the total lead emission according to various estimates. PbO (lead oxides)- occur in the exhaust gas of carburetor engines when leaded gasoline is used to increase the octane number to reduce detonation (this is a very fast, explosive combustion of individual sections of the working mixture in the engine cylinders with a flame propagation speed of up to 3000 m / s, accompanied by a significant increase in gas pressure). When burning one ton of leaded gasoline, approximately 0.5 ... 0.85 kg of lead oxides are emitted into the atmosphere. According to preliminary data, the problem of environmental pollution with lead from vehicle emissions is becoming significant in cities with a population of over 100,000 people and for local areas along highways with heavy traffic. A radical method of combating environmental pollution with lead emissions from road transport is the rejection of the use of leaded gasoline. According to 1995 data. 9 out of 25 refineries in Russia switched to the production of unleaded gasoline. In 1997, the share of unleaded gasoline in total production was 68%. However, due to financial and organizational difficulties, the complete phase-out of leaded gasoline production in the country is delayed.

Environmental protection natural environment and rational use of natural resources is one of the pressing global problems of our time. Its solution is inextricably linked with the struggle for peace on Earth, for the prevention of a nuclear catastrophe, disarmament, peaceful coexistence and mutually beneficial cooperation between states.
In recent decades, we have all observed a sharp rise in temperature, when in winter, instead of negative temperatures, we observe months of thaws up to 5-8 degrees Celsius, and in the summer months, droughts and dry winds that dry up the soil of the earth and lead to its erosion. Why is this happening?

Scientists argue that the cause, first of all, is the destructive activity of mankind, leading to a global change in the Earth's climate. Fuel combustion in power plants, a sharp increase in the amount of waste from human production, an increase in road transport and, as a result, an increase in carbon dioxide emissions into the Earth's atmosphere with a sharp reduction in the forest park zone, led to the emergence of the so-called greenhouse effect of the Earth.

Long-term observations show that as a result of economic activity, the gas composition and dust content of the lower layers of the atmosphere change. Millions of tons of soil particles rise into the air from plowed lands during dust storms. During the development of minerals, in the production of cement, during the application of fertilizers and the friction of car tires on the road, during the combustion of fuel and the release of industrial waste, a large amount of suspended particles of various gases enters the atmosphere. Determinations of the composition of the air show that there are 25% more carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere now than 200 years ago. This is, of course, the result of human activities, as well as deforestation, the green leaves of which absorb carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect is associated with an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, which manifests itself in the heating of the inner layers of the Earth's atmosphere. This is because the atmosphere transmits most of the solar radiation. Some of the rays are absorbed and heat the earth's surface, and the atmosphere is heated from it. Another part of the rays is reflected from the surface of the Planet and this radiation is absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules, which contributes to an increase in the average temperature of the Planet. The action of the greenhouse effect is similar to the action of glass in a greenhouse or hotbed (from this the name "greenhouse effect" arose).

One of the gases contributing to the development of the greenhouse effect is natural gas.

Natural gas.

Natural gas used in the energy sector is a non-renewable energy resource, while at the same time it is the most environmentally friendly type of traditional energy fuel. Natural gas is 98% methane, the remaining 2% is ethane, propane, butane and some other substances. When burning gas, the only really dangerous air pollutant is a mixture of nitrogen oxides.

Thermal power plants and heating boilers using natural gas emit half as much greenhouse gas as coal-fired power plants that produce the same amount of energy. The use of liquefied and compressed natural gas in road transport makes it possible to significantly reduce environmental pollution and improve air quality in cities, that is, "slow down" the greenhouse effect. Compared to oil, natural gas does not produce such environmental pollution during production and transportation to the place of consumption.

Natural gas reserves in the world reach 70 trillion cubic meters. If the current production volumes are maintained, they will be enough for more than 100 years. Gas deposits occur both separately and in combination with oil, water, and also in the solid state (the so-called gas hydrate accumulations). Most natural gas fields are located in hard-to-reach and ecologically vulnerable areas of the Polar Tundra.

Although natural gas does not cause a greenhouse effect, it can be classified as a "greenhouse" gas, since its use releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect.

In addition, the development of the greenhouse effect is facilitated by: carbon dioxide, chlorine-containing gases.

Carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide - carbon dioxide, is constantly formed in nature during the oxidation of organic substances: decay of plant and animal residues, respiration, fuel combustion. The greenhouse effect occurs due to human disruption of the carbon dioxide cycle in nature. Industry burns a huge amount of fuel - oil, coal, gas. All these substances are mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen. Therefore, they are also called organic, hydrocarbon fuels.

When burning, as you know, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released. As a result of this process, every year humanity emits 7 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere! It is difficult to even imagine this value. At the same time, forests are being cut down on Earth - one of the main consumers of carbon dioxide, moreover, they are being cut down at a speed of 12 hectares per minute!!! So it turns out that more and more carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere, and less and less is consumed by plants.

The cycle of carbon dioxide on Earth is disturbed, therefore, in recent years, the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, although slowly but surely, has been increasing. And the more it is, the stronger the greenhouse effect.

chlorine-containing gases.

Halogens or chlorine-containing gases are widely used in the chemical industry. Fluorine is used to produce some valuable secondary derivatives, such as lubricants that can withstand high temperatures, plastics that are resistant to chemicals (Teflon), refrigeration fluids (freons or freons). Freon is also emitted by aerosols and refrigerators. Freon is also believed to destroy the ozone layer in the atmosphere.

One of the most common freons, difluorodichloroethane (freon-12), is a gas that is non-toxic, does not react with metals, is colorless and odorless. Under pressure, it liquefies easily and turns into a liquid with a boiling point of 30 degrees Celsius. It is used in refrigeration units and as a solvent for the formation of aerosols. Chlorine is used to prepare numerous organic and inorganic compounds. It is used in the production of hydrochloric acid, bleach, hypochlorites and chlorates, etc. A large amount of chlorine is used to bleach fabrics and pulp used in paper making.

Chlorine is also used to sterilize drinking water and disinfect wastewater. In non-ferrous metallurgy, it is used for chlorination of ores, which is one of the stages in the production of certain metals. Certain organochlorine products have acquired particular importance in recent times. For example, chlorine-containing organic solvents - dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, are widely used for the extraction of fats and the degreasing of metals. Some organochlorine products serve as effective pest control agents for crops. Various plastic masses, synthetic fibers, rubbers, leather substitutes (pavinol) are produced on the basis of organochlorine products. Since chlorine-containing gases are widely used in industry, their production is constantly growing, and, therefore, emissions of these gases into the atmosphere are also growing.

Chlorofluorine-containing gases are "greenhouse gases", therefore, due to the increase in their concentration in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect process is faster. In addition, freons, related to chlorfluorine-containing gases, destroy the ozone layer in the atmosphere. Pesticides are made from these gases, which, although they fight agricultural pests, also upset the ecological balance.

The ozone content in the stratosphere also affects the climate. The absorption of ultraviolet radiation by ozone leads to heating of certain layers of air high in the stratosphere. These layers do not allow gaseous impurities to penetrate into the thickness of the stratosphere. The thermal "cap" is an important factor in the formation of tropospheric air, and hence the Earth's climate. Therefore, any kind of human activity that leads to a decrease in the average ozone content in the stratosphere can have very serious long-term consequences for the climate, human health, and the state of all wildlife.

Consequences of the greenhouse effect.

If the temperature on Earth continues to rise, it will have a major impact on the global climate.

More precipitation will fall in the tropics as the extra heat will increase the amount of water vapor in the air.

In arid regions, the rains will become even more rare and they will turn into deserts, as a result of which people and animals will have to leave them.

The temperature of the seas will also rise, which will lead to the flooding of low-lying areas of the coast and to an increase in the number of severe storms.

Rising temperatures on Earth can cause sea levels to rise because:
a) water, as it heats up, becomes less dense and expands, the expansion of sea water will lead to a general rise in sea level;

b) an increase in temperature can melt some of the multi-year ice covering some areas of land, such as Antarctica or high mountain ranges.
The resulting water will eventually drain into the seas, raising their levels. It should be noted, however, that the melting of ice floating in the seas will not cause sea levels to rise. The Arctic ice sheet is a huge layer of floating ice. Like Antarctica, the Arctic is also surrounded by many icebergs.
Climatologists have calculated that if the Greenland and Antarctic glaciers melt, the level of the World Ocean will rise by 70-80 m.

Residential land will shrink.

The water-salt balance of the oceans will be disturbed.

The trajectories of cyclones and anticyclones will change.

If the temperature on Earth rises, many animals will not be able to adapt to climate change. Many plants will die from lack of moisture and animals will have to move to other places in search of food and water. If the increase in temperature leads to the death of many plants, then many species of animals will die out after them.

In addition to the negative effects of global warming, there are several positive ones. At first glance, a warmer climate seems to be a boon, as it can reduce heating bills and increase the length of the growing season in middle and high latitudes. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide can speed up photosynthesis.

However, the potential yield gain could be wiped out by disease damage caused by harmful insects, as higher temperatures will speed up their reproduction. Soils in some areas will be unsuitable for growing basic crops. Global warming would probably accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in soils, which would lead to an additional release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere and accelerate the greenhouse effect. What awaits us in the future?

Environmental forecasting

Currently, various measures are being discussed that could prevent the growing "anthropogenic overheating" of the Earth. There is a proposal to extract excess CO2 from the air, liquefy and pump it into the deep layers of the ocean, using its natural circulation. Another proposal is to disperse the smallest droplets of sulfuric acid in the stratosphere and thereby reduce the influx of solar radiation on the earth's surface.

The huge scale of the anthropogenic reduction of the biosphere already gives grounds to believe that the solution of the CO2 problem should be carried out by "treating" the biosphere itself, i.e. restoration of soil and vegetation cover with maximum reserves of organic matter wherever possible. At the same time, the search should be intensified to replace fossil fuels with other energy sources, primarily environmentally friendly ones that do not require oxygen consumption, to use water and wind energy more widely, and for the future perspective, the energy of the reaction of matter and antimatter.

It is known that there is a blessing in disguise, and it turned out that the current industrial decline in the country turned out to be beneficial - environmentally. Decreased production volumes. and, accordingly, the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere of cities has decreased.

Ways to solve the problem of clean air is quite real. The first is the fight against the reduction of the Earth's vegetation cover, the systematic increase in its composition of specially selected rocks that purify the air from harmful impurities. The Institute of Plant Biochemistry has experimentally proved that many plants are able to absorb from the atmosphere such components harmful to humans as alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as carbonyl compounds, acids, alcohols, essential oils and others.

An important place in the fight against atmospheric pollution belongs to the irrigation of deserts and the organization of cultural farming here, the creation of powerful forest protection belts. There is a lot of work to be done to reduce and completely stop the emission of smoke and other combustion products into the atmosphere. Increasingly urgent is the search for technology for "pipeless" industrial plants operating in a closed technological scheme- with the use of all production waste.

Human activity is so grandiose in scope that it has already acquired a global nature-forming scale. Until now, we have mainly sought to take as much as possible from nature. And the search in this direction will continue. But the time has come to work just as purposefully on how to give back to nature what we take from it. There is no doubt that the genius of mankind is capable of solving this daunting task.

Ways to reduce the impact of the greenhouse effect on the state of the Earth's climate

The main measure to prevent global warming can be formulated as follows: find a new type of fuel or change the technology for using current fuels. This means that you need:

reduce fossil fuel consumption. Dramatically reduce the use of coal and oil, which emit 60% more carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced than any other fossil fuel in general;

use substances (filters, catalysts) to remove carbon dioxide from the emission of chimneys of coal-burning power plants and factory furnaces, as well as automobile exhausts;

increase the energy efficiency;

demand that new homes use more efficient heating and cooling systems;

increase the use of solar, wind and geothermal energy;

significantly slow down the deforestation and degradation of forests;

remove storage tanks for hazardous substances from coastal areas;

expand the area of ​​existing reserves and parks;

create laws to prevent global warming;

identify the causes of global warming, observe them and eliminate their consequences.

It is impossible to completely eliminate the greenhouse effect. It is believed that if it were not for the greenhouse effect, the average temperature on the earth's surface would be -15 degrees Celsius.

Ways to solve environmental problems .

But no matter how the design of the car improves - layout, engine, speed increase, etc., environmental problems remain acute. The process that sets the car in motion is based on the combustion of fuel, which is impossible without oxygen in the air. On average, one passenger car annually absorbs about 5 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere, while emitting more than 1 ton of carbon monoxide and other harmful substances with exhaust gases. If this is multiplied by the number of cars in the world, then you can imagine the degree of threat lurking in excessive automation. In addition, in addition to cars, starting from the end of the 19th century. motorcycles were also produced, also working on internal combustion engines. Therefore, strict environmental requirements are imposed on the car. For example, the use of catalysts that decompose harmful substances in exhaust gases into safe ones. Use of high quality fuel. Atmospheric pollution is directly related to fuel consumption and engine operation (in low gears and frequent stops at traffic lights). All pollution can be divided into the following: air pollution, soil pollution, adverse effects on flora and fauna, and noise pollution. Since there is a car for every third person in the world (taking into account all ages and those people who have never seen a native car), the issue of ecology is acute. How to replace the internal combustion engine or create new ones? According to experts, all known oil reserves on Earth will last for no more than fifty years. Gasoline is getting more expensive, and they are not trying to replace it with anything today. And liquefied natural gas, and all kinds of synthesized gases and liquids, in particular alcohol, which is driven from a variety of raw materials: from cane to orange peels. Almost all of these fuels are less harmful to the environment than gasoline, but car exhaust is still not made harmless. AT " Russian newspaper” dated February 25, 2006, an article was published “Mercedes on seeds”, which tells about a Kuban craftsman who invented an engine that runs on sunflower oil. “... Retired captain Nikolai Toskin from the village of Akhtyrsky, Abinsk district, solved a technical problem that American and German inventors fought before him: he came up with an engine that can work on the most different types fuels, including vegetable oil.

He nurtured his idea for twenty years. And he began by going to libraries, shoveling technical literature, and it turned out that his idea was not crazy, research institutes in the USA, England and Germany had been fighting over it for several decades. He came up with the idea to use the “detonation process”, because. according to his calculations, it turned out that in this case the ignition rate would increase hundreds of times and then almost everything could burn. In 1995, he went to Moscow and presented his calculations and considerations to a research institute, and his application was accepted. After 3 years, after a thorough examination, he received a patent. His idea was brought to life only a few years later. So, from the purchased T-34 tractor and its engine, they began to design a new type of engine to make sure that the engine could actually work “on an explosion”. This engine does not have injectors, knees. shaft, fuel equipment. The mixture is prepared outside the cylinder. The ratio of air volumes to fuel is 50: 1 (in older ones - 15: 1). “..The engine started right away, its speed was such that we thought the tractor would fly apart, but then we drove it along a rural street. Then alcohol, acetone, solvent, etc. were poured into the engine, the machine worked”... Now at the Sedin plant they have started manufacturing parts for a new version of the engine - a turbine type, disc-shaped, in which there are no knees. shaft and connecting rods ... “It must be nice when instead of exhaust gases it smells like pies.

An electric car could radically solve the problem of air pollution by transport. Almost two hundred years ago, in 1800, the Italian physicist A. Volt discovered the first current source - a galvanic cell. Three decades later physicist M. Faraday - the law of electromagnetic induction. These important discoveries became the prerequisites for the construction of carts driven by electric current. In 1853, the American T. Dverport built an electric wheelchair. It, perhaps, can be considered the very first electric car. And three years later, the Englishman R. Davidson amazed the inhabitants of his native Aberdeen with a strange car: 4.8 m long and 1.8 m wide, standing on 4 meter-diameter wheels. A significant part of the wagon was occupied by a battery of galvanic cells, next to an impressive electric motor. The entire five-ton rattletrap moved at the speed of a pedestrian. In 1859, fr. physicist R. Plante created an electric accumulator with lead plates. The French are considered pioneers in the mass production of electric wheelchairs. In 1881, Raffard built 12 2-seater wheelchairs with an electric motor. In 1904, Krieger's firm produced a luxurious carriage equipped with two electric motors. He developed a speed of 40 km / h, energy reserves were enough for 50 km. Then the British got carried away with this mode of transport. The most interesting design was proposed in 1897 by W. Bersi. His carriage had a 40 W battery and a 3.5 hp electric motor. The design turned out to be successful and worked as hired taxi crews in London, Paris, even in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Some of his models had a power reserve of up to 100 km and a speed of 40 km / h. The Americans, as always, took it on a grand scale and released a whole series of closed-type electric vehicles with more powerful batteries, which made it possible to drive at a speed of 90 km / h, but only for 1-1.5 hours. Despite the high cost of such cars, their noiselessness and cleanliness bribed the aristocrats, there were even "ladies" cars. Work on transport with an electric motor was also carried out in Russia. Back in 1888, the Russian electrical engineer P.N. Yablochkin received the privilege to invent a carriage with an electric motor, but his descriptions have not survived to this day. Practical designs were developed by the inventor - experimenter I.V. Romanov. His first electric car appeared in 1899 and was intended for operation as a hired crew. The double crew had front driving and rear steered wheels. Passengers were located in front, behind - there was a compartment with batteries, and above them, “on the goats”, the driver sat. The speed developed up to 35 miles per hour and was enough for 65 kilometers. Two years later, he created the first Russian electric omnibus, which accommodated 17 passengers, with dimensions of 3.5 x2.0 x2.7 m, which accelerated to 11 km / h, the cruising range was 60 km. In 1901, the city authorities gave permission for the operation of 80 such machines on routes in St. Petersburg, but there was not enough money to create them. Electric cars participated in auto races in Paris, in 1898 such a car designed by Ch. Jeantot was the first in the world to set a record, overtaking crews with steam engines. The race for speed led to the fact that already in 1899 the speed of such crews reached 105.88 km / h. But under the onslaught of a rapidly growing fleet of cars with internal combustion engines, electric vehicles began to lose ground. By 1905, their share had decreased to 0.1%. The last mass-produced electric car of the Detroit Electronics company rolled off the assembly line in 1942. At the end of the 20th century. the oil crisis, toxic emissions into the atmosphere, the deterioration of the environmental situation, especially in large cities, all this made designers think about electric vehicles. By this time, the design of batteries has also improved. In Germany, in the early 90s of the last century, thanks to the developed design of the sodium-sulfur battery, it was possible to achieve a speed of 90 km / h for 160 km. The American corporation General Motors has introduced a sports car with an electric motor that accelerates to 120 km / h with a power reserve of 200 km. After replacing lead-acid batteries with nickel-metal hydride batteries, the performance of electric vehicles has improved significantly. The magazine “Behind the wheel” writes: “... the pluses include an almost two-fold increase in mileage until the next recharge, even a record of up to 600 km was recorded; the second advantage is the speed of recharging - 10 minutes; such batteries can withstand up to 80,000 charge-discharge cycles, which corresponds to 160,000 km of run.” Similar cars are manufactured by Toyota. You can buy an electric car "Peugeot-106 Electronics", the list is extensive. There are cars with a hybrid scheme - a combination of a conventional internal combustion engine and an electric motor, as well as cars with fuel cells. In the US, in order to stimulate the auto industry to actively search for new solutions, a law has been passed requiring each company to have at least one model of an electric vehicle in its program. Otherwise - a ban on trade. Maybe in our country, besides Nikolai Toskin, there are more inventors who will create cars running on an environmentally friendly engine. Who knows, maybe it will be one of us.

People started talking about environmentally friendly cars back in the seventies. But the thorny path from an idea to a real prototype began much later and continues to this day. On the car there are cylinders with hydrogen and oxygen. In a special electrochemical generator, a chemical reaction takes place between hydrogen and oxygen at a temperature of about 100 degrees, as a result of which electricity is produced, and water is formed as an "exhaust". Here is the basic principle of the power plant. Hydrogen, which determines the mileage of the car, is under a pressure of 290 atmospheres, and the car can travel 250 kilometers. For the first time in our country, such a generator was created for space purposes, in particular for the "lunar" program and for "Buran". It should be noted that the internal combustion engine has a coefficient useful action about 30 percent, and the new fuel cell power plant - twice as much. That is, if we translate it into any standard fuel, it turns out that this power plant is absolutely environmentally friendly and spends half as much fuel. But, after all, the content of oxygen and hydrogen together is dangerous. No more dangerous than the content of gasoline vapors with air. When gasoline cars first appeared, they were also afraid that the cars would start to explode. But that doesn't happen. And manufacturers plan to switch from oxygen to air in the future. Here, too, there are difficulties: oxygen in the air contains only 20 percent, and to get the same effect as with pure oxygen, you need five times more air. In this case, you will need to install a compressor that will pump air into the power plant. But even if you switch from oxygen to air and leave one pure hydrogen on board the car, another question arises. Where to get hydrogen for refueling? Apparently, at first it will be necessary to install such a generator directly on board, which will produce hydrogen from gasoline. In the late seventies, they began to seriously think about environmentally friendly cars - the idea arose to transfer cars to electric traction. Batteries were needed, but it turned out that the world could not create batteries that could have a sufficiently high specific energy intensity. And to charge the batteries, unlike filling the tank with gasoline, it takes several hours. Then it would be necessary to charge at night, but if everyone began to charge at night, there would not be enough power plants. The problems were massive, and the enthusiasm began to fade away. And only in the nineties this idea was revived and work on fuel batteries began. Now the task was to learn how to generate electricity from already known types of fuel. How close hydrogen cars have come to real life can be judged by the BMW 745h. The letter h is the chemical symbol for hydrogen. The BMW 745h is equipped with an eight-cylinder hydrogen engine. Like its predecessor, the 745hL, it can run on either gasoline or hydrogen. The 4.4 liter engine develops 135 kW (184 hp) and a top speed of 215 km/h. The supply of hydrogen fuel is enough to overcome 300 kilometers, if we add to this 650 kilometers that can be driven by filling a full tank of gasoline, we get almost 1000 kilometers - a very decent figure. BMW has unveiled a new experimental 750hL sedan powered by hydrogen fuel. Such fuel (hydrogen + oxygen) is usually used for rockets. The developers were attracted by the environmental friendliness of the engine - it emits only water vapor. According to experts, it was possible to take an important step towards the transition to "gasoline-free" engines. Hydrogen engines are not only environmentally friendly, but also very economical. Meanwhile, some experts are skeptical about equipping a car with such an explosive addition. In addition, today there is no cheap and reliable technology for the production of hydrogen, which will affect the consumer attractiveness of the machine. The main task is considered to be the creation of the necessary infrastructure and the invention of a reliable way to store such fuel "on board". Hydrogen can be produced from water by electrolysis or obtained from associated petroleum gas. In any case, this fuel will still cost much more than gasoline. Other automakers are also trying to use hydrogen. General Motors uses it in fuel cells to generate electricity. Honda and Toyota have developed hybrid models that combine hydrogen engines with electric ones.

Improving fuel efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions is becoming the most pressing issue for automakers due to the ever-increasing price of gasoline and the threat of global warming. Many leading companies are developing cars with fuel consumption of 3 l/100 km and even 1 l/100 km. In this regard, a significant reduction in the weight of vehicles and an increase in the efficiency of their engines and transmissions are expected in the near future. All systems and assemblies of new cars will be developed taking into account the minimization of energy consumption. There is every reason to believe that thanks to the use of new advanced technologies, the fuel efficiency of cars will increase by 20-30% over the next 10-15 years.

Over the past 100 years, the average air temperature near the earth's surface has increased by 0.3-0.6°C. According to some scientists, the global warming of the earth's climate is the result of an increase in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere associated with human life. The increased content of CO2 in the atmosphere enhances the "greenhouse effect", retains more solar heat than necessary. If no action is taken to limit CO2 emissions, over the next 100 years the temperature could rise by 3-4°C. This could turn out to be a global catastrophe for our planet, causing an increase natural Disasters(storms, hurricanes, floods, forest fires) and rising ocean levels. The last circumstance is the most dangerous, because its result will be the disappearance of the territories of many countries, including industrialized ones.

According to research by the International Organization for Economic Cooperation (OECD), the total CO2 emissions on our planet is 800 billion tons per year. Of these, 770 billion tons (or 96%) are from various natural sources, and 30 billion tons (or 4%) are emissions caused by human activities.

Currently, there are no international requirements for fuel consumption and CO2 emission standards for passenger cars. However, in view of the importance of the problem of preserving the environment, the governments of a number of countries, in particular Germany, decided: by 2005, all modes of transport should reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by 25% compared to the same values ​​in 1990.

The main ways to improve the fuel efficiency of cars

To understand how much fuel efficiency can be improved, you need to consider the car as a whole as a single system. Dynamic properties, ease of control, safety, comfort, reliability, capacity and carrying capacity, dimensions, design, price - this is a list of the main properties of a car that are important for the consumer and at the same time affect fuel efficiency.

The car must also comply with all legal regulations and requirements (for example, requirements for the level of passive safety), since. all these requirements have a very strong influence on the design of the car, the technologies used and, ultimately, on fuel efficiency. Manufacturers must find the best compromise between these conflicting requirements in order to produce vehicles that are attractive to consumers in terms of both price and performance.

There are two main concepts for reducing fuel consumption: increasing the overall efficiency of components and assemblies (engine, transmission, drive ...) to provide more useful work for a certain fuel consumption, or reducing the energy consumption of a car to overcome driving resistance (inertia, aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance), as well as the functioning of additional energy consumers. The main factors affecting the fuel consumption of cars are shown in the figure. Almost all modern cars use engines that run on gasoline or diesel fuel. About 2/3 of the energy obtained from the combustion of fuel is spent in the exhaust system, cooling system and to overcome frictional forces. Theoretically, gasoline and diesel engines can convert all fuel energy into useful work. In fact, due to thermal and mechanical losses, energy costs for the operation of various equipment, the efficiency of engines does not exceed 40-50% for the best diesel engines. In this case, a certain part of the useful work of the engine is spent on overcoming friction forces in the transmission and other drive units. As a result, only 12-20% of the initial energy goes to overcome the resistance to the movement of the car,

During the movement of the car around the city, the engine's operating mode is constantly changing, which directly affects fuel consumption. When driving in an urban cycle, about 80% of the energy is spent on overcoming inertia and rolling resistance forces, which depend directly on the weight of the car. Thus, the mass of the car has a significant impact on fuel consumption, especially when driving in the city. That is why the task of reducing weight is a key one in such well-known research projects as the creation of an ultralight body (ULSAB-AVC), the partnership to create a new generation vehicle (PNGV) and others.

Obviously, in order to reduce fuel consumption, it is necessary to reduce the weight of the car, reduce rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag. However, the greatest reserves are hidden in the engine. The study of the latest achievements of the global automotive industry makes it possible to isolate the most significant technologies and ways to reduce fuel consumption for each vehicle system.

Conclusion

As can be seen from the above studies, various types of transport used for movement are currently distinguished: pipeline, rail, sea, river, road, and air transport. Each has its own advantages for use and problems in terms of environmental friendliness. Therefore, many scientists are working on the problems of reducing emissions or switching to alternative modes of transportation.

Oil and oil products are the main source of trouble for the earth's ecosystems. Transportation accidents, spent fuel emissions, exhaust fumes. Without noticing it, we destroy and change our nature beyond recognition. Various species of animals disappear, ecosystems are destroyed, mutations appear, all this will soon affect us. Therefore, the development of various alternative fuels and modes of transport and their implementation are required.

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Land of people. Round table on the problem "Man and Nature" Issue 5. M .: Knowledge, 1983, - 33 p. People's University, Faculty of Natural Sciences.

Lebedeva M.I., Ankudimova I.A. Ecology: Textbook. Tambov: Publishing House of the Tambov State Technical University, 2002.

Los V.A. Human and nature. What philosophers are working on, what philosophers are arguing about. - M.: Politizdat, 1978, - 224 p.

General ecology. Tutorial/S.S. Maglysh. - Grodno: GrGU, 2001.

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