Special scientific expeditions were sent to Siberia only in the 18th century. But even before that, inquisitive Russian explorers gathered in Siberia a lot of different information that had great importance for science.

Thanks to the early Russian northern campaigns "for the stone" (Ural) already in the 16th century. in Western Europe, the first geographic Maps with the image of the lower Ob. Despite the fact that Russian explorers, especially Novgorodians, began to visit these areas since the 11th century, for a long period in Russia itself, semi-fantastic information was spreading about Siberia. So, in the legend of the beginning of the 16th century. "About people unknown to eastern country and the town of pink "it was asserted that extraordinary people live beyond the Urals: some -" without heads ", and" their mouths are between their shoulders ", others (" molnaya samoyed ") -" spends the whole summer in the water ", others -" walk on underground "1, etc. Only thanks to the subtle analysis of DN Anuchin was it possible to more or less correctly determine what kind of real data lay at the basis of this semi-fantastic" Tale ". 2

The rapid accumulation of quite reliable information about Siberia began from the time historical trek Ermak and especially after the appointment of the first Siberian governors. The government obliged the "initial people" of Siberia to carefully collect information about the routes of communication, fur resources, mineral deposits, the possibility of organizing arable farming, the number and occupation of the local population, and its relations with neighboring peoples. The leaders of the detachments who were building fortified points on the newly occupied terrain were also required to draw up drawings of the terrain and built forts.

Collecting information about new lands usually began with a survey of local residents. Therefore, the campaigns, as a rule, were attended by "interpreters" - experts in local languages. Participants of the campaigns in their "arrivals", unsubscribes and petitions supplemented and clarified this information with personal observations. Voivods and other local "early people" often questioned the participants in the campaigns and wrote down their answers. This is how the "widespread speeches" and "slopes" of the explorers arose. The voivods sent the most important documents to Moscow with their formal replies, in which they summarized the collected information in a concise manner. Thus, geographic, ethnographic, economic, historical and other material was accumulated.

Rapidly advancing into the depths of Siberia, explorers were primarily interested in river routes and convenient portages between rivers. So, for example, the Cossacks, who built the Yenisei prison in 1619, in the same year reported to Moscow about the nameless "great river" (Lena), to which from Yeniseisk "it takes 2 weeks to go to the portage, and so it takes 2 days to go by the portage." ... 3 By the middle of the 17th century. explorers knew literally all the major rivers of Siberia and their main tributaries, had general idea about their water regime, they were well acquainted with the difficult sections of the route, especially with the areas of the rapids.

Off the coast of Siberia, the Russians began to explore sea routes early. At the end of the XVI century. they went on ships along the dangerous Ob Bay to the mouth of the river. Taz, and in the 30s of the XVII century. began to sail for the first time in the easternmost part of the Arctic Ocean - from the mouth of the Lena. In 1648 Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev and his companions, having rounded Chukotka, were the first Europeans to pass through the strait separating Asia from America.

Quite quickly, Russian explorers got an idea of ​​the seas of the Far East. October 1 (n. With. - 11) 1639 I. Yu. Moskvitin and his comrades by a short voyage from the mouth of the river. Beehives to r. The hunt was the beginning of the Russian Pacific navigation, and in the navigation of 1640, having built two eight-seated kochis, the Muscovites sailed to the area of ​​the Amur estuary and the "Gilyatskaya Horde Islands" - the islands of the Sakhalin Bay inhabited by sedentary Nivkhs. 4 One of the discoverers of the Kolyma, M.V. Stadukhin, significantly expanded the Russian understanding of the Pacific Ocean. In 1651, having passed overland from Anadyr to Penzhina, he sailed for two navigations along the northern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Tauiskaya Bay, and then in 1657 to the river. Hunting. He was one of the first to learn from local residents about the existence of a "nose" between Anadyr and Penzhina, that is, the Kamchatka Peninsula, 5 although the true dimensions of this peninsula did not become known immediately. Nevertheless, already in the middle of the 17th century. in Moscow they knew that from the east the “new Siberian land” was also everywhere washed by the “sea-Akian”.

During voyages in the Arctic and Pacific oceans, sailors conducted various observations. Along the outlines of the coast, they remembered the traversed sea routes, followed the direction of the winds, ice drift, sea currents. They already knew how to use a compass ("womb") and determine the general contours of not only small, but also large peninsulas. In S. I. Dezhnev's unsubscribe from 1655, there was a rather accurate description of the location of the "Big Stone Nose" (Chukotka Peninsula) from Anadyr: "and that Nose lies between the seiver on a midwife", 6 that is, in the sector between two directions - on north and northeast. "The nose turns abruptly towards the Onandyra river in the summer." 7 This phrase means that Dezhnev attributed the beginning of the Chukotka Peninsula from the southern side to the Gulf of the Cross (the area of ​​Mount Matachingai), which corresponds to the ideas

1 A. Titov. Siberia in the 17th century. Collection of old Russian articles about Siberia and adjacent lands. M., 1890, pp. 3-6.

2 D. N. Anuchin. On the history of acquaintance with Siberia before Ermak. Antiquities, v. XIV, M., 1890, p. 229.

3 RIB, vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1875, doc. No. 121, p. 374.

4 Materials of the Department of Historical and Geographical Knowledge of the Geographical Society of the USSR, vol. 1, L., 1962, pp. 64-67.

5 Russian sailors in the Arctic and Pacific oceans. Collection of documents about the great Russian geographical discoveries in the northeast of Asia in the 17th century. Compiled by M.I.Belov. L.-M., 1952, p. 263.

6 AIM, t. IV, SPb., 1851, No. 7? p. 26.

7 See a photocopy of the document: Vestn. ASU, 1962, No. 6, ser. geologist, and geogr., no. 1, p.

modern geographers. 8 Thus, for the first time, reliable information was obtained about the extreme northeastern part of Asia, which is the closest to North America.

In the XVII century. Anadyr Cossacks were the first to discover the existence of Alaska. For them, it was "the island of the toothed teeth" (Eskimos), or "the mainland", then they did not yet know that Alaska was part of America.

Valuable information was collected in the 17th century. about the countries located south of Siberia. The earliest reports on the routes from Siberia to Central and Central Asia were received from Central Asian merchants-intermediaries, the so-called "Bukharians", some of whom settled in Western Siberia... They also helped the Russians to check the paths to China, to get early information about the Tibetans and even about distant India.

Expanding the understanding of southern countries rather frequent Russian embassies played an important role, in which Siberian servicemen took an active part. Thus, the Tomsk Cossack Ivan Petlin, who was the first to travel to China in 1618, presented to Moscow an article list in which he described in detail his route, as well as "a drawing and painting about the Chinese region." nine

The Russians received a lot of information about the peoples living south of Siberia from local residents. Important news about Mongolia and new routes to China was received from the Selenga Tungus and Buryats. The Russians learned from the aborigines of the Amur in 1643-1644. about the Manchus, and in 1652-1653. - about the Japanese ("chizhems"), whose nearest settlements at that time were in the southern part of Hokkaido Island ("Iesso"). 10 The Cossack campaigns of 1654-1656 were of great importance for the expansion of the Russian understanding of the southern peoples. on the right tributaries of the Amur - Argun, Komaru, Sungari ("Shingal") and Ussuri ("Ushur"). A new, shorter route to China was opened through Argun, along which the embassies of Ignatiy Milovanov (1672) and Nikolai Spafarii (1675-1677) went to Beijing later.

The most detailed and rich material was accumulated in the 17th century. about the interior regions of Siberia - about the local population, fauna, flora, and minerals.

When collecting yasak, servicemen were interested in the size, ethnic and tribal composition of the local population, and the location of settlements. In addition, their messages contain rich information about social relations among local peoples, the way of life - about taiga and river crafts, about hunting tools and means of transportation, about domestic animals, about the construction of dwellings. All these data are still of great value for researchers, especially for ethnographers.

Of the natural resources that attracted in the XVI-XVII centuries. to Siberia of the Russian people, in the first place was furs ("soft junk"). In the Russian and world markets in the XVI-XVII centuries. furs of sables, beavers, and black foxes were especially prized. There were many experienced animal scientists among the Russian people in Siberia. They knew well the areas of fur-hunting grounds, studied the habits of sable and other animals, owned various methods of hunting them, knew how to process furs and were considered knowledgeable connoisseurs of its various varieties.

They also successfully hunted for the Sea animal - seals, seals, and later whales. But the Russians were especially interested in the walrus tusk (“fish

8 B.P. Polevoy. About the exact text of two replies from Semyon Dezhnev in 1655. Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, ser. Geogr., 1965, No. 2, pp. 102-110.

9 N.F.Demidova, V.S.Myasnikov. The first Russian diplomats in China. M., 1966, p. 41.

10 B.P. Polevoy. Discoverers of Sakhalin. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 1959, p. 31.

tooth "), which was prized in the 17th century. quite high and was sold to some countries of the east. Therefore, when in the middle of the 17th century. in the north-east of Siberia, rich walrus rookeries were discovered, Moscow immediately became interested in them.

The explorers were also connoisseurs of Siberian fish resources. In their posts, they list a wide variety of fish. So, in November 1645, VD Poyarkov's companions told in Yakutsk that at the mouth of the Amur there is not only red fish, but "both sturgeon and small and large carp and carp and sterlet and catfish and stellate sturgeon." 11 The Russians were greatly impressed by the fish wealth of the rivers of the Okhotsk coast. “In the“ skipping ”of the Cossack NI Kolobov, a participant in the campaign of I. Yu. Moskvitin, it was said:“ ... only to launch the seine and to drag it out with the fish. And the river is fast, and that fish in that river quickly kills and sweeps ashore, and along its bank there is a lot like firewood, and that lying fish is eaten by the beast. " 12

Among the explorers were the so-called "herbalists" who were engaged in the search and collection of plants "for medicinal compositions and vodkas." St. John's wort, "wolf root", and rhubarb were in great demand.

Wherever Siberian explorers penetrated, they were everywhere interested in minerals. 13 First of all, they began to collect information about the salt sources. We have come down to detailed descriptions (XVII century) of the state-owned salt industry on the lake. Yamysh (20s) and salt brews E.P. Khabarov on the river. Kuta (30s). At the end of the 30s, salt springs were found in the Yenisei district on the tributaries of the river. Hangars, Taseev and Manze. In the late 60s, salt was found near Irkutsk (Usolye). fourteen

Already from the beginning of the 17th century. in Siberia, searches were conducted for ores, especially iron, copper and silver. Since the 1920s, a blacksmith from Tomsk, a blacksmith Fyodor Eremeev, has been successfully searching for iron ore. As the Tomsk voivode reported to Moscow, from the ore found by Eremeev, “it gave birth. ... ... iron is good. " 15 In the middle of the 17th century. "The kindest and most meek" iron was smelted from ore found near Krasnoyarsk, as well as in the Yeniseisk region. The Russians found copper ore on the Yenisei and in Western Siberia.

The most persistently sought was silver ore. The first searches were unsuccessful, but in the second half of the 17th century. quite rich deposits were found in Transbaikalia. The famous Nerchinsk factories were built here. Even then, the Russians knew that lead, and sometimes tin, was often found in the areas of silver ore deposits. The letters of the explorers also inform about the search for "combustible" sulfur, saltpeter

11 TsGADA, f. Yakut command hut, op. 1, stb. 43, fol. 362.

12 Ibid., Op. 2, stb. 66, l. 1. For the full text of this "skask" see: NN Stepanov. The first Russian expedition to the Okhotsk coast in the 17th century. Izv. VGO. t. 90, 1958, No. 5, pp. 446-448.

13 Review of published communications of the 17th century. on the minerals of Siberia is given in the book by A. V. Khabakov "Essays on the history of geological prospecting knowledge in Russia" (part 1, Moscow, 1950), and the archival documents of the Siberian order - in the article by N. Ya. Novombergsky, L. A. Goldenberg and V. V. Tikhomirov "Materials for the history of exploration and prospecting for minerals in the Russian state of the 17th century." (in the book: Essays on the history of geological knowledge, issue 8, Moscow, 1959. pp. 3-63).

14 F.G.Safr about v. Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov. Khabarovsk, 1956, p. 13; A. N. Kopylov. Russians on the Yenisei in the 17th century Agriculture, industry and trade relations of the Yenisei district. Novosibirsk, 1965, pp. 186-189; V. A. Alexandrov. The Russian population of Siberia in the 17th-early 18th centuries. (Yenisei Territory). M., 1964, p. 248; TsGADA, SP, stlb. 113, ll. 210, 211; stlb. 344, ll. 333-336: stb. 908, ll 117-136,371-376.

15 For more details on the activities of F. Eremeev, see: A.R. Pugachev. 1) Fedor Eremeev - the discoverer of the iron ores of Siberia. Questions of the geography of Siberia, collection of articles. 1, Tomsk, 1949, pp. 105-121; 2) Blacksmith-miner Fedor Eremeev. Tomsk, 1961.

and even oil. 16 There were significant successes in the search for window mica. In the middle of the 17th century. mica was mined in the lower Angara region (in the upper reaches of the Taseeva and Kiyanka rivers). In the 80s, the richest deposits of mica were discovered on the shores of Lake Baikal. At the same time, rock crystal was mined in different parts of Eastern Siberia and various "patterned stones" were collected.

Russian explorers sought to reflect their discoveries on geographic drawings. Throughout the XVII century. hundreds of such drawings have been created. Unfortunately, almost all of them died. But from a few accidentally preserved drawings and especially "paintings" to them, it is clear that they sometimes had a rather significant load: in addition to rivers, mountains and settlements, they often depicted "arable lands", "fishing grounds", "black forests", drags and even "argishnitsy" - the paths along which the "reindeer people" crossed in argish.

Some of the local drawings of the 17th century. were of particular value. So, in 1655, at the direction of Dezhnev, the first "Anandir drawing was drawn up: from the Anyuya river and beyond the Stone to the top of Anandir and which rivers, large and small, both to the sea and to the corgi where the beast lays." 17 In 1657, Stadukhin's satellites made the first drawing of the northern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. eighteen

Among the compilers of the drawings of the 17th century. were original masters of their craft. Such, for example, was the discoverer of Lake Baikal and Dezhnev's successor in the Anadyr prison Kurbat Ivanov, who made the first drawings of the upper Lena, Lake Baikal, the Okhotsk coast and some other regions of Eastern Siberia. 19 Unfortunately, many extremely rich information about Siberia and neighboring peoples, collected in the 17th century, turned out to be buried in the archives and were not used by contemporaries when working on the creation of summary drawings and descriptions of Siberia. In Russia, people began to draw up generalizing Siberian drawings quite early. It is known that even at the end of the 16th century. some kind of "drawing of Siberian from Cherdyn" was created. 20 In 1598-1599. in Siberia, drawings were made that formed the basis of the Siberian part of the famous "old" drawing of the Moscow state.

In 1626, a letter was sent from Moscow to Siberia "Tobolsk city and all Siberian cities and forts in Tobolsk draw a drawing." Having received this instruction, the Tobolsk voivode A. Khovansky immediately sent appropriate orders to all Siberian cities and forts to the voivods: “. ... ... I ordered them that city and prison, and near those cities and forts, rivers and tracts to draw drawings and write on the painting. " 21 How these works were carried out is not yet known. Some researchers believe that the "List of Siberian Cities and Ostrog", compiled in 1633, may have been an appendix to such a general drawing of the entire then known part of Siberia. 22

Siberia to the shores of the Pacific Ocean was first depicted in a drawing of 1667. For lack of local drawings of many regions of Siberia, the Tobolsk voivode PI Godunov organized a survey of "all ranks" of experienced people. After summarizing this information, a "drawing of all Siberia" was created and a drawing list was drawn up for it. An analysis of the painting suggests that the "drawing of all Siberia" was made in the form of a kind of atlas, in which all the details were already reflected on special route drawings of rivers and routes. 23 November 26, 1667 "the blueprint of all Siberia" was sent to Moscow. 24 And in February 1668, based on this drawing, the painter Stanislav Loputsky made another drawing of Siberia in Moscow. 25 In the summer of 1673, under the governor I.B. Repnin, new cartographic work was carried out in Tobolsk: a new drawing of Siberia and a Tobolsk version of the drawing of the entire Moscow state were drawn up. 26

In further clarification of the general drawings of Siberia, an important role was played by the head of the Russian embassy in China N.G. Spafari, who was instructed by the government "from Tobolsk on the road to the border Chinese city to depict all the land, cities and the path on the drawing" and draw up a detailed description of Siberia. 27 In 1677 Spafari submitted to the Ambassadorial Prikaz "The book, and in it is written the journey of the Siberian kingdom from the city of Tobolsk to the very border of China." 28 In this detailed work, the main rivers of Siberia - the Irtysh and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena - are especially described in detail. In addition, a separate description of the Amur was added to the description of China compiled by Spafari (one of its versions is widely known under the name "The Legend of the Great Amur River"). 29 At the same time, a new drawing of Siberia was presented to the Ambassadorial Prikaz.,

In the development of Siberian cartography, the censuses of the population and lands, the so-called "patrols", played an important role. During the broadest "patrol" in the early 80s of the XVII century. Many local drawings were created, on the basis of which, 3-4 years later, new refined drawings of the whole Siberia were drawn up.

By the mid-80s of the 17th century. the emergence of a new detailed geographical composition about Siberia - "Descriptions of the new land of the Siberian state, in which it is time and in what case it got to the Muscovite state and what the position of that land" also applies. 30 In Stockholm, in the papers of I. Sparvenfeld, the Swedish ambassador to Russia in 1684-1687, a copy of this "Description" and an unfinished copy of the Great Drawing of Asia, which clearly reflected the content of the "Description", were recently found. Therefore, there is reason to believe that the marked "Description" was created in the form of a literary addition to some new drawing of Siberia instead of the traditional "painting".

16 See: DAI, vol. 10, p. 327.

17 Russian Arctic expeditions of the 17th-20th centuries. Questions of the history of the study and development of the Arctic, L., 1964, p. 139X

18 AIM, vol. 4, 1851, doc. No. 47, p. 120, 121.

19 BP Field. Kurbat Ivanov - the first cartographer of Lena, Lake Baikal and the Okhotsk coast (1640-1645). Izv. VGO, t. 92. 1960, No. 1, pp. 46-52.

20 CHOIDR, 1894, book. 3, mix, p. 16.

21 RIB, vol. VIII, 1884, stl. 410-412.

22 Yu A Limonov. "List" of the first general drawing of Siberia (dating experience). Problems of source studies, VIII, M., 1959, pp. 343-360. For the text of the painting see: A. Titov. Siberia in the 17th century, pp. 9-22.

23 See in more detail: B.P. Polevoy. The hypothesis about the "Godunov" atlas of Siberia in 1667 Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, ser. Geogr., 1966, No. 4, pp. 123-132.

24 TsGADA, SP, stlb. 811, l. 97.

25 This was first reported by G.A. Boguslavsky in a report to the Geographical Society of the USSR on December 14, 1959.

26 See: Book to the Big Drawing. Preparation for publication and edition by K.N.Serbina. M.-L., 1950, pp. 184-188.

27 Travel through Siberia from Tobolsk to Nerchinsk and the borders of China by the Russian envoy Nikolai Spafari in 1675. Spafari's travel diary with an introduction and notes by Yu. V. Arseniev. Zap. Russian Geographical Society on dep. these., 1882, vol. X, no. 1, Suppl., P. 152.

28 Ibid., Pp. 1-214. For the most detailed analysis of the geographical works of N.G. Spafaria, see: D.M. Lebedev. Geography in Russia in the 17th century ( pre-Petrine era). Essays on the history of geographical knowledge. M.-L., 1949, pp. 127-164.

29 A. Titov. Siberia in the 17th century, pp. 107-113.

30 Ibid., Pp. 55-100. A more accurate text was reproduced in 1907 in the collection Siberian Chronicles.

31 For a description of the Swedish copy, see S. Dah 1. Codex ad 10 der Västeräser Gymnasial Bibliothek. Uppsala, 1949, S. 62-69. The unfinished drawing is reproduced in the article: L. S. Bagrow. Sparwenfeltdt "s maps of Siberia-Imago Mundi, vol. IV, Stockholm, 1954.

The discovery abroad of several drawings of Siberia shows how much interest foreigners showed in it. In the XVII century. a number of works with information about Siberia also appeared in Western Europe. The most complete survey of them was given by Academician M.P. Alekseev. 32 In the reports of foreigners, the reliable was most often interspersed with speculation. The most truthful works belonged to the pen of those who had visited Siberia themselves. Especially meaningful is the "History of Siberia" by Yuri Krizhanich (1680), 33 who lived for 15 years in exile in Tobolsk. There Krizhanich met with many Siberian explorers, which allowed him to collect reliable information about Siberia. end-to-end navigation through them is impossible due to the accumulation of ice. 34

Of all the works on Siberia that appeared abroad in the 17th century, the most valuable was the book "On Northern and Eastern Tataria" by the Dutch geographer NK Witsen (1692). 35 In 1665 its author was in Moscow as a member of the Dutch embassy. Since then, Witsen began to collect various news about the eastern outskirts of Russia. He was especially interested in Siberia. Witsen, through his Russian correspondents, managed to collect a rich collection of various works about Siberia. Among the materials he used were a drawing of Siberia in 1667 and its painting, a painting of a drawing of Siberia in 1673, an essay about Siberia by Krizhanich, "Description of the new land of the Siberian state", "The Legend of the Amur River", etc. In addition, Witsen had such Russian sources, the originals of which are not yet known.

Witsen was also the compiler of several drawings of "Tataria" (Siberia with neighboring countries). Of these, the most famous is his large map "1687". (in fact, it was published in 1689-1691). 36 Many gross mistakes were made on Witsen's map, and nevertheless for its time its publication was a great event. In essence, it was the first map in Western Europe that reflected reliable Russian news about the whole of Siberia.

In 1692, a new Russian ambassador, the Dane Elected Idee, went to China through Siberia. He carried Witsen's map with him. On the way, Idee made the necessary corrections and later made his own drawing of Siberia, which, however, also turned out to be very inaccurate. 37 It became obvious that the very system of drawing up geographical drawings of Siberia should be changed.

Since the most detailed drawings of the voivodeships could only be drawn up locally, on January 10, 1696 in the Siberian order, it was decided “to send the great sovereigns letters to all Siberian cities, to order Siberian cities and districts. ... ... write drawings on canvas. ... ... And in Tobolsk, tell the kind and skillful master to make drawings

32 M.P. Alekseev. Siberia in the news of Western European travelers and writers, vols. 1, 2. Irkutsk, 1932-1936. (Second edition: Irkutsk, 1940).

34 Ibid., P. 215.

35 N. K. Witsen. Noord en oost Tartarye. Amsterdam, 1692. (The second revised edition was published in 1705, the third in 1785).

36 In the USSR, a copy of this map is kept in the cartography department of the State Public Library named after G. E. Saltykova-Shchedrina (Leningrad). A full-size copy of the map was reproduced in Remarkable maps of the XVth, XVIth und XVIIth centuries, reproduced in the original size (vol. 4, Amsterdam, 1897). A reduced copy of the map is available in the Atlas geographical discoveries in Siberia and North-West America of the 17th-18th centuries ”(M., 1964, no. 33).

37 A map of Ides was printed in his book Dreijaarige Reise naar China te Lande gedaen door den moscovitischen Abgesant E. Isbrants Ides (Amsterdam, 1704).

all Siberia and sign below, from which city to which how many miles or days to travel, and districts to each city to determine and describe in which place which peoples wander and live, also from which side which people came to the borderlands. " 38 The "sentence" established the size for the "city" (district) drawings 3X2 arshins and for the drawing of the whole Siberia 4X3 arshins.

Work on drawing up drawings was started everywhere in the same 1696. In Yeniseisk, they were carried out in 1696-1697; the certificate "on composing a drawing to the Irkutsk district" was received in Irkutsk on November 2, 1696, and the finished drawing was sent to Moscow on May 28, 1697. 39 "Irkutsk drawing to the Kudinskaya settlement. ... ... by the sovereign's decree. ... ... wrote "Yenisei icon painter Maxim Grigoriev Ikonnik. 40 In Tobolsk, drawing work was entrusted to S.U. Remezov, who, long before 1696, “wrote many drawings for the Tobolsk breed, settlements and Siberian cities in different years”. 41

To draw up his drawing of Siberia, S.U. Remezov personally traveled in 1696-1697. many areas of Western Siberia. By the fall of 1697, Remezov had compiled a wall "drawing of a part of Siberia" and an additional "chorographic drawing book" - a unique atlas of Siberian rivers. 42 The "drawing of a part of Siberia" drawn up in this form was highly appreciated in Moscow.

In the fall of 1698, during his stay in Moscow, Remezov created two general drawings of the whole of Siberia, one on a white Chinese cloth, the other on polished coarse calico, measuring 6X4 arshins. Remezov did this work with his son Semyon. They made copies of eighteen drawings sent to the Siberian order from various cities of Siberia. Then they made a "reversed" drawing on a white Chinese paper measuring 4X2 arshins and another 6X4 arshins on polished paper for the king. Copies of city drawings and a copy of the "converted" general drawing of Siberia Remezov took with him to Tobolsk when he left there in December 1698. 43 This time Remezov was ordered to compile in Tobolsk an easy-to-use book of drawings of all Siberian cities ("Drawing Book" ), having previously made a number of new drawings. Remezov did this work with his sons Semyon, Leonty and Ivan and finished it in the fall of 1701. The drawing book of Siberia in 1701, made on 24 sheets of Alexandrian paper, had a preface ("Scripture for the affectionate reader") and 23 geographical drawings, most of which were "city" drawings. 44

38 PSZ, vol. III, No. 1532, p. 217.

39 A.I. Andreev. Essays on the study of sources in Siberia, vol. 1. XVII century. M-L., 1960, p. 99.

40 TsGADA, SP, stlb. 1352, l. 73a.

41 A. N. Kopylov. To the biography of S. U. Remezov. Historical Archive, 1961, No. 6, p. 237. Recently, the names of a number of drawings made by S. U. Remezov have been established in the 80s of the 17th century. (see: L. A. Goldenberg. Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov. M., 1965, pp. 29-33).

42 S. U. Remesov. Atlas of Siberia, facsim. ed., with an introduction by L. Bagrow (Imago Mundi. Suppl. I). s "Gravenhage, 1958. The Tobolsk draft of this atlas, supplemented later with several more drawings, was first published only in 1958. L. S. Bagrov believed that S. U. that is why he called this atlas “The Chorographic Book.” Most researchers have adopted this name.

43 A.I. Andreev. Essays on the study of sources in Siberia, vol. 1, p. 111.

44 Drawing book of Siberia, compiled by the Tobolsk boyar son Semyon Remezov in 1701. SPb., 1882. About the drawing book, see: L. A. Goldenberg. Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov, pp. 96-99, and also: BP Polevoy. About the original of the "Drawing book of Siberia" by S. U. Remezov 1701. Refutation of the version of the "Rumyantsev copy". Dokl. Inst. geographer. Siberia and the Far East, 1964, no. 7. pp. 65-71.

The Remezovs left behind one more valuable monument of cartography of the 17th-early 18th centuries. - "Service drawing book". This collection of drawings and manuscripts includes copies of "city" drawings of 1696- I699, early drawings of Kamchatka in 1700-1713. and other drawings of the late 17th-early 18th centuries. 45

The numerous drawings of the Remezovs have always amazed researchers with the abundance of a wide variety of information about Siberia. Until now, not only historians, but also geographers, ethnographers, archaeologists and linguists, especially toponyms, are keenly interested in these drawings. And yet, for the beginning of the XVIII century. the cartography of the Remezozs was already "yesterday's day in the development of science." 46 Their drawings had no mathematical basis and often reflected inaccurate or misunderstood news of the 17th century. At the beginning of the 18th century. state interests demanded the compilation of accurate geographical maps, made not by "iconographers" or "isographers", but by specially trained surveyors. In the second decade of the 18th century. in Western Siberia, successful filming was carried out by Pyotr Chichagov and Ivan Zakharov, 47 in Eastern Siberia - by Fedor Molchanov. In the Far East and the Pacific Ocean, geodesists Ivan Evreinov and Fyodor Luzhin began compiling the first maps on a mathematical basis. 48

Russian explorers began to penetrate Kamchatka from the middle of the 17th century, but only as a result of the historical campaign of V.V. Atlasov in 1697-1699. they got a real idea of ​​the fishing wealth of this peninsula and established how far it stretches into the ocean.

Atlasov brought from Kamchatka the Japanese Denbey brought there by the storm, from whom new information about Japan was obtained in Russia.

IP Kozyrevsky, who led the first two Russian voyages to these islands (1711 and 1713), played an important role in obtaining the first detailed information about the Kuril Islands. The need to compensate for the scarce commercial reserves of Siberia prompted the government of Peter I to organize more and more search expeditions in the Far East.

In 1716-1719. here under the leadership of the Yakut governor. A. Yelchin was preparing a large sea expedition, the so-called Big Kamchatka detachment. The road from Yakutsk to Okhotsk was improved, sea routes were explored, information about Kamchatka and the Kuriles was systematized. The expedition of the Big Kamchatka detachment did not take place, but the maps of Kamchatka and the information collected by Yelchin were presented to the Senate and were used in the preparation and implementation of the expeditions of Evreinov and Luzhin, as well as the famous Kamchatka expeditions of the second quarter of the 18th century. 49

Sending geodesists I. M. Evreinov and F. F. Luzhin from St. Petersburg to the Far East, Peter I himself "tested" their knowledge and instructed to describe Kamchatka with the adjacent waters and lands and "put everything on the line properly." At the same time, geodesists were specifically instructed to establish whether "America converged with Asia."

Evreinov and Luzhin arrived in Kamchatka in September 1719, and in 1720-1721. made a trip along the western shores of Kamchatka and the Kuril ridge. Evreinov's map and report are the main

45 RO GPB, Hermitage collection, No. 237.

46 L.A. Goldenberg. Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov, p. 198.

47 E.A. The first Russian filming of Western Siberia. Izv. VGO, 1966, no. 4, pp. 333-340.

48 O. A. Evteev. The first Russian surveyors in the Pacific. M., 1950.

49 V.I. Grekov. Essays from the history of Russian geographical research in 1725-1765. M., 1960, pp. 9-12.

the result of this expedition. The map covers Siberia from Tobolsk to Kamchatka and has a degree grid. On it, for the first time, the characteristic features of the outlines of Kamchatka are fairly accurately conveyed and the southwestern direction of the Kuril Islands is correctly shown. The report was an explanatory catalog for the map.

Surveyors, naturally, did not find America near Kamchatka. But Peter I (not without the influence of Western European cartography) continued to believe that the closest route from Asia to America was from the Kamchatka Peninsula. Western European cartographers depicted the “northern land” (“Terra borealis”) stretching from North America towards Kamchatka. Sometimes she was depicted as united with America, sometimes - separated by the "Strait of Anian". On the map of Kamchatka, published by the Nuremberg cartographer I.B. Roman in 1722, the end of this land was shown near the eastern coast of the peninsula. Peter I believed in the real existence of this mythical land and in 1724 decided to entrust Vitus Bering to visit the sea route from Kamchatka to America along this “land that goes to the north”, and at the same time to find out where “that land is. ... ... got along with America. " 50 This is how the idea of ​​organizing Bering's First Kamchatka Expedition arose. 51

During the years of Peter's transformations, interest in the ethnography of Siberia increased noticeably. S. U. Remezov played an important role in this. He wrote a number of ethnographic works and made the first ethnographic map of Siberia. But the most valuable ethnographic work of this period was “ Short description about the Ostyak people ”, written in 1715 by Grigory Novitsky, a pupil of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, exiled to Tobolsk. 52 A retelling of this work has been published several times abroad. 53

Along with geographical surveys in the first quarter of the 18th century. a scientific expeditionary survey of the interior regions of Siberia begins. In 1719, Dr. Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt was sent to Siberia under an agreement for 7 years. The range of issues that he was supposed to deal with included: the description of the Siberian peoples and the study of their languages, the study of geography, natural history, medicine, ancient monuments and "other attractions" of the region.

Messerschmidt visited many areas of Western and Eastern Siberia in the basins of the Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena and Lake. Baikal. Particularly difficult and productive was his journey, which began in 1723 from Turukhansk to the upper reaches of the Lower Tunguska, then to the Lena, Baikal, then through Nerchinsk, the Argun plant and the Mongolian steppes to the lake. Dalainor.

The scientist collected huge natural-historical and ethnographic collections, cartographic materials, made numerous philological records (in particular, on the Mongolian and Tangut languages), carried out a large number of geodetic calculations. The collections delivered by Messerschmidt to St. Petersburg in 1727 were highly appreciated admissions committee... 54 The works of Messerschmidt himself (description of collections and diaries) were not published at that time, but were used by many scientists of the 18th century - G. Steller, I. Gmelin, G. Miller, P. Pallas and others. (Recognizing their great scientific value, the Academy of Sciences of the GDR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1962 began to jointly publish the Siberian diaries of Messerschmidt). 55

The Swede F.I.Tabbert (Stralenberg) actively contributed to the dissemination of new reliable information about Siberia in Western Europe. 56 While in Siberia for 11 years (1711-1722) as a captive officer, he studied the ethnography of the region, was engaged in cartography, and also took an active part in Messerschmidt's expedition across Western Siberia in 1721-1722. as his closest assistant and artist. Later Stralenberg published in Stockholm (1730) on German the book "Northern and Eastern parts of Europe and Asia", 57 as well as a map of Siberia. In his book, he cited a lot of information on the ethnography and history of Siberia, and his map among the maps of Siberia published abroad was the first on which the location of some cities was given on the basis of astronomical observations.

Thus, in the first quarter of the 18th century. A significant shift took place in the study of Siberia: a transition began from the accumulation of empirical knowledge to genuine scientific research.

50 For more details see collection: From Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. M., 1967, pp. 111 -120.

51 The history of Bering's Kamchatka expeditions is presented on pp. 343-347.

53 I. B. Miller. Leben und Gewohnheiten der Ostiaken, eines Volskes, das bis unter dem Polo Arctico wohnet ... Berlin, 1720. French translation see: Recueil de voyages au Nord, t. VIII, Amsterdam, 1727, pp. 373-429.

54 V.I. Grekov. Essays from the history of Russian geographical research ..., p. 16; M.G. Novlyanskaya. First Scientific research the rivers of the Lower Tunguska. Mater, dep. history geographer, knowledge, vol. 1, L., 1962, pp. 42-63.

The systematic study of Siberia began under Peter I by organizing expeditions. Along with the Russians, these expeditions included German scientists invited to serve by the Russian government and who made a great contribution to the study of the history of Siberia, its nature and natural resources. The descriptions of travel routes and settlements they encountered on their way, in some cases, are the only source containing information about the existence of some settlements and their location.

The first foreign scientist invited by the reformer Tsar Peter I to Russia to study its natural resources was Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt, a German physician and botanist, a native of Danzig (09.16.1685– 03.25.1735), Doctor of Medicine, physician and naturalist, a good draftsman, philologist, who knew oriental languages. Messerschmidt arrived in Russia in April 1718. In November 1718, he was appointed head of the first scientific expedition heading to Siberia to study and describe its natural resources, history, geography, medicinal plants, minerals, antiquities, rituals, customs and languages indigenous peoples and in general all Siberian attractions. The journey of the expedition led by Messerschmidt from St. Petersburg to Siberia and back lasted eight years, from 03/01/1719 to 03/27/1727.The expedition that left St. Petersburg for Tobolsk, in addition to himself, included: servant and translator Peter Kratz, cook Andrei Gesler and two Russian orderly soldiers. Messerschmidt did not know Russian, he needed educated assistants, and at his request in Tobolsk, captured Swedish officers who knew Russian were included in the expedition: Captain Philip Johann Tabbert (von Stralenberg), who became Messerschmidt's main assistant, non-commissioned officer Daniil Capell and a draftsman Karl Gustav Schulman, Stralenberg's nephew. The expedition also included a 14-year-old Russian boy Ivan Putintsev, bought by Messerschmidt in Yalutorovsk for 12 rubles to collect medicinal herbs, catch insects and climb trees to collect collections of bird eggs.

The expedition left Tobolsk on 03/01/1721 and through the Baraba forest-steppe headed east into Siberia and at the end of March 1721 arrived at the Chaussky prison. After a short stay in it, the expedition continued on its way to Tomsk. The route of her movement from the Chaussky prison to Tomsk ran along the left side of the river. Ob, where by the beginning of the 18th century a number of Russian villages and settlements already existed: Bazoy, Chilino, Elovka, Ekimovo, Voronovo, Urtamsky prison, s. Kozhevnikovo and there were roads suitable for the movement of animal-drawn vehicles. On the right side of the Ob from the Chaussky prison in the direction of Tomsk for about 150 km. Until the village of Zudovo in 1721 there were no settlements except the Umrevinsky prison, naturally, in the wooded, uninhabited area there were no land roads suitable for the unhindered passage of horse-drawn vehicles. The first documentary information about the emergence of the settlements Oyash and Tashara on the above-mentioned section of the route refers to 1734 in the description of the Tomsk district by G.F. Miller. The village of Dubrovina in 1734 did not exist yet, of course there was no crossing over the Ob in this place. The first mention of the "Zimovskaya izba Dubrovskaya" is contained on the "Landmap of the Tomsk district", compiled by the geodesist Vasily Shishkov in 1737. Regular movement between Tomsk and the Chaussky prison on the considered section of the route began, apparently, in the 30s of the 18th century, and crossing the Ob to Dubrovino - in the 40s of the 18th century. Akadamik I.G. Gmelin, returning from an expedition across Siberia in the summer of 1741, crossed the Ob to Tashara, and not to Dubrovino.

Messerschmidt's expedition crossed the Ob on the ice on March 29, 1721 in the village of Kozhevnikovo (now the regional center of the Tomsk region). Further, having crossed the river. Tagan, the right tributary of the Ob, the expedition proceeded to Tomsk, where it arrived on March 30, 1721. On the right bank of the river. Tagan not far from its mouth in the travel diary of the expedition noted the Tatar village "Chatskaya" and the Russian village of Evtyushina and 5 km. from her Tatar yurts, in which lived those who had moved from the river. Chulym Tatars, converted to Christianity in 1719.

During his stay in Tomsk from 03/30/1721 to 07/05/1721, Messerschmidt collected information on the history of the district, got acquainted with the life, language and rituals of the Tomsk Tatars and Ostyaks, researched and collected various antiques and coins, traveled to the vicinity of the city for collection of medicinal herbs, collected information about the presence of useful minerals. In the diary of Messerschmidt on April 28, 1721, an entry appeared about the coal "between Komarov and the village of Krasnaya." The former villages of Komarova (Kemerova) and Krasnaya (Shcheglova, Krasnoyarskaya) are now part of the city of Kemerovo.

The route of the Messerschmidt expedition from Tomsk to Kuznetsk was described in detail in his scientific work by the historian Igor Vyacheslavovich Kovtun. Having thoroughly analyzed the expedition diary and scientific information previously published on this issue, he convincingly managed to prove that the Tomsk Pisanitsa ("Letter", as Messerschmidt called it) was first discovered and described not by Stralenberg, as was thought earlier, but by D.G. Messerschmidt.

On the morning of July 5, the expedition left Tomsk by boats up the river. Tom. D. Capell, acting quartermaster and procurement officer, left for Kuznetsk on horseback on July 2 to prepare an apartment and everything necessary for the further journey. By 6 o'clock in the evening on July 7, the expedition arrived in the village of Tomilovo. From the moment of its foundation in 1670 and until about 1816, the village of Tomilovo was located on a short, elevated section of the floodplain of the left bank of the Tom, next to its channel and due to strong spring floods that periodically occurred on the Tom at the beginning of the 19th century. was relocated from the floodplain to the root bank, about 1 km. from the river bed. On the route from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo, in the diary of Messerschmidt, which was kept by Stralenberg in 1721, the settlements encountered by the expedition along the banks of the Tom were marked. On the left bank - Takhtamyshpur (modern Takhtamyshevo), Mogilev (modern Kaftanchikovo), Barabinskaya yurt, Zeledeevo village. Along the right bank of the Tom, the diary records: the village of Spasskoye, the Kazan yurts, the summer yurts of the Tutal Tatars (they moved from the Chulym River, fleeing from their complete extermination by the Yenisei Kyrgyz), the village of Yarskoye and the Sosnovsky prison. For an unknown reason, the diary does not mark the settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo: Kaltai, Alayevo, Varyukhino - along the left bank of the Tom, Baturino, Vershinino, Ust-Sosnovka, Konstantinov, Yurty-Konstantinov, Vesnina - on the right bank of the Tom. Perhaps this happened because these settlements are located at some distance from the main channel of the river. The tomies did not come to the attention of the expedition members.

In the village of Tomilovo the expedition stayed until July 11, 1721. Here Messerschmidt measured the height of the sun, prepared letters to be sent to Tobolsk, and traveled to the right bank of the Tom to the area of ​​Sosnovsky prison to collect medicinal herbs. On July 11, 1721, the paths of Messerschmidt and Stralenberg parted from Tomilovo until they met in Abakan on December 22, 1721. Stralenberg, on 2 horses provided to him by the clerk of the Sosnovsky fort, set off for Tomsk to continue collecting information on history, geography etc. Tomsk district. From 6 to 11 August 1721, Stralenberg with Pastor Westadius and cornet Buchman rode horses to the village of Taimenka with stops and overnight stays in Kazan yurts, the village of Ust-Sosnovka and the village of Mugalovo. In the village of Taimenka, located on the right bank of the Tom, on the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Stralenberg and his companions arrived on August 8, 1721, where they stopped for the night. On August 9, they left for Tomsk, because cornet Buchman fell ill and on August 11 at 6 pm arrived in Tomsk. Thus, as follows from the diary of the expedition, above the village of Taimenki along the river. Tomi Stralenberg did not rise and did not personally get acquainted with the rock paintings of the Tomsk scribble. Returning from the village of Taimenki to Tomsk, Stralenberg continued his exploration of the district. By waterway along the Tom and Ob, he made a trip to Narym and back to Tomsk. On November 29, 1721, Stralenberg left Tomsk for the village of Zyryanskoye (now the regional center of the Tomsk region on the Chulym river near the mouth of the Kiya river) and further up the river. Kie to r. Sert, then through about. Barsyk-Kul to the river. Uryup, then through God's lake and steppes to the village. Bellik on the r. Yenisei and further to Abakan, where he met with Messerschmidt.

Messerschmidt, after the departure of Stralenberg from the village of Tomilovo to Tomsk, with the members of the expedition who remained with him, continued his journey up the Tom. Having passed the settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom, but were not noted in the diary of the expedition due to the fact that the diary in 1721 was kept by Stralenberg, who returned to Tomsk, Messerschmidt saw the Tomsk writings, according to I.V. Kovtun, this happened about July 15, 1721. According to historians D.N. Belikova and N.F. Emelyanov in 1721 along the banks of the Tom there were already settlements: on the left bank (Yurginsky district) - the village of Asanova, Ankudinov, Kuzhenkina, Ust-Iskitim, on the right bank (Yashkinsky district) - the village of Skorokhodova , Itkara, Salamatova, Korchuganova, p. Kulakovo, village Gutova, Mokhov, Palamoshnova, Taimenka Malaya, Taimenka Bolshaya, s. Pacha. Having examined the rock paintings of the Tomsk Pisanitsa, Messerschmidt continued his way up the Tom. Having passed the Verkhotomsky prison, the village of Komarova (Kemerovo), Krasnaya (Shcheglova) and other settlements of the Middle Volga region, the expedition arrived in Kuznetsk on July 30. From Kuznetsk, the expedition went up the Tom to its sources and then on horseback along the trail through the Abakan ridge and the Uybat steppe moved to Abakan. Above Kuznetsk along the Tom at the mouth of the river. Abasheva on August 9 or 10, Messerschmidt examined a burning coal seam ("fire-breathing mountain") and took soil samples from this seam, which were investigated in 1745 by M.V. Lomonosov and confirmed that it is coal. Stralenberg himself was not personally in Kuznetsk and did not see the burning coal seam, having learned about it from Messerschmidt or from members of the expedition, in his work published in 1730, said that Messerschmidt took the burning coal seam for a volcano. But historians doubt this report of Stralenberg, it is unlikely that such a prominent specialist, who later discovered the Tunguska coal basin, did not recognize in the collected by him at the mouth of the river. Abasheva samples of coal.

Messerschmidt was distinguished by his enormous capacity for work and diligence in his work. On a trip to Siberia, he collected a lot of material on history, geography, archeology, ethnography and mineral resources Siberia. He also collected large collections of plants, minerals, animals, insects, birds and ensured their delivery to St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, most of materials and collections perished in a shipwreck during their transportation from St. Petersburg to Danzig and during a fire in St. Petersburg in 1747. Mainly only Messerschmidt's travel diaries remained, which are scattered in the archives and have not yet been fully studied by historians, his work for the good of Russia is still worthy not rated.

A great contribution to the creation of the history of Siberia was made by its outstanding researcher, German scientist, academician Gerard Friedrich Miller. During a trip to Siberia as part of the Academic Detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of 1733-1743, he compiled detailed historical and geographical descriptions of almost all the districts of Siberia, including: "Description of the Kuznetsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current position in September 1734" and "Description of the Tomsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current position in October 1734"

At the end of the survey of the Kuznetsk district, Miller on September 27, 1734 (according to the old style) left for Tomsk by land along the Tomsk road, in its main direction coinciding with the later equipped Tomsk-Kuznetsk zemstvo tract. The route of Miller's detachment ran through the territories of seven districts of the Kemerovo Region, through settlements that already existed in 1734, or in their vicinity: Kuznetsk-Bungurskaya-Kalacheva-Lucheva (modern Lucheva) - Monastyrskaya (modern Prokopyevsk) - Usova (Usiaty) - Bachatskaya - Sosnova (modern Ust-Sosnovo) - Poperechny Iskitim (from Poperechnoye) - Ust-Iskitim-Tutalskaya (modern Talaya) - Elgino-Maltsevo-Zeledeevo-Varyukhino - and further, after crossing to the right bank of the river. Tom on the modern territory of the Tomsk region through the settlements: with. Yarskoe - v. Vershinina - v. Baturina - v. Spasskoe (modern Kolarovo) - Tomsk.

About a hundred years after G.F. Miller's road, along which he traveled from Kuznetsk to Tomsk, was finally equipped and received the status of the Tomsk-Kuznetsk zemstvo tract. On the territory of the Yurginsky district, this tract in some places changed its direction in comparison with the former road. From Cross Iskitim, the tract went to Zimnik, which appeared as a settled Tatar settlement in the first half of the 19th century. At the same time, the village of Ust-Iskitim remained aloof from the tract. From the village of Zimnik, the tract went to the village of Tutalskaya (Taluya) and further to the village of Bezmenovo and the village of Bezmenovo. Proskokovo, where it was connected with the Great Siberian (Moscow) tract laid here in the first quarter of the 19th century.

In conclusion, about the journey of G.F. Miller, it should be noted that from Kuznetsk to Tomsk it lasted less than 6 days, from 09/27/1734 to 10/2/1734 according to the old style, according to the new style it is mid-October, the period of autumn thaw in our area. According to S.P. Krasheninnikov on the day of the departure of the expedition from Kuznetsk on September 27, 1734, it was snowing. The distance from Kuznetsk to Tomsk is about 400 km, the expeditionary detachment of G.F. Miller, consisting in addition to himself of several soldiers and an interpreter, overcame in less than 6 days. I must say that the speed of movement of the detachment on horseback for the 18th century on bumpy roads, and even in the autumn thaw, was quite high.

Simultaneously with G.F. Miller on September 27, 1734, from Kuznetsk to Tomsk the second part of the academic detachment went along the river. Tom on three boats. This detachment included Academician I.G. Gmelin and student Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, future author of the book "Description of the Land of Kamchatka". On behalf of G.F. Miller Krasheninnikov described the academic detachment encountered on the way geographic objects and settlements of the Tomsk district along the banks of the Tom.

On the modern territory of the Yurginsky district on the left bank of the river. Tom, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:

the village of Kolbikha at the mouth of the Kolbikha river;

village Ubiona (Murdered, modern village Novoromanovo) on the river. Slain;

the village of Pashkov (modern village of Mitrofanovo), Miller gave the second name of this village in 1734 - "Narymsky";

the village of Bruskurova (according to Proskurov's archival documents), the modern village of Verkh-Taimenka, Miller gave the second name of this village in 1734 - "Chukreva";

village Popova (Popovka) at the mouth of the river. Suri (the modern name of this river is "Popovka");

v. Iskitimskaya (according to archival documents Ust-Iskitim, at the mouth of the Iskitim river);

the Yurga river, there were no settlements on this river at that time;

the village of Tala (modern Talaya) at the mouth of the river Talaya;

the village of Kuzhenkina, 4 versts downstream of the Tom stream from the village of Taloy, opposite the village of Mokhovaya (the village of Pyatkovo has not yet existed);

the village of Ankudinov, opposite the village of Itkara;

the village of Asanova or Silonova (Filonova), 3.5 versts from the mouth of the river. Lebyazhya;

between the village of Ankudinova and the village of Asanova, two Tatar yurts are indicated, apparently nomadic Tatars who temporarily settled in this place;

the village of Tomilov and in it the chapel of Peter and Paul. Because of the large shoals near the Sosnovsky prison, Krasheninnikov's detachment landed near the village of Tomilova to replace the workers recruited in the Verkhotomsky prison. A messenger was sent to the Sosnovsky prison, who soon returned with a change and a clerk of the prison, after which the detachment continued on its way to Tomsk;

with. Seledeevo (Zeledeevo) there is a wooden church in the name of Flora and Lavra;

v. Varyukhina, or Babarykina, opposite the mouth of the river. Hype;

the village of Alaevo on the r. Small Black.

Further along the left bank of the Tom in the modern territory Tomsk region villages and rivers are marked. Kaltaiskaya Russian village, Kaltaiskaya Tatar village, Baraba Tatar yurts, Kftanchikova village (Mogileva), Muratov Tatar yurts, Tokhtamyshev Tatar yurts, Chernaya river, Tomsk.

On the right bank of the Tom, on the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:

d. Irofeeva, according to the specified information of Miller, this is d. Erefieva (present-day Kolmogorov);

d. Written at r. Written, slightly higher than the Writing Stone;

with. Pacha on the r. Pace, in the village there is a wooden church in the name of John the Baptist;

Taimenka - a monastery village (currently the village of Krylovo is located on this place);

d. Taimenka stands at the mouth of the river. Taimenki, modern village Nizhnaya Taimenka, and the river has a new name "Kuchum";

d. Polomoshna on the river. Polomoshnoy (Miller, apparently, mistakenly called this river Monastyrskaya). Currently, this river is called "Talmenka";

the village of Mokhova opposite the village of Kuzhenkina;

the village of Gutova on the left bank of the Gutovaya river, which flows into the Tom;

Kulakov Pogost (modern village Kulakovo), in which there is a wooden church in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker, Miller also gave the second name of this village, the village of Nikolskoye;

the village of Korchuganov, 1.5 versts from the Kulakov churchyard;

the village of Salamatova, 2 versts from the village of Korchuganova;

Itkara churchyard, there is a wooden church in the name of Peter the Metropolitan, Miller specified the name - the village of Itkarinskoe;

the village of Skorokhodova, 5 versts from the Sosnovsky prison, upstream of the Tom River;

Sosnovsky prison, there is a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord;

v. Visnikova, Miller clarified the name of the village "Vesnina" 3 versts from the Sosnovsky prison downstream of the river. Tomi;

the village of Konstantinov and Konstantinov Yurts;

the village of Sosnovka (modern Ust-Sosnovka), on the banks of the river. Sosnovka is not far from its mouth.

Further down the river. Tom, on the modern territory of the Tomsk region, Krasheninnikov indicated the settlements: Yarskoy Pogost (modern Yar or Yarskoe), in it a wooden church in the name of the Introduction of the Virgin. The village of Vershinin, Russians and Tutal Tatars live in it, further the village of Baturina, Kazan yurts, the village of Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo), in it a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Savior, Tomsk. The rivers flowing into the Tom on the right side are also indicated: Shumikha, Tugoyakovka, Basandaika and within the city of Tomsk r. Ushaika.

In the summer of 1741, the famous German scientist, explorer of Siberia, academician Johann Georg Gmelin returned from an expedition to Eastern Siberia. Its route from Tomsk to the Chaussky prison (the modern town of Kolyvan, Novosibirsk region) and further to the west ran through settlements located, among other things, in the modern territories of the Yurginsky and Bolotninsky districts.

Leaving Tomsk, Gmelin crossed the river. Tom on the upper transport (in the area of ​​the modern road bridge across the Tom). Further, its route ran to the border of the present Yurginsky region through the settlements: Burlakovs (Chernorechensky yurts), the village of Kaftanchikov-Kaltaysky yurts, Kaltaisky machine (stanets).

On the territory of the Yurginsky district, Gmelin's route ran through the villages: Alaeva, Varyukhina, Kozhevnikov. At that time, the modern village of Kozhevnikova consisted of two villages: Lonshakova, founded in 1686 by a plowed peasant Grigory Pechkin, and the village of Zababurina (Kozhevnikova), Gmelin called this village Sankina or Panova.

Further, Gmelin's path ran through the current territory of the Bolotninsky district through the villages: Chernaya, in which there was a post station, Elizarova village, Pashkovu village (modern Zudovo), Elbatsky peaks (we are, apparently, talking about the tops of the Elbak and Chebulinsky padun rivers), Zhukov or Oyash.

Further, the path of Gmelin ran outside the modern territory of the Bolotninsky region through the Umrevinsky prison, Tashary stanets (machine tool) with a crossing over the river. Ob to its left bank and further through Orsk yurts, village Skalinskaya (village Skala) to Chaussky prison.

In the winter of 1773, the famous German scientist, doctor of medicine, professor of natural history, a member of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society, a member of the Roman Imperial Academy, the Royal English Assembly and the Berlin Natural Science Society Peter Simon Pallas also returned from an expedition to Eastern Siberia. The route he followed from Tomsk to the Chaussky prison, especially the route of movement from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, set out in Pallas's scientific work "Travel to different provinces of the Russian state", translated from German into Russian by Vasily Zuev, who accompanied Pallas on the expedition, is described in such a confused and it is not clear that professional historians are still unable to reliably establish this route.

Here is a full description of Pallas's route from Tomsk to the Chaussky prison, translated by Zuev from German into Russian: “In Tomsk I delayed until the 29th of Genvar, so as not to catch up with the carriages sent from me and thus not have a shortage of horses to change. In the evening of this day, I left this city and continued my journey to Tara along the usual road. Postal road goes first along the right side of the river. Tom to the village of Varyukhina, which lies on the left bank. Here it should leave the river and turn west to the Ob. Near the village of Kandinskaya I moved to Malaya, and at Chernorechinsk, a large branch called the Black, which, when combined with it, flows into the Tom. In the last village there are 18 yards, in which Tomsk bourgeois and peasants live. Here begins the Drag, lying between Tom, on which there is only one village Kanshura at the source. The first into the Flowing river, which must be passed through, is called Iska, by the name of which the lying village is named after. Then I rode through the villages of Elbak, Agash, Umreva, lying by the rivers of the same name, of which the first flows into Isku, and the other flows into Ob and at the end through the village of Tashara at the source of the same name lying. Then there is a road up the Ob through Dubrovin to a village called Orsk bor, which lies more than forty versts on a wooded island, which is on the left side of the flowing arm. On the morning of the 31st I arrived at the Cheussky prison, which lies on the left bank of the Ob, into which the Cheus river flows here. "

Some historians in their works devoted to the study of the history of the Great Siberian (Moscow) tract, for example, N.A. Minenko, in the book "Along the old Moscow highway" Novosibirsk 1990 describing the route of Pallas from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, are limited to short message: “Having passed the portage between Obya and Tomya, the traveler arrived in the village of Iksu (modern Zudovo), from here he moved to the village of Elbak ...” and then there is a detailed description of the route of Pallas to Tara, indicating all the settlements through which he passed. Grigoriev A.D., the first dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of Tomsk University, in his scientific work "Arrangement and settlement of the Moscow tract in Siberia from the point of view of the study of Russian dialects", published in 1921, described in most detail the route of Pallas from Tomsk to Tara ... However, for some reason he began describing the route of Pallas's movement from Tomsk to Tara from the end, i.e. from Tara and bringing his description to the village of Iksy (Zudovo), Grigoriev himself found himself in a difficult position in determining the further direction of Pallas's route. Here is an excerpt from the text of his description: “... - 29 village Iksa (at Pallas Isk on the river of the same name, flowing into Ob, modern Zudova): - 30 village Kanshura at a source on the portage between Ob and Tom (it is difficult to say which the village should be meant here, maybe it is the village of Shelkovnikova on the Kanderepe river): 31 village Chernaya Rechka at the river. Bolshaya Black, which had 18 yards, in which the Tomsk burghers and peasants lived: - 32 village Kandinskaya at the r. Malaya Chernaya (to the west of Kaltay: - 33 v. Varyukhinskaya on the left bank of the Tom river, from where the post road went already on the right bank of the Tom river, and not on the left, as it is now: - 34 Tomsk) ”. On the same page below, under footnote (1), Grigoriev gave an explanation: “The road from Oyash to Varyukhina during Pallas passed through other villages than it does now. Several villages cannot be accurately timed to the current names due to errors in the names of Pallas or his translator, as well as due to the change in the name of the villages. "

(Numbers 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 denote the ordinal numbers of settlements, which are marked by Grigoriev on the route of Pallas, starting from Tara).

But let us return to the description of Pallas's route from Tomsk to the Chaussky prison, set out in his above-mentioned book in Zuev's translation, and note the key points in it:

- Pallas was returning from Eastern Siberia in winter, when, according to all travelers, traveling along the Siberian roads was easier, more reliable and less tiring. And even in swampy places, the winter sledging route did not cause any difficulties.

- He was in no hurry to catch up with his previously dispatched train, so as not to have a delay in changing horses.

- From Tomsk, he went along an ordinary road, while in his travel diary he wrote that the post road from Tomsk goes first along the right side of the Tom to the village of Varyukhina, which lies on the left bank, from which the road turns to the west.

- In his description, Pallas also mentioned the portage between Tom and Ob, which begins at the Black River.

- It is noteworthy that Pallas did not mention in his description the settlements: s. Spasskoe (modern Kolarovo), village Baturinu, village Vershininu, p. Yarskoye, located on the post road on the right side of the Tom and further to the west from the village of Varyukhina, lying on this road to the Zudovaya village: Kozhevnikova, Chernaya and Elizarova.

- Not mentioned in the description of Pallas and the settlements lying on the road from Tomsk to Varyukhina on the left bank of the Tom village: Takhtamyshevo, Kaftanchikova, Kaltai and Alayevo.

All of the above key points in the description of the Pallas route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya indicate that he left Tomsk by the same road as Gmelin in 1741. Having crossed the ice road across the Tom to its left bank near the city, he followed further through the village of Chornaya Rechka to the village of Kandinki, located on the river. Mind. In the area of ​​the Black River and the river. The mind began to drag between the rivers Tom and Ob. In the beginning, it was a horse trail laid by the Chat Tatars back in the 17th century. On the map of the Tomsk city from the "Drawing book of Siberia" by S.U. Remezov, the road from Tomsk to Urtam is shown through the taiga, which originates from the river. Tom between the Black River and the river. Mind. In the time of Pallas, a long-developed road to the Urtam stockade passed here, from which, in the area of ​​Lake Kirek, a well-worn winter road went south to the village of Zudovaya, the Tomsk coachmen, of course, knew this road well and took Pallas along it to the village of Zudovaya. The distance from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya along this road is practically the same as along the postal road through the village of Varyukhina. In addition, in the case of a blizzard, this taiga winter road is more reliable than the road through open (treeless) places along the Tom.

On this road from the village of Kandinki to the village of Zudovaya in those days there was only one village, which in the description of Pallas was called "the village of Kanshura". However, "Kanshura" is a distorted name of the Kunchuruk river, which Pallas crossed on the way to the village of Zudovaya, and not the name of the village, as it was mistakenly indicated by Pallas or translated by Zuev. On the oldest map of Tomsk Province, born in 1816 Kunchuruk bears the name "Kunchurova", which is consonant with the word "Kanshura" and, apparently, that is why there was confusion. And the mysterious "village" is the small village of Elizarova, which could not be bypassed on the way from Tomsk along any road, both along the postal road from the village of Varyukhina-Chornaya, and along the forest road from the village of Kandinki, other roads at that time it just wasn't. The village of Elizarova was founded in 1715 and it has always had a small courtyard, from the moment of its foundation to the end of the 19th century there were no more than 5 courtyards in it. To the confused description of the Pallas route, it is also necessary to make an explanation that the small and large arms of the river. Black, these are two different rivers: r. Mind and R. Black; Russians lived in the village of Kandinka from the moment of its foundation, and Tatars lived in the village of Chornaya Rechka. It must be borne in mind that Pallas made the journey from Tomsk to the village of Zudovoy at night, and apparently did the description of this path later from memory, perhaps in the Chaussky prison, according to the coachmen who transported it, therefore this path is described so incomprehensibly and confusingly.

In conclusion, it should be noted that at the end of the 18th century on the route of Pallas from the village of Kandinki appeared the village of Smokotina, and in the 19th century at the beginning of the 20th century. there were settlements and villages: Klyuchi, Batalina, Beryozovaya river Kirek - in the Tomsk region; Barkhanovka, Krutaya, Krasnaya, Gorbunovka, Solovyovka, Kunchuruk in the Bolotninsky district. By the end of the 20th century, most of these villages had disappeared. On this road, through the aforementioned villages in the 50-60s of the XX century, all year round in summer and winter, day and night, trucks and tractors were taken from the Tomsk region to the railway. e. station Bolotnaya pine forest and lumber. The forest was cut down and gradually most of the villages disappeared. The author of these lines in the 50s of the twentieth century had the opportunity to drive along this road from the town of Bolotnoye, through the village of Zudovo to the village of Barkhanovka (to the border of the Tomsk region) and back along a fairly well-equipped road. This road went mainly along sandy hills overgrown with pine forest, crossing the swampy lowlands, through which the "log" was laid (logs fastened together, laid in each track along the direction of the road). The village of Barkhanovka was located on a huge sandy hill (really on a dune) from a height of ten kilometers the surrounding taiga was visible and, on clear days, the smoke from the chimneys of steamers plying along the Ob.

Summing up the journey of Pallas, it should be noted that some historians referring to him in their scientific works, for example, O.M. Kationov in his monograph "The Moscow-Siberian tract and its inhabitants in the 17th-19th centuries." it is reported that from the Chaussky prison the tract passed to Tomsk at that time through 11 settlements. However, this is not the case, in 1773 there were much more such settlements along the postal road from Tomsk to the Chaussky prison: s. Spasskoe-d. Baturina-d. Vershinin – s. Yarskoe-d. Varyukhina – Kozhevnikova – Chernaya – Elizarova – Zudov – Elbak – Oyash – Umreva – Tashara – Dubrovino – Orsk boron, as well as according to I.G. Gmelin, d. Skala, a total of 16 settlements.

In June-July 1868, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich Romanov traveled through the Tomsk province. He began his journey through the province from the Altai mountain district. Having familiarized himself with the work of factories, the sights of Altai, the life and way of life of the population, the Grand Duke visited the city of Kuznetsk. From Kuznetsk he proceeded to Tomsk along the Tomsko-Kuznetsk tract. On the territory of the Yurginsky district, its route ran through the settlements: Poperechny Iskitim-d. Zimnik-d. Tutalskaya (Thawed) –d. Bezmenovo and further along the Big Siberian tract through the village. Proskokovo - v. Maltsev - v. Zeledeevo-d. Varyukhin - the village of Alaevo to the border of the Tomsk region.

The Grand Duke arrived in Tomsk on July 10, 1868 (according to the old style) at five o'clock in the evening. In the next two days, he rested and got acquainted with the sights of Tomsk. This is how Prince N.A. described the further stay in the Tomsk province of the Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in his work. Kostrov: “... on the 13th, His Highness deigned to hunt grouse 12 versts from the city of Tomsk, and on the 14th left Tomsk at 4 o'clock in the afternoon ... On the first day of his departure from Tomsk, the Grand Duke drove only 75 versts and stopped in the village of Proskokovsky. This completely insignificant village had such happiness, which did not fall to the lot of any of the cities of the Tomsk province. In it, His Highness proposed to spend the day of his namesake, July 15th. To make a grateful prayer for this solemn occasion, in with. Proskokovsky was already visited by His Grace Alexy and the rector of the Tomsk Seminary, Archimandrite Moses.

Until that time, in the temple with. Proskokovsky's episcopal service has never been performed.

The Grand Duke was accommodated in the house of the post station, the retinue and other persons accompanying him, in the houses of the inhabitants.

On Monday, July 15, the day was unusually hot, from early in the morning the village of Proskokovskoye began to fill up with people who were pouring out in droves from the surrounding villages. There was almost no way to crowd around His Highness's quarters.

At half past nine, the Grand Duke graciously received congratulations, except for the persons who made up his retinue, from the Governor-General of Western Siberia, the Tomsk Governor and some others. At 9 o'clock after the prayer service, He arrived at the church and listened to the Mass performed by His Grace Alexy and Archimandrite Moses, the Archpriest and a local priest who had arrived from Tomsk. After Mass, the Right Reverend presented to His Highness the image of his ancestor and patron of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. The people solemnly greeted the Grand Duke. Now, after Mass, the clergy, the Governor-General and the Governor were invited to tea with the Grand Duke, and at 3 o'clock His Highness had dinner.

Due to the lack of space in the premises at the post office, the dining table was prepared in the courtyard of the house next to the station, under a canopy arranged for folding hay.

The floor of the shed was covered with freshly cut grass, the walls were furnished with birch and bird cherry.

It has been a long time since the Grand Duke has been seen in such an excellent frame of mind. On this day, His Highness received a bunch of congratulations from everywhere.

His name day from His Imperial Highness, Sovereign Grand Duke, Alexander Alexandrovich, and His wife.

Before leaving the village. Proskokovsky, His Highness presented his portrait of an orphanage located in Tomsk at the prison castle: later on, He allowed this orphanage to be called "Vladimirsky".

At about 10 o'clock the Grand Ducal train moved on. The night was moonlit, but rather cold ... At 7 o'clock in the morning on July 16 Grand Duke crossed the Ob near the village of Dubrovin, and at 11 o'clock arrived in the out-of-town town of Kolyvan. "

From s. Proskokovo to the village of Dubrovina, the grand ducal cortege proceeded along the Bolshoi Siberian tract through the modern territories of the Yurginsky, Bolotninsky and Moshkovsky districts, covering a distance of 110 km in less than 9 hours. In 1868 it was the territory of the Oyashinskaya volost of the Tomsk district, which also extended to the north-east of the village. Proskokov, about 60 km, including the settlements of the present Tomsk region and Yashkinsky district.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the participants of all scientific expeditions organized by the Russian government in the 18th century to explore Siberia, whose routes from the European part of Russia to Eastern Siberia ran through the city of Tomsk, necessarily followed through the present territories of the Yurginsky and Bolotninsky regions.

In the second half of the 18th century, expeditions, including the famous scientists I.V. Georgi, I.P. Falk and other travelers. In the 19th century, the routes of travels of scientists traveled through the same territories: G.I. Potanin, N.M. Yadrintseva, P.N. Nebolsin, as well as writers: A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Goncharova, N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky and many others.

All scientific expeditions, travelers, civil servants, military teams, exiles (including the Decembrists), free settlers, mail and cargo that traveled from the west of Russia to the east, from south to north (from Kuznetsk and Barnaul) and to reverse direction from the beginning of the 18th to the end of the 19th century, before the laying railroad, necessarily crossed the territory of the modern Yurginsky region. There is one settlement (junction station) on the territory of the district, through which all transportation followed for almost two hundred years - this is the village of Varyukhino. The date of foundation of this village is considered to be 1682, however, given that 10 years earlier, the village of Babarykin was founded by the equestrian Cossack Stepan Babarykin. merged with the village of Varyukhina, apparently it is more correct to consider the date of foundation of the village of Varyukhino in 1672.

Literature

1. Emelyanov N.F. Settlement by Russians of the Middle Ob region in the feudal era. - Tomsk, 1981

2. Belikov D.N. The first Russian peasants - inhabitants of the Tomsk Territory and different features in the conditions of their life and everyday life. - Tomsk, 1898

3. Barsukov E.V. "Perevoz" across the Ob River in the 17th century, geographical, historical and cultural aspects. // Bulletin of Tomsk state university... History, issue 3, 2012

4. Kovtun I.V. Letters of the Mountain. Kemerovo: ASIA-PRINT, 20

5. Elert A.Kh. Expeditionary materials G.F. Miller as a source on the history of Siberia. - Novosibirsk, 1990

7. Kostrov N.A. Journey through the Tomsk province of His Imperial Highness, Sovereign Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in June-July 1868. - Tomsk, 1868

un boyarsky Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov, a cartographer, historian and ethnographer, can rightfully be considered the first explorer of the Trans-Urals. Traveling on behalf of the Tobolsk authorities to collect rent in the central part of the West Siberian Plain and some other regions east slope Ural, that is, being, in his words, in "parcels", he created a scheme for the study of these territories, carried out later in an expanded form when working Academic detachments Great Northern Expedition.

At first (since 1682 - the first "package"), the description of the visited places was a secondary matter for S. Remezov. But since 1696, when he, as part of a military detachment, spent six months (April - September) in the "waterless and low-pass [impassable] stone steppe" beyond the river. Ishim, this activity became the main one. In the winter of 1696/97, with two assistants, he carried out a survey of the Tobol basin (426 thousand km²). He plotted the main river from the mouth to the top (1591 km), photographed its large tributaries (600 to 1030 km long) - Tura, Tavda, Iset and a number of rivers flowing into them, including the Miass and Pyshma.

R. Irtysh from the confluence of the Ob to the mouth of the river. Tara (about 1000 km) and three of its tributaries, including the river. Ishim almost to the sources (length 2450 km).

In 1701, Remezov finished compiling the "Drawing Book of Siberia" - a summary of geographical materials of the 17th century, collected by many Russian knowledgeable people, including merchants and ambassadors, just before the era of Peter I. "The drawing book" played a huge role not only in history Russian, but also worldwide cartography.

a special place in the history of the Russian state and science is occupied by the era of Peter I - the period of overcoming the economic and cultural backwardness of Russia. The tsar was clearly aware that knowledge of the geography of the country and adjacent territories is indispensable for solving political and economic problems. One of the priority measures he considered was the drawing up of general, i.e., general maps. And graduates of the Navigation School and the Maritime Academy, created by Peter, began the first instrumental surveys of Russia. On the initiative of Peter I, a scientific expeditionary research method was first applied in Russia.

Surveyor pioneered filming in Siberia Peter Chichagov, graduated from the Naval Academy in 1719. Large (over 100 people) military detachment led by a captain Andrey Urezov, from the mouth of the Irtysh on light ships ascended with a survey to Lake Zaisan (August 21). On the main river they went by oars, by line or under sail; on boats at a distance of 100-150 km we examined 24 relatively large tributaries. At the mouth of the river. Uby, according to A. Urezov, is the western border of Altai - this corresponds to our ideas. Then the detachment reached the mouth of the river. Kaba (near 86 ° E) returned to the lake on September 3, and arrived in Tobolsk on October 15. The work of P. Chichagov resulted in the first map of the river. Irtysh over a distance of more than 2000 km and, therefore, the first map of Western Siberia, based on astronomical definitions.

In early May 1721 P. Chichagov was again sent to Western Siberia to continue surveying the basin of the river. Obi. It has not yet been established whether he had assistants and what was the size of his detachment. For three years - until 1724 - P. Chichagov described the course of the main river from approximately 60 ° N. NS. to the mouth and its tributaries, including the Vakh, Agan, Nazym, Kunovat, Poluy (on its map - the Obdorskaya river) on the right, Vasyugan, Bolshoi Yugan and Bolshoi Salym on the left.

Of the tributaries of the Irtysh, not studied in 1719, the Ishim is mapped 200 km from the mouth. He examined the Tobol system in great detail. In the south of the Baraba Lowland, P. Chichagov photographed many lakes, including Chany (at 55 ° N) with brackish water, as well as numerous swamps.

In 1727 he made a map of the Ob basin based on astronomical definitions of 1302 points; it is included in IK Kirilov's atlas. Territory north of 62 ° N sh., drained pp. Nadym, Purom and Taz, as well as the Obskaya and Tazovskaya lips are depicted according to inquiry data - P. Chichagov did not take pictures in these places.

In 1725-1730. he continued filming in the basin of the upper Ob, putting it on the map for 1000 km. Thus, the total length of the Ob stream that he filmed was 3000 km. Above the mouth of the Chumysh, flowing from the mountains (Salair Ridge), the course of the Ob, allegedly originating from Lake Teletskoye, is plotted, obviously, by inquiry. In fact, r follows from it. Biya, the right side of the Obi. Absence on the map of the river. Katun, left component, and the Ob knee near 52 ° N. NS. allows us to conclude that P. Chichagov did not reach Lake Teletskoye. South of the characteristic Ob column, near 54 ° N. NS. P. Chichagov showed the Kalmyk steppe (the Kulundinskaya steppe and the Priobskoye plateau of our maps). North of the river. Chumysh, he mapped many right tributaries of the Ob, including the Inya, Tom, Chulym, Ket and Tym.

In the same years (1725-1730) P. Chichagov performed the first survey of the Yenisei basin: he photographed 2500 km of the main river from the confluence of the river. Oya is near 53 ° N. NS. to the mouth. Upper Yenisei south of 53 ° N. NS. (up to 51 °), it was plotted but questionnaires. He continued his survey work to the north and east, for the first time putting on the map 500 km of the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula to the mouth of the Pyasina - now this area is called the Coast of Petr Chichagov. A description of the left tributaries of the Yenisei, including pp. Shim, Eloguy and Turukhan, he completed mapping the territory of more than 2 million km², which forms part of the West Siberian Plain, and clearly established that its eastern border is the Yenisei, whose right bank is mountainous. True, he mistakenly showed the bifurcation of the Taz and Eloguy - in reality, the sources of the two tributaries of these rivers are located nearby.

P. Chichagov completed the first surveys of the Minusinsk Basin, the Eastern Sayan and the Central Siberian Plateau, mapping the lower course of the Abakan, the left tributary of the Yenisei, a number of its right tributaries, including the Oyu, Tuba, Manu and Kan, as well as the Angara (filmed on 500 km above the mouth) with Taseeva and its components Chuna and Biryusa. More northern tributaries were examined by him only in the lower reaches - this is eloquently evidenced by their configuration. At 68 ° N NS. P. Chichagov correctly showed the Norilsk Stone (Putorana plateau), from which pp. Pyasina and Khatanga, as well as a number of tributaries of the Yenisei; all of them are plotted upon inquiry. P. Chichagov finished the map of the Yenisei basin based on 648 astronomical points at the beginning of August 1730. It was used in drawing up a number of general maps of Russia up to 1745 (Atlas of the Russian Empire). In 1735-1736. P. Chichagov took part in the expedition of IK Kirilov.

white spot in the first quarter of the 18th century. represented the basin of the upper Yenisei, which was considered "disputed lands" between Russia and China. To map this mountainous country in the heart of Asia, Now it is the territory of the Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Khubsugul aimag of the Mongolian People's Republic. surveyors were sent Alexey Kushelev and Mikhail Zinoviev included in the embassy to China of the Russian diplomat Savva Lukich Raguzinsky-Vladislavich. In 1727, surveyors completed the survey: they put on the map the upper course of the Yenisei, formed, according to their data, from the confluence of the Biy-Khem (right component) and Ka-Khem (the left component, which they called "Shishkit"), for the first time correctly deciding the question of its origins.

The Biy-Khem system, traced more than 400 km from the sources from the lake, In fact, the river originates 30 km to the northeast from the Topografov peak (3044 m) and passes through the lake. depicted correctly; its large tributaries, the Azas, flowing through Lake Thoja (Toja), and the Khamsara were filmed. The origins of the Ka-Khem are correctly shown west of Lake Kosogol (Khubsugul), for the first time quite accurately - with a slight exaggeration - mapped. The length of Ka-Khem before the confluence with Biy-Khem, according to their map, practically corresponds to modern data (563 km). In the interfluve of the components of the upper Yenisei near 52 ° N. NS. surveyors traced the ridge stretching for 350 km in latitudinal direction (Academician Obruchev ridge). From the left tributaries of the upper Yenisei they filmed Khemchik, Kantegir and Abakan, and from the right - Oya and Tuba. As a result of the works of A. Kushelev, M. Zinoviev and P. Chichagov, the entire Yenisei (about 4.1 thousand km), from its source to its mouth, was put on the map for the first time.

Raguzinsky-Vladislavich, who was preparing an agreement with China on the Russian-Chinese demarcation, sent four surveyors to Transbaikalia - Petra Skobeltsyna, Vasily Shetilov, Ivan Svistunov and Dmitry Baskakov(it is not yet established which parts of the region were captured by each of them). By 1727, they put on the map the middle and upper Argun with the Gazimur and Uryumkan tributaries, the entire course of the Shilka and its components, the Onon and Ingoda. From the tributaries of the Ingoda pp. Chita and Nercha. Thus, surveyors have studied, though not completely, the systems of both components of the Amur. They also photographed Lake Tarei (Zun-Torey, at 50 ° N and 116 ° E) with the river flowing into it. Uldzoy. In 160 versts to the south-west of Tarey, they inflicted Lake Dalainor and the Kerulen flowing through it with the Hailar tributary. Obviously, during the survey period, the water content of Kerulen was increased, due to which there was a runoff into the Argun. Such cases are noted in our time. In the upper reaches of the PRC, the Argun is called Hailar; in rainy years, the river has a connection with the Dalainor, whose area in the XX century. increased significantly - up to almost 1100 km². From the rivers of the Selenga system, the Khilok (shortened by almost two times) with the Uda tributary was photographed.

from the "skasski" of the first Russian explorers and the data of archaeological research of the XX century. we can conclude that in the middle of the XVII century. on the territory of the Amur region there was no developed agricultural and cattle-breeding sedentary culture. The population of the region was very weak: Russian fur traders and merchants, Cossacks and vagabonds - some in search of furs, others - freedom and peace - went there for a short or longer time, and a few settled forever. The Moscow authorities, worried about the possibility of a Manchu invasion, rightly considered such a rate of settlement to be completely insufficient. To identify new "arable lands" and to accelerate the economic development of the region, Moscow sent a letter to Nerchinsk instructing to survey and describe in detail the valley of the Zeya and its tributary Selemdzhi.

This work was entrusted to the Cossack foreman Ignatiy Mikhailovich Milovanov, from the 50s. who served in Transbaikalia. He set off from Nerchinsk in April 1681, examined the western edge of the Zeya-Bureya plain with forest-steppe landscapes and recommended this virgin land, now sometimes called the "Amur prairie", for arable land. "And from Zeya and from the Amur beyond the meadows below the Tom River [Tom] Elani [virgin lands] are strong, large ...".

I. Milovanov also examined the southern part of the Amur-Zeya plateau, overgrown with larch and pine forests, birch and shrub oak: "... and along the Zeya and Selinba [Selemdzhe] ... there is a lot of forest, you can melt [float] on water." At the beginning of 1682, he completed the inventory of the Zeya Zemstvo, drew up a blueprint for it and strengthened the fortifications built earlier by the Russians. At the confluence of the Zeya and the Amur - on the Zeya Spit - he chose a place to build the city. However, only in 1856 a military post appeared here, which two years later became the city of Blagoveshchensk - upon the conclusion of the Aigun Treaty, which served as an impetus for a mass movement of Russian settlers in the Amur region.

Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt, doctor of medicine, a native of the city of Danzig (Gdansk), in 1716 he was invited to Russia by Peter I to study "all three kingdoms of nature" in Siberia. In 1720 he set out on the first government scientific expedition "to find all sorts of rarities and pharmaceutical items: herbs, flowers, roots and seeds."

In March 1721, from Tobolsk, he rode on a sleigh up the Irtysh to the mouth of the Tara and noted that the entire traversed area was "a continuous plain covered with forest." Quotations hereinafter from the work of D. Messerschmidt “Scientific travel across Siberia. 1720-1727 ". Parts I – III and V, published in Berlin 1962–1977. On him. lang. He correctly pointed out that the city of Tara lies on a hill - indeed, there is a somewhat elevated northwestern edge of the Barabinsk steppe. D. Messerschmidt crossed it at about 56 ° N. NS. and, having crossed the Ob, reached Tomsk. He described Baraba as great plain with small lakes and swamps; near the Ob there appeared "small hills, which cannot be found either in the middle or in the beginning of Baraba."

In July, on three skiffs, D. Messerschmidt ascended the Tom, tracing almost its entire course, and in one of the coastal outcrops he found a mammoth skeleton. Through the Kuznetsk Alatau and the northern part of the Abakan ridge on horseback, he reached the river. Abakan (September 1721) and drove to Krasnoyarsk (early 1722).

The work in 1722 resulted in the first exploration of the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Minusinsk Basin. D. Messerschmidt described it as a clean steppe, hilly to the south and south-west, mountainous in parts, with big amount small lakes, mounds and burial grounds. He discovered there the Khakass written language of the 7th – 18th centuries. and the first carried out archaeological excavations of a number of kurgans in the region.

In the summer of 1723, D. Messerschmidt sailed along the Yenisei to Turukhansk and ascended along the Lower Tunguska to its upper reaches (near 58 ° N lat.). He described rapids, rapids (rifts), marked the mouths of 56 tributaries, determined the geographical latitude of 40 points and characterized the river banks for more than 2,700 km, highlighting three sections.

In the latitudinal section to the mouth of the river. Ilimpei The Lower Tunguska flows among the rocks covered with forest (the southern end of the Syverma plateau). On the meridional segment (up to about 60 ° N), both banks first become flat-hilly, and then very flat - the eastern edge of the Central Tunguska plateau. In this area (about 60 ° 30 "N lat.) D. Messerschmidt discovered coal seams. For 60 ° N lat. And further to the south, the terrain again acquired a mountainous character - the northern end of the Angarsk ridge. So, the route along the Lower Tunguska passed through the central part of the Central Siberian Plateau, and, therefore, D. Messerschmidt became its first scientific researcher.

September 16 D. Messerschmidt moved to carts and four days later reached the river. Lena at 108 ° E From there he went up in boats to its upper reaches, taking pictures, and arrived in Irkutsk by winter route. D. Messerschmidt became convinced that the course of the upper Lena, shown on the map of N. Witsen, is completely untrue. On the left bank of the river, he noted the presence of the Birch Ridge (the idea of ​​this most southern, as it was for a long time, the upland of the Central Siberian Plateau, playing the role of the watershed of the Angara and Lena, existed until the 30s of the XX century).

In March 1724, D. Messerschmidt traveled along the sled route along the coast of Lake Baikal to the mouth of the Selenga. He noted that the river passes through the Baikal Mountains (the junction of the Khamar-Daban and Ulan-Burgasy ranges), and until the beginning of May he spent in Udinsk (Ulan-Ude). Then he crossed Transbaikalia to Nerchinsk at about 52 ° N. NS. with campsites at small lakes or in forts. On the way, he examined the mines and springs, described several species of animals, including the steppe ram, and on the banks of the Ingoda, he was the first in Siberia to find crayfish, not known to residents the edges.

From Nerchinsk in mid-August, he headed southeast to Lake Dalainor (Khulunchi) "along a completely flat steppe, in which ... to the very horizon you can see not a mound, or a tree, or a bush." He correctly noted that the lake is elongated to the southwest; its shores are "everywhere ... very flat and ... swampy ... the bottom is muddy, the water is white and contains a lot of lime ...". At Dalainor's, translators and guides fled from Messerschmidt; he got lost and had to starve. Having determined, he moved north-west along the bare hilly steppe, but was detained by the Mongol detachment. Two weeks later he was released and according to pp. Onon and Ingoda, he reached Chita, and in April 1725 he returned to Irkutsk.

The route from Irkutsk to Yeniseisk took about three weeks: while sailing along the Angara D. Messerschmidt photographed the entire river, determining its length at 2,029 versts, that is, he overestimated by almost a quarter: the true one is 1,779 km. He described all its rapids, which he crossed with relative ease (except for Padun) - the water in the Angara was high that year.

In mid-August, D. Messerschmidt from Yeniseisk reached the river. Keti and swam down it to Obi. He used the descent along the Ob for shooting, fixing numerous bends of the river. In early October, he reached Surgut; the onset of frost and freeze-up forced him to wait a whole month under the open sky for a sled road. In November, along the Ob, he arrived in Samarov (Khanty-Mansiysk) on the Irtysh near its mouth. On behalf of D. Messerschmidt, a captured Swedish officer Philip Johan Tabbert (Stralenberg) completed an inventory of the Ob between the mouths of the Tom and Keti, and thus the length of the river flow they filmed was more than 1300 km. F. Tabbert took part in archaeological excavations in the Minusinsk Basin and filmed the Yenisei on the Krasnoyarsk - Yeniseisk section. But his main work is the compilation of a map of Siberia, based mainly on survey data.

In March 1727, D. Messerschmidt returned to Petersburg, having completed a seven-year journey that marked the beginning of the systematic study of Siberia, he showed exceptional diligence: traveling for the most part alone, he collected large botanical-zoological, mineralogical, ethnographic and archaeological collections (most of them died during a fire in the building of the Academy of Sciences in 1747). In Siberia, he was the first to discover permafrost - a very large geographical discovery. According to his filming data, he found that the images of the Ob, Angara, Nizhnaya Tunguska on the previous maps were far from reality. The result of the trip was a ten-volume "Survey of Siberia, or Three Tables of Simple Kingdoms of Nature" - a Latin manuscript kept at the Academy of Sciences. Although this "Review ..." was not translated or published in Russian, it was used by many Russian researchers of Siberia of various specialties.

When Peter I learned that the "sea route" between Okhotsk and Kamchatka had been established, he decided to organize an expedition to search for the North American coast "adjacent" to the peninsula. The tsar's erroneous idea of ​​their proximity, obviously, can be explained by the fact that he got acquainted with the map of M. Freese, who discovered the "Land of the Company" (Urup Island of the Kuril ridge), which he took for the western protrusion of the North American continent.

In 1719 Peter I ordered that surveyors Ivan Mikhailovich Evreinov and Fedor Fedorovich Luzhin who studied at the Maritime Academy passed the exams ahead of schedule for full course training, and sent them at the head of a detachment of 20 people to the Far East with a secret mission "... to Kamchatka and further, where you are instructed, and describe the places where America converged with Asia ...". Crossing Siberia along a route about 6 thousand km long, surveyors performed distance measurements and determined the coordinates of 33 points.

In Okhotsk, in the summer of 1720, they were joined by a helmsman Kondraty Moshkov... In September 1720, they crossed by boat to Kamchatka at the mouth of the Ichi, and from there to the south, to the r. Kolpakova, where they spent the winter. In May – June 1721 they sailed from Bolsheretsk to the southwest and for the first time reached the central group of the Kuril Islands up to Simushir inclusive. I. Evreinov and F. Luzhin mapped 14 islands, but did not find a continuous coast of the continent. They could not continue to work to the north, as well as "Ost and West", as required by the instructions of Peter I: their ship was severely damaged by a storm. Therefore, they were forced to return to Siberia. From there I. Evreinov went to Kazan, where at the end of 1722 he presented to Peter I a report and a map of Siberia, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. It was the second map of Siberia based on accurate measurements at that time.

Almost before his death, at the end of 1724, Peter I remembered “... what he had been thinking about for a long time and that other things had prevented him from undertaking, that is, about the road through the Arctic Sea to China and India ... researching such a path is happier than the Dutch and the British? ... ". Let us emphasize - precisely "research", and not "finding", that is, discovery: on the geographical drawings of the beginning of the XVIII century. Chukotka was shown as a peninsula. Consequently, Peter I and his advisers knew about the existence of the strait between Asia and America. Immediately he drew up an order for an expedition, the head of which was appointed the captain of the 1st rank, later the captain-commander, Vitus Jonssen (aka Ivan Ivanovich) Bering, a native of Denmark, forty-four years old, already twenty-one years in the Russian service. According to the secret instructions written by Peter I himself, Bering had to "... in Kamchatka or in another ... place to make one or two boats with decks"; sail on these bots "near the land that goes to the north [north] ... to look for where it met with America ... and to visit the coast ourselves ... and, putting on the map, to come here."

What land stretching to the north did Peter I mean? According to B.P. Polevoy, the tsar had a map of Kamchadalia at his disposal, compiled in 1722 by a Nuremberg cartographer I. B. Goman(more correct Homan). On it, near the coast of Kamchatka, a large land mass is drawn, stretching in a northwestern direction. Peter I wrote about this mythical “Land of João da Gama”.

The first Kamchatka expedition initially consisted of 34 people. The number of participants, including soldiers, artisans and workers, reached at times almost 400 people. From St. Petersburg, setting off on the road on January 24, 1725 - through Siberia - they walked for two years to Okhotsk on horseback, on foot, on ships on the rivers. The last part of the journey (more than 500 km) - from the mouth of the Yudoma to Okhotsk - the most bulky things were transported on sledges pulled by people. The frosts were fierce, food supplies were depleted. The team was freezing, starving; people ate carrion, gnawed on leather things. 15 people died on the way, many deserted.

Biographical index

Bering, Vitus Johansen

Russian navigator of Dutch origin, captain-commander, explorer of the northeastern coast of Asia, Kamchatka, the seas and lands of the northern part of the Pacific, northwestern coasts of America, leader of the 1st (1725-1730) and 2nd (1733 –1743) Kamchatka expeditions.

The advance detachment led by V. Bering arrived in Okhotsk on October 1, 1726. Only on January 6, 1727 the last group of the lieutenant reached there Martyn Petrovich Shpanberg, a native of Denmark; she suffered the most. In Okhotsk, the expedition had nowhere to stay - they had to build huts and sheds to hold out until the end of winter.

During the multi-thousand-verst route through the spaces of Russia, Lieutenant Alexei Ilyich Chirikov identified 28 astronomical points, which made it possible for the first time to reveal the true latitudinal extent of Siberia, and, consequently, the northern part of Eurasia.

In early September 1727 the expedition moved to Bolsheretsk on two small ships. From there, a significant part of the cargo was transported to Nizhnekolymsk by boats (boats) along pp. Bystraya and Kamchatka, and in winter the rest was thrown on dog sleds. The dogs were taken away from the Kamchadals, and many of them were ruined and doomed to starvation.

In Nizhnekamchatsk, by the summer of 1728, the construction of the “St. Gabriel ", on which on July 14 the expedition went to sea. Instead of going south from Kamchatka (this direction was the first in the instructions) or east, V. Bering sent the ship north along the coast of the peninsula (wrong - he himself soon admitted this - having understood Peter's idea), and then north east along the mainland. As a result, more than 600 km of the northern half of the eastern coast of the peninsula were photographed, the Kamchatsky and Ozernoy Peninsulas were identified, as well as the Karaginsky Bay with the island of the same name (these objects are not named on the map of the expedition, and their outlines are greatly distorted). The sailors also put on the map 2,500 km of the coastline of Northeast Asia. Along most of the coast, they celebrated high mountains, and in the summer covered with snow, approaching in many places directly to the sea and towering over it like a wall.

On the southern coast of the Chukotka Peninsula, July 31 - August 10, they opened the Cross Bay (again - after K. Ivanov), Providence Bay and about. St. Lawrence. V. Bering did not land on the island and did not approach the Chukchi coast, but moved to the northeast.

The weather was windy and foggy. The sailors found land in the west only in the afternoon of August 12. In the evening of the next day, when the ship was at 65 ° 30 "N, that is, south of the latitude of Cape Dezhnev (66 ° 05"), V. Bering, seeing neither the American coast, nor the turn to the west of the Chukchi, called for into the cabin of A. Chirikov and M. Spanberg. He ordered them to state in writing their opinion on whether the presence of a strait between Asia and America could be considered proven, whether to move further north and how far.

A. Chirikov believed that it is impossible to know for certain whether Asia is separated from America by the sea, unless one reaches the mouth of the Kolyma or the ice "... that they always walk in the North Sea." He advised to go "near the ground ... to the places shown in the decree" of Peter I. L. Chirikov had in mind that part of the instructions where it was ordered to go to the possessions of European states. If the coast stretches to the north or opposite winds begin, then on August 25 it is best to look for a place “opposite the Chukotka Nose, on the ground ... [where] there is a forest”. In other words, Chirikov advised to move along the coast without fail, if ice did not interfere or it did not turn to the west, and to find a place for wintering on the American coast, that is, in Alaska, where, according to the Chukchi, there is a forest and, therefore, it is possible prepare firewood for the winter.

M. Shpanberg suggested, due to the late time, to go north until August 16, and then turn back and winter in Kamchatka. Bering decided to move further north. On the afternoon of August 14, when it cleared up for a while, the sailors saw land in the south, apparently about Fr. Ratmanov, and a little later, almost in the west - high mountains (most likely Cape Dezhnev). On August 16, the expedition reached latitude 67 ° 18 ", and according to calculations A. A. Sopotsko, - 67 ° 24 "N. In other words, the sailors passed the strait and were already in the Chukchi Sea. He officially motivated his decision by the fact that everything was done according to the instructions, the coast does not extend further to the north, and “no land has approached the Chukotka, or Eastern, corner [cape].” The return trip took only two weeks; On the way, the expedition discovered one of the Diomede Islands in the strait.

Bering spent another winter in Nizhnekamchatsk. In the summer of 1729, he made a feeble attempt to reach the American coast, but on June 8, three days after leaving the sea, having walked a little more than 200 km to the east, due to strong winds and fog, he ordered to return. Soon, however, clear weather set in, but the captain-commander did not change his decision, rounded Kamchatka from the south and on July 24 arrived in Okhotsk. In the summer of 1977, the yachts "Rodina" and "Russia" sailed along the routes of V. Bering. During this voyage, the expedition described the southern half of the eastern and a small part of the western coast of the peninsula for over 1000 km between the mouths of Kamchatka and Bolshoi, revealing the Kamchatka Bay and Avachinskaya Bay. Taking into account the works of 1728, the survey for the first time covered over 3.5 thousand km of the western coast of the sea, later named Beringov.

Seven months later, Bering arrived in St. Petersburg after a five-year absence. He did not solve the main problem, but still completed the discovery of the northeastern coast of Asia. He drew up the final map of the voyage together with A. Chirikov and the midshipman Peter Avraamovich Chaplin... This map, highly appreciated by such a specialist as D. Cook, significantly surpassed its predecessors in terms of accuracy and reliability of depicting the coast in those cases when the vessel was moving near the coast. Of course, the map had a number of errors. Kamchatka, for example, is greatly shortened, the Anadyr Bay is very small, the outlines of the Chukotka Peninsula are incorrect. She "not only influenced European cartography, but became a solid basis for the depiction of northeast Asia on all ... Western European maps" (EG Kushnarev).

The ship's log, which was kept by A. Chirikov and P. Chaplin ("Yurnal being in the Kamchatka expedition"), is an important primary source on the history of the first Russian marine scientific expedition.

on the decision of the Senate for the "call to citizenship" of the Koryaks and Chukchi, the survey and annexation of new lands in the Pacific Ocean to the Russian possessions in June 1727, an expedition headed by the Yakut Cossack head (colonel) set out from St. Petersburg Afanasy Fedotovich Shestakov... In Tobolsk, a surveyor joined him Mikhail Spiridonovich Gvozdev, navigator Ivan Fedorov and the captain Dmitry Ivanovich Pavlutsky with a detachment of 400 Cossacks. The expedition arrived at the Okhotsk prison in 1729. From there, in the fall of the same year, Shestakov moved by sea to the Tauiskaya Bay and headed a large party (more than 100 people, including only 18 servicemen) at the end of November set out to the northeast. He moved along the southern slopes of the Kolyma Upland, collecting yasak from the Koryaks who had not yet fallen under the "royal hand", and according to the old "tradition" he took amanats. On the way, he learned that shortly before the arrival of the Russians, the inhabitants, now subjects of the Russian sovereign, were attacked by "non-peaceful" Chukchi. Shestakov hastened in pursuit and not far from the mouth of the Penzhina died in battle on May 14, 1730. He covered more than 1000 km of unknown places.

A participant in the Great Northern Expedition, translator Yakov Ivanovich Lindenau, in 1742 compiled a map of North-East Asia and Kamchatka. On the basis of the materials of A. Shestakov, the yasak collector A. Pezhemsky, who worked on the instructions of J. Lindenau, and his own data between the Okhotsk prison and the top of the Penzhinskaya Bay, that is, for more than 2000 km he applied the Taigonos Peninsula, and about 30 short rivers flowing into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, as well as into the river. Penzhin. The watershed between them and the Kolyma basin is clearly shown - the Kolyma Upland and the mountains to the southwest, located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma.

A. Shestakov's successor was D. Pavlutsky, who committed in 1731-1746. at the head of the military detachment three campaigns but the Chukotka Upland and the coast of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The first campaign (March – October 1731): from Nizhnekolymsk through the upper reaches of the tributaries of the Bolshoi Anyui and Anadyr D. Pavlutsky arrived in the Anadyr prison. His detachment of 435 people, including 215 servicemen, marched from there northeast to the mouth of the Belaya, the left tributary of the Anadyr. Along its valley, Pavlutsky climbed to the sources (they moved very slowly - no more than 10 km a day) and, having passed into the basin of the rapids of the Amguema, in early May came to the coast of the Chukchi Sea near 178 ° W. He planned to bypass the entire Chukotka Peninsula and turned east along the coast. Soon he discovered a small bay, which for some reason had to be bypassed at night, and then another, much larger, with steep banks (Kolyuchinskaya Bay) - it was crossed on ice.

The route along the coast continued until early June, possibly to the vicinity of Cape Dezhnev. The first clash with a large detachment of Chukchi, who lost the battle and suffered heavy losses, also belongs to this time.

D. Pavlutsky left the seashore and for three weeks walked south-west along a deserted and treeless mountainous area. On June 30, a new, larger detachment of Chukchi suddenly appeared. In the ensuing battle, having lost many soldiers, the Chukchi retreated. From the prisoners, D. Pavlutsky learned about the location of a very large herd of deer and captured up to 40 thousand heads. Without "adventures" he got to Anadyr Bay at about 175 ° W. and turned west. Near the mountainous cape in mid-July, the Chukchi attacked the Russians again and were again defeated.

The detachment of D. Pavlutsky rounded the Gulf of the Cross and, along the northern edge of the Anadyr lowland, returned to the Anadyr prison on October 21, having completed the first survey of the interior regions of the Chukotka Peninsula (an area of ​​about 80 thousand km²). Upon his return, the captain sent a report to the Tobolsk authorities in which he gave a very unflattering description of the surveyed territory: “Chukhotia [Chukotka Peninsula] ... empty land; there are no forests, no other lands, no fish and animal industries, but there are quite [many] stone mountains [Chukotka highlands] and sherlobs [rocks, cliffs] and water, and more ... there is nothing ... ”. Quotes from A. Sgibnev's article "Shestakov's Expedition" (Marine collection, city 100. No. 2, February. Sbp., 1869). He spoke very respectfully of his adversary: ​​"The Chukchi people are strong, tall, brave ... well built, reasonable, fair, warlike, loving freedom and not tolerating deception, revengeful, and during a war, being in a dangerous situation, they kill themselves." ...

After a long break, in the summer of 1744, D. Pavlutsky made a second campaign across Chukotka to pacify the Chukchi: from the Anadyr prison, at the head of the detachment, he proceeded through the top of the Cross Bay to the east - to the Mechigmensky Bay, and then "around" the Chukotka Peninsula, that is, along the coast, to the Kolyuchinskaya Bay. We returned home the old way (1731). During the campaigns of 1731 and 1744. for the first time his detachment performed a four-fold crossing of the Chukotka Upland.

In 1746, D. Pavlutsky made the third campaign: he climbed to the sources of Anadyr, crossed the mountains (the Ilirney range of our maps) and went along one of the rivers to the Chaunskaya Bay. Along its eastern coast the detachment proceeded to the Shelagsky Cape: from there they managed to see an island (Aion) lying at the entrance to the bay. On the coast of the ocean D. Pavlutsky walked to the east for a certain distance and turned back.

The ensign took part in all three campaigns. Timofey Perevalov, who, with some interruptions, surveyed the coast of the Chukotka Peninsula, the shores of the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas for more than 1500 km. He first put on the map Mechigmensky Bay (Tenyakha Bay), Kolyuchinskaya Bay (Anakhya), several small lagoons and Chaunskaya Bay from about. Aion. There is, however, an opinion that the Tenyakha Bay is a smaller Lawrence Bay, located slightly to the north.

On the drawing compiled by T. Perevalov, a mountainous peninsula is clearly outlined, ending with the Shelagsky Cape. He filled the inner regions of Chukotka (Chukotka Upland) with mountains and showed the river. Anadyr with several left tributaries, as well as many short rivers of the basins of the Pacific and Arctic oceans - of the largest, we note pp. Amguemu and Palyavaam.

Gvozdev and Fedorov - discoverers of Northwest America

Shche in 1730, D. Pavlutsky sent two ships from Okhotsk to impose tribute on the inhabitants of the "Bolshaya Zemlya", located, as it was assumed, to the east of the mouth of the Anadyr. One ship crashed off the coast of Kamchatka. After two winters on the peninsula (in Bolsheretsk and Nizhnekamchatsk), the expedition on the surviving boat “St. Gabriel "(V. Bering sailed on it in 1728) July 23, 1732 went to survey the" Big Earth ". The expedition was led by the surveyor M. Gvozdev, For a long time it was believed that I. Fedorov and M. Gvozdev had equal morals on board. This seemed to be confirmed by the facts - the reports of M. Gvozdev himself. But in 1980, L.A. Goldenberg discovered D. Pavlutsky's order dated February 11, 1732, according to which M. Gvozdev was appointed as the sole head of the voyage. the navigator was I. Fedorov, who was seriously ill with scurvy, who was transferred to the ship "against his will." On board the boat there were 39 people, including the sailor K. Moshkov, the sailor I. Evreinov and F. Luzhin.

On August 15, the bot entered the Bering Strait. Gvozdev landed on the Asian coast of the strait and on the Diomede Islands, completing their discovery. August 21 “St. Gabriel "with a favorable wind approached the" Big Earth "- the Cape of the Prince of Wales, the northwestern tip of America. On the coast, sailors saw residential yurts. There are contradictory information about the further route of the expedition. Lagbukh, t. About. swimming log, and reports of M. Gvozdev, submitted to D. Pavlutsky on his return, have not survived. A number of researchers, referring to the later - from September 1, 1743 - report of M. Gvozdev (I. Fedorov died in February 1733), believe that on August 22, 1732, heading strictly south from Cape Prince of Wales, on the way back at 65 ° N. NS. and 168 ° W. d. "St. Gabriel "discovered a small piece of land - Fr. King (the name was given later by D. Cook), but due to strong waves it was not possible to land on the shore. The boat arrived in Kamchatka on September 28, 1732.

However, the testimony of Ivan Skurikhin, a participant in the voyage of the Cossack, recorded, however, 10 years after the completion of the expedition, is in clear contradiction with the above version. According to I. Skurikhin, from Cape Prince of Wales “St. Gabriel "moved" near that land [along the coast] to the left [to the southeast] ... for five days, but [we] could not see the end of that land ... ". He also reported on the wooded shores of the newly discovered country - "there is a forest on that great land: larch, spruce and poplar, and there are many deer" - the coast of the Bering Strait is treeless, trees grow along the shores of Norton Bay. Thus, the conclusion suggests itself: the expedition rounded from the south-west of the Seward Peninsula and entered Norton Bay, and from there moved to Kamchatka.

So, they completed the opening of the strait between Asia and America, begun by Popov and Dezhnev, not V. Bering, whose name this strait is named after, but Gvozdev and Fedorov: they examined both sides of the strait, the islands located in it, and collected all the materials necessary for that to put the strait on the map.

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Kapustyan Ksenia

Travelers who studied Siberia and the Far East:

BERG LEV SEMENOVICH

DEZHNEV SEMEN IVANOVICH

PRZHEVALSKY NIKOLAY MIKHAILOVICH

SEMENOV-TYAN-SHANSKY PETR PETROVICH

FERSMAN ALEXANDER EVGENIEVICH

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1. BERG LEV SEMENOVICH …………………………………………… ... 1
2. DEZHNEV SEMEN IVANOVICH ……………………………………… .2
3. PRZHEVALSKY NIKOLAY MIKHAILOVICH ………………………… ..3
4. SEMENOV-TYAN-SHANSKY PETR PETROVICH ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ..... 5
5. FERSMAN ALEXANDER EVGENIEVICH ………………………… ...… ..7

BERG LEV SEMENOVICH (1876-1950)

A domestic biologist and geographer, he created classical works on ichthyology (the doctrine of fish), lake studies, and the theory of the evolution of life.

L.S. Berg traveled a lot and took part in expeditions,explored the lakes of Western Siberia, Ladoga, Balkhash, Issyk-Kul, Baikal , Aral Sea. He was the first to measure the temperature at different depths of this large lake-sea, studied currents, water composition, geological structure and the relief of its coasts. He found that standing waves - seiches - are formed on the Aral.

L.S. Berg wrote over 1000 works; the largest of them are "Nature of the USSR", "Geographical Zones of the USSR", thanks to which the doctrine of natural zones was raised to a high scientific level. "... And when did he manage to find out all this and think so seriously?" - wrote about his friend and student L.S. Berge, professor of Moscow University D.N. Anuchin. Berg's work "The Aral Sea" was presented by the author in 1909 to Moscow University as a master's thesis. At the suggestion of D.N. Anuchin L.S. Berg was awarded academic degree doctors of geographical sciences;

He devoted a lot of time to pedagogical and social work, was an honorary member of many scientific societies, foreign and Russian.

The name Berg was given to a volcano in the Kuril Islands, glaciers in the Pamirs and in the Dzhungar Alatau.

DEZHNEV SEMEN IVANOVICH (c. 1605 - 1673)

Russian polar sailor.

SI Dezhnev was probably born in Veliky Ustyug. In the early 40s he went to Siberia and with a detachment of Cossacks he got to Yakutsk, from where he made long campaigns to the rivers Yana, Kolyma, etc .; sailed by sea from the mouth of the Kolyma to the mouth of the Lena River. But he was especially attracted by the Anadyr River, where, according to rumors, there were many walrus tusks. The Cossacks more than once tried to go to Anadyr by sea, but the harsh ocean met people with impassable ice. The first attempt made by Dezhnev's detachment in the summer of 1647 ended in failure.

In June 1648, the detachment under the command of S.I. Dezhnev decided to repeat its last year's path. At first, the voyage was successful, but beyond the Shelagsky Cape the sailors got into a fierce storm, two kochas (small vessels) were thrown ashore. The other five ships managed to reach the cape, later named after Dezhnev.

The sailors made their next stop at the Chukchi Cape, but the Chukchi greeted the sailors unfriendly. Then on September 20 they went to sea and again got into a storm. The ships were scattered in the roaring sea. The vessel on which Dezhnev was on, on October 1 threw ashore in the area of ​​Olyutorsky Bay. 25 people went ashore. Soon they set off in search of the Anadyr River. On the way there, half of the explorers died, and only 13 people reached the mouth of the Anadyr.

At the mouth of the Anadyr River, S.I. Dezhnev founded a prison, in which he lived for 10 years. Not far from this place, he found a scythe dotted with walrus tusks. Twice S.I. Dezhnev traveled to Moscow to deliver furs and tuskswalrus. During his first stay there, in 1665, he was "turned over for blood and wounds" to the chieftain and was appointed clerk in Olenek. On his second trip, in 1673, he fell ill and died.

Dezhnev's main merit is that he opened the strait between Asia and America; the extreme point of Eurasia on Chukotka Peninsula- Cape Dezhnev; ridge in Chukotka, a bay on the coast of the Bering Sea.

PRZHEVALSKY NIKOLAY MIKHAILOVICH

(1839-1888) - Russian traveler who participated in the exploration of Central Asia.

At the age of sixteen, after graduating from the gymnasium, N.M. Przhevalsky volunteered for military service, and after 6 years he was enrolled as a student in the Academy of the General Staff. Having finished it brilliantly, the young officer began to teach geography and history at the Warsaw cadet school. Everything free time he was preparing for travel: he studied botany, zoology, compiled herbariums.

His first trip was inUssuriysk Territory,where he studied nature and people. Przewalski has seen amazing places. After all, every step, every glance - everything is new, unusual. The northern spruce stands entwined with southern grapes, like a New Year's garland, the mighty Siberian cedar stands next to the cork tree, sable dives in search of prey, and a tiger hunts right there - this can only be seen in the Ussuri taiga. N.M. Przhevalsky told about the results of his expedition in the book-report. During the trip, he collected the richest collection of plants and animals. It was very difficult to preserve it: either it rained neck in the taiga day and night and moisture penetrated everywhere, or it chilled the cold, constrained movement, not letting go far from the fire.

After a successful Ussuri trip, the Russian Geographical Society sends N.M. Przhevalsky to Central Asia. From 1867 to 1888, he led five large expeditions, during which 33 thousand km were covered. the giant Ti-Altyn-Tag ridge was discovered - the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau. Przhevalsky himself later described the difficulties of the route: giant mountains, frosts, storms, snow that fell, which not only dazzled the eyes of travelers, but also hid scarce vegetation - food for camels. And yet, no matter how difficult it was, scientific work did not stop for a day: the weather was observed, maps were drawn, heights were determined, rare plants were collected, calendars were compiled.

Przhevalsky was the first scientist to visit Lake Lop Nor. For centuries geographers have been tormented by the mystery of this lake. They knew about him only by hearsay. It turned out that it is located in desert lands, where the Tarim River was losing strength and widely spread over the sands. Lop Nor turned out to be a shallow lake, on the banks of which nomads lived. If you look for the lake on modern maps, you may not find it. In a hundred years that have passed since then, the lake has migrated a hundred kilometers to the north and has become even larger.This is due to the fact that the Tarim River, being unable to fight the desert, changes its course, flows in a different way and overflows in a new place.

In his studies of Central Asia, N.M. Przhevalsky visited the sources of the Yellow River, and the upper reaches of the Yangtze, passed through the sandy Takla-Makan desert. At the beginning of the fifth expedition on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul in 1888, Przhevalsky died of typhoid fever... The city where this happened now bears the name of Przhevalsk.

The expeditions of N.M. Przhevalsky were of great importance and enriched science with knowledge about the regions of Central Asia by the discovery, description and mapping of many ranges of Asia, rich collections of flora and fauna. He discovered in Asia a wild camel and a wild horse, previously unknown. From his companions, Przhevalsky trained major researchers (M.P. Pevtsov, P.K. Kozlov, etc.). The works of the scientist were published in many languages.

Many geographical objects are named after the Russian traveler.

SEMENOV-TYAN-SHANSKY PETR PETROVICH

(1827-1914) - Russian geographer, zoologist, statistician, public and statesman, one of the largest travelers of the mid XIX - early XX centuries.

The Russian Geographical Society offered P.P. Semenov to translate the work of the German geographer K. Ritter "Geography of Asia". As he worked on the translation, his interest in the endless expanses of Asia flared up more and more. He was attracted by the then not studied Tien Shan. European explorers have long been making plans for a trip to the Tien Shan. The great Alexander Humboldt also dreamed about it. But in the middle of the 19th century, little was known about the Tien Shan mountain range (in Chinese - "Heavenly Mountains"), it was even assumed that these are mountains of volcanic origin.

Young P.P. Semenov, who studied at the University of Berlin in 1853-1854, shared with A. Humboldtwith his project of organizing a trip there. The 27-year-old Semyonov was already quite well known in scientific circles: he made a long trip to European Russia, was the secretary of the department of physical geography of the Russian Geographical Society. The conversation with A. Humboldt finally strengthened his decision to go to the "Heavenly Mountains".

The expedition required careful preparation, and only in the fall of 1856 Semenov and his companions reached the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul. Thanks to this expedition, it was established that this lake has no drainage (it was previously believed that the river, Chu, flows out of this lake). Research has made it possible to map its precise outlines. The next year, June 21, 1857, P.P. Semenov with a large detachment set off on an uncharted path along the Tien Shan. This expedition, perhaps, turned out to be unique in the entire history of geographical discoveries. It lasted less than three months, but its results are downright amazing: 23 mountain passes were examined, the heights of 50 peaks were determined, 300 samples of rocks were collected, collections of insects, 1000 specimens of plants (many of them were unknown to science), natural zones were described in detail , two transverse geological sections of the Tien Shan were obtained, which helped a deeper study of geology Central Asia... It was also possible to determine the height of the snow line in the mountains, to refute the idea of ​​A. Humboldt about the volcanic origin of the mountains.

Returning to St. Petersburg, he actively participates in the preparation for the publication of a map of European Russia and the Caucasus, edits the fundamental "Geographical and Statistical Dictionary" and writes important articles for it; develops the draft of the All-Russian Population Census (1897), heads the Russian Geographical Society. With the direct participation of P.P. Semenov, many large expeditions were organized and carried out: N.M. Przhevalsky, G.N. Potanin, P.K. Kozlov.

In 1899 the first volume of a multivolume detailed geographical description of the country “Russia. A complete geographical description of our fatherland ”, in the preparation of which PP Semenov and his son participated. Of the planned 22 volumes, only 13 were published, but even in unfinished form, this fundamental work remains unsurpassed.

In 1906, 50 years have passed since the first trip of P.P. Semenov to the Tien Shan. In a special decree it was reported that "from now on, he and the descending offspring are allowed to henceforth be called Semyonov-Tien Shansky."

He completed his journey as an internationally renowned scientist. More than 60 academies in Europe and Russia have elected Semenov-Tien Shansk as an honorary member. His name is immortalized in 11 place names in Asia, North America and Svalbard, and one of the peaks of the Mongolian Altai is named "Petr Petrovich".

Accidental pneumonia on February 26, 1914, drove the scientist and traveler to the grave.

FERSMAN ALEXANDER EVGENIEVICH

(1883-1945) - a famous geochemist who devoted his life to the disclosure of mineral wealth, a full member of the Academy of Sciences since 1919.

In 1902 he entered Moscow University, where his teacher was the famous V.I. Vernadsky, the founder of a new, genetic trend in mineralogy, revealing the origin of minerals. Since Fersman entered the university, the teacher and the student have been working together; they create new science- geochemistry, study the chemical composition of the Earth.

AE Fersman devotes his life to the disclosure of the wealth of the earth's interior of his homeland. He seeks to learn the laws of the origin and distribution of minerals in various types of pegmatite bodies, the results of which are reflected in his generalizing classic work - "Pegmatites" (1931).

A.E. Fersman did not imagine a science divorced from practice. Since 1917, he took part and was the leader of many expeditions to the Urals, Central Asia and other regions. Under his leadership, in 1920, the study of the Khibiny Mountains began, where a deposit of apatites was discovered - a raw material for obtaining phosphorus fertilizers, which are of great importance in agriculture... On the Kola Peninsula, the scientist also discovered deposits of copper, iron and nickel ores. Since 1924, A.E. Fersman has been organizing expeditions to the Karakum desert, where he discovers deposits of sulfur in its center, later in 1932, in Kyzylkum, he discovers deposits of ores with various rare metals.

Geochemical ideas completely changed the idea of ​​minerals - the riches of Central Asia. As the scientific leader of the Tajik-Pamir expedition, Fersman skillfully directs its detachments, which discover deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals where, as previously thought, they should not be. It is difficult to find a corner in our country where there is no scientist.

AE Fersman wrote about 700 works. For the development of geochemistry as a science, the four-volume work of the academician "Geochemistry" is of particular importance.

Biography Dezhnev S.I. Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (from 1605, Veliky Ustyug early 1673, Moscow) Russian traveler, pathfinder, navigator, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain, fur trader. The first famous navigator who passed through the Bering Strait, connecting the Arctic Ocean with the Pacific and dividing Asia and North America, Chukotka and Alaska, and he did it 80 years before Vitus Bering, in 1648.

During his 40 years in Siberia, Dezhnev took part in numerous battles and strikes, received at least 13 wounds. In 1646, S. Dezhnev had to once again face in battle with an enemy superior in strength. However, among the Siberian tribes, the Yukaghirs, decided to attack the prison, guarded by a garrison of only fifteen people. But the brave Cossack managed to defend Nizhnekolymsk from five hundred attackers.

CHUKOTSKAYA EXPEDITION - in 1648 Dezhnev became a member of Fedot Popov's fishing expedition. In the summer they went to the Arctic Ocean. The expedition was difficult, only three ships managed to pass to the eastern end of the coast and round the "BIG STONE NOSE".

In 1662 Dezhnev returned to Yakutsk, and then left for Moscow with the tribute collected in Siberia. Here he received the rank Cossack chieftain... In 1665, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev went back to Yakutsk, and in 1670 he again took tribute to Moscow.At the beginning of 1672, he arrived in the capital, where, apparently, he fell ill, and a year later, at the beginning of 1673. , died.