25.12.2016 18:50

Geography as a science. Its role and significance in the system of sciences. Goals and objectives of geography in the development of open source software. Methods of geographical research. Sources of geographic information.

"Initial testing in the economic and social geography of Russia"

Initial testing in the economic geography of Russia

Answers: 1-2,3,4,5,7,8; 2-2; 3-2; 4-4, 5-2, 6-2.3; 7 8-2.4.7; 9-4

Evaluation criteria: 0 errors - "5", 1-3 errors - "4", 4-5 errors - "3", 6 or more - "2".

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"Lesson topic Print"

Lesson topic. Introduction. Sources geographic information.

Goals: create conditions for the presentation of geography in the system of sciences; introduce the structure of the textbook, methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information, introduce the search for information using GIS.

Tasks:

Subject: show the special position of geography in the system of sciences; introduce the structure of the textbook, methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information, introduce the search for information using GIS.

Meta-subject: improvement of educational and information skills: select the necessary sources of information, evaluate and analyze their features and significance, work with various sources of information.

Equipment: atlas, notebook, textbook.

Lesson type: learning new material.

front poll.

List the traditional methods of geographical research known to you.

Does the cartographic method belong to traditional methods and what is its role in understanding the world around us?

Answer: Yes, this is the leading method in geography, with the help of maps we can get a lot of different information.

What role do space research methods play in modern geographical research?

Answer: Space research methods serve to monitor and study economic components in the world, to predict their changes.

List the modern methods of geographical research known to you.

Answer: - experimental - modeling - remote (aerospace) - geographical forecast - geo Information Systems

Does geographic forecasting refer to modern methods of geographical research and what is the purpose of its implementation:

Answer: Yes, predicting the future state of geosystems.

Using the SEARCH input line, you can search for objects of various types located in the capital: streets and houses, institutions, theaters and museums, educational establishments, hotels, metro stations and much more. GIS will help you find a place on the map, give you an address, and give you a lot of additional information. useful information. Practical work: work on the Internet "Search for cities on the electronic map of Russia", "Sights of Russian cities" (optional). You can use the map in Google Browser (see instructions)

Exercise 1.

) study table 14 on page 388 of the Application of the textbook

2) determine what information is reflected in it

3) set how the data is ranked

4) in what units of measurement the data are presented

5) formulate possible conclusions to this table

Task 2.

1) consider Fig. 10 on page 62 of the textbook (graph)

2) determine what information is reflected in it

3) determine what data is plotted along the OX, OY axis, in what units

4) establish how the indicator changes, what are the rates of change at different time intervals

5) what conclusion can be drawn by studying this figure

Task 3.

1) consider Fig.14 on page 63 of the textbook (bar chart)

2) determine what information is reflected in it, what it is about

3) name the chart type

4) how information is presented in the diagram

5) formulate possible conclusions to the figure

self-analysis of the lesson.

Introduction. 1 hour.

Theme “Geography as a science. Methods of geographical research. Sources of geographic information.

During the classes.

Class organization.

Checking homework.

(frontal conversation)

What does the economic and social geography of the world study?

What sciences combines socio-economic geography?

What is the main direction modern stage development of social and economic geography?

What issues are geographers involved in?

3. Learning a new topic.

Modern methods of geographical research.

What is a "method"?

(student answers)

Notebook entry: A method is a way to achieve a goal, to solve a specific problem; a set of methods of cognition of reality.

In geography, universal and special research methods are used.

What research methods do you know?

(student answers)

Notebook entry:

Traditional methods:

Cartographic - the leading method in geography (different types of maps, different ways of analyzing maps). When learning, the map performs a number of functions: a source of information, a learning tool, a learning method.

Work on atlas maps:

-Using the "Political Map of the World", name the leading states by area; dwarf states, island states: archipelago countries, coastal states, landlocked states.

-According to the map"Population of the world" name the region of the world with a high population density, with a low population density?

-On the map "Ecological problems of the world" name the regions of the world where radioactive contamination, pasture degradation, soil erosion predominate.

Statistical - processing of various digital data, their comparison and analysis.

Working with tables in the tutorial app.

-Name the countries of the world that have the largest reserves of oil, natural gas, coal, identify the regions of the world that are poor in arable land, name the most and least forested countries in the world.

Historical - a method of studying the history of geographical objects from the moment of their formation to the present.

On the example of the Russian Federation, to trace the changes taking place with territories of countries s.

Mathematical methods make it possible to proceed to mathematical modeling of physical and economic-geographical phenomena and processes.

-If the area of ​​the Sahara Desert annually increases by 13 thousand square kilometers, how much will the area of ​​the desert increase in 5, 10 years?

Modern methods:

Geographic forecast - prediction of the future state of geosystems, etc.

-If we do not reduce the deforestation of equatorial forests in South America what could be the consequences?

-If the amount of carbon dioxide does not decrease, what could be the consequences of the greenhouse effect?

2. Geoinformatics has led to the creation of geoinformation systems that are engaged in the creation of electronic maps that differ in language, national electronic atlases: the USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden and other countries of the world.

3. Space research methods - satellite and navigation systems, with which you can determine your location and choose the shortest route.

Sources of geographic information.

What are your sources of geographic information?

(student answers)

Notebook entry:

The main sources of geographic information: visual observations, eyewitness accounts, maps, reference books, textbooks, encyclopedias, special computer programs, television, radio, internet, etc.

(give examples)

Summary of the lesson.

- What two groups are all research methods divided into?

List the traditional research methods.

Modern research methods.

What sources of geographic information are the most accessible and what information can be obtained from them?

Estimates. House. the task: study the lesson outline.

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"Lesson Plan Print"

Lesson topic:« »

Goals: create conditions for the presentation of geography in the system of sciences; introduce the structure of the textbook, methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information, introduce the search for information using GIS

1.Geography as a science, its role and significance in the system of sciences. Goals and objectives of geography in the development of specialties of secondary vocational education.

Economic and social geography- This is a geographical science about the laws of development and distribution of nature, population and economy.

2

The task: Write out traditional and modern research methods from the text.

The main methods of geographical research are: Description Method- one of the basic methods of geography. All descriptions of the territory were based on method of observation.

The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of Russian economic geography - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky - is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of ​​the relative position of objects, their size, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more. Everything on Earth develops historically, therefore, in order to understand modern geography, knowledge of history is necessary: ​​the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind. Statistical method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of ​​​​the territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc. Mathematical. If there are numbers, then there are also calculations: calculations of population density, birth rate, mortality and natural population growth, migration balance, resource provision, GDP per capita, etc. Modern aerial and space photography- great helpers in the study of geography, in the creation of geographical maps, in the development of the national economy and nature protection, in solving many problems of mankind. Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science should not only describe the studied objects and phenomena, but also predict the consequences that humanity can come to in the course of its development. The geographical forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce Negative influence activities on nature, rational use of resources, solve global problems.

Geographic information systems.Modern research impossible to imagine without information technology. GIS - Geographic information systems are a computer base that stores geo-information in the form of maps of various content, digital and textual information on the objects on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of their information blocks.

By spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished.

By purpose, they are divided into resource - cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

GIS is a special system capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing information at a new technical level. data and obtaining new geographic information on this basis.

3. Sources of geographic information.Geographic map, Statistical materials, Geoinformation systems. http://maps.yandex.ru http://maps.google . com / http://maps.google . com /

4. Practical work Acquaintance with geographical maps of various subjects.

The task 1 . To complete the assignment, study the table of contents of the geographical atlas for grade 10. 1.1. Divide all maps of the atlas into world and regional. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas a large number kart? 1.2. Divide all maps of the atlas into physical and thematic. Which of the indicated groups is represented in the atlas by a large number of maps? Why are physical maps included in this atlas?

Task 2. Take a close look at the "Political Map of the World" in a geographical atlas. Answer the questions: 2.1. What is the purpose of the background coloring on this map? 2.2. What geographical objects must be marked both on the physical and on the political map of the world? 2.3. What information is included in the legend of the political map of the world? Why?

Homework : Independent work of students Drawing up maps (schemes) reflecting various geographical phenomena and processes.

To complete the task, use various sources of geographic information. 1.1. Insert the missing names of some new countries (or their capitals) that appeared on the political map of the world at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. as a result of the division of larger federal states.

States that emerged on the territory of the former Soviet Union, and their capitals: Russia - Moscow; Ukraine, Kiev; Belarus - Minsk; ... - Chisinau; Georgia - ...; ... - Baku; Armenia - ...; Kazakhstan - …; … - Bishkek; Turkmenistan - Ashgabat; Tajikistan - ...; ... - Tashkent; Estonia - ...; ... - Riga; ... - Vilnius.

1.2. Make maps of pre-existing federal states, on which show the boundaries of former federations and newly formed countries. Write the names of these countries and their capitals. Enter the symbols used in the preparation of maps in the legend. 1.3. Analyze the factors and causes that led to the emergence of new states on the political map of the world at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Write down your findings.

We are closely connected with geography - the nature that surrounds us, recreation, travel to different places on the planet.

Geography still opens up a wonderful world:

introduces the customs and traditions of different peoples,

deep-sea submersibles descend to the bottom of the seas and oceans,

the ice of Antarctica hides unique lakes from the eyes of scientists,

scientists are discovering new species of animals and plants in the Amazon forests, as well as exploring climate warming and environmental pollution.

LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION Sources of geographic information
GOAL: form an understanding of the science of geography.

TASKS:

PLANNED RESULT

Students should: know / understand the tasks and subject of studying geography, the definition of the concept of "geography"; be able to name the differences in the study of the Earth by geography in comparison with other sciences; give examples of geographical objects; determine the differences between natural and anthropogenic objects; explain why they study geography.

BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS: geographic information methods.

MAIN CONTENT
Geography as a science, methods of geographical information. Rules for working with UMC.

PRACTICAL WORK: training in methods of keeping a diary of observations of weather and phenological phenomena.

RESOURCES
Textbook p. 5–6
Atlas

The first lesson of the course should form students' understanding of the science of geography,

Significant attention requires familiarity

When working with a textbook, it is important to teach how to use textual and non-textual components correctly (orientation apparatus, illustrations: drawings, maps, photographs; questions and tasks, etc.). Instructions are provided on page 6 of the textbook. Together with the students, it is necessary to clearly work out all the instructions, to make the necessary accents. Students of this age are characterized by the desire to retell the text of the textbook verbatim. From the point of view of the task of developing the speech of students, its correctness, consistency, completeness and consistency of presentation, the teacher requires special attention to work on the word, to teaching schoolchildren to logically explain, prove their point of view, compose descriptions, state the content of the topic in their own words, etc. . At the same time, one must constantly remember that the speech of students is highly dependent on how much they consciously mastered the content of concepts, the methods of their application.

Acquaintance with the structure of the textbook and methods of working with it, a geographical atlas, a exercise book can be carried out on the example of the formation of the concept of "geography".

Working with the atlas in the first lesson is not planned in the content of the lesson, but it is important to provide for its use. To do this, during the lesson, the main nomenclature units are introduced, which are already known to students from the discipline "Natural History".

Practical work is done during the lesson. Familiarization

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"Presentation1"

« How much is the benefit of geography to the human race, anyone who has an idea can judge about it.

M.V. Lomonosov.

Lesson topic:

Introduction. Sources of geographic information .

• Geography - oldest science on earth. Nowadays, from a descriptive science, it has turned into a science of a constructive nature.

• Economic and social geography- This is a geographical science about the laws of development and distribution of nature, population and economy.

• Economic geography is included in the system of geographical sciences and is associated with many sciences: primarily with physical geography, ecology, history, demography, ethnography, and economic cartography.

Goals and objectives of geography in the development of specialties of secondary vocational education.

• The entire learning process is aimed at achieving the goal:

Formation of a holistic view of modern geographical science, its participation in solving the most important problems of mankind;

− possession of the skills of conducting observations of individual geographical objects, processes and phenomena, their changes as a result of natural and anthropogenic influences;

− possession of skills to use maps of different content to obtain new geographical knowledge about natural socio-economic and environmental processes and phenomena;

− possession of the skills to apply geographical knowledge to explain and evaluate various phenomena and processes, independently assess the level of environmental safety, and adapt to changing environmental conditions.

. The main tasks of modern geography are to know protect and increase the wealth of our planet in order to pass it on to future generations.

2.Methods of geographical research

Methods of geographical research - ways to obtain geographic information

Methods of geographical research

Traditional Methods

Modern methods

• These are different types of observations that allow you to get primary information about objects and phenomena.

• It is the most important method in geography. Allows you to explore the spatial distribution of an object .

Statistical method

• is based on the analysis of statistical material, allows concretizing theoretical calculations, makes it possible to demonstrate the proportionality of phenomena and processes, to draw conclusions about the direction of development of a particular phenomenon.

• Allowed to identify the dynamics of the world economy and the position of individual countries on the time scale of development. To study the essence of what is happening by comparing the past and the present.

Geoinformatics

Informatics allows you to apply economic-mathematical modeling. The development of geoinformatics led to the creation of geographic information systems (GIS)

Geographic forecast prediction of the future state of geosystems, etc. .

4. Practical work " Acquaintance with geographical maps of various subjects»

• Exercise 1. To complete the assignment, study the table of contents of the geographical atlas for grade 10.
• 1.1. Divide all maps of the atlas into world and regional. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas by a large number of maps?
• 1.2. Divide all maps of the atlas into physical and thematic. Which of the indicated groups is represented in the atlas by a large number of maps?
• Why are physical maps included in this atlas?

Task 2.

Take a close look at the "Political Map of the World" in a geographical atlas.

Answer the questions :

2.1. What is the purpose of the background coloring on this map?

2.2. What geographical objects must be marked both on the physical and on the political map of the world? 2.3. What information is included in the legend of the political map of the world? Why?

homework Independent work :

« Drawing up maps (schemes) reflecting various geographical phenomena and processes.

To complete the task, use various sources of geographic information. 1.1. Insert the missing names of some new countries (or their capitals) that appeared on the political map of the world at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. as a result of the division of larger federal states.

• States that emerged on the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and their capitals: Serbia - Belgrade; Croatia - ...; Montenegro - ...; ... - Skopje; … - Ljubljana; Bosnia and Herzegovina - … .
• States that emerged on the territory of the former Czechoslovak Socialist Republic(Czechoslovakia), and their capitals: Czech Republic - ...; ... - Bratislava.
• 1.2. Make maps of pre-existing federal states, on which show the boundaries of former federations and newly formed countries. Write the names of these countries and their capitals. Enter the symbols used in the preparation of maps in the legend. 1.3. Analyze the factors and causes that led to the emergence of new states on the political map of the world at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Write down your findings .

What is a GIS?

GIS is a set of computer hardware, geographic data and software for collecting, processing, storing, modeling, analyzing and displaying spatial information.

GIS is a medium that links geographic information (where what is) with descriptive information (what it is).

Unlike ordinary paper maps, GIS provides you with many layers of diverse general geographical and thematic information.

How is information stored in a GIS?

All source information is stored in separate layers in digital form on a computer.

And all this geographic data is sorted into layers, with each layer representing a different feature type (theme).

One of these topics can contain all roads in a certain area, another - lakes, and the third - all cities and other settlements in the same area.

• http:// www.dataplus.ru/Arcrev/Number_43/1_Geograf.html

GIS can be considered in three ways:

Database type: A GIS is a unique type of database about our world - a geographic database. This is the Information System for Geography.

Map type: A GIS is a collection of smart maps and other graphical views that show objects and their relationships on the earth's surface. Maps can be generated and used as a "window to the database" to support queries, analysis and editing of information. These actions are called geovisualization.

Model type: GIS is a set of tools for transforming information. They allow you to create new geographic data sets from existing ones by applying special methods to them. analytic functions- geoprocessing tools. In other words, by combining data and applying some rules, you can create a model that helps you find answers to your questions.

• http://www.dataplus.ru/Arcrev/Number_43/1_Geograf.html

4. What can be done with GIS?

• Make spatial queries and analyze

• search databases and perform spatial queries

• identify areas suitable for the required activities;
• identify relationships between different parameters (eg soils, climate and crop yields);
• locate power outages

http://moslesproekt.roslesinforg.ru/activity/023gil-inform

GIS technologies in cartography

This is a source of objective information for updating and compiling various thematic and topographic maps of the entire scale range with minimal time, labor and economic costs.

The use of satellite imagery and GIS technologies for environmental monitoring

This is the simplest and most cost-effective way of operational monitoring observations of the state of the natural environment.

The use of satellite imagery and GIS technologies in forestry

This is a prompt receipt of complete and objective information about the state of forests on different levels forest management - from the lease area of ​​the forest fund and forestry to the level of the subject of the Russian Federation or the whole country.

Interactive maps of the world, countries, cities

The interactive map can be managed:

Zoom in/out

Shift in all geographic directions

On the interactive map you can get information:

About the distance between objects using labels

Find objects at the specified address

Find the nearest metro stations to the specified address

Demonstration of the practical use of various interactive maps: compare maps and satellite images, measure distances, determine the nearest buildings to the specified address, etc.

http://maps.yandex.ru

http://maps. google . com /

http://maps. google . com /

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information .

Modern research cannot be imagined without information technology.

1. GIS - Geographic Information Systems - is a computer base that stores geo-information in the form of maps of various content, digital and textual information on the objects on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of their information blocks.

By spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished.

By purpose, they are divided into resource - cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

GIS is a special system capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing data on a new technical level and obtaining new geographic information on this basis.

Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information .

Using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of ​​​​the territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.

• Cartographic sources include a map A map is a special form of information and the acquisition of knowledge about the spatial distribution of natural and social phenomena, their state, properties and changes over time.
• This form is widely used in the everyday life of society and is absolutely necessary for many branches of science and practice.

Basic concepts and terms on the topic: economic and social geography of the world, geographic information system, geographic map, cartographic generalization, statistics, GPS (Global Positional System).

Topic study plan (list of questions to be studied):

1. Geography as a science.

2. Traditional and new methods of geographical research.

3. Geographic map - a special source of geographic information.

4. Statistical materials as a source of geographic information.

5. Other ways and forms of obtaining geographic information.

Geoinformation systems

Brief summary of theoretical questions:

1. Geography is a spatial discipline. This means that geographers are interested not only in the objects themselves, but also in how, where, and why these objects are placed in space. Economic and social geography of the world is a social geographical science that studies the territorial organization of human society.

2. Obtaining geographic information is of real practical importance. The world today is pierced huge amount information, transport, social and economic ties, ignorance of which inevitably leads to your own isolation. Modern young professionals, getting into the global political or economic environment, must have a set of knowledge about the countries of the world, their culture and way of life. Geography uses different research methods: traditional- cartographic, sociological, statistical, mathematical historical, comparative, modern− aerospace, geoinformation, geographic forecast, etc.

3. Maps are the main tools of the geographer. Maps exist for every type of information relating to our planet (and not only). Geographic map (first year was created in ancient Greece about 2500 years ago by the scientist Anaximander) - a reduced mathematically defined, generalized, figurative-sign image of the Earth's surface on a plane, showing the location, state and interrelationships of natural and social phenomena. When the scale is reduced, the generalization of the objects plotted on the map, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics occurs.

Helps here cartographic generalization- selection and generalization of objects and phenomena depicted on the map in accordance with the purpose and scale of the map. To depict various objects on a map, a wide variety of methods of cartographic representation are used: methods of high-quality background, areas, signs of movement, isolines, localized diagrams, icons, scatter. According to the content of the card are divided into: general geographical And thematic.

The former include topographic maps (M 1:200,000 and larger), survey-topographic (M from 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000), survey (M smaller than 1:1,000,000). General geographic maps show all elements of topographic content ( settlements, individual buildings, roads, industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities, hydrography, relief, vegetation, etc..), i.e. everything that "lies" on the ground and can serve as a guide.

In contrast to general geographic maps, thematic maps usually reveal one plot (soil, geological structure, population, vegetation, etc.). All thematic maps are divided into two sections - maps of nature (physical-geographical, geological, climatic, etc.) and maps of social phenomena (political, population, historical, economic, etc.).

4. Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information. Statistics is a science that studies various phenomena and processes in order to take into account and identify the patterns of their development using statistical indicators. In the course of geographical research, statistics solves the following scientific tasks: collecting statistical data, processing the collected information, analyzing and interpreting data, presenting statistical information in text, tabular, graphic or cartographic form. Statistical information includes absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.

5. Modern sources of geographic information also include aerospace and geoinformation sources: aerial photography, space photography, remote sensing, satellite monitoring. A modern satellite system for high-precision determination of the coordinates of static and moving objects is called GPS (Global Positional System).

It was developed by the US Department of Defense. The project started in 1978 and the final commissioning of GPS took place in 1995. A fundamentally new approach to working with spatial data is associated with the emergence Geographic Information Systems10 (GIS) is a system of hardware for collecting, storing and processing spatial data. It can be said that GIS is a complex computer program. GIS capabilities: quick search for the necessary information, cartographic ability of GIS, the ability to model phenomena on the earth's surface.

The volume and quality of socio-geographical information, which is "a body of knowledge and a system of data reflecting the features and patterns of the territorial organization of society, the functioning and development of TOS," is of great importance in conducting research and writing a research paper.

Among the main requirements that can be presented to socio-geographical information are:

- modernity, i.e. it must correspond to the time interval of the study. However, this condition may not be met when conducting a retrospective analysis of the development of the object of study;

– targeting, i.e. information should be tied not only to time, but also to a certain territory. In the study of a real object (process or phenomenon) in the spatial aspect, the geographical individuality of the study is realized;

- the dynamism of information means its constant change, movement in time and space. The evolutionary development of the object of study is determined by the complication of its structure, the attraction of new functional properties, and the increase in the number of factors in its development. This information should not escape the geographer's field of vision;

- compliance of the information received with the research topic, and, consequently, with the goal. Its relevance and timeliness are of great importance;

– objectivity (reliability) of information ensures the reliability of the findings and recommendations proposed for implementation;

– verifiability. Part of the published socio-geographical information may be questioned in its reliability (correctness), therefore, it is necessary to take a critical approach to the choice of information sources and verify (clarify, verify) the data obtained through other sources. A researcher should be especially selective in approaching materials published on the Internet.

Given the vastness of socio-geographic research, a significant amount of information resources can serve as a source of necessary information, including:

- scientific and literary sources, including scientific and popular science publications, monographs, textbooks and teaching aids, ongoing periodicals and collections of scientific papers, dissertations for academic degrees, encyclopedic dictionaries, etc.;

– legal sources, including any legal acts of international, state, regional and local significance;

- cartographic or graphic information representing complex processes in a simplified form for perception;

– results of independent field (field) research and observations;

- statistical sources containing data on the course of a particular process, the "behavior" of the object of study;

– archival and stock materials;

– electronic sources;

– results of sociological research;

– data from monitoring studies.

None of the above sources can become "self-sufficient" for conducting socio-geographical research. In the process of work, a complex of theoretical and applied developments (research) of previous researchers is used, as well as data obtained independently during field work, opinion polls, collection of statistical information, work in archives, etc.

At the same time, information cannot simply be entered into the work. It must be analyzed, verified and interpreted in relation to this study. To perform these operations, a student (undergraduate) must use the time allotted for production and research practices. The extended goal of conducting an internship is to formulate and solve one’s own research problem, to develop skills in applying knowledge in the field of economic, social and political geography to solve applied tasks. That is why the industrial practice should have a clearly defined goal and objectives corresponding to the topic of the selected original scientific research in each course of study.

During the period of internships, students (undergraduates) collect and process primary information - statistical data, cartographic materials, graph-analytical constructions, historical and geographical information, sociological information, develop an original research methodology and determine a set of indicators for the purpose of a deeper and more comprehensive study of the object and subject of observation etc. The main places of accumulation and storage of geographic information are libraries, scientific institutions, archives, the territorial department of the Federal Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, regional and municipal authorities, the employment center, various organizations and departments.

The theoretical substantiation of the conducted researches can be obtained by a student (undergraduate) from printed sources of geographical information, which are quite diverse both in content and in scope. Particular attention should be paid to monographs both in social geography and in related disciplines: physical geography, economics, sociology, political science, resource science, ecology, cultural studies, tourism research, etc. Conceptual ideas, important theoretical provisions and practical (applied) data are contained in other sources, including collections of scientific papers, materials of conferences of various levels, scientific reports, etc. The electronic catalog of printed publications that make up the scientific library of Perm National Research University is available free of charge on the website www.library.perm.ru. Here you can also get acquainted with new acquisitions, with scientific journals in foreign languages, access the websites of the Library of Congress, the Russian State Library (Moscow), the Russian National Library (St. Petersburg), the All-Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (St. . Moscow), etc.

A special source of geographical information is the abstract journal "Geography". It contains abstracts of scientific publications in various areas of geographical science, secondary information materials (bibliographic descriptions, annotations, literature reviews) in conjunction with a reference and search apparatus. For its compilation, more than two thousand different sources, Russian and foreign, are used. Each issue includes approximately 1500 abstracts. Abstract journal "Geography" has been published annually since 1952 (12 issues per year).

Another important literary source of geographical information are dissertations for degree candidate and doctor of sciences. The list of dissertations and the dissertations themselves in the specialty 25.00.24 (until 2005 - 11.00.02) - Economic, social and political geography, defended at our university, are stored in the periodical literature department of the PSNIU library. To work with them, it is necessary to draw up a letter certified by the head of the department where the student (undergraduate) is studying.

In any work, new scientific categories, concepts, terms fall into the field of view of a young researcher. In this case, a great help is a variety of scientific and bibliographic literature: dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries contained in textbooks and teaching aids. Among them, first of all, it is necessary to name the Great Russian Encyclopedia, the Great Geographical Dictionary, toponymic dictionaries, etc.

An important source of information is the most popular scientific geographic journals, collections of scientific papers periodically published by scientific and educational institutions. They publish innovative articles of a theoretical, methodological and applied nature. For many years, collections of scientific papers from Tartu, Perm, Tyumen and other universities have been published annually. World famous geographical journals: “Izvestiya RAS. Geographical Series (Moscow), Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society (St. Petersburg), Geography and Natural Resources (Irkutsk, journal of the Institute of Geography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Geography at School, USA and Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture”, “Japan”, “Asia and Africa Today” (published by the Institute of Asia and Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences), etc. No less popular are geographical journals published in the leading universities of the country: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Perm, Smolensk, Bashkir, Udmurt and others.

Important information is contained in periodicals on related sciences: economics, sociology, political science, ecology: "World Economy and International Relations" (published by MGIMO (U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), "Russian Economic Journal", "Bulletin of Economics", "Polis" ( "Political Studies"), "Socis" (" sociological research”), “Expert” and others. 2.1.

With the support of federal ministries and departments, journals are published on individual sectors of the economy: Oil, Gas and Business, Coal, Automotive Industry, etc. In them, a researcher can get information about the latest technical and technological developments of domestic and foreign scientists. It also contains some data on production, consumption, cost, export-import of goods and services.

When writing papers on regional studies, the magazines GEO, Vokrug Sveta, National Geographic Russia, Tourism, Picturesque Russia, etc., can provide assistance, containing a large amount of popular science information on individual regions of Russia and the world. .

It is important to note that the latest issue of most journals lists all materials published during the calendar year. Some of these journals are located in the reading room of the Faculty of Geography of Perm State National Research University.

Another type of periodical press - newspapers - can also include information of interest to the geographer - the so-called current information. Particularly noteworthy in this regard is the newspaper Geography, which is a methodological publication for teachers of geography, ecology and natural history (published since 1992). Among the central newspapers stands out " Russian newspaper"- official printed edition Kremlin (Government of the Russian Federation). It reflects the events of both domestic and international life. Quite informative are the special editions of the newspaper dedicated to certain regions, countries or types of economic activity. When conducting geographic research at the micro, topo and nano levels, local newspapers published by municipal authorities can be of great importance. They cover the entire spectrum of life activities of the population in a clearly localized territory, and in this respect they are indispensable.

A specific type of information is regulatory and legislative documents, including:

– international legal acts (Convention on Human Rights, Kyoto Protocol, UN Maritime Convention, Antarctica Treaty, etc.);

- The Constitution of the Russian Federation, the constitutions and charters of the regions - subjects of the Russian Federation; constitutions of specific countries;

– interstate pacts;

– declarations, federal treaty;

- codes, federal laws, laws of subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities;

- acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

– annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly;

- acts, laws, resolutions of the chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation;

- acts of representative and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government;

- charters of municipalities, etc.

Students and undergraduates can familiarize themselves with all the listed types of regulatory documents using the ConsultantPlus program, which is available in the reading room, computer class of the Faculty of Geography and in the departments.

The importance of using legislative and legal literature in socio-geographical research is explained by the need to establish a legal framework for scientific research, to determine the official status of a real-life object, an official assessment of a particular process. Socio-geographic research is based on legal norms and follows them. However, the results of research can serve as an important factor in making changes (additions), improving, improving standards and their implementation in practice in national, regional or municipal development.

In addition to literary sources, cartographic and graphic materials acquire great importance in research work on economic and social geography.

The advantage of cartographic material over text is that the map is a visual (generalized) model of the territory. It is concise and informative. The map displays links between geographical objects, phenomena, processes in dynamics or statics. Textual information cannot give the researcher more than what is written in it. A map, on the other hand, can illustrate causal relationships and territorial differences. Cartographic materials allow the most complete diagnosis of social, environmental, economic, planning, service, political, environmental phenomena and processes. This information is used in the process of visual and measuring analysis of maps, decoding and removal of information data. That is why such materials are usually included in literary sources. However, some maps or charts that have thematic homogeneity may be published in the form of atlases or thematic collections. For example, “National Atlas of Russia” (vols. 1–3), “Socio-economic geography of the world” (author: V.N. Kholina, A.S. Naumov, I.A. Rodionova. M., 2006), "Regions of Russia" (author: A.L. Chepalyga, I.V. Chepalyga. M., 2006).

A large number of anamorphosis maps, which clearly show the disproportions of world development, are placed on the website www.worldmapper.org in free access (in English).

Graphic materials also carry important information reflecting the statics and dynamics of socio-economic processes. Graphs and diagrams provide a visual representation of the state and trends in the functioning of territorial systems and can be considered as sources for diagnosing and predicting their future development.

Cartographic and graphic materials can serve as a starting point for research, an impulse for scientific research. Having in its methodological research arsenal the necessary approaches and methods, informational resources and general knowledge about the course of the process or the nature of the phenomenon, a specialist in the field of socio-economic geography is able to correctly assess and identify development trends, to see the prospective state of the object. The result of these studies may also be a map or a series of maps with a detailed decoding of the encoded information.

Conducting research work is impossible without the use of statistical data characterizing the quantitative patterns of life of territorial communities of people in all their diversity (economic, social, political, spiritual, cultural development, natural environment) in close connection with their qualitative content.

Global studies widely use international statistics published by the UN and its specialized organizations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Resources Institute, the World Trade Organization, Eurostat, and others. World Population” (published by the United Nations Population Fund), “World Development Report”, “World Development Indicators”, “Economic and Social Survey” (World Bank), “Report on the World Social Situation” (Department of Economic and social development UN), World Resources (World Resources Institute), State of Food and Agriculture (FAO), etc. These and other reports are available free of charge on the UN website (Russian version) - http://www.un.org/russian/esa/surveys.htm.

A large amount of statistical information, updated annually on more than 100 indicators, is contained on the official website of the US CIA - www.cia.gov in the "Factbook" section (in English). Classification of countries according to the level of social economic development is published annually on the website of the International Monetary Fund - www.imf.org in the "World Economic Outlook" section. The financial indicators of the development of the countries of the world are reflected on the website of the World Bank (www.worldbank.org) in the annual reports of Global Development Finance. Statistical data on international trade relations are updated annually on the website of the World Trade Organization (www.wto.org) in the "Resources" section.

Among the Russian research institutes that are engaged in the study of international issues and publish some statistical data, it is necessary to name the scientific organizations that are part of the Russian Academy of Sciences: the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, the Institute of the USA and Canada, the Institute of Europe, the Institute of Latin America, the Institute of the Far East , Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population, Council for the Study of Productive Forces (SOPS), etc.

When studying the processes of development and territorial organization of the Russian Federation and its regions, information from statistical collections is widely used: "Russian Statistical Yearbook", "Regions of Russia", "Russia in Figures" (issued annually), "The Socio-Economic Situation of Russia" (issued monthly, in the country as a whole and in individual federal districts), etc.

Industry-specific statistical information published by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (information site - www.gks.ru) is contained in the collections "Transport in Russia", "Tourism in Russia", "Healthcare in Russia", "Small Business in Russia", etc. .

Geographical studies of the population, geodemographic situation, settlement systems, conditions and living standards of people are usually based on statistical information contained in reports published after the All-Russian population censuses (VPN website 2002 - www.perepis2002.ru, VPN website 2010 - www .perepis-2010.ru), statistical collections such as "Demographic Yearbook of Russia", the electronic version of the journal "Population and Society" - "Demoscope-Weekly" (available on the Internet - www.demoscope.ru), etc.

The Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation also prepares collections concerning the relationship between Russia and its partners, for example: "Russia and the CIS countries", "Group of Eight in Figures", as well as collections on federal districts.

Regional studies use statistical data published in the annual statistical collections of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Statistical data on the state of the environment and measures aimed at maintaining a favorable environmental situation can be obtained from the annual reports “State and Environmental Protection of the Perm Territory”, “State and Environmental Protection of the City of Perm” (since 2000 available on the website "Nature of the Perm Territory" - www.permecology.ru).

Statistical information of a sectoral nature is also contained in the annual reports on the activities of industrial and transport enterprises posted on the websites of companies.

When conducting microgeographic studies, statistical information can be obtained using field (empirical) studies. The most common are expeditionary studies, during which primary "field" observations and the collection of primary information about the processes of functioning of territorial systems take place. They are carried out in the study of the geography of the population, agricultural production, the construction industry, transport, the service sector, recreational systems, etc. To conduct such studies, the staff of the Department of Socio-Economic Geography developed a special methodology, which has not lost its significance in modern conditions. Statistical information in this case can be obtained directly from the enterprise, organization, local registry offices, house administrations, municipalities, or through self-observation.

The researcher can obtain subjective information during sociological surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. Sociological methods make it possible to obtain and analyze the opinion of respondents who are local residents (the so-called first-hand information). This is qualitative information, which, however, cannot be considered objective, because. depends on a large number of factors directly affecting it (primarily related to human individuality).

However, the data of opinion polls and questionnaires is an important source of information in recreational, tourist, medical, behavioral, social, and electoral geography. They are indispensable in research that cannot be measured quantitatively (for example, in studies of the way of life, the image of a territory, the way of life of peoples and ethnic groups, etc.), in the construction of cognitive and mental maps.

Questioning involves the presence of a ready-made questionnaire, which the respondents fill out on their own. Therefore, the formulated questions should be understandable to the population. At the same time, they should correspond to the topic of the study, and the answers should provide complete information about the phenomenon or process being studied. Therefore, the wording of the questions should be concise, extremely clear and convenient for coding data for the purpose of their analysis. You should also pay attention to the composition of the questionnaire and the layout of the questions. The sample of respondents should be representative, i.e. correspond to the population of the area, its gender, age, professional, educational composition.

Conducting an interview requires special training of the researcher, who should not impose his own opinion and express his own opinions. At the same time, attention should be paid to the environment in which the conversation takes place, as well as to the state of the interlocutor. Interviews are often repeated in order to determine a change in the situation or position of the interlocutor.

It is important to note that some studies can be built on the comparison and opposition of quantitative (statistical) and qualitative (survey data) information. Such research is aimed at identifying inconsistencies between the real situation and the one described in official sources. In this case, the revealed facts themselves serve as a source of geographic information about the state and development of TOS or its individual structural elements.

Another source of empirical information is hiking and travel, during which one gets acquainted with different countries, regions, national heritage, etc.

Archival and stock materials serve as an indispensable source of historical and geographical information. In the archives, one can find information about the socio-economic, political-administrative, demographic, cultural state of a particular territory for a certain historical period.

The State Archives of the Perm Territory (SAAP, website www.archive.perm.ru) is a repository of more than 1 million various documents on paper, photo and electronic media related to the economy, social relations, demographic features of the development of the Perm Territory from the 18th century to the present. up to our time. The GAPC stores cartographic and topographic materials. Data on the history, economy and life of the region's population in the 20th century. can be obtained from the Perm State Archives recent history(PGANI, website www.permgani.ru). Work in the state archives is subject to certain rules, which you must familiarize yourself with before visiting the institution. The quantity and quality of information received depends on the correct execution of requests. Partial information about the documents stored in the archives is posted on the official web pages. More complete information can be obtained from thematic collections with a list of documents in the archives themselves. Work with documents, as a rule, is allowed only on the next day after the request is made.

Fund materials are stored in archives, scientific institutions, as well as in the personal libraries of scientists, travelers, local historians, etc. These can be scientific reports, field diaries, dissertations, theses, manuscripts of research articles, etc.

Diploma works, final qualifying works of bachelors and master's theses, defended at the Department of Socio-Economic Geography since 2007, are issued for use by students (undergraduates) after a corresponding request. The use of this source of geographic information is advisable at the very beginning of the study in order to get acquainted with the existing developments in the research field, to clearly define the spatio-temporal boundaries of independent scientific research for any other information. In this case, in the text of the research work, it is necessary to refer to the fund materials of the department.

New information opportunities are provided by the computerization of the research process, which became possible due to the development of information and communication technologies. The intellectualization of human labor, the transformation of information into an object of instant transmission, long-term storage and active practical use give rise to a demand for the creation of electronic sources of information.

Among the latter, the global information network Internet stands out, which makes it possible to obtain the necessary information in the shortest time period. Search engine engine (multi-language: Google, Yahoo!, Inktomi, AltaVista, Alltheweb, Bing, DuckDuckGo; Russian-language: Yandex, Mail.ru, Rambler, Aport, Nigma, Qip.ru, Guénon; English-language and international: AskJeeves, Teoma, MSN , TinEye, Ask.Com, MyWay, AOL, About.Com, EarthLink, etc.) provides the opening of a large number of pages of different posting times in different languages. The uniqueness of the search for information on the Internet is due to its immediacy, volume and specific focus. At the same time, it is important to take into account that obtaining the most accurate information about a phenomenon (object or process) is determined by the correct formulation of the search query. At the same time, it is necessary to remember about the shortcomings of Internet publications: one should beware of redundancy of information, its bias, and therefore it is necessary to select it, check it against official sources.

Among the many information possibilities of the Internet, it is necessary to name Internet encyclopedias, in which any of the users can be not only a reader, but also the creator of new articles. The unique multilingual universal online encyclopedia "Wikipedia" (www.ru.wikipedia.org) contains more than 450 thousand pages in Russian in all areas of knowledge (including other languages ​​- more than 13 million articles). Another popular electronic encyclopedia is Krugosvet (www.krugosvet.ru).

The Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius (BEKM) is the most authoritative multimedia encyclopedia in Russia, created with the participation of leading Russian scientists: academicians, doctors of sciences and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fundamentality, completeness of content, breadth of coverage and versatility of materials made BECM the leader of the domestic market of information and reference literature.

The multimedia format provides a fundamentally new level of material presentation: a combination of text, photographs, interactive tables, three-dimensional models, diagrams, audio and video clips makes encyclopedia articles visual, multidimensional and exciting.

The list of the most popular and useful sites in socio-geographical research is given in Appendix. 2.2.

Electronic sources of information are not limited to Internet publications. They can also include databases of geographic information systems (GIS), maps created with their help, electronic catalogs and atlases. The latter have gained popularity and widespread use in recent decades. GIS technologies make it possible to perform various manipulations with data, combine various indicators with each other and build corresponding maps. Electronic sources of geographic information are mobile. Among the popular electronic atlases, we will name the Social Atlas of Russian Regions, which contains extensive analytical information and cartographic materials on a wide range of socio-economic problems in Russia and its regions, various integral indices of social and economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation (developed by the Independent Institute for Social Policy, www.atlas .socpol.ru).

IN last years information from monitoring observations began to be widely used. In many regions there are constant monitoring of the environmental, social and political profile. Monitoring information is most often stored in regional geographic information systems. This information is characterized by dynamic properties, since collected regularly, processed and stored for a long time. The dynamic series of information makes it possible to get an idea of ​​the phenomenon under study not only for a certain date, but also for a long time period, and therefore, to identify development trends and predict future changes.

Modern sources of information significantly expand the possibilities of socio-geographic research and stimulate scientific research in all areas of science.

The combination of various geographic data makes it possible to expand the research problem, conduct complex surveys, most reliably diagnose the current geosituation in any territory and spread development trends in the near future. At the same time, a significant amount of available information confronts the researcher with the problem of responsibility for the choice of data used, and, consequently, the final results of scientific research. The solution to this problem can be found in the creation of national databases of geoinformation, the active use of geoinformation technologies and the increase in motivation for research work.

There are the following sources of geographic information.
1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS are computer-generated "archives" of geographical knowledge about the territorial organization and the interaction of society and nature. The GIS includes:

COMPUTER;
software;
spatial information in the form of cartographic data on natural components, farms, lands, roads, etc.
The functioning of the GIS is carried out in the following sequence:
collection and automated processing of geographic information;
spatial reference of geographic information and its presentation in the form of an electronic map on the display screen;
transfer of this map, if necessary, into paper form (for example, the creation of atlases).
An important component of GIS is aerospace information, data from aero-visual observations, ground-based sensors, etc.
The Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is developing a multi-purpose National GIS of Ukraine, the purpose of which is to create a geographic-cybernetic model of the country.
2. Geographic research:
field studies;
trips;
local history excursions
tourism, mountaineering.
Field studies are expeditionary and stationary. Expeditionary includes the study of individual natural components, branches of the economy, etc. Natural and economic complexes are known in the process of complex geographical research (natural-geographical, landscape studies, economic-geographical, etc.). Expeditionary research is divided into three periods:
preparatory;
field forwarding;
cameral (processing the collected materials, writing a report, compiling maps).

During expeditionary research, aerospace images of the earth's surface are used. They are decrypted, i.e. recognize objects reflected on them by their shape, color, tone of the image.
Artificial satellites provide the opportunity to study the dynamics and periodicity natural processes, unique phenomena and objects (volcanic eruptions, fires, avalanches, landslides, breaks in the earth's crust, atmospheric pollution, etc.).
In 1995, the first Ukrainian satellite "Sich-1" was launched, equipped with instruments for remote exploration of the Earth, inventory and evaluation of land, prospecting for minerals, meteorological forecasting, and environmental monitoring. In Ukraine, there are the Center for Aerospace Research of the Earth, the Center for Radiophysical Sounding of the Earth, and the Marine Hydrophysical Institute.

Now geographic information is obtained on natural and man-made processes, changes in the natural environment, geochemical anomalies, cities and suburban areas, air pollution, flooding, the state of vegetation, areas of radioactive contamination, emissions from wastewater treatment plants.
Stationary geographic research has been carried out regularly for many years at specially equipped geographical stations. They study in detail the changes in natural complexes over time. Stationary geographical research is carried out on the basis of the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Lvov, Odessa, Kharkov and Taurida universities.

Ukraine is a member of the World Weather Service, the World Meteorological Organization. Hydrometeorological conditions are important economic and social factors: the social and economic condition of the state depends on them, ecological situation, agro-industrial complex, energy, transport, utilities, military security.
3. The sources of geographical information are local history studies and descriptions of the native land, cities and other settlements. They also include descriptions of travel, tourist and climbing routes, excursions.

4. Maps and atlases are important sources of geographic information. Cartographic images reproduce the dimensions and properties of geographical objects using geographic means and signs (lines, figures), as well as color tone. Combinations of geographical signs and background are means of cartographic modeling, creating cartographic images (geoimage). To understand the natural and economic objects displayed on the map, the components of natural conditions, processes, as well as the patterns of their distribution, legends are attached to the maps. The text of the legend, geographical names, terms and concepts allow you to "read" the map, use it.
Maps are the most important components of the information building blocks of geographic atlases. National atlases are of exceptional importance. According to the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 01.08.2000 "On the National Atlas of Ukraine", an atlas is being created, which will reflect the spatial characteristics of natural conditions and resources, population, economy, environmental conditions, science and culture of Ukraine.

Geographic information is produced by:
Institute of Geography;
Institute of Geological Sciences;
Institute of Botany;
Institute of Zoology;
Council for the Study of the Productive Forces of Ukraine;
regional natural science and socio-economic divisions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

A variety of geographical information is kept by the National Natural Museum of Ukraine, regional, district, city museums of local lore.
6. A variety of geographical information is available in textbooks, manuals, statistical reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific journals, and periodicals. Geographical information is filled with mass media: newspapers, radio and television broadcasts. Geographic popular science, documentary and educational films are being created. Geographic information can be found at fiction, paintings, landscape architecture, etc. The Internet provides great opportunities for obtaining and using up-to-date geographical information.

Source study.

Classification of sources.

Legislative acts and normative documents.

Documents are Russian (federal) and regional level. These documents allow us to reveal which problems were more pronounced at any given time, and how these problems were regulated at any level.

Regulatory documents help to develop the policy of the state, as well as ways to implement it on the ground.

Normative act- This is an official document of a law-making body, which contains legal norms.

Normative acts are created mainly by state bodies that have the right to make normative decisions on those issues that are referred to them for resolution.

In doing so, they express the will of the state. From this stems their imperiousness, officiality, authoritarianism, obligation.

Normative acts are characterized by the following features.

First, they have a law-making character: in them, the rules of law are either established, or changed, or canceled. Normative acts are carriers, repositories, dwellings of legal norms, from which we draw knowledge about legal norms.

Secondly, normative acts should be issued only within the competence of the law-making body, otherwise there will be several normative decisions on the same issue in the state, between which contradictions are possible.

Thirdly, normative acts are always clothed in documentary form and must have the following details: type of normative act, its name, body that adopted it, date, place of adoption of the act, number. The written form contributes to the achievement of a uniform understanding of the requirements of legal norms, which is very important, since sanctions may be applied for their failure to comply.

Fourthly, each normative act must comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and not contradict those normative acts that have greater legal force in comparison with it.

Fifthly, all normative acts must be brought to the attention of citizens and organizations, i.e.

Geographic research methods and main sources of geographic information

Regulatory act- an official document of the established form, adopted within the competence of the authorized state body (official), other social structures (municipal bodies, trade unions, joint-stock companies, partnerships, etc.) or by referendum in compliance with the procedure established by law, containing generally binding rules of conduct designed for an indefinite circle of people and repeated use.

Documentation of various bodies and institutions.

Documents are of a different nature - orders, penalties, organizational - constituent, informational (reports, correspondence, etc.). They can be both public and private.

business documents- the most numerous type of historical sources. In a broad sense, they include the entire complex of documentation generated as a result of the activities of any governing body, regardless of the scale and form of ownership of the management objects.

Statistical materials.

Statistics- a branch of knowledge that outlines the general issues of collecting, measuring and analyzing mass statistical (quantitative or qualitative) data; the study of the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in numerical form.

Statistics develops a special methodology for the study and processing of materials: mass statistical observations, the method of groupings, averages, indices, the balance method, the method of graphic images and other methods for analyzing statistical data.

There are three types of statistics grouping:

Analytical grouping- allows you to identify the relationship between groups.

Typological grouping- division of the studied population into homogeneous groups.

Structural grouping- in which there is a division of a homogeneous population into groups, according to a certain attribute.

Groupings are primary and secondary. Primary groupings are obtained during statistical observations. And the secondary ones are carried out on the basis of the primary one.

Statistical Methods- methods of analysis of statistical data. Allocate methods of applied statistics that can be applied in all areas scientific research and any sectors of the national economy, and other statistical methods, the applicability of which is limited to a particular area. This refers to methods such as statistical acceptance control, statistical control of technological processes, reliability and testing, and design of experiments.

Statistical methods of data analysis are used in almost all areas of human activity. They are used whenever it is necessary to obtain and substantiate any judgments about a group (objects or subjects) with some internal heterogeneity.

There are three types of scientific and applied activities in the field of statistical methods of data analysis (according to the degree of specificity of methods associated with immersion in specific problems):

a) development and research of general purpose methods, without taking into account the specifics of the application area;

b) development and research of statistical models of real phenomena and processes in accordance with the needs of a particular field of activity;

c) the use of statistical methods and models for the statistical analysis of specific data in solving applied problems, for example, for the purpose of conducting sample surveys.

Applied Statistics is the science of how to process data of an arbitrary nature. The mathematical basis of applied statistics and statistical methods of analysis is the theory of probability and mathematical statistics.

Government statistics- this is an activity carried out by the state statistics body and its services. This activity is aimed at the implementation of functions for the formation of official statistical information on the social, economic, demographic and environmental situation of the country.

Provision of statistical information is the main task of state statistics bodies and the products of their activities. Like any product, it has a cost. Especially expensive is the information, the receipt of which goes beyond the program of work of the state statistics.

The structure of state statistics bodies corresponds to the administrative-territorial division of the country. In two cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg - there are local committees on statistics, the same - in the autonomous republics. Statistics committees also work in the territories and regions. The lower link is the district inspectorates of state statistics, which are available in the administrative districts of territories and regions, large cities.

The main functions of all statistical bodies are to collect, process, analyze and present data in a user-friendly way. Statistical services must promptly provide information to government bodies, exchange information with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and its local offices, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and its local bodies, the State Property Committee of the Russian Federation and its services. Committee on Labor and Employment of the Russian Federation, etc.

Periodical press.

Correspondence notes in local and central newspapers.

Periodicals- a type of historical sources, represented by long-term periodical publications, whose functions are the organization (structuring) of public opinion, the implementation of the ideological influence of the state, the information service of economic activity in the field of private entrepreneurship, the establishment of feedback in the management system.

Periodical press is divided into three types: newspapers, magazines, time-based publications of scientific societies.

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1 TOPIC 1. Geography as a science. Sources of geographic information Geography is a single complex of sciences that study the geographic envelope of the Earth and focus on identifying spatio-temporal patterns. The main objects of study of geographical sciences are the geosphere (biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and soil cover) and geosystems (landscapes, natural zones, biogeocenoses). Economic geography studies the distribution and development of productive forces in close connection with natural and ecological conditions (productive forces include two factors: labor power and means of production, objects and tools of labor). According to homogeneous objects of study (industry structure), the following are distinguished: geography of natural resources and nature management; population geography; geography of the economy: geography of management and infrastructure; commercial geography; humanitarian geography: socio-political geography. Methods of economic geography: 1) general scientific methods are used in sciences that have a related object or subject: mathematical methods: constructive calculations; economic and mathematical models; optimization models; predictive methods; statistical methods: technical and economic calculations; graph-analytical method; economic and statistical analysis; correlation method; 2) specific methods developed and applied directly in geography: economic zoning, energy production cycles, territorial production complexes. Geographic information is understood as a set of spatially coordinated data and (or) knowledge about geosystems or their elements, about the relationships and interconnections existing between them. Types of information sources: textual presentations; various documents; statistical data; cartographic materials and other graphic images; aerial and space photographs. Main sources of geographic information: Visual observations; eyewitness accounts; Geographic maps and atlases; Reference books, textbooks; Popular science and encyclopedic literature; Special computer programs, Internet; Artistic works, articles of magazines and newspapers; Television, radio and other sources. one

2 TOPIC 2. Modern political map of the world. Classification and typology of countries The political map of the world (PCM) is a geographical map that shows the countries of the world, territories of countries, borders and their capitals. On RMB > 230 countries. A sovereign state is a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs (textbook, p. 9). 1. Delimitation definition of boundaries on the map. 2. Demarcation definition and designation of boundaries on the ground with special boundary signs. A colony is a dependent territory that is under the rule of a foreign state (metropolis), without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime (island states in pacific ocean). Disputed territories: Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Western Sahara, Kuril Islands, Nagorno-Karabakh. Unrecognized or partially recognized states of the territory that have independently declared their sovereignty without the consent of the UN. Examples: Republic of Northern Cyprus, Kosovo, Taiwan. Stages of the formation of the PCM 1. Ancient (until the 5th century AD) emergence and collapse of the first states: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Carthage, Ancient Egypt. 2. Medieval (fifth to 16th centuries) emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia: the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, Persia, China, England, Spain, Byzantium. Great geographical discoveries. The largest metropolitan areas are Spain and Portugal. 3. New (16th-19th centuries) emergence and establishment of capitalism in the world: England, France, the Netherlands, Germany. Colonial seizures of territories in America, Asia, Africa. 4. The latest (first half of the 20th century) changes associated with World Wars I and II. The collapse of the colonial system, the formation of socialist states. Collapse of Austria-Hungary Russian Empire division of the Ottoman Empire. 5. The modern (second half of the 20th century to the present) emergence of the world socialist system, the formation of independent states in Asia and Africa, the collapse of the socialist system, changes on the map of Europe and Asia. Unification of Germany (GDR+FRG). The collapse of the USSR (1991), Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 57 sovereign states, 2000 Classification of countries BY TERRITORIAL AREA: 1. Giant countries (S> 3 million km²): Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India . 2. Medium countries: Belarus, Republic of Korea, Kenya. 3. Dwarf countries: Vatican, San Marino, Mauritius, Barbados. BY POPULATION: 1. Giant countries (N> 100 million people): China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russia, Japan, Mexico and the Philippines (textbook, p. 388, table . fourteen). 2. Middle countries: Tunisia, Poland, Latvia, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Australia, New Zealand. 3. Small countries and microstates: Vatican, Andorra, Nauru. 2

3 BY GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION (SPECIFY COUNTRIES INDEPENDENTLY): 1. Inland (land, have no access to the sea): 2. Coastal (have access to the sea). 3. Island: 4. Peninsular: 5. Archipelago countries: Typology of countries Criteria: GDP gross domestic product (Write textbook definition, p. 11). HDI/HDI Human Development Index/Human Development Index (Write textbook definition, p. 11). Subgroups of countries: Write out from the textbook a subgroup of countries of each type, with Socialist states: China, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam. DZ: Textbook, p. 9 14, studying the lecture notes, assignments in a notebook, SR 1, 20 countries and capitals of Europe. View video lesson 3

4 TOPIC 3. The state structure of the countries of the world. The influence of international relations on the political map. "Hot spots" of the planet Forms of government Write out from the textbook, with the definition of the concepts of "republic", "monarchy", "theocratic monarchy" Fill in the tables Forms of government of the Republic Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Constitutional Absolute Forms of administrative-territorial structure Unitary Federal International politics 1. International terrorism ( Al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas, etc.). 2. Regional and local conflicts (NATO military operation in Yugoslavia in 1999, in Afghanistan in 2001, in Iraq in 2003, in Libya in 2011, problems in the Gaza Strip, in unrecognized Kurdistan). 3. Struggle for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Nuclear powers: Russia, USA, China, France and Great Britain. "Semi-legally" or potentially nuclear weapons are possessed by India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea. DZ: textbook, s, studying the lecture notes, assignments in a notebook, SR 2. 4

5 TOPIC 4. Number and reproduction of the population. Demographic policy Reproduction of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality, natural increase, as a result of which there is a natural movement of the population and a change of generations. The natural movement of the population changes in the ratio of births and deaths. Natural population growth is the ratio of births and deaths for a certain period (per year). EP = P - C World average EP = 1.2% per year Depopulation decrease in population due to narrowed reproduction, natural population decline. Leaders in terms of population n/a Countries of the world with the largest population Million people in 2008 1 China 1.338 2 India 1.148 3 USA Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria Russia Japan Mexico 110 Complete the following tasks 3. Fill in the table “Types of population reproduction” Comparable features Birth rate Mortality rate Natural increase (NU) Proportion of children Proportion of older people Subgroups countries within the type (with examples) according to the EP Direction of demographic policy I type of reproduction of the DZ: textbook, p, study of the lecture notes, assignments in the notebook, SR 3. II type of reproduction 5

6 TOPIC 5. Composition and structure of the planet's population. Settlement and migration Sex composition: the ratio of men and women in the population In the world, men - 50.4%, women - 49.6% Using maps of the atlas, p. 10, complete the following tasks. 1. Write out 5 countries with a numerical predominance of the male population. 2. Write out 5 countries with a numerical predominance of the female population. 3. Write down 5 countries with an approximately equal ratio of men and women. Age composition: children (0-14 years old), adults (15-59 years old), elderly (over 60 years old) 4. List 5 countries with a high proportion of children. 5. List 5 countries with a high proportion of older people. Ethno-linguistic composition of the population Races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid. Е+Н=mulattos Е+М=mestizos Н+М=sambo Using the maps of the atlas (p. 9-12), textbook (68-69), fill in the tables Uninational Binational Multinational Largest language families Language families Largest peoples Indo-European Americans Russians Brazilians Mexicans Punjabis Biharis State languages ​​State(s) language(s) Countries World Religious composition Religions Christianity 1) Orthodoxy 2) Catholicism 3) Protestantism Islam (Muslim) Buddhism 1) 2) 3) Countries National 6

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