The beginning of the 19th century was marked in Europe by major wars, during which the fate of the states and peoples of the Old World was decided. Having ascended to the Russian throne in 1801, at first he tried not to interfere in European affairs. He proclaimed friendly neutrality towards all powers: he made peace with England, restored friendship with Austria, while maintaining a good relationship with France. But the growth of the aggressive policy of Napoleon Bonaparte, his execution of the Duke of Enghien (from the Bourbon dynasty) forced the Russian emperor to change his position. In 1805, he joined the Third Anti-French Coalition, which included Austria, England, Sweden and Naples.

War with France: 1805 Campaign

The allies planned to launch an offensive against France from three directions: from Italy (south), Bavaria (center) and Northern Germany (north). The Russian fleet under the command of Admiral Dmitry Senyavin operated against the French in the Adriatic. The main actions of the 1805 campaign took place in Bavaria and Austria. On August 27, the Danube army of the Austrians under the nominal command of Archduke Ferdinand and the real General Mack (80 thousand people) invaded Bavaria without waiting for the approach of the Russian armies under the command of the general (50 thousand people).

Upon learning of this, Napoleon began an urgent transfer of the main forces (220 thousand people) to the Rhine in order to defeat the army of Makk before the march of Kutuzov's troops to her. The French emperor made a gigantic sweep from the north of the positions of the Austrian army and by the beginning of October had completed its encirclement in the Ulm region. After a vain attempt to break out of the bag, Mack surrendered on October 8 with his entire army. On the day of this surrender, Kutuzov's troops were in the Braunau area (250 km from Ulm). By that time, they had already passed more than a thousand kilometers from the borders of Russia in two months to connect with Makk. Now 50 thousand soldiers tired of the difficult transition were left alone with the 200-thousand Napoleonic army rapidly approaching them. In this situation, Kutuzov decided to step back. On October 13, 1805, the famous Kutuzov march-maneuver from Braunau to Olmutz began.

Kutuzov's march maneuver (1805)... Napoleon's plan was to envelop the Russian army from the flanks, cut off its retreat routes, press it against the Danube and destroy it, like Makk's army. The French emperor pinned his main hopes on the corps of Marshal Mortier (25 thousand people), which was directed by the left bank of the Danube (the Russian army was retreating along the right bank). Mortier's task was to quickly reach the bridge over the Danube near the city of Krems, go to the right side and go to the rear of Kutuzov, cutting off the Russian retreat. The Austrian command wanted to use Kutuzov's army to defend Vienna and offered him to retreat to the Austrian capital. However, the Russian commander was not primarily thinking about Vienna, but about saving his army. He decided to get ahead of Mortier, to reach the nearest crossing at Krems, to cross to the left side, destroying the bridge, to break away from the pursuit.

The retreat of Kutuzov was somewhat facilitated by the fact that on his way there were many rivers (tributaries of the Danube), on which it was possible to restrain the onslaught of the French by rearguard battles. Otherwise Russian army suffered severe hardships. No carts, no shells, no provisions, no clothes - nothing that the Austrians promised him, Kutuzov did not receive. "We walk at night, we have turned black ... Officers and soldiers are barefoot, without bread ..." - a participant in this campaign, General Dmitry Dokhturov, wrote home. Napoleon tried to hold back the movement of the Kutuzov army by engulfing it from the flanks. But the Russian rearguard, led by General Bagration (5 thousand people), in stubborn battles at Lambach and Amstetten (October 19 and 24) repelled the forces of the French vanguard five times superior to him under the command of Marshal Murat. Meanwhile, the main forces of the Kutuzov army were in a hurry to Krems, trying to get ahead of the Mortier corps.

On October 28, Kutuzov reached Krems before the French and managed to ferry his army across the Danube. When the last soldiers of the Russian rearguard stepped onto the left bank, French cavalrymen burst onto the bridge. At that moment, the sappers blew up the bridge, and it collapsed into the Danube along with the pursuers. The Russian and French armies were divided by a wide river.

On October 29, 1805, Mortier's corps was attacked near Durenstein by Russian troops under the command of Generals Miloradovich and Dokhturov (21 thousand people). Having put up a barrier from Miloradovich's units at Durenstein, Kutuzov sent Dokhturov around to strike the flank and rear of the French. Due to the lack of maps, the quickly approaching autumn night and the mistakes of the guides, Dokhturov lost his way. Miloradovich, who did not wait for him, attacked the French with his own forces, giving this a kind of signal to his confused colleague. By the sounds of the shots, Dokhturov, who was already walking at random, was able to determine the place of the battle and arrived in time at the right time. The French, who did not expect a new blow, were defeated in front of their emperor, who was on the other side and could not help them in any way. The "Battle of Kremsk" cost the French over 5.5 thousand people. Mortier retreated with the remnants of the broken hull and cleared the left bank of the Danube. The Russians suffered about three thousand casualties. This was the first ever victory of the Russian troops over the Napoleonic army. The success at Durenstein completed the first phase of the famous waste Kutuzov's maneuver from Braunau to Krems.

The transition of Kutuzov to the left bank of the Danube and the defeat of Mortier dramatically changed the situation. Kutuzov broke away from his pursuers and could calmly move towards Ojamyuts to join up with the second Russian army coming from Russia under the command of General Buxgewden. For the first time in many days, tormented by fighting and hardship, the soldiers could catch their breath a little. But Napoleon did not consider himself a loser. He threw to Vienna, where the last bridge over the Danube was located, his vanguard corps, led by Marshals Lann and Murat. Having captured the capital of Austria, they hastened to the surviving ferry. It was defended by an Austrian detachment under the command of Prince Auesberg. Having approached the bridge, the French marshals began to convince the prince that they had already concluded a truce with the Austrians. At this time, the French soldiers who broke into the bridge drove the Austrians back. So, on October 31, the last surviving crossing of the Danube was in the hands of the French.

Wasted no time, the French vanguard (30 thousand people) rushed across the army of Kutuzov. The same, having learned about what had happened from his intelligence, urgently moved from Krems to Znaim. To meet the French, Kutuzov sent a detachment, which with a night march managed to get ahead of Murat's units and block their path near the village of Shengraben. Murat decided not to get involved in a battle against the entire Russian army, but to wait for the main forces of Napoleon. To detain the Russians, the French marshal proposed to the Russian commander to conclude an armistice, and to stop the movement of the Russian army towards Znaim during the negotiations. Kutuzov immediately agreed, offering the French even more favorable terms of the armistice than they expected. While Murat was sending a courier to Napoleon to discuss new Russian proposals, Kutuzov managed to withdraw the army from the "Tsnai trap" and continued on his way to Olmutz.

Finally realizing that he had been fooled, Murat rushed in pursuit with the 30-thousand-strong vanguard on November 4. But his path was blocked by the detachment that remained with Schöngraben. The Russians were attacked by the forces of three French marshals (Lannes, Murat and Soult), which had a sixfold superiority. However, the fierce attempts of the French to encircle and destroy the Bagration detachment crashed against the unshakable fortitude of the Russian soldiers. Murat attacked Schöngraben head-on, while Lannes and Soult tried to outflank the Russians.

The unequal and brutal battle lasted the whole day. , left to "inevitable death", not only heroically repulsed all attacks, but also escaped from Schöngraben. The Russians withdrew to Gutensdorf, continuing to repel the onslaught. Murat tried to break through in the center, but was stopped by cannon fire and a fire in Schengraben, set on fire by Russian artillerymen. The battle did not subside until midnight. In the middle of the night, with the remnants of the detachment, he fought his way through the encirclement with a bayonet attack. On November 6, his detachment, which lost about half of its composition in battle, overtook Kutuzov's army on the march. Participants of the Shengraben battle were then awarded a special sign with the inscription "5 against 30".

On November 10, Kutuzov reached Olmutz, where he joined up with the Austrian units and the army of General Buxgewden that had arrived from Russia. The famous more than 400-kilometer march-maneuver of Kutuzov has been successfully completed. He entered military history as an outstanding example of strategic maneuver.

Battle of Austerlitz (1805)... After the army of Kutuzov escaped from the clutches of Napoleon and reached Olmutz, the position of the French emperor deteriorated sharply. The communications of his troops were stretched. Having overcome over a thousand kilometers from the banks of the Rhine, Napoleon led only a third of the army (73 thousand people) to Olmutz. The rest was dispersed to protect communications. The French went far into the depths of the hostile country. At Olmütz, they were opposed by the already numerically superior combined forces of the Allies (86 thousand people, of which 72 thousand were Russians and 14 thousand were Austrians). From the south, from Italy and Tyrol, the troops of the Austrian archdukes Charles and John (80 thousand people) advanced to the rear of Napoleon. From day to day, a speech on the side of the allies of Prussia was expected. In a word, the situation was threatening for Napoleon. His army could be cut off and surrounded far from home borders by the more numerous forces of the allies. In these conditions, Napoleon decided to give battle to the army standing at Olmutz, led by Kutuzov.

The Russian commander did not at all strive for a general engagement. He wanted to wait for the approach of the Austrian armies from the south, but for now he offered to further lure the French to the east, to Galicia. But the emperors of Austria and Russia who were in the army accepted the plan of the chief of staff of the allied forces, Austrian General Weyrother, who insisted on the battle. As a result, the allied army moved towards Napoleon's army, which was standing near the village of Austerlitz. Playing along with the offensive impulse of the allies, the French emperor ordered his units to leave the Pratsen heights dominating the area and retreat to the lowlands. Moving away from this strong defensive position, he actually invited allies to attack him in the field.

Weyrother proposed to deliver the main blow to the right flank of the Napoleonic army in order to cut it off from communication with Vienna. With the help of spies and an overview of the disposition of the allied army, Napoleon figured out this plan for himself, on the basis of which he worked out his own. The French emperor decided to deliver the main blow in the center, on the Prazen Heights, in order to divide the allied army and smash it in parts. To do this, he left part of Marshal Davout on the right flank, to whom he set a defensive mission. In the center of the French troops, the main shock units were located under the command of Marshals Soult and Bernadotte.

On November 20, 1805, at 8 o'clock in the morning, units under the command of General Buxgewden launched an attack on the right flag of the French. Davout stubbornly defended himself, but gradually began to retreat, drawing in everything more allied units to the swampy valley near the villages of Sokolnitsy and Telnitsy. Thus, the allied army weakened its center, where the Pratsen Heights dominating the area were located. In the end, under pressure from the emperor, Kutuzov ordered the last shock column headed by General Kolovrat to descend from these heights.

Seeing that the Prazen Heights were cleared of significant allied forces, Napoleon moved Soult's shock corps there. With a swift attack, the French captured the heights and cut the Russian-Austrian front in two. Bernadotte's corps rushed into the gap made by Soult. The French were now able to outflank and encircle the main Allied forces, drawn into battle against Davout's flank. In addition, with the capture of the heights, Bernadotte was able to bypass the right flank of the allies under the command of the general, who had to withdraw due to the threat of encirclement. But the most tragic situation arose on the left flank of the allied forces, which, advancing on Davout's positions, now fell into a sack in the area of ​​Telnitsy and Sokolnitsy. The counterattack of the Cavalry Regiment, led by General Depreradovich, saved the Russians from complete defeat. Having suffered heavy losses, the cavalry guards delayed the onslaught of the French, which allowed many who were surrounded to break through to their own.

The retreat on the left flank was led by General Dmitry Sergeevich Dokhturov, who did not succumb to general panic. He rallied around himself the remnants of the broken parts and fought his way out of the encirclement with them. While retreating across the lake, the thin ice of which was broken by French artillery fire, many soldiers drowned. Many surrendered, including the commander of one of the columns, General Pshibyshevsky (upon returning to Russia, he was demoted to the rank and file for this). In captivity, and could find himself. In the confusion that arose, he was abandoned by his retinue and at one time remained on the battlefield with only a personal medic and two Cossacks.

The allies suffered a crushing defeat. They lost a third of their army killed, wounded and captured (27 thousand people, of which 21 thousand were Russians). Kutuzov himself was wounded in the battle. The damage of the French amounted to 12 thousand people. Battle of Austerlitz Napoleon was finally able to successfully complete this campaign of missed opportunities, in which each side had its own chance to emerge victorious. Austerlitz changed the political horizon of Europe, in which the star of Napoleon now confidently and brightly rose. After this battle, the Third Coalition fell apart. Austria withdrew from the war by signing with France in 1805 The world of presburg... Austerlitz is one of the worst defeats of the Russian army in the 19th century. It put an end to the era of brilliant victories of Russian weapons that began on the Poltava fields. Before Austerlitz, Russian soldiers considered themselves invincible. Now this confidence has come to an end. In subsequent battles with Napoleon, until the final stage of 1812, the Russians usually took up a defensive position. But despite this, even the enemy was forced to admit high level Russian troops. Evaluating this campaign later, Napoleon said: "The Russian army of 1805 was the best of all that ever put up against me."

War with France: 1806-1807 Campaign

Despite Austria's withdrawal from the war, he did not make peace with France. Moreover, he came to the aid of Prussia, which in 1806 was attacked by Napoleon. After the crushing defeat of the Prussian troops at Jena and Auerstedt, the French army moved towards the Vistula. The advance units of the French occupied Warsaw. Meanwhile, Russian troops under the command of Field Marshal Mikhail Kamensky were gradually entering Poland. The appearance of French units in Poland, near the Russian borders, already directly affected the interests of Russia. Moreover, the Poles in every possible way persuaded Napoleon to restore the independence of their state, which was fraught with the problem of redrawing Russian borders in the West.

Battles at Charnovo, Golymin and Pultusk (1806)... Russian troops covered their borders, stationed in the area of ​​the Narev River. The Russian forces advanced beyond the Narew were located as follows. At Pultusk stood main building General Leonty Bennigsen, another, smaller part of the troops was located to the north, near Golymin. Between them were two divisions of General Buxgewden. In the southernmost sector, near Charnovo, was the advancing division of General Osterman-Tolstoy. Ready to join the battle, the Russian and French armies had an approximately equal number of soldiers - 80-100 thousand people each. But in the course of the battles, this general balance was disturbed.

The first on December 12, 1806, near Charnovo, was the infantry division of Osterman-Tolstoy, numbering only five thousand people, to receive a blow from the corps of Marshal Davout (20 thousand people). Despite the significant superiority of the French, the Russian division did not flinch and boldly entered the battle. Osterman did not confine himself to passive defense, but several times personally led the battalions of the Pavlovsky regiment into the attack. When they began to suffer heavy losses from the fire, the commander ordered his infantrymen to lie down on the snow, while he himself, under a hail of bullets, calmly continued to sit on his horse and direct the course of the battle. Osterman's division detained the French for the whole night. After holding out, she retreated to join the main forces of Bennigsen, giving them time to concentrate at Pultusk. The French lost 700 people in the battle at Charnovo, the Russians - 1600 people.

On December 14, the main battles unfolded near Golymin and Pultusk. French troops led by Emperor Napoleon(about 80 thousand people) moved to Pultusk in order to seize the crossings across the Narew and cut off the path of retreat from Poland to the Russian army. French intelligence erroneously reported that the main forces of the Russians were at Golymin (15 km north of Pultusk). Therefore, Napoleon with the main part of the troops went to this point. Marshal Lann's corps (28 thousand soldiers) advanced to the south. He had the task of taking Pultusk, reaching the rear of the Russians and cutting them off from the crossings across the Narew. But the plan to encircle and destroy the Russian army failed. At Pultusk, Lann unexpectedly encountered the large Russian corps of General Bennigsen (45 thousand people), who had advanced here in time to protect the crossings. Nevertheless, Lannes attacked the Russians decisively, but was repulsed with losses and then driven back to their original positions. The damage of the French amounted to more than 4 thousand people, the Russians - 3.5 thousand people.

Meanwhile, the regiments standing near Golymin under the command of generals Golitsyn and Dokhturov (about 15-20 thousand people) for 10 hours heroically repelled the superior forces of the French, not allowing them to come to Lann's aid. The Russian defense was favored by a thaw, as a result of which all French artillery got stuck in the mud and could not appear on the battlefield in time. This gave Napoleon a reason to declare that "dirt is the fifth element" in Poland. However, not dirt, but above all durability Russian units thwarted the Napoleonic plan. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the Russians fought in silence and fiercely, accepting death without a single groan. "It seemed," wrote the French general Marbeau, "that we were fighting ghosts."

After fierce rearguard battles in the area of ​​Pultusk and Golymin, the Russian army freely retreated beyond the Narew. Its commander (instead of the retired elderly Kamensky) was appointed General Bennigsen. In view of the onset of cold weather and fatigue of the troops, Napoleon took his army across the Vistula to winter quarters. The 1806 campaign between the Russians and the French ended in a draw. Both troops collided and, feeling the strength of each other, dispersed in order to recover. Bennigsen was the first to renew the onslaught.

Battle of Preussisch Eylau (1807)... In early January, Bennigsen's army opposed the corps of Ney and Bernadotte, which moved forward and stood apart from the main Napoleonic forces in the southern part East Prussia... The elimination of these vanguard units of the French cleared the right bank of the Vistula for the Russians. However, the implementation of this strong move was not up to par. Bennigsen proved to be more skillful in development than in executing his own plans. The slowness of the Russian commander allowed the French to avoid encirclement and begin a retreat to the west. Bennigsen followed them in the direction of the Vistula. Having received information about the actions of the Russian army, Napoleon pulled his main forces into the Plock area and went on the offensive with them in the northern direction. He sought to cut off Bennigsen's escape routes to Russia, press the Russian army to the Vistula and destroy it. But this plan became known to the Russian commander from an intercepted dispatch from Napoleon to Bernadotte. Then Bennigsen began a hasty retreat to East Prussia. It was covered by a detachment, which for 80 km repelled the onslaught of the French rearguards that were pressing on him. Finally, Bennigsen's army (74 thousand people) gave battle to Napoleon near the Prussian village Preussisch Eylau.

At the beginning of the battle on January 26, 1807, Napoleon had an army of less than 50,000. However, he did not wait for the approach: the corps of Ney and Davout (25 thousand people) and decisively attacked the rearguard in Preussisch-Eylau. By the end of the day, the French drove the Russians out of this village, and on January 27 they fought a general battle. The main blow (up to 3/4 of all forces) Napoleon decided to inflict on the left flank of Bennigsen in order to cut off his army from the road to Russia.

The battle began with an attack by Marshal Augereau's French corps. Due to the outbreak of a blizzard, Augereau strayed from the route and led the corps directly to the battery of Russians in the center of their positions. Here he was met with grapeshot and retreated in disarray, having lost half of the composition. Then the Russians launched a counterattack. They approached Napoleon's headquarters located in the local cemetery. However, the French commander did not leave his observation post, although the dead fell around him, and branches fell on his head, knocked down by flying bullets and cannonballs. Napoleon's composure kept his soldiers in position. Bennigsen, on the other hand, did not use the moment of confusion of the French to launch a general counteroffensive.

The introduction of Marshal Murat's cavalry into battle delayed the onslaught of the Russians. This allowed Napoleon to seize the initiative. At noon on the left flank of the Russian army, the corps of Marshal Davout approached the battlefield, and the corps of Marshal Ney fell on the right flank. The French managed to seriously press the left flank of the Russians so that, according to the participant in the battle, Lieutenant Colonel Alexey Ermolov, "made an almost right angle with the line of the armies." At this crucial moment of the battle, Bennigsen left the troops and went to rush the Prussian general Lestock, whose corps (14 thousand people) was moving to the battlefield. Despite the absence of a commander, the Russians did not flinch and continued to fight with unrelenting tenacity.

When the left flank was pushed back behind the village of Auklappen and the road to Russia was cut off, the fate of the battle was taken over by the chief of artillery of the right wing, General Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov. On his own initiative, he removed the horse artillery companies of Ermolov and Yashvil (36 guns) from the right flank and transferred them to Auklappen to help his bleeding comrades. Having taken off in front of the retreating Russian infantry front, the artillerymen briskly deployed their guns and fired a grapeshot volley point-blank at the advancing French formations. The French lay in the snow. The next volley pinned them to the ground again. Then the Russian infantry launched a counterattack, which drove the French out of Auklappen.

At 5 o'clock in the evening, Lestock's corps finally arrived at the scene of the battle. He supported the Russian counter-attack on the left flank and pushed the French back to their original positions. At this favorable moment, having a fresh corps, Bennigsen did not find the strength to put the squeeze on the French. According to Marshal Bernadotte, "happiness was never more favorable to Napoleon, as at Eylau. Hit Bennigsen in the evening, he would have taken at least 150 guns, under which the horses were killed."

By 10 o'clock in the evening, the bloody and fierce battle, in which none of the armies could gain the upper hand, was over. At night Bennigsen withdrew from the battlefield. Each side considered itself the winner. In any case, the commander suffered reputation of Napoleon... For the first time, he was unable to achieve decisive success in the general battle. This battle was the bloodiest of all data before that Napoleon. One of its participants testified: "Never before had such a number of corpses covered such a small space. Everything was covered with blood. The snow that fell and continued to fall hid little by little the body from the depressing gaze of people." It is said that Marshal Ney, at the end of the battle, exclaimed: "What a massacre, and to no avail!" The French lost 23 thousand people, the Russians - 26 thousand. In the wars between Russia and Napoleon, the Battle of Eylau ranks second after Borodino in terms of the number of losses of the Russian army. In honor of this battle, the golden cross "Victory at Preussisch-Eylau on 27th Gen. 1807" was issued for the Russian officers participating in the battle.

Battles of Gutshtadt and Heilsberg (1807)... In May, Bennigsen resumed hostilities. By that time, Napoleon had transferred large units to East Prussia from other regions (from near Danzig, Silesia and Italy). The total number of his troops reached 200 thousand people against just over 100 thousand at Bennigsen. The balance of power has clearly shifted in favor of the French. On May 24, 1807, Bennigsen's army tried to cut off and crush Marshal Ney's corps (30 thousand people) that was detached from Gutshtadt. However, of the nine divisions assigned to the operation, only four (including Dokhturov) managed to fulfill the planned disposition at the appointed time. This allowed her to avoid being surrounded. After a fierce battle, the French retreated. In this battle, Lieutenant Colonel of the Grodno Hussar Regiment Yakov Kulnev distinguished himself by destroying a French artillery train. The Gutshtadt affair forced Napoleon to take more active actions against the Russian army.

On May 29, 1807, the French vanguard under the command of Marshal Soult (30 thousand people) attacked the positions of Bennigsen's armies (80 thousand people) near Heilsberg. The French dealt the main blow on the left flank of the Russian army, where about half of its composition was located. The rest of Bennigsen's forces practically did not participate in the battle. With the onset of night, the stubborn and bloody battle in which Bennigsen was wounded ended, without bringing success to either side. The Russians lost about 10 thousand people, the French about 8 thousand. The next day, Napoleon moved around the Heilsberg positions, but Bennigsen did not get involved in a new battle and retreated to Friedland.

Battle of Friedland. Peace of Tilsit (1807)... Heading for Friedland, Bennigsen hurried to the aid of Konigsberg, where the British brought huge stocks of weapons, clothing and food by sea. On June 1, Russian units crossed the Alle and occupied Friedland. Against them was the Lannes French corps (17 thousand people). At 3 o'clock in the morning on June 2, 1807, he opened fire on Russian formations. Engaging in battle, Lann sought to detain Bennigsen in an extremely disadvantageous position for the Russians. Having occupied Friedland, their army (60 thousand people) was caught in a narrow low-lying bend of the Alla River. This limited the ability for Bennigsen to maneuver. In addition, in the event of a retreat of the Russians, they only had bridges in Friedland behind them, the path to which went along the narrow city streets.

Having received a report from Lann, Napoleon began to draw his forces to Friedland, total number which reached 80 thousand people. Having missed the opportunity to overturn the minor Lann vanguard at the beginning of the battle, Bennigsen gave the initiative to Napoleon. The same man decided not to let the Russians out of the Friedland mousetrap. It is known that, upon arriving at the scene of the battle, Napoleon exclaimed: "Not every day you catch the enemy on such a mistake!"

During the day, the French army aggressively attacked the Russian troops, trying to throw them into the river. The main blow was struck on the left flank, where the general's units were located. After a stubborn battle, in which the French artillery distinguished themselves, the Russians were pushed back to Friedland in the evening. Having received the order of the commander to retreat behind Alla, he began to roll up his units into columns for the crossing. "All the troops in general began to retreat to the bridges; to the main one of them the road lies through the city; and in the streets, from constraint, the greatest disorder occurred, which multiplied the action of the enemy artillery directed at the city," their participant described these events Alexey Ermolov... By 8 o'clock in the evening, the French occupied Friedland, but could not seize the crossings, since the Russians burned the bridges behind them.

An even more critical situation developed on the right flank of the Russian troops, led by General Gorchakov. He did not have time to make his way to the Friedland bridges and was pressed against the river. Its units fiercely defended themselves, but by nine in the evening, under the onslaught of superior French forces, they were thrown into the river. Some began to cross to the other side under the murderous fire of the French, others tried to retreat along the river. Many drowned, died or were captured. By 23 o'clock, the battle ended with the complete defeat of Bennigsen's army. She lost (according to various sources) from 10 to 25 thousand killed, drowned, wounded and captured. In addition, the Battle of Friedland was distinguished by the fact that the Russians lost a significant part of their artillery in it. This was one of the worst defeats of the Russian army in the 19th century. The damage of the French amounted to only 8 thousand people.

Soon the Russian army retreated beyond the Neman to its territory. After pushing the Russians out of East Prussia, Napoleon ceased hostilities. His main goal - the defeat of Prussia - was achieved. The continuation of the struggle with Russia required a different preparation and was not then part of the plans of the French emperor. On the contrary, in order to achieve hegemony in Europe (in the presence of such strong and hostile powers as England and Austria), he needed an ally in the east. Napoleon suggested to the Russian emperor make an alliance. After the Friedland defeat (he was then still at war with Turkey and Iran), he was also not interested in dragging out the war with France and agreed to Napoleon's proposal.

On June 27, 1807, in the city of Tilsit and Napoleon I entered into an alliance, which meant the division of spheres of influence between the two powers. The French Empire was recognized as dominant in Western and Central Europe, the Russian - in Eastern. At the same time, he achieved the preservation (albeit in a truncated form) of Prussia. Peace of Tilsit limited the presence of Russia in the Mediterranean. The Ionian Islands and the Bay of Kotor, occupied by the Russian fleet, were transferred to France. Napoleon promised Alexander to mediate in making peace with Turkey and refused to help Iran. Both monarchs also agreed on a joint struggle against England. joined the continental blockade of Great Britain and severed trade and economic ties with it. The total losses of the Russian army in

war with France

Based on materials from the portal "

And the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic regions, as well as in the Nikolaev region. Initially, Ukrainians feared that the elections would be canceled due to martial law. but political parties, supporting the very idea of ​​Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko about martial law, at the same time insisted on holding presidential elections, which, by its decision on the same evening, the Rada appointed for March 31.

Many saw this as a fiasco of the President of Ukraine.

“Let's summarize. First. Parliament set a date for the presidential elections, taking away from Poroshenko the opportunity to bluff with rumors about their possible disruption or postponement. Second. Poroshenko was unable to introduce martial law for the purpose that he planned. Third. The martial law introduced for 30 days hits only Poroshenko himself, because during this entire period he will have to either impose a curfew, prohibit the media and conduct searches without judicial authorization, or explain why he needed to impose it, "the ex - Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of Ukraine Andriy Portnov.

Results of martial law https://t.co/IZjKJhTZGb

He called the head of the Ukrainian state a “master of one move”, unable to calculate the consequences of his actions several steps ahead.

“A month later, the election campaign starts, where we have to get used to the idea that he does not know how to move chess pieces, and is doomed to defeat, no matter how frightening he creates outwardly. Only one question needs to be brought up to the tote now - is it prison or emigration? " - summed up Portnov.

Political strategist Andriy Zolotarev also drew attention to the fact that as a result, the President of Ukraine did not achieve what was planned, which was reflected in the ceremony.

“Something went wrong: the standard was taken out of the hall and the term [of martial law] was reduced,” the expert noted.

In turn, political scientist Volodymyr Volya believes that Poroshenko suffered a fiasco not only in the Ukrainian, but also in the international political arena.

“Now, by far the main opponents of the authorities in the elections are Tymoshenko, and the voters of central and western Ukraine, the President has turned against himself more than before. Anyone who voted for this may also lose support. Today the patriots were deceived by all. On the foreign policy front, everything looks like a failure, covered by traditional ritual concerns and calls to both sides. Moreover, Poroshenko had to promise his Western partners that the elections would be on time, that there would be no restrictions on rights, ”he points out.

In turn, journalist Gleb Prostakov points to the fact that Poroshenko still managed to strike a hard blow at Tymoshenko.

“The elections will be held on March 31. The night of the "long knives", codenamed "martial law", will stretch for 30 days. The real opposition is getting ready. Yulia Tymoshenko looked the worst in this story. Her fiery speeches, the initiative to exclude certain points from the presidential decree, the Rada had in mind. Q.E.D. A strong blow to the holder of the # 1 presidential rating. Petr Alekseevich are satisfied, ”he notes.

In turn, the editor-in-chief of the Odessa edition of Timer, Yuri Tkachev, saw what had happened as ordinary PR, because martial law introduced only in some regions does not allow the country to normally repulse a hypothetical enemy.

“Martial law needs to be introduced so that if this happens, the country can immediately switch to wartime rails. But at the same time, not only everyone will go on a war footing. For example, will mobilization be carried out in the Odessa region, but not in the Khmelnytsky region? Or that the repair depots of Odesgorelectrotrans will be adapted for the repair of armored personnel carriers, while the Ternopil ones will not? Moreover. Even if we assume that all this is just a plan of how to silence opponents before the elections, it still does not work. Well, they will close, for example, something in Odessa or Kharkov. Or the Zaporozhye regional organization "Batkivshchyna". But there is no martial law in Kiev. Party offices will operate as usual. Central channels and sites also broadcast as usual - do they all have offices in Kiev? That is, it won't work that way either. In general, I think that this is all some very perverted cunning PR plan, like, look, how militant we are, and they are not really going to militarize or spread rot anybody else, ”writes Tkachev.

At the same time, in the list of areas where martial law is being introduced, that still "zrada" suddenly appeared.

“Well, where is the martial law in Crimea? On what basis was it separated from other coastal regions? Do we recognize de facto again? " - notes political scientist Pyotr Oleshchuk.

All opinions were summed up by journalist Vyacheslav Chechilo.

“Nobody knows what they have accepted. Even the deputies themselves. Nobody knows what martial law is. Nobody understands, but what for, in fact, they accepted and what it was all about. No one even comes close to how this will help fight the Russian Federation. But everyone knows for sure whether it is zrada or a peremoga, ”he wrote.

And in this it is difficult to disagree with him. Chechilo himself believes that there were two losers in the Rada last night.

“Today there are two losers - Poroshenko, who failed to push through an almost ready-made decision to postpone the elections, and Tymoshenko, who fell again in the cold, once again demonstrating that she does not in any way pull on the role of opposition leader. Sadly, one of these two losers is likely to win the presidential elections, ”he noted earlier.

Option 1

1) 1796-1801; 2) 1801-1825; 3) 1807-1826; 4) 1825-1855

2. Streamlining the education system, granting significant autonomy to universities testified to the desire of Alexander I:

1) introduce general secondary education; 2) follow the political course of Paul I; 3) to end all cultural contacts with the West; 4) to pursue a liberal internal political course.

3. Bodies of which authority were called ministries:

1) legislative; 2) executive; 3) legislative council; 4) judicial.

4. In what year was the quoted decree adopted:

« To the establishment and dissemination of uniformity and order in public administration, we recognized the need for the establishment of the Council of State to give education inherent in the space and greatness of our empire»

1) in 1796; 2) in 1801; 3) in 1803; 4) in 1810

5. What the decree on "free farmers" provided for:

1) the abolition of serfdom; 2) the elimination of recruitment; 3) the release of peasants for ransom with land with the consent of the landowner; 4) resettlement of state peasants from the central provinces to the outskirts.

6. Whom during the reign of Alexander I was called the Secret Committee:

1) participants in the assassination attempt on Paul I; 2) the highest legislative body of power; 3) the body in charge of cases of state crimes; 4) a circle of people close to the tsar who prepared projects of reforms.

7. What was the result of the military campaign of 1807:

1) the accession of Finland; 2) ending Russian-Turkish war; 3) the entry of Russians into Paris; 4) the conclusion of the Tilsit peace between Russia and France.

8. The territory of Bessarabia went to Russia after the victory in the war with:

1) France; 2) England; 3) Turkey; 4) Iran.

9. What was the result of the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit:

1) France renounced all her conquests; 2) the fourth anti-French coalition was created; 3) Russia was forced to recognize all the conquests of Napoleon; 4) the Duchy of Warsaw was created as part of Russian Empire.

10. Set the correspondence between date and event:

11. Insert missing concepts into definitions:

1) the current uniting supporters of the parliamentary system, civil liberties (choice of faith, freedom of speech, assembly) and freedom of entrepreneurship is ...

2) the stage in the structure of organs subordinate to each other is called - ...

12. Indicate the name of the historical figure referred to in the document:

« One of the companions-reformers was a peer of Alexander I, with whom he had once been brought up and studied together. In September 1802, he headed one of the ministries - the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, although he was officially only his deputy.».

Municipal budget educational institution

secondary school number 70

Testing on the topic: " Domestic and foreign policy of Russia

in 1801 - 1825 "

Compiled by: history teacher E.A. Giller

Lipetsk 2014

Test "Domestic and foreign policy of Russia in 1801 - 1825." Option 1

Part 1.

1.1. Which of the listed figures is associated with the reign of Alexander I:

A) A. Arakcheev

B) N. Milyutin

C) Yuri Samarin

D) M. Speransky

E) N. Novosiltsev

E) Gorchakov

Please enter the correct answer. 1) ABV 2) AGD 3) BVE 4) GED

D) establishment of ministries

Establishment of ministries

Foundation of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum

Codification of laws

The granting of the Constitution to Poland

Reform of state peasants

Monetary reform

France

England

Turkey

Iran

Suffered great territorial losses

Joined the continental blockade

Acquired Bessarabia

Should have immediately started a war against France

Where was the connection of the 1st and 2nd Russian armies in 1812

1.10 Who served as commander-in-chief of the Russian armies before M.I. Kutuzov:

Event

2.2. Trade blockade of Great Britain declared by Napoleon I in 1806, received the name _________ blockade.

2.3 .

Part 3

Define the following terms:

Cens

Light industry

The charter

Give brief description Speransky's activities

List the decisions of the Vienna Congress

What are the reasons for the victories of the Russian army over Napoleon?

Test "Domestic and foreign policy of Russia in 1801 - 1825." Option 2

Part 1.

Accession of Finland

Conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit

The beginning of the uprising T. Kostyushko

The creation of the Zaporizhzhya Sich

Refusal of Alexander I to grant independence to Poland

Accession to Russia of Kiev and Right-Bank Ukraine

War with Sweden over the Baltic Sea coast

The return of the primordially Russian lands, torn away during the Time of Troubles

1.9. After what event does the retreat of Napoleon's army along the old Smolensk road begin:

a) the Battle of Borodino;

b) the battle for Maloyaroslavets;

c) Napoleon's abandonment of Moscow;

d) Tarutino maneuver of the Russian army

1.10 When did the Battle of Vatreloo take place?

a) June 1815; b) August 1815; c) September 1815

Part 2.

2.1 Set correspondence

The alliance of Russia with European states directed against Napoleonic France was called anti-French ______________.

Reconstruct the chronological sequence of events:

Part 3

Jesuits

Polygon

The charter

Give a brief description of the activities of A.A. Arakcheeva

How was Russia's participation in the continental blockade reflected?

Tell us about the partisan movement during Patriotic War 1812 g.

Test "Domestic and foreign policy of Russia in 1801 - 1825." Option 3

Part 1.

N.N. Novosiltsev 2) A.A. Arakcheev 3) G.G. Orlov 4) A.H. Benkendorf

military settlements 2 ) Cossack army 3) guards regiments 4) people's militia

France

England

Sweden

Turkey

France abandoned all its conquests

4 anti-French coalition was created

Russia was forced to recognize all the conquests of Napoleon

The Duchy of Warsaw was created as part of the Russian Empire

When did the Battle of Borodino take place?

Who commanded the battery located in the Central direction?

1.10 When was Napoleon's army expelled from Russia?

Part 2.

2.1 Mark with a number1 2 – 3

2.2 Reconstruct the chronological sequence of events:

Mysticism

Rate

Semifinished

Test "Domestic and foreign policy of Russia in 1801 - 1825." Option 4

Part 1.

1812 2) 1823 3) 1815 4) 1817

Posad 2) Military settlements 3) garrisons 4) Cossack villages

War with Sweden for the Baltic coast

Accession of Kamchatka and Primorye

Support for the national liberation war of the Polish people

The return of the primordially Russian lands lost in the Troubles

Accession of Finland

The end of the Russian-Turkish war

The entry of Russian troops into Paris

The conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit between Russia and France

France

England

Turkey

Iran

1.9 Kutuzov arrived in the army:

a) in Minsk; b) in Smolensk; c) near Borodino; d) in Tsareva - Zaymishche; e) in Tarutino; f) in Fili.

1.10 What event took place in Europe at the end of 1814 - June 1815 ?

a) restoration of the Bourbon dynasty; b) Congress of Vienna;

c) restoration of the empire of Napoleon; d) mass peasant demonstrations in Europe.

Part 2.

2.1 Mark with a number1 commander of the 1st Russian army by the beginning of the war in 1812, the figure2 – commander of the 2 Russian army, figure3 - the commander of the 3rd Russian army:

2.2 Reconstruct the chronological sequence of events:

Mark the goals of the Tarutino maneuver:

Hemp

Chintz

Economic crisis

The key to testing

All battles of the Russian army 1804-1814. Russia against Napoleon Bezotosny Viktor Mikhailovich

Chapter 4 Campaigns 1806-1807 ("Polish War")

Chapter 4 Campaigns 1806-1807 ("Polish War")