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| Rychkov Nikolay Mikhailovich. (1897-1959) ,. Soviet statesman. Rychkov, Nikolay Petrovich Rychkov, Nikolay Petrovich |
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Nikolay Mikhailovich Rychkov "Strong Bolshevik" Nikolai Mikhailovich Rychkov was born on November 20, 1897 in the village of Belokholunitskiy plant, Slobodskoy district, Vyatka province, into a simple working-class family. His father, Mikhail Rychkov, the son of a serf peasant, learned the hardness of labor from the age of thirteen. He worked in the Vyatka province, in Baku, in Omsk and, finally, having mastered the profession of a foundry worker, he moved to the Urals, where until his death in May 1917 he worked at the Nadezhdinsky plant in Kabakovsk. The mother, who came from a carpenter's family, was busy with the housework all her life. “The family was large, my father's health was weak, and material need was always a companion of our life,” Rychkov later recalled. Nicholas got involved in work early - he had to help his father. From the age of twelve he served as an errand boy in the same factory, then became addicted to turning and, after spending some time as an apprentice, became a qualified metal turner. Nikolai Rychkov worked at the Nadezhdinsky plant until the February Revolution. From his youth, Nikolai was constantly striving for knowledge, but he almost never had a chance to study. When the family lived in Baku, he was admitted to the Pushkin Primary School and stayed there for two and a half years. But his studies ended very soon, since his father, who was fired from his job for participating in a strike, was forced to move to the Urals. There Nicholas was not accepted to school under the pretext of lack of places. In fact, as N. M. Rychkov recalled, “lubrication” was required, in other words - a bribe, but his father did not have free money. Nikolai studied self-education as much as he could, read a lot, but haphazardly, but never entered any educational institution. Even before the February Revolution, Rychkov became closely acquainted with some revolutionaries, and they began to supply him with illegal literature. After the overthrow of the tsar, in March 1917, when the first party groups began to be created at the Nadezhdinsky plant, N.M. Rychkov became a member of the RSDLP (b). Workers Vasily Sobolev and Semyon Makov recommended him to the party. Right after October revolution Nineteen-year-old Nikolai Rychkov joined the Soviet authorities. At first he was the executive secretary, and then the head of the department of the Nadezhdinsky Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies. In 1918, the Ural workers elected him a delegate to the V Extraordinary Congress of Soviets. In July 1918, he became a Red Guard. NM Rychkov had a chance to fight on the Eastern Front, in the Yalutor direction. In October 1918 he left military service and left for the Urals, where until April 1919 he served in the Belokholunitskaya and Slobodskaya district emergency commissions. Then the talented young Chekist was entrusted with a more responsible post - the secretary and member of the board of the Vyatka Gubchek. Three months later he was transferred to the same position in the Perm province. In April 1920, by the decision of the Central Committee of the party, N.M. Rychkov was seconded to work in the military-judicial bodies of the Red Army. From May 1920 to October 1921, he served as deputy chairman of the revolutionary tribunal of the VOKhR troops of the East Siberian district in Krasnoyarsk, and then for a year - the revolutionary tribunal of the 5th army in Irkutsk. In May 1922, the Soviet prosecutor's office was established, and in August-October military prosecutor's offices of districts and fronts began to form. Members of military tribunals and political workers were mainly appointed as prosecutors. The first prosecutor of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Tribunal under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (later he was called the Chief Military Prosecutor) was Nikolai Ivanovich Tatarintsev, a thirty-year-old Bolshevik Civil war brigade commander, and then chairman of the military tribunal of the 5th army. Nikolai Mikhailovich Rychkov also became one of the first military prosecutors. In October 1922, N.I. Tatarintsev, his former head of the Revolutionary Tribunal of the 5th Army, nominated N.M. Rychkov to the post of military prosecutor of the East Siberian Military District, from where he was transferred to the West Siberian and Siberian districts (in Omsk and Novosibirsk). Rychkov served there until April 1927. In May 1927, N.M. Rychkov was transferred to Moscow as an assistant prosecutor to the department of the military prosecutor's office of the Supreme Court of the USSR, which was then headed by Pyotr Ilyich Pavlovsky. Finally, in January 1931, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) nominated Nikolai Mikhailovich to a more responsible post - he became a member of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. It was then that the flywheel of repression began to spin with terrible force, mercilessly grinding the fate of hundreds of thousands of people. It made its bloody contribution to the struggle against all kinds of "counter-revolutionaries", "pests" and other "enemies of the people" Military collegium Of the Supreme Court of the USSR, headed by such an odious person as V.V. Ulrikh. Of course, Rychkov himself was one of those who set the ominous flywheel in motion. In October 1933, N.M. Rychkov, like all other party members, underwent a purge in the commission of the party cell of the USSR Prosecutor's Office and the USSR Supreme Court. He spoke in detail about himself and his career, answered questions. The first to speak in the debate was the Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR M.I.Vasiliev-Yuzhin. He said: “Comrade Rychkov is one of the most thoughtful members of the Military Collegium, but according to court cases in some cases they made mistakes. For example, there was a case when he sentenced a driver to capital punishment. The supervising troika replaced it with long-term imprisonment. For the rest, Comrade Rychkov is a strong Bolshevik. " The chairman of the Military Collegium, V.V. Ulrikh, who spoke after him, called Rychkov one of the best members of the collegium. He did not agree with the assessment of Vasilyev-Yuzhin that the conviction of the driver to be shot was a miscarriage of justice, since he, in his words, was really to blame. The commission decided: "N. M. Rychkov shall be considered verified." Service in the bodies of military justice brought N.M. Rychkov a number of awards. In 1928, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, he was awarded a personalized silver watch, and in 1933 - a gold one. August 20, 1937 "for exemplary fulfillment of the government's assignment" was awarded highest award- Order of Lenin. By that time, Nikolai Mikhailovich was married to the daughter of a professional revolutionary, Ariadna Mikhailovna Morozova. His wife worked as a pediatrician at the Moscow State University clinic (after the war she was an employee of the Moscow City Health Department). Rychkov had four children: sons Victor, Yuri and Boris and daughter Natalya. On August 28, 1937, by order of the Prosecutor of the USSR Vyshinsky, Nikolai Mikhailovich Rychkov was appointed prosecutor of the republic. He stayed in this post for only five months. When he came to the prosecutor's office of the republic, he found that in a number of the most important sections of the central apparatus "the situation was catastrophic", especially in the complaints department - there, without any movement, lay, mostly in bags, almost 20 thousand complaints and statements of citizens, "up to personal, intimate, letters from assistant prosecutors. " Operations departments hardly considered them. An even more depressing situation has developed in the regional prosecutor's offices. Service discipline was low. Local prosecutors, in essence, did not respond to inquiries from the republic's prosecutor's office. N.M. Rychkov began to summon regional prosecutors for personal explanations. By January 1938, Nikolai Mikhailovich managed to decisively restructure all the work on the consideration of complaints - now in the Prosecutor's Office of the RSFSR, instead of 20 thousand, only 650 initial and repeated applications remained unconsidered. On January 12-19, 1938, the 1st session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was held in Moscow. After the derogatory criticism of the USSR People's Commissar of Justice N.V. Krylenko, which sounded in the speech of Deputy Bagirov, it became clear to everyone that this time Rychkov was lucky. On January 19, at the third and final joint meeting of the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities, V.M. Molotov made a speech on the formation of a new government of the USSR. Listing its composition, he asked the deputies to approve people's commissar Justice of the USSR Nikolai Mikhailovich Rychkov. During his work in the People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR, N.M. Rychkov, together with the Prosecutor of the USSR, signed a number of orders aimed at strengthening the fight against crime - all of them testify to the extreme toughness of the policy pursued at that time. So, in July 1940, together with M.I. before lunchtime, were subject to criminal prosecution as for absenteeism (according to part 2 of article 5 of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1940). It is worth recalling that the demand from employees of the prosecution and justice authorities, as well as judges, for the strict observance of orders was then the strictest. Any indulgence in punitive practice could entail not only the dismissal of the "guilty" from his post, but also bringing him to trial. In August 1940, the Collegium of the USSR People's Commissariat of Justice, chaired by Rychkov, twice considered the application of the decree of June 26, 1940. Several judges who showed liberalism in relation to the "truants" were themselves brought to justice. He was dismissed by the People's Commissar of Justice of the Byelorussian SSR, who refused to prosecute temporary and seasonal workers for absenteeism, believing that the decree applies only to persons who constantly work in production. Rychkov also strictly warned the people's commissars of justice of Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War People's Commissar of Justice of the USSR N.M. Rychkov had to work especially hard. He sent a lot of instructions and orders to the field, paying special attention to putting things in order in the execution of court decisions, the need for a sensitive attitude to the appeals of servicemen and their family members. On an urgent basis, a collection of legislative acts on benefits, pensions and benefits to the families of ordinary and command personnel was prepared. In one of his orders dated June 29, 1941, Rychkov noted that in these difficult days for the whole country, "red tape and bureaucracy in the consideration of criminal and civil cases are a direct crime." In another order, he drew attention to the fact that "not a single section of the people's court should be left without a people's judge for a single day." The heads of the departments of the People's Commissariat of Justice and the People's Commissars of Justice of the Union republics had to personally "daily and hourly" decide the issues of staffing the courts. N.M. Rychkov held the post of People's Commissar (and since 1946 - Minister) of Justice of the USSR for ten years. During this time, he was twice awarded the Order of Lenin and two Orders of the Red Banner. He was elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of the 1st convocation (in 1938) and a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 2nd convocation (in 1946). On August 28, 1944, he was awarded military rank Lieutenant General of Justice. "Nagging" towards N. M. Rychkov began immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War. At first, he received a reprimand from the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for appointing people to the posts of chairmen of military tribunals without prior approval from the Central Committee of the party. In December 1946, the deputy head of the personnel department of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) Nikitin and the deputy head of the department of the same administration Bakakin sent a large note to the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) A.A. SSR tov... Rychkova N. M. " In it, Nikolai Mikhailovich was accused of almost the complete collapse of the entire work of the Ministry of Justice. He was also responsible for the creation of "special courts" (there were 887 of them then in the country), which in terms of their number were already in second place after the people's courts, and for violations committed by judges. The authors of the note drew the following conclusion: “We believe that in the interests of the case, Comrade Rychkov should be very seriously warned, otherwise he, and along with him the USSR Ministry of Justice and its local authorities, will continue to fail to fulfill the requirements that are imposed on them. The Party and the Government ”. Soon personal troubles were added to the official troubles. The Party Control Committee under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) reprimanded him for illegally spending money and building materials belonging to the ministry on the construction of a personal dacha. On January 29, 1948, in accordance with the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dismissed Rychkov from the post of Minister of Justice. He was then 52 years old. He was well aware that this was the end of his career, and he was very worried. Until December of the same year, he was in the reserve of the Main Personnel Directorate, since there was no suitable position for him. At the end of 1948, the Prosecutor General of the USSR G.N.Safonov offered N.M. Rychkov the post of deputy military prosecutor Ground forces, and Rychkov again returned to the bosom of the military prosecutor's office. A year and a half later, in April 1950, G. N. Safonov nominated Nikolai Mikhailovich to a new position in the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office of the head of the 3rd Directorate (for judicial supervision), and in April 1951 appointed him deputy Chief Military Prosecutor. However, he no longer had to take a higher position. Soon he was sent into an honorable exile. In 1952, N. M. Rychkov was seconded to the Hungarian People's Republic "to work as an adviser on matters of court and prosecutor's office." On July 5, 1955, he was dismissed due to illness. Here he was detained almost until his retirement. It only remains to add that the eldest son of Nikolai Mikhailovich, Victor, died at the age of twenty at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War. N. M. Rychkov died on March 28, 1959 in the village of Malakhovka, Lyubertsy District, Moscow Region. They buried him in Moscow. From the book History of Russian Literature XIX century. Part 1. 1800-1830s the author Lebedev Yuri Vladimirovich From the KGB book. Chairmen of the state security bodies. Declassified destinies the author Mlechin Leonid MikhailovichChapter 20 NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH GOLUSHKO One of the candidates for the post of Minister of Security instead of Barannikov was journalist Mikhail Nikiforovich Poltoranin, who was then close to the president, former editor of Moskovskaya Pravda, deputy, minister of press and information, deputy prime minister the authorFROM THE "RED DIRECTOR" TO THE NARKOMA Prosecutor of the Republic NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH YANSON Nikolai Mikhailovich Janson was born on December 6, 1882 in St. Petersburg, in the family of an Estonian worker, a native of the island of Saaremaa. At first, the boy studied at the parish, and then at the port From the book From the first prosecutor of Russia to the last prosecutor of the Union the author Zvyagintsev Alexander Grigorievich"STRONG BOLSHEVIK" The Prosecutor of the Republic Nikolai Mikhailovich Rychkov Nikolai Mikhailovich Rychkov was born on November 20, 1897 in the village of Belokholunitskiy Zavod, Slobodskoy Uyezd, Vyatka Province, into a simple working-class family. His father, Mikhail Rychkov, the son of a serf, with From the book From the KGB to the FSB (instructive pages national history). book 1 (from the KGB of the USSR to the MB RF) the author Strigin Evgeny Mikhailovich From the book History of Humanity. Russia the author Khoroshevsky Andrey YurievichPrzhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (Born in 1839 - died in 1888) An outstanding Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia. He was the first to describe the nature of many of its regions, discovered a number of ridges, depressions and lakes in Kunlun, Nanshan and the Tibetan plateau. Major General. His From the book From the KGB to the FSB (instructive pages of Russian history). Book 2 (from MB RF to FGC RF) the author Strigin Evgeny MikhailovichNikolay Mikhailovich Golushko Biographical information: Nikolay Mikhailovich Golushko was born in 1937 in Kazakhstan. Higher education, graduated in 1959 Faculty of Law Tomsk State University. He worked in the prosecutor's office, then in the From the book Soviet Aces. Essays on Soviet pilots the author Bodrikhin Nikolay GeorgievichSkomorokhov Nikolai Mikhailovich Received the baptism of fire in 1942, jr. sergeant, Skomorokhov went through the entire war, ended it as a major, a Hero, who soon became twice, won 46 personal victories, did not lose a single plane in battle, did not receive a single wound ... From the book Life and Deeds of Prominent Russian Lawyers. Ups and downs the author Zvyagintsev Alexander GrigorievichNikolai Mikhailovich Yanson (1882–1938) "A good, wonderful past ..." At the end of the 19th century, not only Russian workers, but also immigrants from the Baltic peoples flocked to St. Petersburg, the largest industrial center of the North-West of Russia. In the family of one of them, an Estonian, a native of the island the author Shtutman Samuil MarkovichBYSTRYKH Nikolai Mikhailovich (01/26/1893–2/23/1939) Head of the Main Directorate of Border Guard and OGPU Troops of the USSR (07/30/1931–08.04.1933) 3rd Rank State Security Commissioner (12/11/1935) Born into the family of a worker at the Motovilikhinsky Plant of the Perm Province ... (Father after 40 years became From the book Internal Troops. History in faces the author Shtutman Samuil MarkovichKruchinkin Nikolay Kuzmich (01.22.1897-19.08.1938) Head of the Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security of the NKVD of the USSR (04.15.1937-29.01.1938) Divisional Commander (12.17.1935) Born in St. Petersburg (in pre-revolutionary service documents it is said, that is attributed to the Nizhny Novgorod province, the author Zvyagintsev Alexander Grigorievich From the book History of the Russian Prosecutor's Office. 1722-2012 the author Zvyagintsev Alexander Grigorievich From the book Russian explorers - the glory and pride of Russia the author Glazyrin Maxim YurievichPrzhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888), Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia, major general. 1866. N.M. Przhevalsky is voluntarily transferred from Warsaw, where he was a teacher at the school of cadets, to Far East, where From the book Great Russian Troubles. The reasons for the emergence and exit from the state crisis in the XVI-XVII centuries. the author Strizhova Irina MikhailovnaNikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin About the author Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766–1826) is a Russian writer and historian. Born on December 1 (12), 1766 in the village of Mikhailovna, Simbirsk province, in the family of a retired army officer. At the age of 14, he began to study at a Moscow private boarding school From the book The era of the formation of Russian painting the author Vladimir Vladimirovich Butromeev
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Copied from the site "Samopoznanie.ru" Rychkov Nikolay Petrovich (1746 - 1784). Military leader, captain of the Russian Imperial Army, traveler and geographer, son of the historian of the Orenburg region P.I. Rychkov. From an early age he was enlisted in the military service and was enlisted, and then he served first in the dragoon Troitsky, and then in the Revelsky and, finally, in the Penza infantry regiments. By 1767, he left military service with the rank of captain and in the same year entered the adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and a little later went to the expedition of Professor PALLAS equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences "for physical description southern Russian provinces ”and described the places along the western bank of the Belaya River to the Kama and further to Kungur, Chelyabinsk and along the Kirghiz steppe; was in Vyatka and Perm and examined the Solikamsk factories. In this expedition N.P. Rychkov traveled in 1769 and 1770 Ufa, Perm, Vyatka, Orenburg and Kazan provinces. “Without a scientific background,” wrote P. P. Pekarsky, an academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, “which he openly admitted to himself, he showed, however, a lot of conscientiousness and diligence in carrying out the instructions given to him, so that his descriptions can still serve usefully , especially in a significant number of drawings and news, quite accurate for their time, about ancient settlements and oral legends associated with them, as well as about the manners, customs and occupations of the heterogeneous inhabitants of the countries he traveled; finally, about the state of mining in the named provinces in the second half of the 18th century. " This work of N. P. RYCHKOV was published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 2 parts: “Journal, or daily notes of travel to different provinces The Russian state in 1769 and 1770 ", St. Petersburg. 1770, 1772; was translated into German: “Herrn Rytschkow Tage buch? Ber seine Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs in d. Jahren 1769, 1770 and 1771 ". Aus dem Russ. von Chr. H. Hase, Riga. 1774, with fig. The second journey is also translated here. In 1771, a detachment of troops set out from the Orsk Fortress to the Kyrgyz steppe to pursue the Kalmyks, and Rychkov joined this detachment, in his words: "to explore the memorable places in the possession of the Kyrgyz-Kaisak people and to collect products found in that country." ... The description of this trip was compiled by H. P. Rychkov and also published by the Academy of Sciences, under the title: "Diary notes of a trip to the Kirghiz-Kaisak steppe (sic.) In 1771" "(St. Petersburg, 1772). In 1772 RYCHKOV was appointed Director of the newly opened Akhtubsky silk factory, near the town of Tsaritsyn; Rychkov held this place until his death, which followed in 1784. About him: Milkov F. H., H. P. Rychkov and his geographical research in the Volga region, “Izvestia of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Geographer series. ", 1953, No. 4. Predecessor: |
Nikolay Vasilievich Krylenko |
Successor: |
The post was abolished, he is also the Minister of Justice of the USSR |
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March 19 - January 29 |
Predecessor: |
Position established. |
Successor: |
Konstantin Petrovich Gorshenin |
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August - January |
Predecessor: |
Faina Efimovna Nyurina |
Successor: |
Ivan Terentyevich Golyakov |
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Birth: |
November 20 / December 2(1897-12-02
)
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pos. Belokholunitskiy plant, Slobodskoy district, Vyatka province Death: |
28 march(1959-03-28
)
(61 years old) |
pos. Malakhovka, Lyuberetskiy district, Moscow region The consignment: |
CPSU since 1917 |
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Awards: |
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Nikolay Mikhailovich Rychkov(-) - Soviet statesman, lawyer. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 2nd convocation. Biography
He came into conflict with the head of the department of judicial and prosecutorial personnel of the Personnel Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks A. Bakakin. A campaign was organized against Rychkov and in January 1948 he was removed from his post. The commission for acceptance and delivery of cases of the Ministry of Justice of the USSR recognized Rychkov's work as unsatisfactory.
Participation in mass repressionsHe took an active part in mass repressions as a member of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Participant of the Moscow show trials of 1936-1938. In 1937-1938. repeatedly traveled to the eastern regions of the USSR, where he chaired major trials of "counter-revolutionary crimes" allegedly committed by the leading regional elite and local intelligentsia. At the post of the USSR People's Commissar of Justice, he repeatedly issued orders on the order of consideration of cases of counter-revolutionary crimes. At the same time, being guided by legal formalism and "insuring himself" against possible charges, he ordered the courts to strictly observe procedural norms when considering any cases. He took an active part in mass campaigns on cases of labor crimes (Decree of the PVS USSR dated 06/26/1940), in cases of petty hooliganism and petty embezzlement at enterprises (Decree of the PVS USSR of 08/10/1940), in cases of labor crimes committed at military enterprises (Decree of the PVS of the USSR dated 12/26/1941), etc. In 1947-1948, he headed the Permanent Commission for Open Trials on the most important cases of former servicemen of the German army and German punitive organs, exposed of atrocities against Soviet citizens in the temporarily occupied territory of the Soviet Union. Write a review on the article "Rychkov, Nikolai Mikhailovich"Literature
An excerpt characterizing Rychkov, Nikolai MikhailovichStopping opposite the Pavlograd regiment, the emperor said something in French to the Austrian emperor and smiled.Seeing this smile, Rostov himself involuntarily began to smile and felt an even stronger surge of love for his sovereign. He wanted to show with something his love for the sovereign. He knew it was impossible, and he wanted to cry. The sovereign summoned the regimental commander and said a few words to him. "My God! what would have happened to me if the sovereign had turned to me! - thought Rostov: - I would die of happiness. The sovereign also addressed the officers: - All, gentlemen (every word was heard by Rostov, like a sound from the sky), thank you from the bottom of my heart. How happy Rostov would be if he could now die for his tsar! - You deserve the St. George's banners and you will be worthy of them. "Just die, die for him!" thought Rostov. The Emperor also said something that Rostov did not hear, and the soldiers, pulling on their breasts, shouted: Urrah! Rostov shouted, too, bending down to the saddle, which was in his power, wishing to hurt himself with this cry, only to fully express his delight for the sovereign. The sovereign stood for several seconds against the hussars, as if he were indecisive. "How could the sovereign be in indecision?" thought Rostov, and then even this indecision seemed to Rostov majestic and charming, like everything that the sovereign did. The sovereign's indecision lasted for an instant. The sovereign's leg, with a narrow, sharp toe, as was worn at that time, touched the groin of the anglized chestnut mare on which he was riding; the hand of the sovereign in a white glove picked up the reins, he set off, accompanied by a chaotically fluttering sea of adjutants. Further and further he rode off, stopping at other regiments, and, finally, only his white plume could be seen by Rostov from behind the retinue that surrounded the emperors. Among the gentlemen of the suite, Rostov noticed Bolkonsky, lazily and dissolutely sitting on a horse. Rostov remembered his yesterday's quarrel with him and the question presented itself whether he should or should not be summoned. “Of course, you shouldn't,” Rostov thought now ... “And is it worth thinking and talking about this at such a moment as now? In a moment of such a feeling of love, delight and selflessness, what do all our quarrels and insults mean !? I love everyone, I forgive everyone now, ”thought Rostov. When the sovereign drove around almost all the regiments, the troops began to pass by him in a ceremonial march, and Rostov, in a Bedouin bought from Denisov, rode through the castle of his squadron, that is, alone and completely in full view of the sovereign. Before reaching the sovereign, Rostov, an excellent rider, twice thrust spurs into his Bedouin and brought him happily to that frenzied gait of a trot, which the heated Bedouin paced. Tucking his foaming muzzle to his chest, separating his tail and, as if flying in the air and not touching the ground, gracefully and high raising and changing his legs, the Bedouin, who also felt the sovereign's gaze on him, walked excellently. Rostov himself, with his legs tucked back and his stomach tucked up and feeling like one piece with a horse, with a frowning but blissful face, damn, as Denisov said, rode past the sovereign. - Well done Pavlohradtsy! - said the sovereign. "My God! How happy I would be if he told me to throw myself into the fire now, ”thought Rostov. When the review was over, the officers, who had come again and the Kutuzovskys, began to converge in groups and began to talk about awards, about the Austrians and their uniforms, about their front, about Bonaparte and how badly he would be now, especially when the Essen corps came up, and Prussia will take our side. But most of all in all circles they talked about Tsar Alexander, conveyed his every word, movement and admired him. All only wanted one thing: under the leadership of the sovereign, they would rather go against the enemy. Under the command of the sovereign himself, it was impossible not to defeat anyone, so Rostov and most of the officers thought after the review. After the review, everyone was more confident of victory than they could be after two won battles. The day after the show, Boris, dressed in his best uniform and encouraged by the wishes of success from his comrade Berg, went to Olmutz to see Bolkonsky, wishing to take advantage of his affection and arrange for himself the best position, especially the position of adjutant in front of an important person, which seemed to him especially tempting in the army ... “It’s good for Rostov, to whom his father sends 10 thousand, to talk about how he doesn’t want to bow to anyone and will not go to anybody as a lackey; but I, who have nothing but my own head, need to make my career and not miss opportunities, but use them. " Born in the village of Belokholunitskiy Zavod, Slobodskoy Uyezd, Vyatka Province, into a simple working-class family. From the age of 12 he began to work. From his youth he was drawn to knowledge, but he did not have to study for long. After the February Revolution of 1917, he became a member of the Bolshevik Party, and after the October Revolution he began to work in Soviet bodies: executive secretary and head of the department of the Nadezhda Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies. In June 1918 he joined the Red Army and fought on the Eastern Front. In October of the same year he left for the Urals, where until April 1919 he served in the district emergency commission, and then became a member of the collegiums of the Vyatka and Perm provincial Cheka. In April 1920 he was sent to work in the military-judicial bodies of the Red Army. From May 1920 to October 1921 he served as deputy chairman of the revolutionary tribunal of the VOKhR troops of the East Siberian District in Krasnoyarsk, and then for a year - in the revolutionary tribunal of the 5th Army in Irkutsk. In May 1922, the Soviet prosecutor's office was established. Military prosecutor's offices of districts and fronts were formed in August-October of the same year. Mainly members of military tribunals and political workers were appointed as prosecutors. N.M. Rychkov became one of the first military prosecutors. In October 1922, he was promoted to the post of prosecutor of the East Siberian military district, and then transferred to an equivalent position in the West Siberian and Siberian districts (in Omsk and Novosibirsk). Rychkov served there until April 1927, and then transferred to Moscow as an assistant prosecutor in the military prosecutor's office of the Supreme Court of the USSR. In January 1931, by decision of the Central Committee of the party, N.M. Rychkov became a member of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Here he served for 6 years. It was during these years that the flywheel of repression began to spin with terrible force, mercilessly grinding the fate of hundreds of thousands of people. Rychkov also contributed to this bloody struggle against "pests" and "counter-revolutionaries". Service in the military justice authorities brought Rychkov a number of awards, and on August 20, 1937 he was awarded the Order of Lenin. A week after this event, N.M. Rychkov, by order of the Prosecutor of the USSR A. Ya. Vyshinsky, was appointed Prosecutor of the RSFSR. He stayed in this post for only five months. On January 19, 1938, at the 1st session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Nikolai Mikhailovich Rychkov was approved as People's Commissar of Justice of the USSR (since 1946, Minister of Justice of the USSR). On January 29, 1948, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dismissed N.M. Rychkov from the post of Minister of Justice. Only at the end of 1948, the USSR Prosecutor General GN Safonov offered him the post of Deputy Military Prosecutor of the Ground Forces. In April 1950 Rychkov became head of the 3rd department of the Main Military Prosecutor's Office, and in April 1951 - Deputy Chief Military Prosecutor Soviet army... In 1952 he was sent to the Hungarian People's Republic to work as an adviser. On July 5, 1955, he was dismissed due to illness. During his tenure, N.M. Rychkov was twice awarded the Orders of Lenin (in 1944 and 1945), the Order of the Red Banner, elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and received the military rank of Lieutenant General of Justice (1944). "Nagging" to him began immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War. At first, he received a reprimand from the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the party for the fact that, without prior agreement with the Central Committee, he appointed to the posts of chairmen of military tribunals. Then there was a note “On the wrong leadership style of the Minister of Justice comrade. Rychkova N. M. " In it, he was accused of almost the complete collapse of the entire work of the ministry. He was charged with the responsibility for the creation of "special courts", which in terms of their number were in second place after the people's courts, and for violations committed by judges, etc. We extract this noteworthy document in an extract. Note to the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) A.A. Kuznetsov regarding the Minister of Justice N.M. Rychkov SECRETARY OF THE CPSU (b) Central Committee Comrade A. A. Kuznetsov On the wrong leadership style of the Minister of Justice USSR Comrade Rychkova N.M. (Extract) Deep-rooted and serious deficiencies remain in the work of the country's judiciary over the past years and today. These shortcomings are: a crowd of violations of the law in the consideration of court cases, the irresponsibility of judges for these violations, red tape, numerous cases of abuse of office and discrediting, bureaucratic attitude to the requests of workers, weak legal qualifications of judges and auditors, poor selection of personnel, especially people's judges. One of the main reasons for this state of affairs in the courts and justice bodies is the incorrect, formal-bureaucratic style of leadership of the USSR Ministry of Justice. The activities of the USSR Ministry of Justice are expressed in an endless number of all kinds of written instructions, in numerous meetings and conferences, in useless mostly for the case of various generalizations, in the receipt of numerous reports and in correspondence with places. The audits, which, in addition to various meetings and directives, are carried out by the Ministry of Justice, also very little help the case. As early as May 23, 1941, the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the Work of the Department of Judicial Bodies of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR" noted the poor quality of audits and the weakness of the auditors. However, the state of affairs has not changed. As before, the cadre of auditors is weak, they leave for audit without serious preliminary preparation, they limit themselves to ascertaining shortcomings, not taking the necessary measures to eliminate them on the spot. And the shortcomings are revealed more superficially, without the necessary in-depth analysis of their causes. By the above decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), it was proposed to comrade Rychkov to reorganize the Office of the Judiciary, since the courts, according to the Constitution of the USSR, are not controlled, but are subject only to the law. Comrade Rychkov has not fulfilled the specified decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) to this day. Lack of efficiency in work in the Ministry of Justice is clearly characterized by the following facts: a) the Minister of Justice himself, comrade Rychkov, from the beginning of his activity in the Ministry, from 1938. never went to places on the affairs of the courts and justice; b) first deputy. Minister Comrade Rubichev in 1946 never went to the field; c) even the head of the Department of General Courts, Comrade Baksheev, who is in charge of the audit work, in 1946 did not carry out a single serious, thorough audit of the work of the judicial authorities. Comrade Rychkov did not draw the proper conclusions in terms of restructuring work from a number of decisions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of Ministers of the USSR: a) the decision of the July plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1940 noted serious and numerous mistakes of the judicial authorities in the practice of applying the Decree of June 26, 1940; b) by the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 29, 1944, serious distortions committed by military tribunals were noted when considering cases under the Decree of December 26, 1941; c) By the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of October 5, 1946 "On the expansion and improvement of legal education”, It was noted that the Ministry of Justice (comrade Rychkov) did not take the necessary measures to expand and improve higher legal education; d) in the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) from 8 / VI-s. d. in the case of a member of the collegium of the Ministry, comrade Sudarikov, the lack of leadership of comrade Rychkov in the Office of Educational Institutions was noted; e) by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) from 18 / XI-s. The year marked a number of violations in the appointment of the nomenklatura workers of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), committed by comrade Rychkov. It should be noted that a serious flaw in Comrade Rychkov's work is the desire to mitigate the severity of shortcomings in the work of the justice authorities, on the one hand, and, on the other, the unwillingness to spoil relations with the departments. Comrade Rychkov, for example, considers that estimates such as massive violations laws by judges. He stated, being in November with. In a conversation with the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) that there is no reason to speak about the massive nature of violations of laws by judges, since the total number of cases considered by judges, canceled sentences in criminal cases, on average, make up a small percentage. However, Comrade Rychkov forgets that an insignificant percentage of canceled sentences in criminal cases actually amount to hundreds of thousands of illegally convicted citizens, of whom tens of thousands were in prisons. This "attitude" explains, in particular, the weakness of the struggle of the justice authorities with violations of the laws in the courts. On the other hand, Comrade Rychkov, having materials about serious shortcomings in the work of the prosecutor's office, in particular, by the investigation, about errors in the work of the Supreme Court of the USSR, as a rule, seeks to resolve these issues in the order of relations with these departments, without making them for consideration by the Government or the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). He also does not raise questions about other ministries, in which he is aware of the troubles from judicial practice. The poor performance of the judiciary has been repeatedly noted in the press. Let us note in passing that court officials have become an almost permanent character in our humorous magazines. As a result of the incorrect leadership style of the USSR Minister of Justice, Comrade Rychkov, the work of the courts and justice bodies has the following, especially major, flaws in their work: 1. Low level of legal qualifications of court workers and lack of concern for securing jobs in court and justice of young professionals. As of 1 / X-1939, there were 3222 employees of the courts and justice authorities with higher and secondary education. Since 1939, from among those who graduated from legal institutes, faculties, schools and correspondence legal educational institutions (higher and secondary), 12,429 people entered the courts and justice bodies. Thus, the total number of employees with higher and secondary legal education was supposed to be 15,651, which would significantly exceed the total number of all employees of the justice and court authorities. However, at present only 7,161 people with higher and secondary legal education work in the courts and justice bodies. For the period from 1 / X-1939 to the present, the Ministry of Justice of the USSR has lost 8,490 people from among those who graduated from legal educational institutions sent to work in the justice and bodies of justice and courts. The leaders of the Ministry of Justice justify this exceptionally high turnover of young specialists by the wartime circumstances. But the reference to war is inconclusive. The fact is that the USSR Ministry of Justice does not care about securing young specialists in the court and justice authorities. The situation is even worse with the training of employees of the court and justice in correspondence legal educational institutions... In many regions, territories and republics, the number of justice and court workers involved in correspondence legal educational institutions is counted in units: in the Kemerovo region, 16 people's judges have no legal education, but none of them is involved in the correspondence education system. In the Kazakh SSR, out of 104 people's judges who do not have a legal education, only 44 are enrolled in a correspondence law school. In the Ukrainian SSR, 382 people's judges do not study who do not have a legal education, etc. There is an extremely high turnover among the people's judges. In 1945, 1007 people dropped out of the composition of the people's judges. or 14.6% of their composition. For 1945 and 1946 in one Ulyanovsk region 38 people dropped out of 44 people's judges. As a result of this turnover, people's judges without legal education amounted to 65% in 1946, against 51.8% in 1944.The number of people's judges with a general secondary education was 33% in 1945 against 63.7% in 1944. The number of all kinds of immoral phenomena has increased: bribes, defamation, crimes by office, etc. The Ministry of Justice is not at all involved in improving the qualifications of the auditors, members of regional and Supreme courts, especially those dealing with civil cases. For a number of years, no work has been carried out on the training and retraining of the leadership of the justice and court bodies. No effective measures are being taken to provide textbooks to students in correspondence educational institutions, although the shortage of textbooks is very acute, which reduces the quality of education, and in many cases, extramural students are forced to drop out of school because of this, especially in the regions and republics subjected to occupation. In the courts, especially in the national republics, as a rule, there is no necessary reference literature, without which it is extremely difficult to manage when solving court cases. A straightforward conclusion suggests itself that Comrade Rychkov is extremely unsatisfactory in his work with personnel. 2. Mass violation of laws when considering court cases. The unfavorable situation with the cadres of employees of the courts and justice bodies has a direct consequence of massive violations of laws when considering court cases. How deeply ingrained these violations of the law are can be seen from the fact that the total of appealed sentences in 1938 for 580 108 convicts, the cassation instances upheld the sentences only for 306 382 convicts or 52.8%. And seven years later, in 1945, out of the total number of appealed sentences for 475 748 convicts, the cassation instances upheld the sentences for 288 388 convicts (60.7%). Consequently, the violation of laws when considering cases in courts has become permanent and massive. This stability of miscarriages of justice undermines workers' confidence in Soviet justice. Particularly intolerable is the situation with the consideration of cases in the courts in which the accused are in custody. Errors and violations in this category of cases are very large. Only one The Supreme Court The RSFSR, as a result of the consideration of cases requested from the localities, for 1945 and the first quarter of 1946, 6,170 illegally convicted people were released from prisons. In individual union republics, violation of laws in the consideration of cases in courts has become widespread. In the Kazakh SSR in 1945, the cancellation, termination and change of sentences was 33.6%, in the Turkmen SSR - 33.4%, in the Uzbek SSR - 43.7%. Unlawful conviction a large number citizens from year to year continues ... 3. The permanent nature of serious shortcomings in the work of the judiciary, as a result of the formal-bureaucratic style of leadership of the USSR Ministry of Justice and its bodies. The Ministry of Justice of the SSR and its bodies do not take operational and organizational measures to eradicate specific shortcomings in the work of the judiciary. But from 1938 to 1945 the Minister of Justice issued 887 guiding orders - all of them are, as a rule, of a standard nature, and there are almost no cases when this or that order was executed in full and on time ... 4. Neglect in the organization of judicial institutions. The Ministry of Justice of the USSR organizes judicial institutions, but in this work it often violates the requirements of the Constitution of the USSR and the Law on the Judicial System of the USSR. For example: a) in last years The Ministry of Justice of the USSR began to create the so-called "special sections" of people's courts, which were not provided for either by the Constitution of the USSR or by the Law on the Judicial System of the USSR. As a result, three new types of people's courts have been created and operate on the ground: "special sections" for hooliganism cases, "special sections" for cases of violations of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 26.VI.1940, and "special sections" for cases of hooliganism. juvenile crimes, and a total of 237 "special sections" of the people's courts. In addition, there are 81 more sections of people's courts, which, along with general jurisdiction, are obliged to consider cases of hooliganism and crimes of minors that come to the people's courts in other sections of the city or region ... b) The Ministry of Justice of the USSR is charged with the responsibility of organizing special courts, monitoring the state of work of the judiciary and giving guidelines for organizing and improving their work. However, the Ministry of Justice does not fulfill this obligation. On the territory of the USSR there are 887 special courts, the organization of which has acquired a massive character. In terms of their number, the special courts are in second place after the people's courts. In Moscow, a tram line court has been established and operates, which mainly considers cases of truancy of employees of the tram fleet and petty theft, that is, in the essence of its activities, it has nothing to do with special courts. Such a large network of special courts currently operating greatly reduces their importance ... The Ministry of Justice of the USSR, entangled in the organization of special courts, was unable to carry out the necessary measures to streamline their network. This question was raised by the Personnel Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. But Comrade Rychkov, instead of seriously considering the need to drastically reduce the network of special courts, took the path, as we know, of protecting his departmental interests and does not agree, to the detriment of the case, to fundamentally resolve these issues. The inability of the Ministry of Justice of the USSR also affected the work on the implementation of Article 109 of the Constitution of the USSR and Article 10 of the Law on the Judicial System of the USSR. Article 109 of the Constitution of the USSR and Art. 10 of the Law on the Judicial System of the USSR provide for the election of the people's courts by the citizens of the region on the basis of universal, direct and equal suffrage by secret ballot - for a period of three years. More than four years passed from the moment the Constitution of the USSR was adopted until the beginning of the Patriotic War, but the Ministry of Justice of the USSR was unable to organize the elections of people's judges. Even now it does not carry out the necessary preparatory work to the election of people's judges. As a result, the people's courts have not been operating in accordance with the Constitution of the USSR for nine years already ... The disadvantages listed above are among the most important, but they do not exhaust all the disadvantages. We believe that in the future, a radical restructuring of the work of the justice bodies is needed, since the USSR Ministry of Justice has essentially turned into a body that protects the shortcomings that flourish in the judicial system. We believe that in the interests of the cause, comrade Rychkov should be seriously warned, otherwise he, and together with him the USSR Ministry of Justice and its local bodies, will continue to fail to fulfill the requirements imposed on them by the Party and the Government. We are submitting a proposal to summon comrade Rychkov for a conversation at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and at the same time ask you to allow the personnel department of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) to send this note to comrade Rychkov's personal file as a conclusion about his work. Deputy Head of Department cadres of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Nikitin) Deputy head Department of Management cadres of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (Bakakin) Russian State Archive of Social and Political History. F. 17, op. 100, d.279017, l. 18-26. But back to the prosecutor's office. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR was headed by V.M. Bochkov. This was a rather strange nomination, since Bochkov not only did not have any legal education, but in general, even remotely, was not in any way connected with the activities of the prosecutor's office, justice or court. He also did not hold high party posts. Perhaps J.V. Stalin wanted in such a harsh time (in the world the Second World War) the prosecutor's system in the country was headed by a military man, that is, a person who unconditionally recognizes discipline. It is possible that Bochkov owes such a high appointment to VM Molotov, to whom he was quite close. |
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