Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. To all citizens of Russia (84) Workers of all countries, unite! Comrades workers and all citizens of Russia, a war of four states against Turkey has begun in the Balkans (85). A pan-European war is threatening. Prepare for war

The National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), the NSDAP, a reactionary party created in 1920 by Hitler that ruled in Germany until the defeat of the Third Reich in 1945.

In October 1918, the leadership of the Thule Society commissioned two of its members, the journalist Karl Harrer and the locksmith Anton Drexler, to create a political workers' circle whose task would be to expand the sphere of influence of this society to the workers. Simultaneously with the creation of the circle, Anton Drexler restored the German Workers' Party (DAP), to one of the meetings of which on September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler was sent as an informant, who liked the postulates and slogans of the party. Having become acquainted with Hitler's report on this meeting, Captain Ernst Rohm, who served as a political adviser at Franz von Epp's headquarters, instructed Hitler to join the DAP and take over its leadership.

Hitler made his first report on October 16, 1919 in front of an audience of 111 people. First, he outlined his vision of "Greater Germany", then he used his signature trick - he declared Marxists, Jews and other "enemies" of Germany guilty of her defeat. "We do not forgive, we want revenge," he said. At the next speech on November 13, 1919, Hitler stressed that "the poverty of the Germans must be eliminated with German weapons. That time must come." He demanded the return of the colonies lost by Germany under the terms of the Versailles Treaty of 1919, calling this treaty "barbaric." During this and subsequent speeches, Hitler did not confine himself to demanding the return of the pre-war territories, but insisted on the annexation of new ones.

February 20, 1920 The German Workers 'Party was renamed the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. Her first public meeting took place four days later in a Munich beer hall. On February 24, 1920, Hitler presented a 25-point party program.

The NSDAP program did not differ from the postulates of most German parties. It proclaimed the need to annul the Treaty of Versailles, the return of "lost" lands, the unification of "all Germans", that is, usurpation of the right to interfere in the internal affairs of other states where ethnic Germans lived, opposition to the international Jewish financial elite, refusal to pay reparations, the demand for "the struggle against the policy of lies and its implementation through the press", the closure of newspapers that opposed the NSDAP, the creation of a "national army", which meant the revival of the military power of Germany, etc.

On the eve of 1921, the NSDAP had about 3 thousand members, but after two years its number increased 10 times.

On July 21, 1921, Hitler, in an ultimatum, demanded for himself the post of chairman of the party with unlimited rights, threatening, in case of refusal, to withdraw from its ranks. On July 29, 1921, he was elected the first chairman of the NSDAP. Anton Drexler took over as honorary chairman. A new charter of the NSDAP was adopted, which affirmed the "principle of the Fuehrer", that is, unconditional submission to the Fuehrer. In the wake of the acute economic crisis in the country and growing discontent, the ideas of militarism and nationalism, the proclamation of the "historical mission of the Germans as a race of masters", the social base of the NSDAP was rapidly expanding, attracting thousands of young people from different estates and classes with its dynamism and populism. In addition, the personnel reserve of the NSDAP consisted of all kinds of militarized associations and veteran unions disbanded by a government decree, for example, the German People's Defense and Offensive Union, the Pan-German Union, etc.

On January 27-29, 1923, the first congress of the NSDAP took place in Munich. The culmination of it was the consecration of the NSDAP banner by Hitler and the march of 6 thousand SA militants.

By the fall of 1923, the NSDAP had over 55 thousand members.

After the Nazis attempted a coup d'état in Munich, Bavarian Commissioner General Gustav von Kar signed a decree banning the NSDAP. Nevertheless, the party's popularity continued to grow, and in the December 1924 elections, 40 NSDAP deputies already sat in the Reichstag. In addition, new Nazi organizations were created under changed names:

The Great German People's Community (created by Julius Streicher), the People's Bloc, the National Socialist Liberation Movement, etc. In February 1925, the NSDAP was again legalized, but a split occurred in the party leadership on tactical issues - on the degree of nationalism and socialism in the Nazi movement. At the conference of the leaders of Nazi organizations in Germany, held in Bamberg on February 14, 1926 (Bamberg Party Conference), a fierce struggle broke out between the left and right wings of the NSDAP. Although the internal party contradictions were never eliminated, the general meeting of the Munich district of the NSDAP on May 22, 1926 unanimously elected Hitler as its leader.

On February 26, 1925, the publication of the publication of the NSDAP, the newspaper Völkischer Beobachter, was resumed. At the same time, Goebbels, who went over to Hitler's side, founded the magazine Angrif. The theoretical organ of the NSDAP, the National Socialist Monthly, began to appear.

On July 3, 1926, a congress of the NSDAP was held in Weimar, at which Hitler announced a change in party tactics: in contrast to the opinion of the "old fighters" who preferred terrorist methods of fighting political opponents, he recommended party members to participate in elections and be part of the Reichstag and Landtags (land parliaments). However, he still considered the struggle against communism and criticism of the Versailles Treaty to be the main tasks of his party. At the same time, Hitler did his best to attract the attention of major industrial and financial figures in Germany to his party. An expression of confidence in her on the part of representatives of the business community was the entry into the NSDAP of well-known entrepreneurs Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorf, editor of the influential Berlin Stock Exchange newspaper Walter Funk, chairman of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht and many others, who, among other things, contributed huge sums of money to the party fund.

In the context of the deepening economic crisis and rapidly growing unemployment (in October 1932 there were 7 million 300 thousand unemployed), dissatisfaction with the policy of the Social Democrats grew in the country. Many social groups are in danger of losing the foundations of their existence. Desperate small producers increasingly blamed parliamentary democracy for their troubles and believed that the way out of the crisis lay in strengthening state power and creating a one-party government. These demands were supported by big businessmen and bankers who subsidized the election campaigns of the NSDAP and linked personal and national aspirations with Hitler and his party, seeing in the Nazi movement primarily a reliable barrier against communism.

The NSDAP address of March 1, 1932 said: "Hitler is a motto for everyone who believes in the revival of Germany ... Hitler will win, because the people want his victory ..." On July 31, 1932, in the next elections to the Reichstag, the NSDAP received 230 mandates ( Social Democrats - 133, Communists - 89 seats), becoming the largest faction in parliament.

By January 30, 1933, when Hitler was proclaimed Chancellor of Germany, the NSDAP numbered about 850 thousand people. These were mainly people from the bourgeois environment. Workers accounted for one third of the total, about half of them are unemployed. Over the next five months, the number of the party increased threefold and reached 2.5 million. The NSDAP apparatus expanded. In the fall of 1938, 41 Gauleiters, 808 Kreisleiters, 28376 Ortsgruppenleiters, 89378 Cellleiters and 463,048 Blockleiters operated in the Reich. In total, the party apparatus was by this time over 580 thousand full-time leaders at all levels. From that moment on, the Nazification of the state apparatus began, which lasted all the years of the existence of the Third Reich. It was carried out in two ways: NSDAP members were appointed to leading positions in the administration of various levels, in the police, in the army, or the NSDAP took over the functions of state bodies or established control and supervision over them. The formal basis for this was the "Law on Ensuring the Unity of the Party and the State" adopted on December 1, 1933.

In addition, direct political control was exercised within the party itself and in the organizations controlled by it (for example, "Hitler Youth", SA, SS, Union of Students, etc.). The "principle of the Fuhrer", which excluded collegiality, manifested itself in the fact that from 1921 until the last days of the NSDAP there were no meetings of the leadership, even in a narrow circle. Gathered, and then irregularly, only meetings of the Reichsleiters and Gauleiters, at which Hitler passed them decisions for execution. The position of the Gauleiters depended directly on the confidence of the Fuehrer, for only he had the right to appoint and dismiss them (from 1933 to 1945, only 6 Gauleiters were removed from their posts, for various reasons they fell out of favor with the Fuehrer). "The will of the Fuhrer for the party is the supreme law," stated in the official publication of the NSDAP (1940).

On the basis of the "Law on Emergency Powers", the activities of trade unions were banned (instead of them the German Labor Front was created), many trade union activists were arrested, newspapers and magazines of democratic orientation were closed, the activities of most political parties were banned, including the SPD, the KKE, the German Center Party , The Catholic People's Party, the German National People's Party, etc. The NSDAP became the only political force in Germany, which was reflected in the government's statement of July 14, 1933, which said that attempts to preserve the old political parties or create new ones would be punishable by imprisonment or imprisonment in forced labor camps.

The events of the "Night of Long Knives", when many leaders and ordinary members of the SA were physically eliminated, who demanded the previously promised second stage of social changes, "continuation of the revolution", ended the struggle within the NSDAP and became a factor facilitating Hitler's implementation of his far-reaching expansionist plans. The Reich economy began to translate into a war footing.

In order to promote Nazi ideas among the population and demonstrate national unity, the NSDAP constantly organized magnificent and crowded celebrations and celebrations, for example, Hero's Day (March 1), National Labor Day (May 1), Harvest Festival, etc. The Nuremberg party congresses, which were held in 1933-38 in the first decade of September in Nuremberg, did not have any influence on the general line of the party, but were only an effective propaganda event.

After the outbreak of World War II, party work became widespread in the armed forces, in particular, the institution of Nazi commissars was created in the troops. At the Nuremberg trials, the leadership of the NSDAP and many of its services were declared criminal, and their activities were prohibited.

Program of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany ("25 points").

1. Unification of all Germans within the borders of Greater Germany.

2. Refusal of the terms of the Versailles Treaty and confirmation of Germany's right to independently build relations with other nations.

3. Demanding additional territories for food production and resettlement of the increasing German population ("Lebensraum").

4. Granting citizenship based on race; Jews cannot be German citizens.

5. Non-Germans in Germany are only guests and subjects of the relevant laws.

6. Appointment to official posts cannot be based on the principle of nepotism, but only in accordance with abilities and qualifications.

7. Ensuring the conditions for the existence of citizens is the primary duty of the state. In the absence of public resources, non-citizens should be excluded from the benefits.

8. The entry into the country of non-Germans must be stopped.

9. Participation in elections is the right and duty of all citizens.

10. Every citizen is obliged to work for the common good.

11. Illegally obtained profits are subject to confiscation.

12. All profits derived from the war are subject to confiscation.

13. All large enterprises must be nationalized.

14. Participation of workers and employees in profits in all major industries.

15. Decent old-age pension.

16. Small producers and traders need to be supported; large stores should be transferred to them.

17. Land tenure reform and ending land speculation.

18. Ruthless criminal punishment for crimes and the introduction of the death penalty for speculation.

19. Customary Roman law should be replaced by "Germanic law".

20. Complete reorganization of the national educational system.

21. The state is obliged to support motherhood and encourage the development of young people.

22. Replacement of a professional mercenary army with a national army; the introduction of universal conscription.

23. Only Germans can own the media; non-Germans are prohibited from working in them.

24. Freedom of religion, with the exception of religions dangerous to the Germanic race; the party does not bind itself to any exceptional creed, but fights against Jewish materialism.

25. Strong central authority capable of effectively enforcing legislation.

90 years ago, a party was founded, the name of which still evokes the most negative emotions in millions of people. On February 24, 1920, at a meeting in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall (Munich), the NSDAP was formed.

National Socialist German Workers' Party(National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany) (German. Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; abbr. NSDAP, it. NSDAP) - a political party in Germany that existed from 1919 to 1945, from 1933 to May 1945 - the ruling and only party in Germany.
After the defeat of Germany in the war in 1945, by the decision of the occupation Control Council created by the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, it was dissolved. At the Nuremberg trials, the leadership of the party was declared criminal, and the ideology of the NSDAP was called one of the main reasons for the Second World War.

The NSDAP was created on January 5, 1919 by merging the Anton Drexler Committee of Independent Workers (established on March 7, 1918 as a branch of the North German Association for the Promotion of Peace) and the Karl Harrer Political Workers 'Union (created in 1918) into the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei); DAP). On February 20, 1920, "National Socialist" was added to the old name, and under this name it existed until 1945.

Hitler himself explained the name of his party as follows:
“Socialism is the teaching of how to care for the common good. Communism is not socialism. Marxism is not socialism. The Marxists have stolen this concept and distorted its meaning. I will snatch socialism from the hands of the "socialists". Socialism is an ancient Aryan, Germanic tradition ”.

At one time, Hitler even wanted to call his party "National Bolshevik" ...

The date of formation of the NSDAP is considered February 24, 1920, when at a meeting in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall Adolf Hitler first announced the program "25 points" (from April 1, 1920 - the official program of the NSDAP). In 1926, its provisions were declared "unshakable."

1) We demand the unification of all Germans on the basis of the right of self-determination of peoples in Greater Germany.
2) We demand equality for the German people on an equal basis with other nations and the abolition of the provisions of the Versailles and Saint Germain Peace Treaties.
3) We require living space: territories and lands (colonies) necessary for the subsistence of the German people and for the resettlement of the surplus German population.
4) A citizen of Germany can only be one who belongs to the German nation, in whose veins German blood flows, regardless of religious affiliation. No Jew can be attributed to the German nation and be a citizen of Germany.
5) Anyone who is not a citizen of Germany can live in it as a guest, as a foreigner.
6) The right to elect and be elected must belong exclusively to German citizens. Therefore, we demand that all positions of any level - imperial, regional or municipal - be held only by German citizens. We are fighting against the corrupting parliamentary practice of holding office only depending on party affiliation, without taking into account character and abilities.
7) We demand that the state undertakes first of all to take care of the possibilities for work and life of the citizens of Germany. If it is impossible to feed the entire population of the state, then persons of alien nations (not citizens of the state) should be expelled from the country.
8) All further immigration to Germany of persons of the non-German race must be suspended. We demand that all persons of the non-German race who immigrated to Germany after August 2, 1914, immediately leave the Reich.
9) All citizens of the state should have equal rights and obligations.
10) The first responsibility of every German citizen will be to do work, mental or physical. The activities of each citizen should not be at variance with the interests of society as a whole, should take place within the framework of society and, therefore, should be directed for the general benefit.
11) We demand the declaration of a merciless war on those whose activities harm the common interests. Crimes against the nation committed by usurers, speculators, etc., should be punishable by death, regardless of race or belief. We demand the elimination of unearned income and interest-bearing slavery.
12) In view of the enormous loss of life and property demanded from the nation by every war, personal enrichment during a war should be considered a crime against the nation. We demand, therefore, a ruthless confiscation of military profits.
13) We demand the nationalization of industrial trusts.
14) We demand the participation of workers and employees in the profits of large commercial enterprises.
15) We demand a significant increase in retirement benefits for the elderly.
16) We demand the creation of a healthy middle class and its preservation, the immediate withdrawal from private ownership of large stores and their leasing at low prices to small producers, the strictest accounting so that small producers receive public support everywhere - at the state level, in lands or communities.
17) We demand the implementation of land reform in accordance with the interests of the German nation, the adoption of a law on the gratuitous confiscation of land for public needs, the cancellation of interest on mortgages, the prohibition of speculation in land.
18) We demand to declare a ruthless fight against crime. We demand to introduce death penalty for criminals against the German people, usurers, speculators, etc., regardless of social status, religion and nationality.
19) We demand the replacement of Roman law, which serves the interests of the materialist world order, with German popular law.
20) To provide every capable and diligent German with the opportunity to receive higher education and take a leading position, the state must take care of the all-round wide development of our entire system of public education. Programs of all educational institutions must be brought in line with the requirements of practical life. From the very beginning of the development of the child's consciousness, the school must purposefully teach students to understand the idea of ​​the state. We demand that especially talented children of poor parents, regardless of their position in society and their occupation, receive education at the expense of the state.
21) The state should direct all efforts to improve the health of the nation: to ensure the protection of motherhood and childhood, prohibit child labor, improve the physical condition of the population by introducing compulsory games and physical exercises, and support clubs involved in the physical development of young people.
22) We demand the elimination of the mercenary army and the creation people's army.
23) We demand an open political struggle against deliberate political lies and their dissemination in the press. In order to create a German national press, we demand that:
- all editors and publishers of German newspapers would be German citizens;
- non-German newspapers must obtain special permission from the state to publish. However, they cannot be published on German;
- non-German citizens would be prohibited by law from having any financial interest or influence in German newspapers. As punishment for violating this law, such a newspaper will be banned, and foreigners will be immediately deported. We demand the declaration of an irreconcilable struggle against literary and cultural movements that have a corrupting influence on our people, as well as the prohibition of all measures aimed at this.
24) We demand freedom for all religious denominations in the state as long as they do not pose a threat to it and do not oppose the morals and feelings of the German race. The party as such stands on the positions of positive Christianity, but at the same time it is not connected by convictions with any confession. She fights against the Jewish materialist spirit inside and outside us and is convinced that the German nation can achieve permanent healing within itself only on the basis of the priority of common interests over private ones.
25) To accomplish all of this, we demand: the creation of a strong centralized imperial power. The indisputable authority of the central political parliament on the territory of the entire empire in all its organizations. Establishment of estate chambers and chambers of professions for the implementation of the general laws adopted by the empire in individual federal states. Party leaders take it upon themselves to ensure the implementation of the above points at any cost, even sacrificing their lives if necessary.

The National Socialist Labor Party was based on a territorial principle and had a pronounced hierarchical structure. At the top of the pyramid of party power was the Chairman of the party, who possessed absolute power and unlimited powers.

NSDAP leaders:
- Karl Harrer 1919-1920
- Anton Drexler, from February 24, 1920 to July 29, 1921, then Honorary Chairman;
- Adolf Hitler, from July 29, 1921 to April 30, 1945.

The direct leadership of the party apparatus was carried out by the deputy Fuhrer for the party. From April 21, 1933 to May 10, 1941, he was Rudolf Hess (from September 22, 1933 - simply "Deputy Fuhrer"). Under him, in June-July 1933, the Headquarters of the Deputy Fuhrer was created to guide the current party life, which was headed by Martin Bormann). On May 12-13, 1941, the Headquarters of the Deputy Fuehrer was transformed into the Party Chancellery headed by Martin Bormann. After Rudolf Hess flew to Great Britain on May 10, 1941, a new deputy was not appointed, but in fact he was Martin Bormann, who was appointed on April 12, 1942 by a special order of Hitler as "Fuehrer's secretary".

To ensure the activities of Hitler as the leader of the party in 1934, under the leadership of Reichsleiter Philip Bowler, the personal Chancellery of the party leader was created ( Kanzlei des Führers der NSDAP).

The current leadership of party work in various areas was carried out by the so-called. "Reichsleitung" - Imperial leadership of the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( Reichsleitung der NSDAP), which consisted of the main departments of the NSDAP and party services. As a rule, such a department was headed by the Reichsleiter of the NSDAP (German. Reichsleiter- imperial leader). In their area, the Reichsleiters were as powerful as ministers. Many Reichsleiters were also Reichsministers at the same time.

By 1944, the NSDAP included 9 annexed unions ( Angeschlossene Verbände), 7 divisions of the party ( Gliederungen der Partei) and 4 organizations:

Affiliated unions (independent organizations with the rights of legal entities and their own property):
- National Socialist Union of Jurists (NS-Juristenbund)
- Imperial Union of German Employees (Reichsbund der Deutschen Beamten)
- National Socialist Union of Teachers (NS-Lehrerbund)
- National Socialist Society for Aid War Victims (NS-Kriegsopferversorgung)
- National Socialist Union of German Physicians (NSD-Ärztebund)
- National Socialist Union of German Technicians (NS-Bund Deutscher Technik)
- National Socialist Public Welfare (NS-Volkswohlfahrt)
- German Labor Front (die Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF))
- Imperial Air Defense League (Reichsluftschutzbund)

Party subdivisions:
- Hitlerjugend (HJ)
- Union of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM))
- National Socialist Teachers Union high school(NS-Deutscher Dozentenbund (NSDD))
- National Socialist Student Union (NS-Deutscher Studentenbund (NSDStB))
- National Socialist Women's Union (NS-Frauenschaft (NSF))
- National Socialist Automobile Corps (Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps (NSKK))
- security squads, SS (Schutzstaffel (SS))
- assault squads (Sturmabteilung (SA))

Organizations:
- National Socialist Society of Culture (NS-Kulturgemeinde)
- Imperial Union large families Germany for the protection of the family (Reichsbund der Kinderreichen Deutschlands zum Schütze der Familie)
- Society of German Communities (Deutscher Gemeindetag)
- "Labor of German Women" (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk)

In addition, many public organizations created before the founding of the NSDAP and had no relation to it were renamed, subordinated to party influence, subordinate to the relevant Reichsleiter or the relevant party organization.

The entire territory of Germany was originally divided into 33 party regions (Gaue), which coincided with the constituencies in the Reichstag. Subsequently, the number of Gau was increased, and in 1941 there were 43 Gau. plus the NSDAP Foreign Organization (NSDAP-Auslandsorganisation; AO), equated in rights and obligations to the Gau.

In turn, the Gau were divided into districts (Kreise), then local branches (German Ortsgruppen - literally "local group"), cells (Zellen), and the so-called blocks (Blocks). The block united from 40 to 60 households. In accordance with the principle of leaderism, each organizational unit was headed by a leader - Gauleiter, Kreisleiter, etc. (Gauleiter, Kreisleiter).

Appropriate party apparatuses were created to carry out work on the ground. Party officials had their own uniforms, ranks and insignia.

In 1945, after Germany's surrender, the NSDAP was declared a criminal organization, banned and dissolved, its property was confiscated, its leaders were convicted, and some were executed.
By the decision of the leaders of the leading countries of the anti-fascist coalition, de-Nazification was carried out in Germany, during which most of the former active members of the NSDAP were subjected to a special test. Many were dismissed from leadership positions or from socially significant organizations, such as, for example, educational institutions.

Yes, the NSDAP got what it deserved ...
But this party in the Third Reich was very reminiscent of you-know-which party in the USSR ...

Oh, what a power it was!
Oh, what people were in it!
How solemn - stately
The sounds of the anthem floated over the world!
Oh, how the faces were opened,
How the glances are filled with light!
How beautiful the capital was!
How magnificent are the parades!
Marching triumphantly
Impeccably beautiful formation,
The youth swore allegiance to their elders,
For battle-hardened heroes
Do not hustlers and swindlers
We got into our idols ...
For an idea lived in people!
Thirst to be at the forefront of the world!
What was so evil
In what we understood firmly
That "comrade" is not just a word,
And this word sounds proudly?
In that we were one people,
Strongly united by a common faith,
That dignity is not income
And the other was measured by a measure?
That vulgarity is needed
Didn't you drown art in the mud?
What attracted the boys to the sky?
That the girls had feelings?
Oh, how much nastier things are now
Worse, lower, and even less common:
Let the melody of the anthem be the same
But the impulse and the idea - where is it?
And the grief is unbearable
In the impossibility of reconciliation
Not with the loss of territories,
But with the loss of generations!
No matter how puffed up these faces,
Is there any place for hope?
Oh, how different it all is
To the country that we knew before!
That she was young, winged,
Strength multiplied year after year,
Where the people respected the soldier
And the soldier was proud of the people.
The one where they were given light,
The one where the open spaces were clear ...
And what kind of movie was filmed
Our best directors!
And what songs were ringing!
How they straightened their shoulders!
How we walked under them together
Early in the morning to meet the dawn!
These songs are about the main thing in life:
About freedom, dream, flight,
About love for a dear homeland,
About work that is always held in high esteem,
And about girls with flowers
Blossom under the May sun
And about the mother waiting for us at home,
And about a familiar land from childhood,
And about honor and about courage,
And about a faithful, reliable friend ...
And the flags were red over us
With a black swastika in a white circle.

Yuri Nesterenko

***
Hofbräuhaus (German. Hofbräuhaus) Is the world's most famous beer hall in Munich. Located at Platzl ( Platzl), not far from the central square of the city - Marienplatz.

The first building was built in 1607 by the Bavarian Duke Maximilian I to expand the court brewery. The building was opened to the public in 1828 by King Ludwig I. The old building was completely rebuilt in 1897 when the brewery moved to the suburbs (Hofbräukeller). As a result of the damage received during the Second World War, the building was badly damaged (only the first floor remained intact). The building was completely restored only in 1958.

The beer hall of the Hofbräuhaus has been visited by many historical figures, among which Lenin and Hitler... In particular, on February 24, 1920, Adolf Hitler organized at the Hofbräuhaus the first of many large public events of the Nazi Party that took place there. During his speech, he proclaimed twenty-five points that became the program of the Nazi party. This date is considered the date of the formation of the NSDAP and has been celebrated annually since 1933 at the Hofbräuhaus.

The Hofbräuhaus includes a large hall on the ground floor, in which a brass band plays in the evenings (mainly traditional Bavarian music), several smaller rooms on the second and third floors, and a beer garden. The menu includes Bavarian specialties such as roast pork, pork knuckle and Munich white sausages. Beer (helles) is served in liter mugs (masses). The Hofbräuhaus is popular with both foreigners and local residents... In 1935, the Hofbräuhaus hymn was composed: "In München steht ein Hofbräuhaus, oans, zwoa, g'suffa!"("This is the Hofbräuhaus in Munich - one, two, drink!").

NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS 'PARTY - an extremist, ultranationalist party in Germany in 1919 / 1920-1945, a political carrier and conductor of the ideology of National Socialism.

Appeared-la 05/01/1919 in Mun-he-not under the name "German work-bo-tea party" in re-zul-ta-te volume-e-di-ne-nia 2 car-li- of some political or-ga-ni-zations - the Committee of not-for-no-w-do-workers (chairman A. Drexler) and the Political work-bo -those union (chairman K. Har-rer). By-lu-chi-la-knowledge and na-cha-la to-how-to-vy-vy-vy-vy-ly-ticheskie-zizi-tion from September 1919 after entering-p-le-nia her A. Git-le-ra, su-mev-she-so-more-but-to-expand the number of her sides-nikov. 02/24/1920, pe-re-name-no-va-na in the NSDAP, then published-li-co-va-on her program ("25 points"), developed bo-tan-naya Drex-le-rum and Git-le-rum.

In the following years, this program-ma-fact-che-ski was-la-pre-da-for-forget, program-gram-do-ku-men-tom parties became-la the book of Git-ler "My fight-ba" ("Mein Kampf", 1924; 2nd part - "Zwei-tes Buch", 1928). The NSDAP ras-smat-ri-va-la se-bya as a ve-li-ko-ger-manskoe poly-lytic movement, or-ga-ni-zo-van-noe in to a certain image and ori-en-ti-ro-van-noe for a non-pre-ko-word-no-ness av-to-ri-te-tu Git-le-ra as "Fu-re-ra" (v-w-dya) of this movement and the German nation as a whole. In 1923, the NSDAP pre-took-nya-la for-torture for the grasp of power (see "Beer putsch") ... Pro-du-zha-la dey-st-vo-vat under the name "Ve-li-ko-ger-manskoe folk community", then - "Na-tsio-nal -so-cya-lytic movement of freedom-dy Ve-li-ko-ger-mania. " 02/27/1925, it was re-created under the former name Emb-le-my NSDAP from the spring of 1920 was swa-sti-ka; the central print organ since December 1920 is the newspaper "Völkischer Beobachter".

By the beginning of the 1930s, the NSDAP turned into a mass party (by January 1933 - 1.4 million, by 1945 - from 7.5 to 8.5 million -nov), in the conditions of the world-ro-in-th economic crisis of 1929-1933 and des-ta-bi-li-za -re-zhi-ma Wei-marskiy res-pub-li-ki active support from bi-ra-te-lei (in July 1932 - 37.4% , in March 1933 - 43.9%). With the knowledge of Git-le-ra, the Reichs-chancellor in January 1933 and until May 1945, the ruling party (since July 1933, the only Vienna resolution in the country of the party).

NSDAP pre-ten-do-wa-la for the role of the "people's party", representing the in-te-re-sy of all layers and so-ci-al groups of German na-se -lion. One-na-ko, bu-do-chi by the name “ra-bo-chi”, relied primarily on the middle word. The main cont-gent of its members, functions-tsio-ne-ditch and from-bi-ra-te-lei co-became-la-whether the city small traders and re-mes-len -ni-ki, middle and small chi-nov-ni-ki and servants. Since 1928, the party has been supporting the same rural community. After 1930, the share of workers among the members of the NSDAP made up about 30% li-fi-tized workers and under-mas-teas, employed on small and medium-sized pre-prizes). Since the beginning of the 1930s, the party has had a powerful financial support of the German large-scale industrial and bank ta-la, large-scale earth-le-vl-del-tsev.

In the or-ga-nizational relation, the NSDAP was built on the ter-ri-to-ri-al-no-mu prin-ts-po and had-la ier-rar-chic structure -ru (window-cha-tel-but it was by the beginning of the 1940s). At the head of the NSDAP stood "fu-rer", ras-in-la-gav-shy own kan-tse-la-ri-ei ("kan-tse-la-riya fu-re-ra"). Ru-ko-leadership of parties. ap-pa-ra-tom carried out the “deputy fu-re-ra” (in 1933-1941 R. Hess), who also had its own headquarters (in May 1941, the “headquarters deputy fu-re-ra "was pre-ob-ra-zo-van into the" party office-la-ria ", which was headed by M. Bor-man, na-zn-chen -th in 1943, also "sec-re-ta-rem fu-re-ra").

Ru-to-leadership of the party work-boy in various directions-le-ni-yam-di-lo in the com-pet-tention "im-per-sko-go ru-ko-vo -dstva NSDAP ", one hundred and one of the main directorates and various kinds of party services, the head-chiefs" Reichs-lai-te-ra-mi "( by 1944 - 18 people), some ras-in-la-ha-li shi-ro-ki-mi vl-st-ny-mi full-but-mo-chiy-mi and sub-ch- nya-lis not-in-average-but "fu-re-ru". Ter-ri-to-riya of Germany de-li-las into party oblasts ("gau"; by 1941 - 43 "gau"; by stat-tu-su to "gau" was equal to the same For-ru-bez-naya organization of the NSDAP), which-ry-ry-head-la-fox were "gau-lai-te-ra-mi" (since 1942 they have whether so-tus "Reichs-ko-mis-sa-ditch ob-ro-us"). "Gau" sub-raz-de-la-lis to ok-ru-ga in the head with "krys-lai-te-ra-mi", ok-ru-ga - to local groups py ", the next - on" cells ", and those - on" blocks ". Each sub-section in the hierarchy of the NSDAP had its own party apparatus, and the party officials had titles, uni- mu and signs of difference.

The special "sub-divisions-de-le-nia-mi" of the NSDAP were "assault-my-squads" (see SA) and "oh-early squads "(See SS), headed by G. Gimm-le-rum. In addition to them, by 1944, the NSDAP included 5 more "sub-times-de-niy" Na-cio-nal-social-cia-lytic German union of students, Na-cio-nal-social-cia-lytic female co-yuz, Na-cio-nal-so -cya-listik-pus av-to-mo-bi-listov, Na-cio-nal-co-cya-listik co-yuz pre-po-da-va-te-lei vys- shepherd school), 4 "or-ga-ni-zatsii" (Na-tsio-nal-so-tsia-lysticheskaya cultural community, Im-Persian so- yuz of many children of Germany in the defense of the family, the German Congress of Communities, the Union of German women) and 9 unnatural unions "(German labor front, national-social-social-political unions of lawyers, servants, teachers lei, doctors, technicians, etc.). In general, according to various estimates, under the control of the NSDAP in Germany, up to 95 public organizations and unions have been working.

An important role in the life of the NSDAP and the uk-re-n-ley of its political and ideological influence was played by the im-per-sky party congresses (about -vo-di-lis in 1923 in Mun-he-ne, in 1926 in Wei-ma-re, in 1927, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938 in Nuremberg; with the beginning of the Second World War, the pro-de-de-congresses were-for-time-but very-beautiful; see the Nuremberg congress - yes).

Hitler in the role of the Reichs-chancellor and the NSDAP after coming to the power of the ok world-ro-va-tion of the internal and external fields of Germany. Since 12/01/1933, Za-ko-na about the provision of a single-st-va of the party and the go-su-dar-st-va of the NSDAP pri-ob-re- la sta-tus "not-broken-torn-but-connected with the go-su-dar-st-vom no-si-tel-ni-tsy of the German state mentality" and was stav-le-na in the political relation is higher than the state ap-pa-ra-ta. One-na-ko yuri-di-che-ski under-obedience to her after-not-design-le-but it was not. The most powerful political influence on the state apparatus, the party oka-zy-va-la through the or-ga-ni-zation of the SS, member of the st - in a certain swarm was obligatory for the highest state officials. In the command of the NSDAP in Hit-lerovsky Germany, in the middle of the direct leadership of the state policy, na-ho - went all the pro-pa-gan-di-st-skaya and educational work, training of party cadres, implementation of -litical and ideo-logical control over the na-se-le-ni-it, mo-bi-li-zation-it to fight for the real-li-zation of the pro gram goals na-tsional-so-tsia-liz-ma.

After the wishing of Germany in the Second World War-not and the ok-ku-pa-tion of her territory, the troops-ska-mi countries of anti -git-le-rovskoy coalition of the NSDAP, together with the input-div-shi-mi in its composition "sub-raz-de-le-nia-mi", "or-ga-ni -za-ziya-mi "and" pri-soo-di-niv-shi-mi-syu-za-mi " no-che-go Control-no-go-ve-that in Germany from 10.10.1945 was-la-pre-shche-na. Me-w-do-people's military tri-bo-nal, for-se-d-shy in Nuremberg, in October 1946, recognized the NSDAP as a criminal or-ga-ni-za -tsi.

The defeat in the war of the German Empire and the November Revolution of 1918, Hitler considered the product of traitors who stabbed the victorious German army with a knife.

In early February 1919, Hitler volunteered for the security service of a prisoner of war camp near Traunstein near the Austrian border. About a month later, the prisoners of war - several hundred French and Russian soldiers - were released, and the camp, along with its guards, was disbanded.

On March 7, 1919, Hitler returned to Munich, to the 7th company of the 1st reserve battalion of the 2nd Bavarian infantry regiment.

At this time, he had not yet decided whether he would be an architect or a politician. In Munich, during stormy days, he did not commit himself to any obligations, he simply watched and took care of his own safety. He was in Max's barracks in Munich-Oberwiesenfeld until the day when von Epp and Noske's troops drove the Communist Soviets out of Munich. At the same time, he gave his work to the prominent artist Max Zeper for evaluation. He handed over the paintings to Ferdinand Steger for conclusion. Steger wrote: "... an absolutely extraordinary talent."

From 5 to 12 June 1919, his superiors sent him to an agitator course (Vertrauensmann). The courses were designed to train agitators who were supposed to conduct explanatory conversations against the Bolsheviks among soldiers returning from the front. Among the lecturers, far-right views prevailed, among other lectures were given by Gottfried Feder, the future economic theorist of the NSDAP.

During one of the discussions, Hitler made a very strong impression with his anti-Semitic monologue on the head of the agitation department of the 4th Bavarian Command of the Reichswehr, and he invited him to take on political functions on an army scale. A few days later he was appointed as an education officer (confidant). Hitler turned out to be a bright and temperamental speaker and attracted the attention of the audience.

The decisive moment in Hitler's life was the moment of his unshakable recognition by the supporters of anti-Semitism. Between 1919 and 1921, Hitler strenuously read books from the library of Friedrich Kohn. This library was clearly anti-Semitic, which left a deep mark on Hitler's beliefs.

On September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler, on instructions from the military, came to the Sternekerbroy pub for a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP) - founded in early 1919 by the mechanic Anton Drexler and numbering about 40 people. During the debate, Hitler, speaking from a pan-Germanist position, won a convincing victory over the supporter of the independence of Bavaria and accepted the offer of an impressed Drexler to join the party. Hitler immediately made himself responsible for party propaganda and soon began to determine the activities of the entire party.

Until April 1, 1920, Hitler continued to serve in the Reichswehr. On February 24, 1920, Hitler organized the first of many large public events of the Nazi Party in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall. During his speech, he proclaimed the twenty-five points drawn up by him, Drexler and Feder, which became the program of the Nazi party. The Twenty-Five Points combined pan-Germanism, demands for the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitism, demands for socialist transformation and a strong central government.

On Hitler's initiative, the party adopted a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party (in the German transcription of the NSDAP). V political journalism they began to be called Natsi, by analogy with the socialists - Sotsi. In July, there was a conflict in the leadership of the NSDAP: Hitler, who wanted dictatorial powers in the party, was outraged by the negotiations with other groups that took place while Hitler was in Berlin, without his participation. On July 11, he announced his withdrawal from the NSDAP. Since Hitler at that time was the most active public politician and the most successful speaker of the party, other leaders were forced to ask him to return. Hitler returned to the party and on July 29 was elected its chairman with unlimited power. Drexler was left with the post of honorary chairman without real powers, but his role in the NSDAP from that moment fell sharply.

For disrupting the speech of the Bavarian separatist politician Otto Ballerstedt, Hitler was sentenced to three months in prison, but he served only a month in the Munich Stadelheim prison - from June 26 to July 27, 1922. On January 27, 1923, Hitler held the first congress of the NSDAP; 5,000 stormtroopers marched through Munich.

"Beer putsch"

By the early 1920s. The NSDAP has become one of the most prominent organizations in Bavaria. Ernst Rohm was at the head of the assault detachments (the German abbreviation of the SA). Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria.

In 1923, a crisis broke out in Germany, caused by the French occupation of the Ruhr. The Social Democratic government, which first called on the Germans to resist and plunged the country into an economic crisis, and then accepted all the demands of France, came under attack from both the right and the communists. Under these conditions, the Nazis entered into an alliance with the right-wing conservative separatists who were in power in Bavaria, jointly preparing a speech against the Social Democratic government in Berlin. However, the strategic goals of the allies differed sharply: the former sought to restore the pre-revolutionary monarchy of the Wittelsbachs, while the Nazis sought to create a strong Reich. The leader of the Bavarian right, Gustav von Kar, who was proclaimed the commissar of the land with dictatorial powers, refused to carry out a number of orders from Berlin and, in particular, to disband the Nazi troops and close the Völkischer Beobachter. However, faced with the firm position of the Berlin General Staff, the leaders of Bavaria (Kar, Lossow and Seiser) hesitated and declared to Hitler that they did not intend to openly oppose Berlin for the time being. Hitler took this as a signal that he should take the initiative into his own hands.

On November 8, 1923, at about 9 pm, Hitler and Erich Ludendorff, at the head of the armed stormtroopers, arrived at the Munich beer house Bürgerbreukeller, where a rally was being held with the participation of Kara, Lossov and Seisser. Going inside, Hitler announced the "overthrow of the government of traitors in Berlin." However, soon the Bavarian leaders managed to leave the pub, after which Karr issued a proclamation about the dissolution of the NSDAP and the storm troops. For their part, the stormtroopers under the command of Ryom occupied the headquarters building. ground forces in the Ministry of War; there they, in turn, were surrounded by soldiers of the Reichswehr.

On the morning of November 9, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of a 3,000-strong column of attack aircraft, moved towards the Ministry of Defense, however, a police detachment blocked their way on Residenzstrasse and opened fire. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters left the streets. This episode went down in the history of Germany under the name "beer putsch".

In February - March 1924, the trial of the leaders of the putsch took place. Only Hitler and several of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler for high treason to 5 years in prison and a fine of 200 gold marks. Hitler was serving his sentence in Landsberg Prison. However, after 9 months, in December 1924, he was released.

During his 9 months in prison, Hitler's work "Mein Kampf" (Mein Kampf, my struggle) was written. In this work, he outlined his position on racial purity, declaring war on Jews, communists, declared that Germany should dominate the world.