the main - Castaneda Carlos
Alexander Nevsky adopted son. Prince Alexander Nevsky is the adopted son of Khan Batu. Tatar-Mongols against the Templars
Prince Alexander Nevsky - adopted son of Khan Baty

"Hero, saint, our banner ... He killed the Russians, cut off their noses and ears in a way that the Tatars themselves did not do. And deliberately. He told the Tatars: I will collect more tribute for you than you can. But for this, help me beat my neighbors. They helped and beat him. And gave him the title of Grand Duke ... ".
The Orthodox Church sacrilegiously sacrificed him to the "face of the saints."


“There is such a Satan of Russian history - Alexander Nevsky. He had a goal - to reign in Vladimir, and for the sake of selfish interests, he planted a fierce Tatar yoke in Russia. And he did it in the most vile way - by betraying his brother. "
(M. Gorelik, "Ogonyok")“The Russian people, Russian freedom were betrayed and sold from within. They fell prey to a kind of conspiracy. And his key figure was the Russian "national hero" Alexander Nevsky ... Alexander was born into the family of Yaroslav ... It was from him (Yaroslav - SB) that the idea of ​​historical betrayal originated; despotic system of power. The shame of Russian historical consciousness, Russian historical memory is that Alexander Nevsky became ... the banner of the very people whose historical fate he cruelly distorted. "
(M. Sokolsky. "Wrong memory", M., 1990)

“Is it possible to consider a Tatar henchman, capitulator and collaborator named Alexander as a great national hero? .. The man who imposed foreign domination with his own hands, called on his own brothers Mongol armies (the main Russian prince was put it by the Nevryuev army, which he had nailed on his older brother Andrey ) ... fraternized with Sartak Batuyevich, and then signed with Berke all the conditions of vassality and tributary ... After which he did not hesitate to lead his squads against the Russian population that did not agree with this. The cults of Stalin and Lenin were “exposed”, and so successfully and convincingly that there is no chance of their revival. The cult from Peter I does not work. Too much is known about him that the holy-like figure does not add up. There remains only Alexander Yaroslavich from the Rurik family, nicknamed Nevsky. Interest in him never faded away, but in recent years he has acquired features that are almost not inferior to the forms of the glorification of Joseph Vissarionovich. Likewise, they ignore facts, contradictions and things that are completely obvious, but do not fit into the generally accepted scheme. This belongs to the category of social pathologies.
How to judge the people who invented for themselves, sucked out of the finger and put in the main national heroes and symbols a figure who, whatever one may say, you cannot call anything other than a traitor?
(Nikolay Zhuravlev, Internet magazine "Arba")

“Alexander Nevsky was the first of the Russian grand dukes who, instead of resisting the Tatars, went to direct cooperation with them. He began to act in alliance with the Tatars against other princes: he punished the Russians - including Novgorodians - for disobeying the conquerors, and in a way that the Mongols never dreamed of (he cut their noses, and cut off ears, and cut off their heads, and impaled ) ... But today's mythological consciousness will perceive the news that the prince was actually the "first collaborator" quite unequivocally - as an anti-patriotic slander. "
(Yuri Afanasyev, Rodina magazine)

“Alexander Nevsky ... Hero, saint, our banner ... He said to the Tatars: I will collect more tributes for you than you can. But for that, help me beat up my neighbors. They helped and beat me. And they gave him the title of Grand Duke ... "(Yu. Afanasyev," Obshchaya Gazeta ")

This is how some Russian historians and publicists write about Alexander Nevsky today.

The accusations of treason against Alexander Nevsky are not an invention of our contemporaries. In Western historical science, the Polish scientist Uminsky and the German historian Amman wrote about this even in time immemorial. Of modern Western historians, the treaty between Alexander Nevsky and the Horde was called "shameful" by the Englishman John Fennell.

Alas, the Russian historical science of the 19th century was rather cool about Nevsky. True, the scientists of that time did not dare to openly accuse the holy prince. It was tantamount to sacrilege. And therefore, in the works of the founders, Soloviev and Klyuchevsky, he is mentioned in passing. Even if it is respectful.

But Russian foreign and Soviet historians of the twentieth century were no longer shy. In 1931, a book by Georgy Fedotov was published in Paris, which directly says that the saint is a saint, but in the "Life ..." for some reason it is not written that he was friends with the Horde, "humiliated before the khan" and thereby humiliated all of Russia ... And in the Soviet Union, until the 1940s, Alexander Nevsky was considered a traitor. In the Small Soviet Encyclopedia of 1930, they wrote about Nevsky: “In 1252 A. gets (feel the attitude:“ gets it ”! - S. B.) in the Horde a label for the great reign ... Suppressed the unrest of the Russian population, protesting against the heavy tribute to the Tatars ... "Peaceful" (in quotation marks! - SB) A.'s policy was assessed by the Russian church, which got along with the khan: after A.'s death, she declared him a saint. "

In general, an intriguer, a traitor and oppressor of the Russian people, who, together with the church, sold himself to the Golden Horde. Nothing else ... However, this indirectly recognized the union of Alexander Nevsky and the Russian Church with the Horde! This continued until the 40s, when the Stalinist period of his glorification began: the Patriotic War, the Germans-invaders ... When the film of the same name was released, which made Alexander Nevsky a national hero, defender of Russia from the invasion of the Teutons ... And then any mention of the Horde was removed from everyone books.

The inevitability of moral evaluations in historical science is absolutely indisputable: evaluating the past, each generation determines its further path. However, the "judgment of history" is not always fair, and the role of "judges" sometimes turns out to be a truly "devilish temptation" for historians. Very indicative in this respect is the discussion that has unfolded recently around the history of the life and deeds of Prince Alexander Nevsky. The fate of the image of this prince in the national cultural tradition was generally happy: for centuries he was revered by the church as a faithful saint, the same tradition was established among historians. N.M. Karamzin wrote about Alexander in a typical lofty tone, the prince appeared in S.M. about him almost in the spirit of Karamzin.

Thanks to the efforts of the church, and then at a new stage and the propaganda system of the Soviet state, the image of Prince Alexander Nevsky went beyond the purely historical text and became a symbol, part of the national-state myth, which forms the basis of the social psychology of any society. The Novgorod prince was both pride and an example. The prince did not lose his halo even when L. N. Gumilyov made him one of the authors of the "alliance" between Russia and the Golden Horde.

But recently another point of view has also emerged. Having looked at the "sun of the Suzdal land" through the "dark glass", the Moscow historian IN Danilevsky discovered a lot of the most ugly spots on it. It turned out that the holy noble prince all this time enjoyed respect completely undeservedly.

It turned out that the Battle of the Neva and the Battle of the Ice were completely passing battles, in which not so many people died, their real influence on the political process was small. The Lithuanian prince Mindovg managed to kill more Germans, which means that Metropolitan Kirill, apparently, had to glorify him. As for relations with the Horde, here Alexander appears to be almost the direct predecessor of General Vlasov (only more successful) - it was through his efforts that the Horde “yoke was hoisted around the neck of the Russian people” 1.

We will not touch here on the factual side of this concept, but ask ourselves the question: is this approach to the interpretation of Russian medieval history justified? First of all, one cannot agree with Danilevsky that the mythologization, and hence the idealization of the image of the prince, begun by his contemporaries, is an outright untruth and even "cynicism." Evaluation of historical events does not arise by itself - it is a function of public consciousness, what is called "public resonance". The number of participants cannot be decisive here. The battle of Kulikovo did not lead directly to the overthrow of the Horde yoke, but no one questioned its significance. It also does not matter whether the fighting continued in the future: victory is far from always final (Borodino, the Battle of Moscow, the Battle of Stalingrad). What matters is something completely different. If in the ancient Russian literary culture, and then in the writings of historians, an attitude was formed towards the deeds of the prince as an example of personal courage and heroism - it is the significance of these battles that cannot be questioned.

Sergei Eisenstein's film, paradoxical as it may seem, is also an indicator of the importance of Alexander Nevsky's victories for the history of Russia. Danilevsky for some reason refuses to take into account that myth is not a lie, but a special kind of reality2. Contrasting the ideal image of "historical reality" from a scientific point of view looks completely meaningless, and from an ideological point of view - unconstructive. The national memory should have its ideal heroes, worthy ancestors to be proud of. They serve as an essential vitamin for the development of national pride and self-esteem. Perhaps, from the point of view of Danilevsky (sometimes convincing, sometimes completely disputable), Alexander Nevsky is not suitable for this role, but objectively he has been for centuries - and you can hardly do anything about it. And this image contained not the ideals of calculating politicking (even if we assume that the "real" prince was a "collaborationist"), but an example of courage, reckless courage, military leadership and nobility.

Yes, Alexander Nevsky served the Golden Horde. Moreover, the prince was the adopted son of Khan Batu and the named brother of Batu's son, Tsarevich Sartak. In those days, it was easy to transgress through consanguinity. But the named brotherhood was revered as a shrine and was unshakable. Thus, Alexander Nevsky secured the support of the Horde in repelling the next crusade against Russia and the Orthodox faith, begun by the Roman Catholic Church back in the XII century. "Help me beat my neighbors" - this is how the historian Afanasyev defines Alexander's aspirations, but at that time it was no longer just about "neighborly" squabbles and "neighborly" rivalry.

Russian princes were divided into supporters of the Horde and supporters of the West, inclined to the introduction of Catholicism in Russia. And therefore the Russian prince Alexander took the squad from his Mongolian named brother Sartak and went to war against his own brother Andrei, the Russian prince ... No one remembers Prince Daniel of Galitsky anymore. But he was considered the "Russian king", having accepted the crown and title from the hands of the Pope. So it is not in him, not in Daniel, the essence. And the fact is that because of his deeds, his pro-Western policy, Gapitskaya Rus sank into oblivion along with him. With her people, way of life, faith. In those days, the Roman Church did not recognize the equality of religions and peoples. Who does not know about the seriousness of the centuries-old invasion of the Crusaders and the pressure of the Catholic Church, can look ... reference books on Russian ancient churches. Where there was the Horde influence, the St. Sophia Cathedral, the Golden Gate and the Vydubetsky Monastery in Kiev - XI century, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, the Transfiguration Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky, the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin in Suzdal, the Golden Gate and the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir - have been preserved - XII century, etc. Not to mention later times.

In the western regions of Russia, where the crusaders visited, there is not a single Orthodox church older than the 17th century. Everything was wiped off the face of the earth. The named brotherhood with Sartak and the position of Batu's adopted son marked the beginning of a military alliance between Russia and the Golden Horde, which was supported and strengthened by the successors of the work of Alexander Nevsky. Next to the Russian warriors, the Horde cavalry fought against the crusaders. It may be recalled that Prince Yaroslav, Alexander's father, suggested that the Russian princes recognize Batu as "tsar" six years after the end of Batu's campaign. And the Russians began to pay tribute twenty years later. If we consider that the payment of tribute began when the Pope announced a crusade against the "schismatics" (Orthodox) and "Tatars", then it is quite possible to consider it a common cauldron for waging war. So what we are talking about here, most likely, should not be about the "yoke", but about the real state. Alexander Nevsky saved the Russian state and the Orthodox faith, for which he was canonized by the church. His death is still a mystery.

Historian Lev Gumilev writes that the Grand Duke could have died from what we call the modern word "stress". Novgorod alone could lead to a nervous breakdown. This ungrateful, violent freeman ... As soon as a military threat arose, they turned to him. He came, rescued, and the free city expelled its savior. This was repeated from time to time. Shortly before the conclusion of an official alliance with the Horde, Batu, the adoptive father and patron, dies. However, his son remains - brother of Sartak, a Christian of the Nestorian persuasion. But in the same year, Sartak also dies from poison. Batu's brother Berke comes to power. All previous treaties remain in force, an alliance has been concluded on military aid with payment in the form of an annual tribute - "exit". Nevsky is taking the Horde Baskaks to Novgorod for the census and tribute accounting. And he gets a terrible blow from his own son Vasily. Vasily, a drunkard and a brawler, revolts against his father and leads the conspirators to kill the Horde envoys. At that moment, the fate of the whole case of Alexander and Russia was on the map. The Mongols never forgave the murders of ambassadors. Thanks to the faithful squad. Alexander leads the ambassadors out of the city. And - punishes the rioters, This is probably where the words of Afanasyev came from: "He killed the Russians, cut off their noses and ears in a way that the Tatars themselves did not do." Mindaugas renounces Catholicism Friendship with the Grand Duke of Lithuania begins, an alliance with Lithuania is outlined. Alexander, together with Khan Berke (a Muslim) and Batu's grandson Prince Mengu-Timur (a pagan), open an Orthodox episcopate in Soray, the capital of the Horde. Behind fifteen years of the bloody way of the cross, when some are open enemies, on others there is little hope, and the majority do not understand hostilely ... It seems that one can finally take a break from the terrible tension. But then the news of the murder of Mindaugas comes ... How much more can a person withstand!

The Grand Duke Alexander departed to another world on the road of his destiny, on the way from Sarai to Vladimir, in the small beautiful town of Gorodets on the high bank of the Volga, from where the whole breadth of the earth opens up.

Historians of the Russian Empire, depending on their views, either with enthusiasm, or, by the way, inform readers about the honorable fraternization of Alexander Nevsky with the son of Khan Batu - Sartak.
Some "Chronicle Svody" even assert that Alexander Nevsky was the "adopted son" of Khan Batu.

In history, the fact of fraternization (on blood!) Between Alexander and Sartak did take place.

Here is how the historian L.N. Gumilyov:
"The ancient Mongols had a touching custom of fraternization. Boys or young men exchanged gifts and became Andes, named brothers. Twinning was considered above blood kinship; the Andes were like one soul: never leaving, they save each other in mortal danger. This custom was used by Alexander Nevsky. with Batu's son, Sartak, he became, as it were, a relative of the khan. "

/ L.N. Gumilev "In Search ...", pp. 132-133./

So a vicious circle has closed with "an admixture of lies."

Alexander, the so-called Nevsky, - anda Sartak, as evidenced by history, could not have been born in 1220-1221. This is a common myth of the Catherine's "Commission", "which composed the history, mainly of Russia."
He was born, like his anda, Sartak, in the years 1228-1230.
And all the speculations about the "greatest" victories of Alexander, allegedly won by him near Novgorod, are an elementary lie.
Other people's deeds, for the sake of the exaltation of Muscovy, were attributed to Prince Alexander, who was brought up from 1238 to 1252 at the court of the Khan and devotedly served his homeland - the Golden Horde.

And in the world's piggy bank of memory, documents have been preserved that indirectly confirm our conclusions.
As the reader, who visited Batu's headquarters and the Karakorum Plano Karpini in 1246-1247, remembers, in his memoirs, absolutely nowhere does he mention Khan Sartak. That is, by the summer of 1247, Sartak had not yet separated from his father, but was part of his family and nomad, and, therefore, was called not Khan, but the son of Batu.

I hope the reader will remember that Prince Alexander, the so-called Nevsky, received the Grand Duke Vladimir's table from the hands of his anda, Khan Sartak, in 1252. The Rostov-Suzdal land, or, as the great traveler Rubruk called it, the Moksel land, in 1249-1250, by decision of Batu, went to Sartak, along with other possessions from the Volga to the Don. And it is quite understandable that one of his Ulus Sartak gave to a trusted person, his anda - Alexander, the so-called Nevsky.

Brought up in the Tatar-Mongol environment, adopting the Horde worldview, becoming the Anda of Sartak, Alexander didn’t need to betray his brother Andrey, take possession of the label on the grand-princely Vladimir’s table and, together with the Tatar-Mongolian troops, again walk devastatingly across the Rostov-Suzdal land.

I give a confirmation of these words.

"Preparing to fight Andrei Yaroslavich ... Alexander Yaroslavich went to the Horde for help, but not to Batu himself, but to his son Sartak ... And victory in 1252 was won with the help of Sartak's troops. Alexander's friendship with Sartak was well known. "

/ L.N. Gumilev "In Search ...", p. 295./

Let us listen, reader, to the rector of the Russian State Humanitarian University, Yuri Afanasyev.

"History is always" present "in the present day. A different approach will be one-sided ...

Under Ivan III, the expansion of Russia (Muscovy!) Began. Then there was Peter I. And then no one thought to stop. All resources were used in order to conquer something. And then they did not have time to equip these territories - they only defended them.

Remember, with Berdyaev: Russia is bruised by its breadth. This is in the conquests that the country could not digest, and in the boot with which Khrushchev knocked at the UN, and in the desire to make the whole world happy with socialism.

We never lived normally: we caught up, then conquered, then defended. "

/ Newspaper "Trud" No. 213, dated 18.11.98, p. 2 /

For 525 years (from XIV to XX centuries), the Russian Empire, and its predecessor, Muscovy, fought for 329 years.

Such a psychology of robbery and banditry was laid in the minds of Muscovites by the "unforgettable" Alexander Nevsky. In borrowing from the Golden Horde and planting in the Moscow ulus just such a statehood was the greatest merit of Alexander Nevsky to the future Muscovy and its establishment. The rest of Alexander Nevsky's "exploits" are from the evil one and are a common lie "by historians who have composed history, mainly of Russia."

All the deeds of Alexander in the grand ducal field, starting from 1252, his sons and subsequent successors were incredibly cruel and immoral even by the standards of those times, as in relation to the people of Rostov-Suzdal land and Muscovy, or rather it will be said - to the people of Moksel, so and in relation to neighboring peoples.

"Orthodox Byzantium soon fell under the rule of the Turks, and Russia, cut off from Catholic Europe, buried itself in the iron curtain. The history textbooks give an episode from the life of Alexander Nevsky, where the Novgorod prince proudly rejects the proposal of the Pope (of Rome - VB) to accept the royal crown of the European sovereign from the hands of the Roman high priest.

In fact, this pride turned sideways to us. Alexander Nevsky, so proud of the Roman ambassadors, was extremely humble and meek before the Tatar-Mongol Khan. He dutifully went to the Horde to receive a label for reigning and, alas (!!!) climbed on all fours to the khan's throne, as required by the custom of the Horde. In addition, he was forced to mercilessly pacify any protests against the Tatars in his possessions and collected tribute for the Khan, pacifying his compatriots with fire and sword.

A strange paradox of history. Alexander Nevsky considered it a shame to accept the crown from the Pope, like all European sovereigns, and to crawl under the yoke and accept the label of reign from the fierce Horde did not look like a shame. "

/ Newspaper "Izvestia" dated June 12, 1997. Article by Konstantin Kedrov "We all walk under one God."


Painting by Russian artist Pavel Ryzhenko "Sartak". Here Khan Sartak is most likely depicted together with Alexander Nevsky. The motive of their fraternization is known exclusively from the works of Gumilyov and other Soviet science fiction writers. However, if Sartak was a Christian, then such fraternization is quite possible.

European, Syrian and Armenian news that such and such a Mongol khan adopted Christianity should be received with great caution: as you know, missionaries often called those khans who only patronized Christianity as Christians. In all Mongolian possessions, there was a struggle between Christians, Buddhists and Muslims, who vied with each other to attract the khans to their side; but the enmity between Christians and Buddhists was much weaker than their common hatred of Islam, which they often fought with united forces. The first khans, remaining shamanists, remained neutral in this struggle and intervened in it only when it disturbed public peace too sharply; only a few of them, obeying the influence of their Christian and Buddhist advisers, issued orders against Muslims. About every Mongol khan who showed hostility to Muslims, there is some news that he was a Christian (Chagatai, Guyuk, Khubilai, Baidu); we find similar news even about those khans who equally patronized all religions (Mongke). If a Muslim writer says about some khan that he was a Christian, then such news, of course, deserves more confidence, although it cannot be relied on unconditionally, since it could have been borrowed from Christian sources. We managed to find two such pieces of news, which, as far as we know, have not yet been given by anyone.

In 657 / 1258-59, Sayyid Ashraf ad-din from Samarkand came to Delhi for trade; here he was seen by the historian al-Juzjani, the author of the book "Nasir's tables". Sayyid told our historian, by the way, the following incident.

After Batu's death, he was succeeded by his son Sartak, the persecutor of Muslims. Having ascended the throne, he had to go to worship the great khan Mongke; on the way back, he drove past the horde of Berkai and turned aside without seeing his uncle. Berkay sent to ask him about the reason for such an insult; Sartak replied: "You are a Muslim, and I profess the Christian faith; to see the face of a Muslim is a misfortune." Berkeley locked himself in his tent, put a rope around his neck and spent three days crying and praying: "God, if Muhammad's faith agrees with the truth, avenge Sartak for me!" On the fourth day after that, Sartak died.

The story given by us belongs to a Muslim, a contemporary of the event; from its content it is clear that it could not have been invented by Christians. We also find the news that Sartak was a Christian in some Christian writers; according to Abu-l-Faraj, he was even ordained a deacon. Rumors about the baptism of Sartak prompted Louis IX to send Rubruk (1253) to the Mongols, who was accepted by Sartak and left him with the conviction that this khan was, although the patron saint of Christians, not a Christian; by the way, Rubruk cites the words of his secretary Koyak: "Don't you dare say that our khan is a Christian; he is not a Christian, but a Mongol." But Rubruk himself says elsewhere that Koyak was a Nestorian; So, his words only show that in Central Asia, Christians did not call themselves this name, which did not pass into the Eastern languages ​​and is not found either in the Semirechye inscriptions or in the Syro-Chinese monument. However, Rubruk was at the court of Sartak even before Batu's death; Perhaps Sartak finally adopted Christianity after he became the head of the Kipchak ulus.

Another piece of news belongs to Sheref ad-din, who, in his introduction (Mukaddam) to the history of Timur, outlines the history of the Mongols; this introduction, far from being devoid of interest, was not included in either Petya de la Croix's translation or the Calcutta edition of 1887-1888. Speaking about the reign of the fifth great khan Temur, or Uljaitu (1294-1307), Sheref ad-din notes that his nephew Kashly, the son of Berlas, was a Christian. This news is less reliable than the previous one, since it does not belong to a contemporary and could be borrowed from Christians; but in any case it deserves attention. From the letters of Monte Corvino we can conclude that the position of Christians during the reign of Temur was rather favorable.

Bartold V.V. "Works on selected problems
History of Central Asia ", (2)," Science ", Moscow, 1964

Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan (c. 1209-1255 / 1256) is undoubtedly a fatal figure in the history of Russia in the 13th century. Unfortunately, history did not preserve his portrait and left few descriptions of the khan during his lifetime, but what we know speaks of him as an extraordinary personality.

Birthplace of Batu - Buryatia or Altai

Batu Khan was born in about 1209. Most likely, this happened on the territory of Buryatia or Altai. His father was Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi (c. 1184 - c. 1227; born in captivity, so it was believed that he was not Genghis Khan's son), and his mother was Uki-Khatun, who was related to Genghis Khan's eldest wife. Thus, Batu was the grandson of Genghis Khan (c. 1155 or 1162 - August 25, 1227) and the grand-nephew of his wife.

Jochi owned the largest inheritance of the Chingizids. He was killed, possibly at the behest of Genghis Khan, when Bat was 18 years old.

According to legend, Jochi was buried in the mausoleum, which is located on the territory of Kazakhstan, 50 kilometers northeast of the city of Zhezkazgan. Historians believe that the mausoleum could have been built over the grave of the khan many years later.

Khan Batu, cursed and fair

The name Batu means "strong", "strong". During his lifetime, he received the nickname Sain Khan, which in Mongolian means "noble", "generous" and even "just".

The only chroniclers who spoke flatteringly about Batu were the Persians. The Europeans wrote that the khan instills strong fear, but he behaves "affectionately", knows how to hide emotions and emphasizes his belonging to the Chingizid family.

He entered our history as a destroyer - "evil-minded", "accursed" and "filthy".

The holiday that became the commemoration of Genghis Khan

Besides Batu, Jochi had 13 sons. There is a legend that they all gave way to each other's father's place and asked their grandfather to resolve the dispute. Genghis Khan chose Batu and gave him the commander Subedei (1176-1248) as his mentor. In fact, Batu did not receive power, he was forced to distribute the land to the brothers, and he himself performed representative functions. Even his father's army was led by the elder brother Orda-Ejen (Ordu-Ichen, c. 1204-1251).

According to legend, the holiday that the young khan arranged upon returning home turned into a commemoration: a messenger brought the news of the death of Genghis Khan.

Ogedei, who became the Great Khan (c. 1186 - 1241), disliked Jochi, but in 1229 he confirmed the title of Batu. Landless Batu had to accompany his uncle on the Chinese campaign. The campaign to Russia, which the Mongols began to prepare in 1235, became a chance for Batu to gain possession.

Tatar-Mongols against the Templars

In addition to Batu Khan, 11 more princes wanted to lead the campaign. Batu turned out to be the most experienced. As a teenager, he participated in a military campaign against Khorezm and Polovtsy. It is believed that the khan took part in the Battle of Kalka in 1223, where the Mongols defeated the Polovtsy and the Russians. There is another version: the troops for the campaign against Russia were gathered in the possessions of Batu, and perhaps he simply carried out a military coup, using weapons to persuade the princes to retreat. In fact, the army commander was not Batu, but Subedei.

First, Batu conquered the Volga Bulgaria, then devastated Russia and returned to the Volga steppes, where he wanted to start creating his own ulus.

But Ogedei Khan demanded new conquests. And in 1240 Batu invaded South Russia, took Kiev. His goal was Hungary, where the old enemy of the Chingizids, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan, fled (date of birth unknown, killed in Pest around 1240/1241).

Poland was the first to fall, Krakow was taken. In 1241, at Legnica, the German-Polish army of Prince Henry II the Pious (1192-1241) was defeated, in which even the French Templars and knights of the Teutonic Order fought. Then there were Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary. Then the Mongols reached the Adriatic and took Zagreb. Europe turned out to be helpless. Louis IX of France (1214-1270) was preparing to die, while the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1194-1250) was about to flee to Palestine. They were saved by the fact that at the end of 1241 Khan Ogedei died, and Batu turned back.

Batu vs. Karakorum

The election of a new Great Khan dragged on for five years. Finally, the son of Ugedei, Guyuk (1206-1248), was chosen, who understood that Batu Khan would never obey him. He gathered troops and moved them to the Jochi ulus, but suddenly he died "in time", most likely from poison.

Three years later, Batu staged a military coup in Karakorum. With the support of the brothers, he made his friend Munke (1208-1259) the Great Khan, the son of Tolui - the fourth son of Genghis Khan, who recognized Batu the right to control the policy of Bulgaria, Russia and the North Caucasus.

The bone of contention between Mongolia and Batu remained the lands of Iran and Asia Minor. Batu's activities to protect the ulus bore fruit. In the 1270s, the Golden Horde ceased to depend on Mongolia.

In 1254, Batu Khan founded the capital of the Golden Horde - Sarai-Batu ("City of Batu"), which stood on the Akhtuba River. The barn was located on the hills and stretched along the river bank for 15 kilometers. It was a wealthy city with its own jewelry, foundry and ceramic workshops. There were 14 mosques in Saray-Batu. The palaces decorated with mosaics thrilled foreigners, and the khan's palace, located at the highest point of the city, was lavishly decorated with gold. It was from its magnificent appearance that the name "Golden Horde" came from. The city was wiped out by Tamerlane (1336-1405) in 1395.

Khan Batu and Prince Alexander Nevsky

It is known that the Russian holy prince Alexander Nevsky (1221-1263) met with Batu Khan. The meeting between Batu and Nevsky took place in July 1247 on the Lower Volga. Nevsky "stayed" with Batu until the fall of 1248, after which he left for Karakorum.

Lev Gumilev believes that Alexander Nevsky and Batu Khan's son Sartak (c. 1228 / 1232-1256) even fraternized, and thus Alexander allegedly became Batu's adopted son. Since there is no chronicle confirmation of this, it may turn out that this is only a legend.

But we can assume that during the yoke, it was the Golden Horde that prevented our western neighbors from invading Russia. The Europeans were simply afraid of the Golden Horde, remembering the ferocity and ruthlessness of Khan Batu.

The mystery of Batu's death

Batu Khan died in 1256 at the age of 48. Contemporaries believed that he could have been poisoned. They even said that he died on the campaign. But most likely, he died of a hereditary rheumatic disease. Khan often complained of pain and numbness in his legs, sometimes because of this he did not come to the kurultai, where important decisions were made. Contemporaries said that the khan's face was covered with red spots, which clearly indicated ill health. Considering that maternal ancestors also suffered from pain in their legs, then this version of death looks plausible.

Batu's body was interred where the Akhtuba river flows into the Volga. The khan was buried according to Mongol custom, having built a house with a rich bed in the ground. At night, a herd of horses was driven over the grave so that no one would ever find this place.
 

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The most emotional statuses for boys with meaning

The most emotional statuses for boys with meaning

Everyone can upset a real kid, but not everyone has time to apologize! Fell down - get up, and get up - go. There will be a new dawn - there will be a sea of ​​victories. AND...

Wise statuses with meaning

Wise statuses with meaning

Letting go of a person who is very dear to you, you always wish him only the best, but seeing him happy without you, your heart begins ...

Joker - quotes from comics

Joker - quotes from comics

Harvey Dent (Two Face) Carbon barrel, 28 gauge, made in China. If you want to kill a servant of the people, Mr. Maroney, buy ...

Suicidal statuses about death

Suicidal statuses about death

Suicide quotes occupy an important place in psychology. Many people have thought about suicide at least once in their lives, or at least in passing ...
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