Oirats (Mongolian: "oyrad", "oyrd", Oird; in the past also the Eleuts) are the westernmost group of Mongols, whose ancestral home is in the Altai Territory of western Mongolia. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern part of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is in Kalmykia, a subject of Russia, where they are called Kalmyks. Historically, the Oirats consisted of four main tribes: Dzungars (Choros or Lots), Torgut, Derbet and Khoshut. Small tribes include: khoid, bayadi, myangad, zakhkhin, baatud. Etymology The name probably means "oh" (forest) and "ard" (man), and they were included among the "forest people" in the 13th century. The second opinion believes that the name comes from the Mongolian word "oirt" (or "oirkhon") meaning "close (as in the distance)" as well as "close / closer". The name Oirat can be derived from a distortion of the original group name Dörben Öörd, which means “Allied Four”. Perhaps inspired by the designation Dörben Ord, other Mongols at times used the term “monks of dochin” (“dochin” meaning forty) for themselves, but there was seldom such a great unity among a large number of tribes as among the Oirats. Writing system In the 17th century, Zaya Pandita, a Gelug monk of the Khoshut tribe, developed a new writing system called Todo Bichig (pure writing) for use by the Oirat people. This system was developed on the basis of the older Mongolian alphabet, but had a more developed system of diacritics to eliminate misreading, and reflected some lexical and grammatical differences between Oirat and Mongolian. The Todo Bichig writing system was used in Kalmykia (Russia) until the mid-1920s, when it was replaced by Latin and then Cyrillic. It can be seen on some public signs in the capital of Kalmykia, Elista, and is superficially taught in schools. In Mongolia, it was also replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1941. Some Oirats in China still use Todo Bichig as their primary writing system, as well as Mongolian script. The Zaya Pandita monument was opened for the 400th anniversary of the birth of Zaya Pandit and the 350th anniversary of its creation by Tod Bichig. History The Oirats share history, geography, culture and language with the Eastern Mongols and at different times united under the leadership of the same leader as a larger Mongolian entity - be it a ruler of Oirat origin or Chinggissids. Khoshut (Mongolian: "khoshuud", hoshuud), khoros or Ölöt (", ld", Ööld), torgut (torguud, torgud) and dörbet ("dөrvөd", Dörvöd) kal, or cube. Kalmak, which in translation from the western Turkic neighbors means “remnant” or “stay”. Various sources also list the tribes of the Barguts, Buzavs, Kerait and Naiman, which are part of the Durben Horde; some tribes could join the original four only in later years. However, this name may reflect the fact that Kalmyks remain Buddhists, rather than convert them to Islam; or the remaining Kalmyks in the then Altai Territory, when the Turkic tribes migrated further west. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty, the Oirats and the Eastern Mongols developed separate identities to the point that the Oirats called themselves the "Four Oirats", while they only referred to those under the rule of the Khagans in the east as "Mongols." Early history One of the earliest references to the Oirat people in the historical text can be found in The Secret History of the Mongols, a chronicle of Genghis Khan's rise to power in the 13th century. In The Secret History, the Oirats are considered “forest people” and are said to live under the rule of a shaman chieftain known as the Beks. They lived in Tuva and the Mongolian province of Khovsgol, while the Oirats moved south in the 14th century. In one famous passage, the leader of the Oirats, Kuduk Beki, uses poison or "thunder stone" to cause a powerful storm on Genghis Khan's army. A magic ploy, however, backfires when an unexpected wind blows the storm back to Kudaku. In the early stages of the uprising of Temujin Chinggis, the Oirats under the command of Kuduk bekhi fought against Chinggis and were defeated. The Oirats were completely subordinated to Mongol rule after their ally Jamukha, Temujin's childhood friend and later rival, was destroyed. Submitting to the khan, the Oirats would have formed as a loyal and formidable faction of the Mongolian military machine. In 1207, Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, conquered the forest tribes, including the Oirats and Kirghiz. The Great Khan gave these people to his son Jochi, and one of his daughters, Checheigen, married the leader of the Oirats, Khutug-behi, or his son. There were famous Oirats in the Mongol Empire, such as Argun Aga and his son Navruz. In 1256, the body of the Oirats under the command of Bukha-Temur (Mongolian: Bukha-Tөmur, Bөkhtөmur) joined the Khulagu expedition to Iran and fought against the Hashashins, Abbasids in Persia. Ilkhan Hulagu and his successor Abakha resettled them to Turkey. And they took part in the Second Battle of Homs, where the Mongols were defeated. Most of the Oirats left behind supported Arik Böke against Khublai in the Toluid Civil War. Kublai defeated his younger brother and they entered the service of the winner. In 1295, more than 10,000 Oirats, led by Targai Khurgen (the son-in-law of the Borjigin family), fled Syria, then under the rule of the Mamluks, because they were despised by both the Muslim Mongols and the local Turks. They were well received by the Egyptian sultan Al-Adil Kitbuga of Oirat origin. Ali Pasha, who was the governor of Baghdad, the head of the ruling Oirat family, killed Ilkhan Arpu Keun, which led to the collapse of Mongol Persia. Due to the fact that the Oirats were close to the Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde, they had close ties with them, and many Mongol khans had Oirat wives. After the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty from China, the Oirats were revived in history as a free union of the four main Western Mongol tribes (Dörben Oirad). The alliance grew, seizing power in a remote region of the Altai Mountains, northwest of the Khami oasis. Gradually, they spread eastward, annexing territories under the control of the eastern Mongols, and hoping to restore a unified nomadic rule under their own banner. The non-Chingizid alliance was formed by four Oirats, consisting of Kerait, Naiman, Bargud, and Old Oirats. The only ruling tribe of the Borjigids were the Khoshuts, and the rest were ruled by non-Chingizids. The Ming Chinese helped the Oirats to come to power over the Mongols during the reign of Emperor Ming Yunlle after 1410, when Ming defeated Kubilid Olzhey Temur, and the power of the Borjigids was weakened. The Borjigid khans were driven out by the Oirats using mines and ruled by them as puppet khans until the Ming and Oirats ended the alliance when Emperor Yongle launched a campaign against them. The greatest ruler of the four Oirats (Mongolian: "dөrvөn oyrd", "dөrvөn oyrad") was Esen Taisi, who led the four Oirats from 1438 to 1454, during which he united Mongolia (internal and external) under his puppet khan Tokhtoa Bukh. In 1449, Esen Taysi and Togtoa Bukh mobilized their cavalry along the Chinese border and invaded Ming China, smashing and destroying the mine defenses at the Great Wall and reinforcements sent to intercept the cavalry. In the process, Emperor Zhentong was captured at Tumu. The following year, Esen returned the emperor after an unsuccessful ransom attempt. Having received the title of khan, which could only be claimed by the direct descendants of Genghis Khan, Esen was killed. Soon after, the Oirat's power declined. From the 14th to the middle of the 18th century, the Oirats often fought with the eastern Mongols, and also reunited with the eastern Mongols several times during the reign of Dayan Khan and the Tyumen Zasagt Khan. Khoshut Khanate The Oirats converted to Tibetan Buddhism around 1615, and they soon became involved in a conflict between the Gelug and Karma Kagyu schools. At the request of the Gelug school in 1637, Gusi Khan, the leader of the Khoshut in Koko Nor, defeated Chogtu Khong Taiji, the Khalkh prince who supported the Karma Kagyu school, and conquered Amdo (present-day Qinghai). The unification of Tibet followed in the early 1640s, when Gyushi Khan was proclaimed the 5th Dalai Lama of Tibet and the founding of the Khoshut Khanate. The title "Dalai Lama" itself was assigned to Altan Khan (not to be confused with the Altan khans of Khalkha) by the third lama from the Gelug tulku line, which means "Ocean of wisdom" in Mongolian. Meanwhile, Amdo became home to the Khoshuts. In 1717, the Dzungars invaded Tibet and killed Lha-bzan-khan (or Khoshut-khan), the grandson of Gyushi-khan and the fourth khan of Tibet, who conquered the Khoshut-khanate. The Qing Empire defeated the Dzungars in the 1720s and proclaimed rule over the Oriath through the Manchu-Mongol Alliance (a series of systematic marriages between princes and princesses of Manchu with the Khalkha monks and Oriat Mongols, which was created as a royal one). the policy was carried out for more than 300 years), as well as in relation to the Khoshut-controlled Tibet. In 1723 Lobzang Danjin, another descendant of Gyushi Khan, captured Amdo and attempted to seize the Khoshut Khanate. He fought against the army of the Manchurian dynasty, but was defeated only the following year, and 80,000 of his tribe were executed by the Manchu army because of his "rebellion attempt". By that time, the population of the Upper Mongols had reached 200,000 and was mainly ruled by the Khalkha Mongol princes, who were in a marriage alliance with the Manchu royal and noble families. Thus, Amdo fell under the rule of the Manchus. Dzungar Khanate The 17th century saw the rise to power in the east of another Oirat empire known as the Janat Khanate, which stretched from the Great Wall of China to modern eastern Kazakhstan and from modern northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia. It was the last nomad empire to be ruled by the Choros nobles. The Qing (or Manchus) conquered China in the mid-17th century and sought to defend its northern border, continuing the divide and rule policy that their Ming predecessors successfully pursued against the Mongols. The Manchus consolidated their rule over the eastern Mongols of Manchuria. They then persuaded the eastern Mongols of Inner Mongolia to present themselves as vassals. Finally, the eastern Mongols of Outer Mongolia sought protection of the Manchus from the Dzungars. According to some scholars, about 80% of the Dzungar population was destroyed as a result of hostilities and diseases during the Manchu conquest of Dzungaria in 1755-1757. The population of Zungars reached 600,000 in 1755. The main population of the Oirats Choros, Olot, Khoid, Baatud, Zakhchin, who fought against the Qing, were killed by Manchu soldiers, and after the fall of the Dzungar Khanate they became small ethnic groups. In 1755 there were 600,000 Khalkha Mongols and 600,000 Oirats, and now 2.3 million Khalkha and 638,372 Oirats live in four counties, while several hundred Choros live in Mongolia. Kalmyks Kho Orlok, Taishi Torgutov, and Dalai Tayisi Dorbets, in 1607 led their people (200,000-250,000 people, mainly Torguts) to the west (Volga River) and founded the Kalmyk Khanate. According to some reports, this movement was accelerated by internal units or the Khoshut tribe; other historians believe it is more likely that the migrating clans sought grazing land for their herds, which are rare in the Central Asian highlands. Some of the Khoshut and Ölöt tribes would join the migration almost a century later. By 1630, Kalmyk migration reached the steppes of southeastern Europe. At that time, this area was inhabited by the Nogai horde. But under pressure from Kalmyk warriors, the Nogais fled to the Crimea and the Kuban River. Many other nomadic peoples in the Eurasian steppes later became vassals of the Kalmyk Khanate, part of which is located in the region of modern Kalmykia. The Kalmyks became allies of Russia, and an agreement was signed between the Kalmyk Khanate and Russia on the protection of the southern Russian borders. Later they became nominal, then full subjects of the Russian tsar. In 1724 the Kalmyks came under the control of Russia. By the beginning of the 18th century, there were about 300-350,000 Kalmyks and 15,000,000 Russians. The Russian kingdom gradually tore off the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate. This policy encouraged the creation of Russian and German settlements in the pastures where the Kalmyks roamed and fed their livestock. In contrast, the Russian Orthodox Church pressured Buddhist Kalmyks to convert to Orthodoxy. In January 1771, the oppression of the tsarist administration forced most of the Kalmyks (33 thousand households or about 170 thousand people) to move to Dzungaria. 200,000 (170,000) Kalmyks began migrating from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga to Dzungaria through the territories of their Bashkir and Kazakh enemies. The last Kalmyk khan Ubashi led the migration to restore the Dzungar Khanate and Mongolia's independence. As KD Barkman notes, "it is quite obvious that the Torguts were not going to surrender the Chinese, but hoped to lead an independent existence in Dzungaria." Ubashi Khan sent his 30,000 cavalrymen to the Russo-Turkish War in 1768-1769 to obtain weapons before migrating. Empress Catherine the Great ordered the Russian army, Bashkirs and Kazakhs to destroy all migrants, and Catherine the Great abolished the Kalmyk Khanate. The Kyrgyz attacked them near Lake Balkhash. About 100,000-150,000 Kalmyks, who settled on the western bank of the Volga River, could not cross the river, because the river did not freeze in the winter of 1771, and Catherine the Great expelled influential nobles from them. After seven months of travel, only one third (66,073) of the original group reached Dzungaria (Lake Balkhash, western border of the Manchu Qing Empire). The Manchu Empire relocated the Kalmyks to five different areas to prevent their rebellion, and the powerful Kalmyk leaders soon perished (killed by the Manchus). After the Russian Revolution, their settlement accelerated, Buddhism was destroyed, and the herds were collectivized. On January 22, 1922, Mongolia offered to immigrate to Kalmyks during the famine in Kalmykia, but the Russian government refused. Approximately 71-72,000 (£ 93,000; about half of the population) Kalmyks died during that famine. Kalmyks rebelled against Russia in 1926, 1930 and 1942-1943. In March 1927, the Soviet Union deported 20,000 Kalmyks to Siberia, tundra and Karelia. The Kalmyks founded the sovereign republic of Oirat-Kalmyk on March 22, 1930. The Oirat state had a small army, and 200 Kalmyk soldiers defeated 1,700 Soviet soldiers in the Durwood province of Kalmykia, but the Oirat state was destroyed by the Soviet Army in 1930. Kalmyk nationalists and Pan-Mongolists tried to relocate Kalmyks to Mongolia in the 1920s. The Mongolian government offered to admit the Mongols of the Soviet Union, including the Kalmyks, to Mongolia, but Russia gave up the attempt. In 1943, the entire population of 120,000 Kalmyks was deported to Siberia by Stalin on charges of supporting the invasion of the Axis armies attacking Stalingrad (Volgograd); it is believed that one fifth of the population died during and immediately after the deportation. About half (97-98,000) of the Kalmyks deported to Siberia died before they were allowed to return home in 1957. The government of the Soviet Union banned the teaching of the Kalmyk language during the deportation. The main goal of the Kalmyks was migration to Mongolia. Mongolian leader Khorlogiin Choibalsan tried to resettle the deportees to Mongolia, and he met with them in Siberia during his visit to Russia. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991 "On the rehabilitation of expelled peoples", repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as an act of genocide. Now they are trying to revive their language and religion. In 2010, there were 176,800 Kalmyks. Xinjiang Mongols Mongols in Xinjiang are a minority, mainly in the northern part of the region, numbering 194,500 in 2010, about 50,000 of whom are Dongxiang. They are mainly descendants of the surviving Torguts and Khoshuts who returned from Kalmykia, and the chahars who were stationed there as garrison soldiers in the 18th century. The emperor sent messages asking for the return of the Kalmyks and installed a small copy of the Potala at Jehol (Chengde) (the suburban residence of the Manchu emperors) to mark their arrival. A model copy of this "Little Potala" was made in China for the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin and was installed at the World Columbia Exhibition in Chicago (1893). It is currently in storage in Sweden, where it is planned to be erected. Some of the repatriates did not go that far and still live like Muslims in the southwestern part of Lake Issyk-Kul in modern Kyrgyzstan. Alasha Mongols The Gansu border and west of the Irgai River are called Alsha or Alasha, Alshaa and the Mongols who moved there are called Alash monarchs. The fourth son of Turbaykh Gyushi Khan Ayush was against the brother of Khan Baybagas. Ayush's eldest son is Batur Erh Jonon Horoli. After the battle between Galdan Boshigt Khan and Ochirtu Sechen Khan, Batur Erh Jonon Khoroli moved to Tsaidam with his 10,000 households. The Fifth Dalai Lama wanted to receive land for them from the Qing government, so in 1686 the Emperor allowed them to reside in Alash. In 1697, the monarchs of Alash were ruled in units of "khoshuu" and "sum". A khoshuu with eight sums was created, Batur Erh Jonon Horoli was appointed to Bail (prince), and Alasha was thus "zasag-khoshuu". Alasha was, however, like an "aimak" and was never ruled by a "chuulgan". In 1707, when Batur Erh Jonon Khoroli died, his son Abuu succeeded him. He had been in Beijing since his youth, served as the bodyguard of the Emperor, and was given a princess (by the Emperor), which made him "Hoshoi Tavnan", that is, the Emperor's fiancé. In 1793, Abuu became Yun Wang. There are several thousand Muslim Alasha Mongols here. Ezhine Mongols The Mongols who lived along the Ejin River (Ruo Shui) descended from Ravzhir, the grandson of the Torgut khan Ayuk from the Volga. In 1678, Ravjir with his mother, younger sister and 500 people went to Tibet to pray. When they returned through Beijing in 1704, the Qing ruler, the Kangxi emperor, allowed them to stay there for several years, and then organized a "khoshuu" for them in a place called Sertei and made Ravzhir governor. In 1716, Emperor Kangxi sent him with his men to Hami, near the Qing-China border with the Zungar Khanate, to gather intelligence against the Oirats. When Ravzhir died, his eldest son Denzen succeeded him. He feared Zungar and wanted the Qing government to allow them to move away from the border. They settled in Dalan-Uul-Altan. When Denzen died in 1740, his son, Lyubsan Daria, succeeded him and became Beyle. Now there are about 5,000 people in Ejina Torguts. In 1753 they settled on the banks of the Ejin River, and thus the Torgkhut Khoshuu River was formed. Oirat tribes Sart Kalmyks and Xinjiang Oirats are not Volga Kalmyks or Kalmyks, and Kalmyks are a subgroup of Oirats. 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The historians who wrote the history of my people did not burden themselves with the rigor of concepts, impartiality of views, thorough research and a deep understanding of the true order of things. It is written superficially, contradictory and helpless. The stories of many peoples of the world, if not all, are in the same state. History is always politicized for the sake of imperial ambitions. The empires that emerged after the global historical cataclysm of the 16th century rewrote history according to their own concepts. The scattered facts that have been reported by chronicle sources around the world contradict each other. Documents are destroyed, distorted, swept up and falsified, but, as you know, manuscripts do not burn.

My family is of the Buzawa ethnic group, which means squires or warriors. Buzavs (stress on the second syllable) - Don Kalmyks-Cossacks have some cultural features that differ from other ethnic groups of Kalmyks, their dances, songs, clothes, traditions and way of life. Other ethnic groups of Kalmyks in Russia are Torguts, Derbets, Khoshuts, Elutes, Zyungars and others. Ethnic groups of Kalmyks are scattered over the vast territory of the Eurasian continent, which is reflected in the name "Kalmyk", the meaning of which means "far from home."

All these disparate ethnic groups of Kalmyks make up a single ethnic group - the Oirats. In ancient times, the "native place" of the Oirats were territories in Altai, in the Baikal region, in the upper reaches of the Yenisei. The evolution of civilizational processes in this region during the first millennium of our era led to the formation of an ethnic substrate, from which the Oirat people later emerged. It was formed on the basis of similar ethnic characteristics - a common language, way of life, way of life, traditions, culture, historical experience, beliefs, etc. The further history of the Oirats is associated with the metamorphoses of the civilizational matrices of the region, which occupies two-thirds of Asia and half of Europe. This gigantic territory was called Tartaria by European geographers.

The map of Tartary, compiled by the French cartographer Gullaume de l'Isle in Paris in 1706 and now in the Library of Congress Map Collection, depicts the state of Tartary at the beginning of the 18th century, as reflected in the European view of this period. In reality, Tartary no longer existed by this time. The description to the map says: "A detailed map of the region bounded by Ukraine and the Baltic in the west and China, Korea and the Pacific Ocean in the east, with Siberia and Independent Tartary in the center." On this map, under the name "Pays des Calmoucs" (Country of Kalmyks), the territory of the Dzungar Khanate of the Oirats is designated.

In the first edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771 about Tartary it is written: “Tartary, a huge country in the northern part of Asia. In the north and west it is occupied by Siberia, which is called the Great Tartary. The tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Circassian and Dagestan and are located northwest of the Caspian Sea. Kalmyk Tartars occupy the area between Siberia and the Caspian Sea. Uzbek Tartars and Mongols live north of Persia and India. And finally, Tibet is located in the northwest of China. "

Was Tartaria really, or did it exist as a concept in European political and ethnographic geography, denoting lands beyond the limits of available research (Tartarus in ancient Greek mythology is the deepest abyss under Hades, the kingdom of the dead). Despite the fact that cartographers have been tracking the territory of Tartary for several hundred years, the chronicles of Tartary are silent. Nevertheless, if we consider local events in individual regions in the context of the whole of Tartary, a picture is drawn that radically changes the prevailing ideas about the history of this region. Then it turns out that all the nations of Tartaria were robbed of their history.

The phenomenon of Tartaria will be discussed in detail in the section "The Moscow Principle" in the context of modern problems of Russian statehood and urban planning in Moscow. It is also important to note here that the Oirat civilization, designated in the British Encyclopedia as the Kalmyk Tartars, was the structure-forming civilizational matrix of Tartary.

The beginning of the second millennium completed the process of transformation of clan and tribal ethnic groups into a higher type of ethnic communities - nationalities. By this time, on the vast territory of Eastern Europe, North and Central Asia, nationalities had taken shape, whose social system constituted a special organizational form of feudal economic methods in accordance with climatic zones and geolandscape monocomponents. These state formations, khanates, kaganates, hordes of all kinds of ethnic groups, races and peoples constituted a gigantic meta-empire - an empire of empires, called Tartaria by European geographers. In the 11th century, the ethnic community of the feudal type in relation to the steppe climatic zone was created by the Oirats.

The Oirat nationality went down in history as the "Union of Four", indicating that such a union was formed by four ethnic groups of the Oirats. In reality, the Oirats were a motley conglomerate of numerous ethnic groups with separate fiefdoms. From the fact that the name "Dorben Oirat" flashed in historical sources, that is, "Four Oirat", European historians made a conclusion about the four Oirat peoples who formed a union. But most likely the sources wrote about some major movement of four Oirats tumans.

Tumen (darkness - ten thousand) is an organizational military-tactical unit in the states of Tartary, consisting of ten thousand horsemen. The fog was further divided into thousands, hundreds and tens. Such an organizational structure was based on the tribal division of the state system. In ancient Rome, for example, in one of the periods of history, each clan (curia) was obliged to supply a centuria - 100 soldiers under the command of a centurion. The tribe supplied a tribune - 1000 soldiers, commanded by the tribune. The largest military unit of the Romans was the legion. Dozens were commanded by the dean, and the legions were commanded by the legate, who, according to his position, was part of the Senate of the Roman Empire. In the beginning, the legions were assembled from the militia (lego - to collect).

Then the Roman troops became mercenary and professional. The legions were forbidden to leave the provinces and approach Rome due to the threat of military coups and psychological pressure on the Senate.

The decimal military organizational structure of the states of Tartary in different periods of history was also used in the administrative-territorial division of states, for example, in Ukraine in the 15-18 centuries. In the code of laws "Code" Timur (1336-1405) introduced the rules for managing the army and the state, according to which 10 soldiers elected the chief of a dozen or a foreman (unbashi). Then 10 unbashs elected the centurion (yuzbashi).

10 yuzbashs had a mirza as their leader, who was called a tysyatskiy (minbashi). At present, the organizational military structure of the states of Tartary was preserved by the Cossacks, whom the Romanovs, from the moment of their reign, separated into a separate class and distributed, as in Rome, along the outskirts of the empire. The Kalmyks in Russia were assigned the same role - protecting the southern outskirts of the Empire. During major wars, Kalmyk and Cossack cavalry regiments strengthened regular troops, for example, in the war with the Swedes, with Napoleon and others.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Oirats, under the leadership of Khan Khuduhi-beki, as part of one tuman, moved from the upper reaches of the Yenisei to Dzungaria. The Mongolian chronicle "Shara Tuji" describes the marriage of two sons of the Oirat khan Khuduhi-beki to Tsetseiken - the daughter of Genghis Khan and Kholoikhan - the daughter of Genghis Khan's eldest son Juchi. Two daughters of Khuduhi-beki were married to Onkut and Mengu. As a result of the conclusion of marriages between the sons, daughters and descendants of Genghis Khan and Khuduhi-beki, a separate clan dynasty was formed. Oirats of mixed clans spread throughout the territory of Tartary. The Oirats had family ties with the Mongols, for example, with Kublai Khan in China, Batu Khan in the Golden Horde, and Hulagu Khan in Asia Minor.

For example, in the middle of the 13th century, the Oirats played an important role in the establishment of the Hulaguid empire, founded by Hulagu Khan. The huge empire of the Hulaguids included the modern territories of Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Transcaucasia and the eastern part of Asia Minor. In Rashid-ad-din we find: “In Iran and Turan there were and are many [people] from among the emirs of the Oirat tribe, however, it is not known which branch is which, only they know their origin among themselves. Among them was the emir Argun-aka. " The emir, by the way, in its original meaning was called the head of the ten thousandth army.

These are the facts, but here the question arises whether Tartary was "under the Mongol-Tatar yoke" or Mongolian, Oirat, Russian, Ukrainian, Turkic and other "Cossack tumans" existed throughout the territory of Tartary to protect the borders and feudal possessions, collect tribute, trade control, military intervention and similar events. For example, in the 16th century the Siberian industrialists Stroganovs kept “eager people” - Cossacks, among whom were Oirats, to protect their possessions. The meaning of the word "Cossack" is "wanderer", "free, independent person." The Cossacks, or the Cossacks, are the way of life of the Cossack, i.e. a person who, for some reason, broke away from his tribe (the word "Kalmyk" has a similar meaning), wandering in a foreign land and getting his own means of life with his weapons. Something like a wandering knight. This is how the Cossacks are interpreted according to modern "scientific" concepts.

In fact, the Cossack tumans were not troops like modern troops. They represented something similar to the modern Cossack regions and districts in Russia. In this case, the transition of Tumen Khuduhi-beki to Dzungaria to the western outskirts of Genghis Khan's possessions can be interpreted as a result of a bilateral agreement on mutually beneficial territorial coexistence. The appearance of Kalmyks in the Volga and North Caucasian steppes, the reason for which is today an insoluble question, should be considered not from modern positions and ideas, but through conceptual modeling and systemic research of the civilizational matrices of Tartary.

In 1284, Argun became an Ilkhan, i.e. the ruler of the Hulaguid state, after him until 1335 his sons and grandsons Gazan, Oljeytu, Abu-Said ruled.

In 1335, the Ilkhans lost their influence and ruled under the tutelage, i.e. were elevated to the throne to give legitimacy to the power of the new dynasties of the Chobanids and Jalaraids. In addition to them, the Oirat emirs and viziers carried out guardianship. In 1338-39, the Ilkhan under the tutelage of the Chobanids was the Oirat Sati-bek, the daughter of Oljeytu-khan. According to sources, there were several thousand Oirat families in Iran and Transcaucasia in the 13-14 centuries, who later assimilated in Syria and Egypt. All these political relations in Tartary, considered by the generally accepted historical science in the form of trusteeship and other forms of power control, look unconvincing and require a separate study.

In 1368, after the fall of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty in China, the tension of the political forces of Central Asia changed, which had a great influence on Dzungaria, inhabited by the Oirats. Dzungaria came under increased military-political pressure from opposite sides - west and east. In addition, the trade exchange, which went in these directions, has significantly weakened. In the east, between the Mongols and the Oirats, territorial delimitations were unsettled, which were periodically resolved by local wars. From the west, the Oirats began to experience pressure from Moghulistan (states on the territory of South-East Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan), which was expanding to the east. Sources indicate that armed clashes between the Oirat and Moghulist troops began in the last decade of the 14th century and were rather fierce.

Maneuvering between these two forces, the Oirat noyons were forced to go to Maverannahr to Timur, who had his own showdowns with Moghulistan, turning into military clashes, for example, the famous "battle in the mud" in 1365 near Chinaz. In 1397, an Oirat embassy arrived to Timur from Desht-i-Kypchak (the Persian name for the Polovtsian or Kipchak steppe, which stretched from the Danube to Lake Balkhash from west to east). In the essay "Zafar-name" - "The Book of Victories" (1425) the chronicler of Timur Sheref-ad-din Ali Yezdi (? - 1454) wrote: "His Majesty dealt with the ambassadors graciously, honored them with hats, belts, robes and horses, agreed with their request and released them with favorable letters, royal gifts and rarities. "

The first half of the 15th century is characterized by the growth of the forces of the Oirat feudal lords and their political consolidation. In the early 20s of the 15th century, an energetic and active noyon named Togon became the head of the Oirats. He subdued all the Oirat possessions to his power and became the sovereign ruler of the Oirats empire he created. After that, he took decisive steps to expand the empire. In the western direction, the Oirats moved deep into Moghulistan in 1421 and reached Issyk-Kul. Then they seized the Hami district and held out there all the 20s of the 15th century, then left this district to the Turfans, concentrating all their forces on the eastern direction. Toghon won several battles with Mongolia and in 1434 extended his rule to it.

It is noteworthy that the Oirats had such an ethnographic innovation as the wearing of an ulan-hall - a small brush made of red fabric on headdresses. By the decree of the Oirat khan Togon in 1437, wearing the ulan-hall was mandatory for all Oirats, and served as a clear expression of their difference from other Mongol-speaking peoples, having played a role in uniting the Oirat ethnos. It is important to note that the Kalmyks of the Russian Empire often called themselves "ulan zalata", i.e. “Wearing a red brush”, putting into these words the meaning of the ethnonym.

After the conquest of Mongolia, Togon entered into negotiations with the government of Minsk China, seeking, first of all, to legalize free trade for the Oirats in the Chinese markets. After negotiations with the Chinese rulers reached an impasse, Toghon began to prepare for a campaign against China. After Toghon's sudden death in 1439, his son Esen took over China. In the fall of 1449, the Oirat army led by Esen entered China. In the Tumu area (in the Chahar province, south-west of the city of Huilai), a general battle took place, which ended in the defeat of the half-million Chinese army and the capture of Emperor Ying Zong (according to other sources, Zheng Tong). In the Chinese chronicles, this event appears as the "Tumus catastrophe".

In the fall of 1450, the Oirats freed the emperor and concluded a peace treaty with China. In 1454 Esen proclaimed himself the All-Mongolian Khan, but already in the next 1455 he was killed as a result of a conspiracy by a group of large Mongolian feudal lords. Mongolia regained independence, and disintegration processes began in the Oirats empire itself. The state of deep feudal fragmentation of the Oirat society, which began with the death of Esen Khan, continued for about a century and a half, until the very end of the 16th century. During this period, the external and internal position of the Oirats was continuously deteriorating.

The weakening of the Oirat society revived the forces of neighboring states from all parts of the world. The feudal rulers of Moghulistan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia realized that the time had come to improve their affairs at the expense of the fragmented and weakened Oirat empire. The next 16th century brought the Oirat society to the brink of survival.

Historians have a concept of “feudal fragmentation”. Wherever and whenever feudal states existed, we are sure to hear that within them there was a constant division of power and territories. One gets the impression that the feudal economic system is simply doomed to civil strife. All the reasons for the conquest of feudal states are explained by civil strife. And, on the contrary, the reason for their strengthening is, as a rule, their unification through the concentration of power in the suddenly appearing "strong hand" of one of the feudal lords. At the same time, the feudal lords, who had direct family relations among themselves, killed each other as sworn strangers. Hence the saying: "Kings have no relatives." Obviously, this home-grown model of internal political relations of feudal states requires revision and more objective research.

In the first half of the 16th century, the Oirats of Dzungaria came under the rule of the Mongols, who managed to overcome the fragmentation of the state, thanks to the efforts of Dayan Khan (1470-1543). After a long struggle, he united Mongolia, subdued the Oirats, forced China to conclude a peace treaty beneficial to the Mongol feudal lords, and proclaimed himself the "Great Yuan Khan." Dayan Khan died in 1543. Mongolia again disintegrated into many small khanates and principalities. The Oirat possessions separated from Mongolia and began to independently repulse the interventions. The struggle was fought from all sides simultaneously - in the south against the Turfan Sultanate, in the west against the Kazakh Khanate, in the east against the Khalkha-Mongol and South Mongol rulers. The emergence of a "strong hand" among the Oirats and Mongols can hardly explain the processes of such strong fluctuations in interethnic relations. The reasons were deeper.

In the 16th century, it was bad for all the inhabitants of Tartary. And not only in Tartary. All over the world, there was a global restructuring of civilization matrices with the collapse of some and the creation of other empires. Two hundred years later, starting in the middle of the 15th century, the world has changed. Morality, if you think about it, has not changed, unless it has become more unbridled and cynical. The map has changed. It was cut with giant scissors in the hands of madmen. With the fall of Constantinople in 1453, trade between Europe and Asia was suppressed. Italy gradually decayed and the Renaissance ended with it. The shopping center of Europe has moved from Italy to Holland. Europe was forced to look for workarounds, which served as the beginning of the so-called Great Geographical Discoveries at the end of the 15th century.

When these "discoveries" happened, there was no limit to the surprise of Europeans, the most civilized and religious people of the planet. They discovered untold riches from other peoples that had not yet been plundered by anyone. The cruel plunder was given the character of national heroism, those who resisted were killed by whole nations, and the submissive were turned into slavery. These discoveries brought death to the great American civilizations of the Maya, Aztecs, Incas and others. Then, in the 16th century, the countries of the European Atlantic coast began to colonize all other continents, wreaking havoc on many ancient civilizations around the planet. These civilizations were at the most different stages of their development from deep matriarchy to feudal forms, which does not diminish their dignity, trampled by the most civilized barbarians, armed to the teeth with muskets and cannons.

In Russia at the end of the 16th century, the great turmoil put an end to the so-called Rurik dynasty. The last kings of the dynasty created an empire of a new type on the ruins of the disintegrating meta-empire of Tartary, whose territories were viewed as frontiers. The beginning of the creation of the Moscow (Russian) Empire was laid in 1485 by Tsar Ivan III, who annexed Tver to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, after which he officially accepted the title of "Sovereign of All Russia". Then began the absorption of lands, appanages, hordes, principalities, khanates and other organizational and territorial formations of Tartary, called "the collection of all Russian lands." So, for example, the Grand Duchy of Ryazan (1521), the Lithuanian appanages (1537), the Kazan Khanate (1552), the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the Great Nogai Horde (1557), the Siberian Khanate (1565), etc. were “annexed”. In 1606, after the treacherous murder of Dmitry Ivanovich, the last king of the Rurik dynasty, the empire, but with a different conceptual idea, continued to be created by the Romanov dynasty.

At the other end of Tartary, in 1616, the leader of the Jurchen descendants Nurkhatsi declared himself a khan and founded the Hou Jin (Late Jin) dynasty. Thus, the Manchu Empire was created. In the 1620s, Nurkhatsi succeeded in subjugating most of the principalities of southern Mongolia. In 1627, the Manchus subdued Joseon (the name of Korea during the reign of the Joseon dynasty). In 1636, at the behest of Nurkhatsi's son Abakhai, a congress of rulers of 16 southern Mongolian principalities convened, at which Abakhai was proclaimed an All-Mongolian khan. In the same year, Abahai under the name Huang Taiji gave his state a new name - Qing. In 1644, the Manchus conquered China and founded a new Chinese Qin dynasty, which would then destroy (in the middle of the 18th century) all the Oirat states.

The Oirat khanates suffered the same fate as other large state formations that arose as a result of the collapse of Tartaria, for example, the Commonwealth (1569-1795) or the Mughal Empire (1526-1858). These state entities were unable to restructure their domestic and foreign policies in accordance with the new realities. Everything that the new empires could not get their hands on was colonized by the Europeans. Thus, a new order was established in the era of the industrial revolution. This order existed until the beginning of the 20th century, when it was not changed by world wars and revolutions. The Manchu Empire lasted until 1911, the Russian Empire until 1917, and the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire until 1922. The process of creating the new order has not yet been completed. In the modern world, there is a fading and accumulation of driving forces capable of stirring the global civilizational structure.

But back to the 16th century. According to the testimony of the famous English merchant and traveler Jenkinson, who in 1557 tried to travel from Central Asia to China, he could not do this because of the war between the Kazakhs and the Oirats. In 1552, the South Mongolian feudal lords, led by Altan Khan (1507-1583), the grandson of Dayan Khan, defeated the Oirats, forcing them to abandon their settled nomad camps in the upper reaches of the Orkhon River and flee to the west. Ten years later, in 1562, the South Mongol rulers struck a new blow, forcing them to retreat even further to the west, to the Irtysh River. In 1587, the Khalkha Mongols, led by Khan Ubashi-Khuntaiji (1567-1627), came out against the Oirats, and the struggle against them began in the valley of the Irtysh River.

The Oirat anonymous chronicle "The History of Ubashi-Khuntaiji and His War with the Oirats", compiled at the end of the 16th century, outlining the course of this war, notes that in the face of the danger that threatened the very existence of the Oirat possessions, their rulers united, with joint forces opposed Ubashi-Khuntaiji and defeated him. At the head of the united Oirat forces was the ruler of the Khoshut ulus, Baybagas Khan, who enjoyed the greatest influence.

The last decades of the 16th century are characterized by a further sharp deterioration in the position of the Oirat possessions. Some of them were defeated by the Kazakh khan Tevekkel, who, in 1594, even began to be titled as "the king of Kazakh and Kalmyk". The Khalkha-Mongol Khan Ubashi-Khuntaiji also inflicted a series of serious defeats on the Oirat rulers. Ubashi-Khuntaiji became the founder of the Khalkha-Mongol dynasty, which gained fame in Russia under the name of Altan-khans.

The Oirats were pressed from all sides, forcing them to retreat to the north. In the north, at the very end of the 16th century, the Oirats finished off the remnants of the troops of the Siberian Khan Kuchum, who had fled from the Russians. The death of the Siberian Khanate allowed the Oirats to advance their nomadic camps north to the upper reaches of the Ishim and Omi rivers. In the first half of the 17th century, the Oirat khan Khara-Hula, by force of arms and means of diplomacy, slowly and steadily took over all the rulers of the Oirat possessions.

The gradual concentration of power allowed him to strengthen the Oirat state and begin the systematic return of the lost lands. In 1635, Khara-Hula died, shortly before the Oirats formed their own states.

In the 30s of the 17th century, three state formations of the Oirats were created: the Kalmyk Khanate on the Volga (1633-1771), the Dzungar Khanate in Central Asia (1635-1755) and the Khoshut Khanate in Tibet (1637-1723). In 1640, the Oirat khans held a congress, at which they adopted a legal document called Ike Tsaadzhin Bichig (Great Steppe Code), which regulated the legal relations of the Oirat states. Among other things, this code established Tibetan Buddhism as the official religion of the Oirats. This congress was attended by representatives of all Oirat khan and princely families who gathered at the congress from a vast territory - the Volga region, the North Caucasus, Asia Minor, Central Asia, Western Mongolia, the Urals, Siberia, Eastern Turkestan, Tibet. On behalf of the highest Buddhist clergy, the Oirat educator and religious figure Zaya-Pandita (1599-1662) took part in the work of the congress.

In 1648 Zaya Pandita, a Buddhist monk, scientist, educator and translator of sutras, created the Oirat alphabet "todo bichig" - "clear writing". In the Kalmyk language, the letter Todo-Bichig was officially used until 1924, after which it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet during the campaign of the Cyrillization of the alphabets of the peoples of the USSR that was being carried out at that time. The loss of Kalmyk writing is a tragedy not only of the culture of the Kalmyk people, but also of the culture of Russia and the world. Day of National Writing "Todo Bichig" is annually celebrated in the Republic of Kalmykia on September 5.

Buddhism came to Tibet in the first half of the 7th century during the reign of King Songtsen Gampo (617-650) in the form of a complex of tantric teachings and Vajrayana meditation techniques with elements of Hinayana and Mahayana. During this period, the first monasteries and large educational institutions appeared in Tibet.

The Old Tradition Nyingma school began to take shape, the oldest of the four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The rest of the schools: Sakya, Kagyu and Kadam were formed in the 10th century. In the 14th century, the Tibetan monk Je Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) transformed the Kadam tradition into the New Kadam or Gelug - "virtue", which was most widespread among all Mongol-speaking peoples. The South Mongolian ruler Altan Khan converted to Buddhism in 1571. In 1615 Buddhism was adopted in Dzungaria. In the 17th century, the Gelug tradition came to the Manchus in China.

In the early 17th century, a religious war broke out in Tibet between the Kagyu and Gelug schools. The Gelug situation deteriorated sharply, she was on the verge of destruction. In 1637, the Gelug Lamaist hierarchs sent the monk Garu-lozava to Dzungaria for help. The Oirats sent their tumans at the head of the Khoshut Khan Torubaykh, known in history as Gushi Khan (1582-1654). In 1642, on the outskirts of Kukunor, the Oirat army in a bloody battle defeated the 30-thousandth army of the Mongol feudal lord Tsohor-Tsogto, an ally of the Kagyu. Then Gushi Khan founded the Oirat dynasty of rulers of Tibet - the Ladzan Khan.

In the same 1642, an agreement was signed between the Kalmyks of the Lower Volga region and the Cossacks of the Don Cossacks, which secured the official entry of the Kalmyks into the Don Cossacks. The delegation of the Don atamans was headed by Stepan Timofeevich Razin (1630-1671). The origin of the Cossacks, with whom the Kalmyks closely interacted, is still a historical mystery. Cossack state formations were noted throughout the Polovtsian steppe. There is information that the Cossacks took part in the famous Battle of Kalka in May 1223. It is believed that by the end of the 14th century, two large groups of Cossacks existed in the lower reaches of the Don and Dnieper, which by the beginning of the 16th century had grown into free troops. Historian Tatishchev V.N. believed that the Don Army was formed in 1520. In his opinion, at this time the Cossacks switched to a sedentary way of life, building the first "winter huts and yurts", and forms their statehood. Modern historical research is inclined to believe that the origins of the Don Cossacks should be considered in the ancient Slavic population, which, according to archaeological discoveries, existed on the Don in the 8-15 centuries.

In my opinion, the Cossacks began to be called the individual Slavic ethnic peoples that made up the state formations of Tartary, from the moment when Tartary ceased to exist as a single geopolitical space. Romanov scribblers wrote a tale about the origin of the Cossacks in the 17th century from fugitive serfs. They probably knew that the Cossacks are full-fledged representatives of the state formations of Tartary, one of which the Romanovs took away from the dynasty, then calling it Rurikovskaya. The attempts of the Cossacks to restore the disturbed order and remove the pressure on them by new forces were spontaneous and unsuccessful. The Romanovs succeeded in neutralizing these attempts by drowning them in blood and then calling them peasant uprisings. In fact, these were full-scale civil wars, in which, in addition to the Cossacks, many peoples and states of the disintegrating Tartaria participated.

The remaining forces of the Cossacks were gradually reorganized, entered into the state register and reoriented to an external enemy. In 1663, the koshevoy ataman of the Zaporizhzhya Army, Ivan Dmitrievich Sirko, preparing to march to the Crimea, wrote a letter to the Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich: “Great Sovereign! Don Cossacks do not need to be sent to help the Zaporozhye Army. I ask you to send Taisha Ayuka with your Kalmyks. This is a warlike people, with a spear mounted on a horse, armed with quivers with large arrows with wide points, excellent riders and excellent swordsmanship. By their nature, people are courageous and courageous. They are scary in battle. They never give up, although they engage in idolatry. " According to sources, since the beginning of the 17th century, there were 8 dignitaries or tumans of Kalmyk warriors in various regions of the Volga region.

The vectors of expansion of the Romanov empire and organizational impact on the frontiers were aimed at reaching the Black and Baltic Seas. While Western Europe was occupied with the colonization of other continents, Russia rather quickly managed to "open a window to Europe" in the Baltic. On the Black Sea, Russia faced oncoming traffic from the growing Ottoman Turkish Empire. The fight against it stretched for several centuries and ended with the death of both warring empires at the beginning of the 20th century. The Black Sea direction farthest from the center required constant localization of military forces and their continuous reinforcement. This explains the systematic strengthening of the southern Cossack troops.

In 1710, the head of the Volga-Ural Kalmyk Khanate Ayuk (1642-1724) for the war against Turkey sent one tuman (ten thousand soldiers) to the Don, which, remaining on the Don, became a part of the Don Cossacks. Another war with Turkey (1710-1713) was fought by Russia as a result of the defeat of the Swedish troops on June 27, 1709 in the Battle of Poltava, in which the six thousandth Kalmyk cavalry also took part. The Swedes were allies of Turkey.

On the eve of the Turkish War, a meeting took place between the Astrakhan governor, Prince Odoevsky Yakov Nikitich, with Ayuka beyond the Volga at the Solyana river. An agreement was concluded, which was called: "On his citizenship to the Russian sovereign, on being to him in campaigns against the enemies of Russia, on not committing ruin to Russian cities and people and not accepting the sovereign lackeys in the uluses." The head of the Kalmyk Khanate, Taisha Ayuka, received the Khan's title from the chief hierarch of the Lamaist Church of Tibet in 1690. However, the Russian government recognized Ayuka as a khan in 1709, after his merits in the fight against the Turkish-Crimean troops.

An expression of confidence in the Kalmyks and recognition of their merits in carrying out military service to the Russian state was the dispatch in September 1664 to the Kalmyk uluses of the Russian military banner. This fact was recognized that the Kalmyk army henceforth acts as an integral part of the Russian army. The banner was made according to a special order and was a group of symbolic images. In the middle there is a two-headed eagle, above the eagle is a month, near the eagle there is "a circle of vinets grasses", on a horse a man with a spear "pierces the serpent." The banner is written on both sides, the border is scarlet, herbs are embroidered in gold on it. Simultaneously with the banner of the taisha, Monchak was sent a "gilded silver mace" to emphasize the power of taisha in the Kalmyk uluses.

In 1725, the Kalmyks are part of the Yaitsk (Ural) Cossack army. On April 7, 1737, the Stavropol Kalmyk Cossack army was established by the Imperial Decree of Empress Anna. The next year, 1738, on the left bank of the Kunya Volozhka (the Volga arm), opposite the Molodetsky kurgan, the capital of the Kalmyk Cossacks was founded - a fortress and the city of Stavropol on the Volga (since 1964, the city of Togliatti). In 1842, by decree of Nicholas I, the army was reorganized, and the Kalmyk Cossacks were distributed to the Orenburg and Astrakhan Cossack troops. The Russian Empire paid much attention to organizational measures aimed at establishing the state status of the Cossack, Kalmyk and other surviving state formations of the disintegrated Tartary.

In the eastern half of Tartary at this time, another civilizational restructuring was taking place with a tendency to strengthen the Manchu Empire, which ended with the joining of the borders of Manchu China and Russia. Having created the Dzungar Khanate in the center of Asia in 1635, the most militant of the Oirat states, the Oirats launched an imperial policy in all parts of the world. Initially, the military intervention of the Altan-khans was stopped, but further pressure on Khalkha-Mongolia affected the interests of the Qing Manchu empire. In 1690, the Oirat-Qing war broke out, which ended with the absorption of Khalkha-Mongolia by the Qing empire in 1691.

As part of the Qing Empire, the territory of Mongolia was a separate imperial governorship, divided into numerous khoshuns (feudal fiefdoms). All men in khoshuns were considered militia soldiers (tsiriks) of the empire, and at the first request of the Manchu authorities, each administrative unit had to exhibit and maintain, at the rate of one warrior from ten families, armed horsemen in full gear, i.e. according to the Tartary system.

In 1678, the Dzungars completely captured Moghulistan, which became its vassal, and in 1704, due to the uprising of Muhammad Mummin Khan, the state of Moghulistan was destroyed. One of the important objects of the Oirato-Mogulistan struggle for control over important trade routes was the Khami district, the possession of which was contested by three main forces: Moghulistan, the Dzungar Khanate and China.

Located on the main trade route linking China with Western countries, Hami played the role of doors that opened and closed the entrance to China.

Hami's special role was the reason for the numerous wars that China has waged since ancient times with the nomadic and sedentary inhabitants of the Polovtsian steppe and East Turkestan. In the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the rulers of Hami were descendants of the emperors of the Yuan dynasty of China. In the 20s of the 15th century, the Hami district was owned by the Oirats, then the Turfans. Since then, the struggle for Khami was waged with varying success by several states until the end of the 70s of the 17th century, when the Khamian oasis finally fell under the rule of the Dzungar Khanate of the Oirats.

To be continued.

In Whom were the so-called. "Mongol-Tatars" who came to Russia in the XIII century

Interpretation of events in Russian history of the 12th - 16th centuries. has recently become a hot issue, the subject of fierce controversy. Indeed, quite a few sources have survived from this time, and it was only possible to hide the forgery (committed in the 17th century by those who like to “shorten our past”) if the monopoly on the media was preserved in the past.
The traditional presentation of the "Tatar-Mongol" invasion is a lie, this is clear to all sane people.

The question is to restore the true history. Historians took two paths.
The first - "Eurasianism" (G. Vernadsky, L. Gumilev, etc.) presupposes the preservation of the factual basis of the "traditional" version, but with a total ideological inversion, with the replacement of minuses with pluses and vice versa. From the point of view of the "Eurasians", the Tatar-Mongols were friendly to Russia and were in a state of idyllic "symbiosis" with it. But the "friendliness" of the "Tatar-Mongols" in relation to Russia is incompatible with the monstrous pogrom of 1237-1240.
Eurasian theory has dealt a blow to the deceitful version of Russian history. Its positive aspect is in overcoming the old slander about the supposedly everlasting hostility of the "forest" and the "steppe", about the incompatibility of Russians and Slavs with the civilization of steppe Eurasia.

The interpretation of the "Tatar-Mongol" yoke, proposed by the supporters of the "new chronology" (A. Fomenko and others), went further. According to Fomenko, there were no "Tatar-Mongols" at all; under this name in medieval sources ... a part of the Russian state is described. Supporters of the "new chronology" cite a selection of information that allows one to assert that the "Great Tartary" of the late Middle Ages was mainly inhabited by Russians. Russia as a “country”, as a geopolitical reality has always existed, and within the boundaries of the “Eurasian” space - this is the positive conclusion of this theory.

A multitude of sources that managed to avoid the total "cleansing" of the 17th century, allow us to draw a conclusion about the reality of the "Tatar-Mongol" aggression against Russia. But the nature of this war, its events in these sources appear different than in the "traditional" version ... Until recently, it was customary to describe the events of 1237, starting with the capture of Ryazan; it is believed that the "Tatar-Mongols" attacked Russia unexpectedly. This would be possible only if the southern, steppe part of the East European Plain at that time remained uninhabited or did not exist. In fact, they tried to convince us of this.

In reality, the war did not begin in December 1237, when Batu's troops approached Ryazan, but earlier. The first blow was directed against the Alan-Polovtsian steppe: “In the spring of 1237 the conquerors crossed the Volga and began a protracted and far from easy war for them with the Polovtsy and Alans ... late autumn. In Russia they knew not only that an invasion was being prepared, but even about the place of concentration of the Horde army. "
Under the pseudo-ethnonym "Mongols", we in no way should understand real Mongoloids who lived on the lands of present-day Mongolia. The self-name, the true ethnonym of the autochthons of present-day Mongolia - khalkhu... They never called themselves Mongols. And they never reached either the Caucasus, or the Northern Black Sea region, or Russia. Halhu, oirats- anthropological Mongoloids, the poorest nomadic "community", which consisted of many scattered clans. Primitive shepherds, who were at an extremely low primitive level of development, under no circumstances could create even the simplest pre-state community, not to mention a kingdom, and even more so an empire ... Amazon. Their consolidation and the creation by them of even the most primitive military unit of hundreds of soldiers is sheer absurdity.

The myth of " Mongols from Mongolia in Russia"- there is the most grandiose and monstrous provocation of the Judeo-Christian Vatican and the West as a whole against Russia.
Anthropological studies of burial grounds of the 13th-15th centuries show the absolute absence of the Mongoloid element in Russia. This is a fact that cannot be disputed. There was no Mongoloid invasion of Russia. And there was no Mongoloid empire in the history of Eurasia.
But the invasion itself was. There were fierce battles, sieges of cities, pogroms, looting, fires ... There was tribute, tithes, there were "labels", treaties, joint military campaigns ... - everything described in chronicles and chronicles was, all this is confirmed archaeologically. To understand who actually carried out the invasion of the Caucasus, the Black Sea region, Russia, and before that conquered China and Central Asia, who crushed and subjugated the Alan Rus, the Polovtsian Rus of the Great Steppe, and then the Rus of Kievan Rus, you just need to define that people, that community, which had the potential for such great and difficult deeds.

In the forest-steppe zone of Eurasia from the Caucasus to the Altai and Sayan Mountains, including Inner Mongolia, there was no real force, no people, except for the late Rus of the Scythian-Siberians, the heirs of the boreal, huge and mighty Scythian-Siberian world. Even if such a people appeared, they would be crushed by the Scythian-Siberians mercilessly. Hundreds of mighty clans united by language, Boreal-Aryan traditions of a super-ethnos, a single pagan faith - hundreds and hundreds of thousands of well-armed warriors, professional knights in many generations, mighty fair-haired and light-eyed Boreals - these were the real "Mongols". Only they, these invincible and ardent families, could unite for a great conquest, for a great campaign (in which they would not have taken the unfortunate Khalkha savages as drivers).
No one could resist the Russ of the Scythian-Siberian world - and the author of this study knows about this and writes about it - it was the Rus who gave the dynasties and elites to the Chinese kingdoms, I must add - and the guards with officials too. It was they, together with the Rus of Central Asia, who subjugated it to themselves in a matter of years. Who could compete with them! Who could resist them! The Chinese would have driven the Mongoloid Oirats and Khalkha with whips, but they simply would not have reached Central Asia. In a campaign to the west, the Scythian-Siberian Rus defeated the Tatars of the Urals and the Volga region, joined them to their "hordes" (let it be known that "horde" is not a Turkic or Mongolian word, "horde" is a characteristic transformation of the word "clan" during the transition into the early German languages: compare, "clan" - "horde, ordnung, order", "work" - "arbayt." Bulgars, Rus-Alans, Rus-Polovtsians. Moreover, the Tatars were pagans of the "boreal sense", they, like the "Turkic group" as a whole, not so long ago separated from the boreal community and the Mongoloid admixture practically (in contrast to the Crimean Tatars - "kyrym Tatarlar ") did not have.

The "Tatar-Mongol" invasion was the invasion of the Scythian-Siberian pagan Rus, who pulled into their mighty "ninth wave" the pagan Tatars, the pagan Polovtsians, the Rus-Alans, the secondary Rus-pagans of Central Asia ... - the invasion of the pagan Rus of Asia onto the Rus -Christian "feudal-fragmented" Great Vladimir-Suzdal and Kievan Rus.
Tales about the Mongols-Oirats should be left to those who composed them. It was the Scythian-Siberian Rus, who relied on the conquered kingdoms and empires, including Russia, who created the Great "Mongol" Mughal Empire.
The Empire-Horde (Empire-Rod) began to degenerate and degrade after its growing and total Islamization, which was facilitated by the influx of a huge number of Semitic Arabs into the Golden (correctly, White) Horde. Islamization as a result and caused the collapse of the mighty Empire.

The history of the Eurasian Empire-Horde has come down to us in the "crooked mirrors" of Muslim and Catholic sources. None of the Russian chronicles mentions either "Mongols" or "Mongolia" - they simply did not exist. There was an invasion, monstrous in its consequences. There was no "symbiosis", Gumilev idealizes the past. But there were strong, contractual, kinship relations.
And if at first the Russes of Rus and the Russes of the Horde were separated by religion and way of life, as well as the difference in socio-political development (the Rus-Christians of Rus had already overcome the generic phases, had "developed feudalism", and the Russes of the Horde were experiencing a generic peak of "military democracy"), then a century later, the Islamization of the Rus and Tatars of the Horde plowed an insurmountable border between the ethnocultural and linguistic "brothers", or rather, finally cut off its Islamized Eurasian part from the super-ethnos of the Rus (with the exception of those Russian "Tatars" who adopted Orthodoxy by tens of thousands and went into the service of Russia -Russia).
The names Chemuchin, Batu, Berkei, Sebeday, Guess, Mamai, Kill, Chagadai, Boro (n) give, etc. are also Russian names, only not Orthodox, but pagan (later, in the same manner, Russians, and especially Siberian Russians, began to call their "little brothers" - Torn apart, Catch up, Guess ...).

And the fact that the “khans” of the Rus of the Scythian-Siberian Horde accepted into their army the squads of the Rus-Alans, the Rus-Yases, the Rus of Vladimir-Suzdal and Kievan Rus, the Tatars-pagans, there is nothing strange. It would be strange if they collected an army from the Khalkha, Khanty, Mansi and Oirats - with such an “army” they would never have got out of “Mongolia”.

As for the Judeo-Christian descriptions of the "atrocities and atrocities" of the "Tatar-Mongols" in Russia - that is, the Rus - pagans, their deeds were no less colorfully described during the campaigns of the Rus against Byzantium, the Balkans, and the British Isles. But there is no doubt that there was no Mongoloid invasion of Russia. And also in the fact that the small outlying peoples and the merchant-usurious "international", as always, profited from the strife between the Russians and, taking advantage of the turmoil and wars, took tens of thousands of Russians to slave markets, mainly women and children from devastated villages, unprotected male warriors. A special role in this was played by the "Crimean Tatars", who have a very indirect relationship to both the Horde and the Volga-Ural Caucasian Tatars, who suffered from strife no less than the Russians.

Those political strategists who are trying to convince the modern Tatars that their ancestors were "great conquerors" and "kept Russia in slavery" are liars, their efforts are aimed at playing off peoples according to the principle: divide and rule.

We must remember that genuine Caucasian Tatars ( more precisely - Bulgars) - there is a subsidiary filial ethnos, isolated from the superethnos at the boreal stage. Difference between rus and Bulgars(pagan Tatars), bearers of the original boreal tradition, was significantly less than between today's Russians and Muslim Tatars.