Research and development work (R&D) - a set of works aimed at obtaining new knowledge and practical application when creating a new product or technology.

Study:

• research, development of a technical proposal (preliminary project);
• development of technical specifications for experimental design (technological) work.

Development:

• development of a draft design;
• development of a technical project;
• development of working design documentation for the manufacture of a prototype;
• production of a prototype;
• testing a prototype;
• development of documentation;
• approval of working design documentation for the organization of industrial (batch) production of products.

Delivery of products for production and operation:

• correction of design documentation for identified hidden deficiencies;
• development of operational documentation.

Repair:

• development of working design documentation for repair work.

Discontinuation from production:

• development of working design documentation for disposal.

An example of the stages of an OCD

The order of the stages of performing the ROC on the optoelectronic device:

1. Study of existing products of this type
2. Study of the element base suitable for building the required product
3. Element base selection
4. Development of an optical scheme for a product prototype
5. Development of a structural electrical diagram of a product prototype
6. Development of sketches of the product body
7. Coordination with the customer of the actual technical characteristics and appearance of the product
8. Development of the electrical schematic diagram of the product
9. Study of the production base and the possibilities of manufacturing printed circuit boards
10. Development of a test PCB product
11. Placing an order for the manufacture of a test PCB product
12. Placing an order for the supply of an element base for the manufacture of a product
13. Placing an order for soldering the product test PCB
14. Product Test Cable Development
15. Making a product test cable
16. Testing the product test PCB
17. Writing software for the product and computer test PCB
18. Study of the production base and production capabilities of optical elements
19. Calculation of the optical elements of the product, taking into account the production capabilities
20. Study of the production base and the possibilities for the production of plastic cases, metal elements and hardware
21. Development of the design of the case of the optical box of the product, taking into account the production capabilities
22. Placing an order for the manufacture of optical elements and the case of the optical box of the product
23. Experimental assembly of the optical box of the product with the connection of the test PCB
24. Testing the operating modes of the test printed circuit board of the product and the optical box
25. Correction of software, schematic diagram and parameters of the optical part of the product, in order to obtain the specified parameters
26. Development of the product body
27. Development of a printed circuit board according to the actual dimensions of the product body
28. Placing an order for the manufacture of the body of a prototype product
29. Placing an order for the manufacture of a printed circuit board of a product prototype
30. Wiring and programming the printed circuit board of the product
31. Painting the body of a prototype product
32. Prototype cable manufacturing
33. Final assembly of the product prototype
34. Testing of all parameters and reliability of the product prototype
35. Writing a technology for the production of a product
36. Writing the user manual for the product
37. Transfer of technical documentation, software and a prototype of a product to the customer with the signing of documents on the end of the contract

R&D can be carried out in two forms: A and B. R&D in form A is carried out with simultaneous production of a product under development, in form B - with subsequent production of a developed product or without production.

Types of R&D

In accordance with the regulatory framework, according to the method of accounting for R&D costs, they are subdivided into:

Commodity R&D(current, commissioned) - work related to the usual type of activity of the organization, the results of which are intended for implementation to the customer.

Capital R&D(initiative, for own needs) - work, the costs of which are investments in long-term assets of the organization, the results of which are used in their own production and / or are provided for use by other persons.

R&D contract

The procedure for performing Commodity R&D is regulated by an agreement for the performance of research, development and technological work. The legislation of the Russian Federation distinguishes two types of this agreement:

1. Research contract (R&D). Under the contract for the implementation of research and development, the performer undertakes to carry out scientific research due to the technical assignment of the customer.
2. The contract for the implementation of experimental design and technological work (ROC). Under the contract for the execution of R&D, the contractor undertakes to develop a sample of a new product, design documentation for it or a new technology.

The parties to the R&D agreement are the contractor and the customer. The contractor is obliged to conduct scientific research personally. It is allowed to involve co-performers in the execution of research work only with the consent of the customer. When performing the ROC, the performer has the right to involve third parties, unless otherwise provided by the contract. The rules on the general contractor and the subcontractor shall apply to the relations of the contractor with third parties in the case of their involvement in the performance of R&D.

Unlike other types of obligations, R&D contracts are characterized by:

A specific feature of R&D is that for these types of work there is a high risk of not receiving, for objective reasons, the result set in the terms of reference. The risk of accidental impossibility of executing R&D contracts is borne by the customer, unless otherwise provided by law or contract. The contractor is obliged to immediately inform the customer about the discovered impossibility to obtain the expected results or about the inexpediency of continuing the work. The obligation to prove the fact of impossibility to obtain the intended result lies with the contractor. The decision to terminate the work is made by the customer.

When performing Capital R&D, the functions of the customer and the contractor are carried out by the same person and, therefore, it is not required to draw up a contract. Thus, the conditions for the implementation of Capital R&D are determined by the terms of reference and the schedule (plan of scientific work) approved by the executive body of the organization and / or the scientific and technical council. The fact of completion of work and the result obtained are established in a technical act approved by the executive body of the organization.

Statistical data

Share in R&D expenditures in 2013,% of the world

According to the Battelle Memorial Institute, global R&D spending will grow 3.6% in 2011 to $ 1.2 trillion.

The first place in terms of R&D is occupied by the United States (385.6 billion; 2.7% of its own GDP)

Financing structure for all types of R&D in 1985

Sources of R&D funding in the USA

The structure of private investment in R&D in the United States

The role of research and development (R&D) in modern business

The role of R&D is growing as the bulk of business value added shifts from production to development. Based on the results of R&D, key decisions are made in the high-tech business. R&D is becoming increasingly important for marketing, with companies tracking the latest developments from competitors and the needs of consumers in order to align their own research with them. The increased role of R&D in business processes is reflected in the position that recently appeared in most large Russian companies - director or manager of R&D. The functions of the R&D manager include the formation and implementation of the R&D program, the development of a program for the innovative development of the enterprise, the organization of technological processes: technology development, design. At the same time, R&D is one of the most difficult areas in terms of management, since a distinctive feature of most research is the difficult predictability of the final results of research and their possible commercialization. As a result, high R&D costs do not always guarantee high profits or high market share.

see also

Notes (edit)

1. GOST 15.105-2001 "System for the development and supply of products for production. The procedure for performing research and development work and its components ”; GOST 15.203-2001 “System for the development and supply of products for production. The procedure for the implementation of R&D for the creation of products and its components "
2. Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Research, Development and Technological Work” PBU 17/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002 No. 115n.
3. Clause 1 of Article 769 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
4. Clause 2 of Article 770 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
5. Clause 1 of Article 772 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Article 432 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
6. The sun of science rises over China
7. Knowledge, networks and nations. Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century. The royal society
8. | State Internet channel "Russia" ".
9. Archived October 26, 2013 at the Wayback Machine | T. A. Tormysheva "Is it possible to build a national innovation system in Russia?"
10. Nelson R., National Innovation System. New York, Oxford, 1993.

5 December 2019, Tatyana Golikova held a meeting of the organizing committee for the preparation of the International Congress of Mathematicians The Congress will be held on July 6-14, 2022 in St. Petersburg.

December 4, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Awarded awards of the Government of Russia in the field of science and technology for 2019 Order of November 29, 2019 No. 2846-r. In 2019, 131 applicants were awarded prizes. The prizes were awarded for work in the field of medicine, energy, geology, production technologies, materials science, mechanical engineering, transport, information technology, ecology and agriculture.

November 21, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova and Andrey Fursenko held a meeting of the Presidium of the Council for the Implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies The agenda includes a discussion of the results of the analysis of programs for the creation and development of world-class genomic research centers in terms of the acquisition of equipment and the creation of information systems, as well as requirements for the development of the instrumental base.

November 12, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Dmitry Medvedev's trip to the Novosibirsk region and a meeting.

October 12, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Awarded prizes of the Russian Government in the field of science and technology for young scientists for 2019 Order of October 7, 2019 No. 2323-r. In 2019, 25 applicants became laureates of the awards. Prizes, in particular, were awarded for the development and implementation of methods and systems for intelligent control of robots of various types and purposes, an integrated system for ensuring a sustainable life cycle of buildings and structures, forevacuum plasma electronic sources for processing and modifying dielectric materials.

13 September 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova and Andrey Fursenko held a meeting of the Council for the implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies The volume of financial support for the creation and support of genomic research centers for the period 2019-2024 from the federal budget will amount to 11.2 billion rubles.

September 9, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Dmitry Medvedev spoke at the opening ceremony of the congress.

September 7, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development The size of the awards of the Government of Russia in the field of science and technology for young scientists has been increased Resolution of August 31, 2019 No. 1121. Since 2020, the size of the monetary part of the Russian Government's awards in the field of science and technology for young scientists has been increased from 500 thousand rubles to 1 million rubles.

August 29, 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Tatyana Golikova held a meeting of the Council for State Support for the Creation and Development of World-Class Mathematical Centers At the meeting, the winners of the competitive selection were determined and their creation and development programs were approved.

28 August 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Alexey Gordeev held a meeting on the creation of a new wintering complex at the Vostok Antarctic station The meeting was held on the eve of the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica by Russian mariners under the command of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.

23 August 2019, State policy in the field of research and development Indicators of the implementation of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development have been established, the dynamics of which is subject to monitoring Order of August 15, 2019 No. 1824-r. 11 indicators have been identified that reflect the progress of the Strategy implementation in the following areas: the impact of science and technology on the socio-economic development of Russia, including due to the transition to a model of great challenges; the state and effectiveness of the field of science, technology and innovation; the quality of state regulation and service provision of scientific, scientific, technical and innovation activities.

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of July 3, 2008 N 305n
"On the approval of professional qualification groups of positions of workers in the field of research and development"

With changes and additions from:

Professional qualification group of positions of scientific workers and heads of structural divisions

_____________________________

* Except for the positions of heads of structural divisions classified as 3 - 5 qualification levels

In order to differentiate the terms of remuneration, the positions of workers in the field of research and development are divided into 3 professional qualification groups: a professional qualification group of positions of scientific and technical workers of the second level; professional qualification group of positions of scientific and technical workers of the third level; professional qualification group of positions of scientific workers and heads of structural divisions.

In particular, the positions of a technician-designer, draftsman-designer, laboratory assistant-researcher are referred to the professional qualification group of positions of scientific and technical workers of the second level. The positions of scientific workers are included in the professional qualification group of positions of scientific workers and heads of structural divisions.

Within each skill group, positions are grouped by skill level.

Vocational qualification groups are formed on the basis of the level of professional training and qualifications required for the implementation of the relevant professional activity. Taking into account professional qualification groups, the Government of the Russian Federation sets base salaries (base official salaries) and base salaries for employees of state and municipal institutions.

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of July 3, 2008 N 305n "On the approval of professional qualification groups of positions of workers in the field of research and development"

Registration N 12001

This order comes into force 10 days after the day of its official publication.

This document is amended by the following documents:

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2008 N 740n

The changes take effect 10 days after the day of the official publication of the said order.