CASE SYSTEM OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE
NOUNS OF THE FIRST declension
VERB "TO BE"

In Latin, as in Russian, nouns differ in numbers and cases. These cases are as follows:

Nominativus - nominative
Genetivus - Genitive
Dativus - Dative
Accusativus - Accusative
Ablativus - Deferral
Vocativus - Vocal

The first four cases of Latin generally correspond to the first four cases of Latin. Special mention should be made of the last two. The deferred case (Ablatīvus) corresponds to the Russian instrumental case, the Russian prepositional case, and, in addition, is the reverse case of the dative. If the dative case answers questions to whom? why ?, then the deferred case - to questions from whom? from what? where?
The vocative case (Vocatīvus) does not answer any question. This case form take nouns in the position of address. Vocatīvus is translated into modern Russian in the nominative case. In the Old Russian language, the forms “God”, “prince”, “friend”, “father”, “starche”, etc. corresponded to it.
All nouns of the Latin language are distributed among five declensions. A declension is a group of nouns that have the same set of endings. The first declension includes nouns ending in the nominative singular in -a. Almost all of them are feminine, and only a few exceptions, a list of which will be given below, are masculine.
Consider this declension using the example of the noun ancilla - “slave, maid”.

Singularis - Singular Pluralis - Plural

N. ancīlla - servant ancīllae - servants
G. ancīllae - servants ancīllārum - servants
D. ancīllae - maid ancillis - maids
Ac. ancillam - maid ancillas - maids
Ab. ancillā - maidservant ancillis - maidservants
V. ancilla - maid! ancillae - servants!

Conjugation of the verb "to be" in the present tense

In Latin, unlike Russian, it is impossible to construct a sentence without a verb. If in Russian we can say "Peter is a judge", then in Latin - only Petrus est judex, that is, "Peter is a judge." The verb "to be" is conjugated in the present tense as follows.

esse - to be

sum - I am sumus - we are
es - you are estis - you are
est - he, she, it is sunt - they are

Exercise I
Decline the following nouns:

Vita - "life", terra - "earth", aqua - "water", familia - "family", schola - "school", victoria - "victory", insŭla - "island", via - "road", bestia - "beast, animal", silva - "forest", injuria - "insult, injustice".

Exercise II
Translate the sentences into Russian. Transcribe them in Russian letters.

1) Terra est sphaera. 2) Jurisprudentia est schola vitae. 3) Illae puellae sunt amīcae. 4) Illae puellae sunt disciplae scholae nostrae. 5) In silvis patriae nostrae sunt bestiae. 6) Vita bestiarum non longa est. 7) Sumus incŏlae insǔlae. 8) Incŏlae insulārum quoque estis.

amīca (f) - girlfriend
bestia (f) - animal, beast
discipŭla (f) - student
illae (f) - these
in - in
incŏla (m, f) - resident, resident
insŭla (f) - island
jurisprudentia (f) - jurisprudence
longa - long, long nostra - ours
patria (f) - homeland
puella (f) - girl
quoque - too, also
schola (f) - school
sphaera (f) - ball, sphere
silva (f) - forest
terra (f) - earth
vita (f) - life

Exercise III
From exercises I and II write out the words:
a) borrowed by the Russian language without changing the meaning;
b) borrowed by the Russian language with a change in meaning;
c) borrowed by the foreign language you are studying without changing the meaning;
d) borrowed by the foreign language you are studying with a change in meaning.

Latin language(or just Latin) for beginners and "from scratch" at the "European Education" school - training is conducted via Skype.

Two languages ​​have their roots in history European civilization are ancient Greek and Latin. They are also often referred to as classics.

The ancient Greek language was the most important factor in the development of European civilization in its various spheres. It was the Greeks who laid the foundation for philosophy, the basis for the natural and human sciences, gave direction to literature, and were the first to demonstrate complex socio-political ties and relationships. It was Greek that became the first European language to have its own written language. ancient civilization begins in Greece, but then the Roman Empire picks up the baton. Rome brings to Western Europe further development However, Greek is no longer the language of civilization, but Latin.

The Latin language belongs to the Indo-European family (along with Greek, English, German and other Germanic languages), and later Romance languages ​​arise on its basis: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian and others.

Latin was the language of live communication in the period from the 6th century BC. to VI n. e. One of the Italic peoples, Latini, was the first to use the Latin language. The Latins inhabited the central part of Italy - Latium (Latium). Starting from the VIII BC. e. their cultural and political center becomes Rome.

Throughout its thousand-year existence, the Latin language, like any other living language, has changed and replenished with new words and rules.

IN modern world Latin is considered dead (i.e. it is no longer used for live communication).

Today, Latin is needed by students of philological faculties, medical workers, lawyers, politicians, philosophers and representatives of some other professions. In addition, Latin terminology is taken as a basis by other languages, remaining in its original form or subject to certain changes. It should be noted that in mathematics, physics and other sciences, conventions are still used, which often serve as an abbreviation of Latin words. In biology, medicine, pharmacology, and today they use a single international Latin nomenclature. Along with Italian, Latin is state language Vatican.

Since Roman science was built on the foundation of Greek, modern scientific terminology contains a significant Greco-Latin component.

Latin for beginners is a fairly broad concept, because its study has various goals. The teachers of our school will help you to clearly define the structure of the work and build a course that will be most focused on your goals and wishes. Even if the goal is the same for many, the paths to achieve it may be different. Since we are all different, we have different perceptions and understanding of the structure of the language, different memorization schemes, etc. The teacher tries to take into account the individual characteristics of each student when preparing for classes, which greatly facilitates the process of mastering a particular topic and the language as a whole. For example, if you are a student of the Faculty of Medicine, then topics such as Latin and the basics of medical terminology, Latin for physicians, Latin for studying pharmaceutical terminology, a brief anatomical dictionary, Latin terminology in the course of human anatomy, etc. d.

Each profession has its own programs and topics for study, which can be changed and supplemented in accordance with the wishes of the student.

It is better to study Latin for beginners for an hour and a half, and on days when you do not have classes, consolidate the material with shorter approaches. On weekends, you can devote a little more time to learning Latin. It should be remembered that working with a teacher is only part of the journey. To achieve the result, you need to put a lot of effort and independent work.

Latin phonetics is quite simple as it is based on the letters we are all familiar with (the Latin alphabet is the basis for almost all European languages). For beginners, it is more difficult to master the rules of reading in Latin. If you want to learn how to understand the language, and not just learn a couple of Latin proverbs and phrases, you need to master the grammar. Understanding the meaning of Latin texts is simply impossible without knowledge of grammar. The fact is that conjugation and other transformations of parts of speech occur according to certain rules, therefore, on early stages textbooks often contain explanations and footnotes to texts to facilitate understanding and perception of the meaning of what is read.

It should also be remembered that the Latin course for beginners is not aimed at mastering spoken Latin (because Latin has not been used in English for a very long time). colloquial speech). A beginner's Latin course will help you master the grammar and vocabulary needed in your field.

The course will provide you with the opportunity to touch the riches of the Latin language, which influenced the formation and development of several European ones, such as French, Italian, Spanish, English and others. Therefore, learning Latin will make it easier for you to master new foreign languages ​​in the future or open up unexpected facets in already known ones. Just like logic and mathematics, the practical skills of linguistic analysis of Latin texts will have a positive impact on any research activity.

The Latin language has long been the basis of scientific terminology in various branches of knowledge, and therefore is necessary for those who study jurisprudence, medicine, biology, philology, history, philosophy and other disciplines.

Since the Latin language today is not native to any nation, that is, it does not belong to the "living" ones, during the classes we will concentrate not on conversational practice, but on the translation and analysis of texts. The compilers of the course have made efforts to ensure that in the process of learning you learn to read, understand and translate with a dictionary both individual sentences and adapted prose texts. In the classroom, you will also master the ability to translate simple Russian sentences into Latin, which will help you better understand and consolidate the grammatical categories of the language being studied.

During the course, you will definitely get acquainted with the winged Latin expressions included in the treasury of world culture, as well as with the fate of Latin words in Russian and other European languages.

Requirements

Completed secondary education.

Course program

Introductory Lecture

I. 1. Alphabet. Reading Rules

2. Verb - general information. Basic forms, bases, personal endings of the active voice

3. Praesens indicativi activi. Imperativus praesentis activi. Prohibition forms

4. Noun - general information. Cases. first declension

5. Personal pronouns. reflexive pronoun

II 1. Second declension (masculine)

1. 2. Second declension (neuter). neuter rule

3. Adjectives I-II declension. Possessive pronouns

4. Passive voice. Personal endings of the passive voice. Praesens indicativi passivi. Infinitivus praesentis passivi

5. Real and passive constructions. Ablativus auctoris. Ablativus instrumenti

III 1. Pronouns ille; iste; ipse

2. Imperfectum indicativi activi et passivi

3. The pronoun is, ea, id. Pronominal adjectives

4. Futurum primum indicativi acti et passivi

5. Prefixed verbs with “esse”

IV 1. Third declension: consonant type

2. Third declension: vowel type

3. Third declension: mixed type

3. Third declension: adjectives

4. Features of the third declension

5. Participium praesentis activi

V 1. Functions of the infinitive. Turnover Accusativus cum infinitivo (beginning)

2. Turn Nominativus cum infinitivo (beginning)

3. Perfectum indicativi activi

4. Participium perfecti passivi. Perfectum indicativi passivi

5. Pronouns qui, quae, quod

VI 1. Plusquamperfectum et futurum secundum indicativi activi et passivi.

2. Ablativus absolutus

3. comparative comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Ablativus comparisonis.

4. Superlative degree of comparison of adjectives. Genetivus partivus

5. Fourth declension

VII 1. Fifth declension

2. Pronoun hic, haec, hoc

3. Participium futuri activi. Infinitives

4. Turnover Accusativus cum infinitivo (continued)

5. Numerals

VIII 1. Gerundium

2. Gerundivum as a definition

3. Coniugatio periphrastica. Descriptive conjugation.

4. Irregular verbs - eo, fero

5. Irregular verbs - volo, nolo, malo

IX 1. Modus coniunctivus - formation of forms

2. Coniunctivus in independent clauses

3. Student anthem "Gaudeamus"

4. The rule of setting times in subordinate clauses with conjunctiva

5. Indirect question

Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of this course, students will

Be able to:

1. Translate into Russian coherent adapted texts and individual sentences with a dictionary.

2. Translate simple sentences into Latin with a dictionary.

3. Use a Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin dictionary.

Know:

1. Fundamentals of Latin morphology.

2. Fundamentals of Latin syntax.

3. Fundamentals of grammatical terminology.

Own:

1. The skills of reading texts and setting stress.

2. Translation skills from Latin into Russian.

3. Translation skills from Russian into Latin.

Formed competencies

OK-1 - readiness for a critical understanding of the phenomena of social and cultural life; the ability to perceive, analyze, generalize information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it

OK-2 - willingness to respectfully treat historical heritage and cultural traditions, tolerantly perceive social and cultural differences

OK-3 - the ability to use in cognitive and professional activity basic knowledge in the field of humanities, social and economic sciences

OK-4 - possession of a culture of thinking, the ability to reasonably and clearly build oral and written speech

OK-5 - the ability to use computer skills in the social sphere, in cognitive and professional activities

PC-1 - the ability to demonstrate knowledge of the main provisions and concepts in the field of theory and history of literature (literatures) and the main language (languages) studied, communication theory, philological analysis and interpretation of the text, understanding of the history, current state and prospects for the development of philology

PC-3 - possession of basic skills in collecting and analyzing literary and linguistic facts using traditional methods and modern information technologies

PC-6 - the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in the field of theory and history of literature (literatures) and the studied foreign language (languages), communication theory, philological analysis and text interpretation in their own research activities

PC-13 - proficiency in translating various types of texts (mainly scientific and journalistic) from a foreign language and into foreign language; annotation and abstracting of scientific papers and works of art in a foreign language

Instruction

Learning Latin should begin with learning the alphabet. There are 25 letters in the Latin alphabet. The six letters (a, e, i, o, u, y) represent the 12 vowels of Latin. There are also 4 diphthongs in Latin. You need to know that in Latin there are long and short vowels. Shortness and longitude are denoted by superscripts: ā - "a" long, ă - "a" short. The stress in Latin words is never placed on the last syllable. In two-syllable words, the stress is placed on the initial syllable. In trisyllabic and polysyllabic words, the stress is placed on the second syllable from the end, if this second syllable is long. On the third syllable from the end, the stress is placed if the second syllable is short. For example, in the word transformatio, the emphasis is on "a".

Further, in Latin 4 . In the first conjugation, the stem ends in a long "a" (ā). For example, "ornāre", in which "ornā" is the stem and "re" is the suffix. The suffix can also be "ere". The second conjugation includes verbs whose stem ends in long "e" (ē), for example, "habēre". The third conjugation includes verbs whose stem ends in a consonant, short u, and short i (ŭ and ĭ), such as tangere (stem tang). The fourth conjugation includes long "i" verbs (ī), for example, "audīre", where "audī" is the stem and "re" is the suffix.

Verbs in Latin have the following grammatical categories: tense (six tenses: present tense, future first, future second, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect), mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative), voice (real and), number (singular and plural ), face (1st, 2nd and 3rd person). Of course, you need to study each section gradually. However, you should start somewhere, for example, to start with four correct conjugations. Let's consider how the verbs of I-IV conjugations change in the present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice.

Verb I of conjugation ornāre: orno, ornas, ornat, ornāmus, ornatis, ornānt. Verb II of conjugation tacēre: taceo, taces, tacet, tacēmus, tacētis, tacent. Verb III of conjugation tangere: tango, tangĭs, tangĭt, tangĭmus, tangĭtis, tangŭnt. Verb IV of conjugation audīre: audio, audis, audit, audīmus, audītis, audiuŭt.

Let's talk a little about nouns in Latin. They have the category of gender (male, female, neuter), number (singular, plural). There are 6 cases in Latin: Nominativus (nominative), Genetivus (genitive), Dativus (dative), Accusativus (accusative), Ablativus (positive), Vocativus (vocative). Nouns in Latin have 5 declensions. The first includes nouns with stems in ā and ă. To the second - on ŏ and ĕ. To the third - into a consonant and ĭ. K IV - on ŭ. By the fifth - on ē.

So, we have learned a little about the Latin verb and noun. It is important that now, when we can already distinguish them a little, with the help of a dictionary it is possible to translate some Latin sentences;

Fortuna caeca est - Fortune is blind;
Epistula non erubescit - Paper does not blush;
Mala herba cito crescit - Bad grass grows fast;
Amicitia vitam ornat - Friendship adorns life;
Amat victoria curam - Victory loves care;
Terra incognita - Unknown land;
Cogito ergo sum - I think, therefore I am.

Why do we say "Latin", "Latin"? When it comes to ancient languages, Greek and Latin come to mind first. It is clear that Greek, in its various dialects, was spoken by the Greeks, and Latin was the language of the Romans. And then the question arises: why Romans spoke in latin language?

Latin language(lingua Latina) is the language of the ancient inhabitants of Latium, a small region in central Italy bordering the lands of the Sabines, Etruria and Campania. The inhabitants of Latium were called Latins (Latini), their language - Latin (lingua Latina). It was Latium that fell to the lot - according to the traditional Roman legend - to accept Aeneas, who fled from Troy captured by the Greeks, and his distant descendant Romulus was destined to become the founder and first king of Rome (in 753 BC). And it was Rome, at first only the capital of Latium, that, thanks to its expansionist policy, first mastered all of Italy, and then the basin mediterranean sea and became the capital of the entire Roman Empire. And although the power and political influence of the Romans spread far beyond the borders of Latium and their language became the language of the entire Roman Empire, it was still called latin.

Lingust for a very long time could not find quality materials for self-study of the Latin language, to everyone's joy, heritage Soviet Union, in the form of a Latin language tutorial by the Polish author Lydia Vinnichuk (), solved this problem. The site presents is free Not only course of 60 online lessons, but also texts by Roman authors such as Caesar, Cicero, Horace, Ovid, etc. To view the answers to the exercises and translations of Latin texts, move the mouse over the key: the moment when everything that depends on one's own knowledge and ingenuity has already been done in grammar exercises and translations.

Go to → list of lessons ← (Click)

Latin - a dead language?

We will answer this with the words of Julian Tuwim: “What kind of dead language if, without fading, he survived millennia?...” But how, in what form did he “survive”? First of all, in texts, in works that have survived to our time and thanks to which we can observe the development and change of the Latin language over the centuries; in historical monuments and documents of the Middle Ages, in the works of the Renaissance. And besides, it was preserved in the Romance languages, in the languages ​​of those peoples conquered by Rome, who experienced its political and cultural influence. These are Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and other foreign languages.

Finally - this should also be remembered - other languages ​​​​were also influenced by Latin, although this influence is manifested mainly in the fact that their vocabulary is largely saturated with Latin words. Scientists have calculated that of the 20,000 most common words in the English language, about 10,400 are of Latin origin, about 2,200 are Greek, and only 5,400 are Anglo-Saxon.

Many Latin words have also entered the Russian language. And this is not only scientific terminology, which in most cases is international, but also the words of colloquial speech. They have penetrated so deeply into our language that, having used them since childhood, we no longer perceive them as words of foreign origin. Here are a few examples related to the field of education: “school”, “institute”, “student”, “table”, “director”, “lecture”, “audience”, etc. Therefore, we advise you to accompany the memorization of Latin vocabulary with the search for borrowed words in Russian language. You will discover how exciting the life of the word is.

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Learning Latin