The term " periphrase"Or" "goes back to the Greek word" periphrasis "(where peri -" around "and phradzo -" I say ") and denotes a trope, which is used instead of another word. This turn of speech is descriptive.

Types of paraphrases.

Periphrases are divided into:

• general language (understandable to the majority, popular at a certain period of time),
• individual copyright.

Common and all understandable paraphrases include the allegorical name of a lion - "king of beasts", children - "flowers of life", TV - "blue screen".

One of the striking examples of the periphery, understandable to many, are such names of St. Petersburg as “City on the Neva”, “Venice of the North”, “Northern Capital” or “Northern Palmyra”. And as an individual author, one can call the path "Peter's creation" by Alexander Pushkin ("I love you, Peter's creation").

The peculiarity of the construction of the periphery.

The feature by which the periphery is created must be inherent in the object or phenomenon being determined, understandable to many people. This trope allows the author to emphasize one side of what is being described, leaving the rest to the background. For example, autumn in Pushkin's poems has turned into a "dull time" and "enchantment of the eyes."

A feature of the periphrase is its semantic (semantic) unity. That is, such statements and phrases cannot be broken or the word changed in them. Thus, the trope becomes a phraseologically related phrase, understandable to most native speakers.

Frequently encountered in the media and oral speech periphrases:

• the ship of the desert is a camel;
• black gold - oil;
• office rat - an official;
• the second bread is potatoes;
• the eternal City- Rome;
• third Rome - Moscow.
• blue planet - Earth;

The role of the trope in speech.

The use of periphrase in literary texts, publicistic materials and speeches of speakers allows you to enhance the expressiveness of the statement, make it more vivid, memorable, catchy.

Examples of periphery.

Examples from fiction.

The periphrase is a pictorial and expressive means of speech, therefore it is used in works of art, and of any kind: in the epic, lyrics and drama.

Alexander Pushkin called William Shakespeare "the creator of Macbeth" and George Byron "the singer of Giaour and Juan".

Mikhail Lermontov in the famous obituary "Death of a Poet", written for the death of Alexander Pushkin, used a lot of allegories, never calling his pen colleague his first or last name: "the poet is a slave of honor", "a marvelous genius" and "a solemn wreath."

Although some researchers regard paraphrase as a kind of trail, not everyone agrees with this position. According to IB Golub, only figurative paraphrases that are metaphorical in nature should be attributed to paths, while non-figurative paraphrases (other authors call them "logical"), in which the direct meaning of the words forming them is preserved, are not paths. For example, of the two periphrases denoting A.S. Pushkin - “ sun of Russian poetry"And" a second "Eugene Onegin""- only the first is figurative.

The specified division is close to the division of periphrases. by way of education into metaphorical and metonymic. The separation criterion is the use of one or more words that make up the paraphrase in a figurative sense. Comparing two well-established periphrases - “ stationery rat"(Official) and" toiler of the sea"(Fisherman), - you can see that only the first of them refers to metaphorical ones, since the word" rat "is used in a figurative sense, while in the second both nouns are used in their main meaning.

By frequency of use paraphrases can be divided into individual author's and general language, which are firmly included in the lexicon, such, for example, as “ weaker sex», « our smaller brothers», « people in white coats», « land of the rising sun», « third Rome". In a number of cases, one can trace the literary roots of general linguistic periphrases. So, thanks to A.S. Pushkin, such paraphrases as “ copper horseman ik "(monument to Peter I on Senate Square)," admiralty needle"(Spire of the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg)," half-sovereign"(A. D. Menshikov) and others.

By the presence or absence of the word being paraphrased in the text periphrases are divided into dependent and independent. So, in the lines of A. Pushkin "Meanwhile, the moon floats in the azure skies, the queen of the night" paraphrase " queen of the night"Is explained by the basic word" moon ". Often the dependent paraphrase requires mandatory disclosure: the heading of the article “ Moscow director responded to criticism in his address ”does not give an understanding of who it is about - this requires decoding of the periphery in the text. Independent paraphrases that do not have such explanations require intellectual efforts and a certain outlook from the reader or listener. For example, the paraphrase used in G.R.Derzhavin's poem "My idol" art of Praxiteles"Can be correctly understood only if the reader knows that Praxitel was an ancient Greek sculptor, which means that the author means sculpture, the art of sculpting.

Since the periphrases, as a rule, concentrate on any one feature, they may contain an assessment of the designated object. So, in a journal article about animals, the word lion can be replaced with a neutral paraphrase (“ feline"), Negative (" ruthless African predator") Or positive (" lord of the savannah», « king of beasts», « majestic animal"). Thus, periphrases can carry both ameliorative (praising, positive-evaluative) and pejorative (negative-evaluative) functions. This property of periphrases is actively used in journalism, social and political speech.

In addition, periphrases can act as a euphemism: “ put yourself in the worst light"(Disgrace)," ease your nose"(Blow your nose) or dysphemism:" fill belly"(To eat)," turn up the face"(Refuse).

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Application of periphrases

Periphrases in literary speech serve as a means artistic expression... They were most commonly used in the XVIII - early XIX centuries when simple words were considered unpoetic. Thus, M. V. Lomonosov uses numerous paraphrases in his poems: “ beautiful luminary" (The sun), " thundering peruns"(Lightning)," the same names are Grandfather and Vnu k "(Ivan III and Ivan IV) and others. In the poem" In front of the saint's tomb "A.S. Pushkin never mentions the name of MI Kutuzov, but describes it in a detailed paraphrase:

Sleeps under them this lord,

This idol of the northern squads,

The venerable guardian of the sovereign country,

The subduer of all her enemies,

This rest of the glorious pack

Catherine's eagles.

A.S. Pushkin. "Before the tomb of the saint." 1831

In affective speech (oratory, colloquial), paraphrase serves to enhance the effect of the statement on the addressee: “enough tongue flutter! " (instead of "chatting"), "look what they say cheating scribblers"(Journalists).

In both artistic and business speech, periphrases avoid repetition. For example, in the text of a scientific review: “The work of I. Ivanov leaves a good impression. Young scientist managed to show ... The author of the work asserts ... ".

In official business speech, paraphrases can be used in order to avoid directly naming an object, event, or to give it a neutral character: “police stopped riots"," According to the application appropriate measures taken».

Periphrases of famous people

In the Russian language, numerous stable periphrases of well-known historical figures... So, polls show a high degree of recognition of such periphrases as father of Russian aviation(N.E. Zhukovsky), father of Russian radio(A.S. Popov), father of Russian cosmonautics(K. E. Tsiolkovsky), creator of the Russian theater(F. G. Volkov), great kobzar(T. G. Shevchenko), leader of the world proletariat(V. I. Lenin), leader of all times and peoples(I. V. Stalin), great helmsman(M. Zedong), petrel of revolution(M. Gorky), all-union headman(M. I. Kalinin), Marshal of Victory(G.K. Zhukov), rebuilding architect(M. S. Gorbachev), The Iron Lady(M. Thatcher) and others.

Synopsis of the Russian language lesson in grade 10 on the topic:

Periphrase as a means of artistic expression.

Target: acquaintance with such a means of artistic expression as PERIPHRASE (PERIPHRASE)

Formation of skills for finding the periphery in the text.

Preparation for the exam.

Lesson plan:

1. Theoretical material on the topic: periphrase.
2. Anchoring. Finding the periphery in examples from the literature.
3. Examples of tasks from the exam.

1. There are quite a few paths in literary criticism expressing some concepts descriptively with the help of others. These are metaphors, puns and comparisons. A special place among them is occupied by periphrase.

A periphery is a trope consisting in replacing a word or name with a descriptive phrase indicating their essential features, qualities, and features. Here is an example from the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin":

Although we know that Eugene

Long since I stopped loving reading,

However, there are several creations

He excluded from disgrace:

Singer Giaur and Juan(instead of - Byron, the author of the poem "Gyaur"

Yes, there are two or three more novels with him ...and the novel in verse "Don Juan")

PERIPHRASE - replacement of a word or phrase with a turn of speech, which indicates the signs of an unnamed object(St. Petersburg - the northern capital, a city on the Neva).

Instead of directly naming an object or phenomenon, a poet or writer often resorts to describing it.

A) the property of an object is taken as a control word, while the name of an object is taken as a controlled word: “The poet used to amuse the khans of verses with rattling pearls” (a paraphrase of the word “verses”);

B) the verb is replaced by a noun formed from the same stem with another (auxiliary) verb: "exchange is made" instead of "exchanged".

As a stylistic figure:

C) the name of the object is replaced by a descriptive expression, which is a detailed path (metaphor, metonymy, etc.): "send me, in the language of Delisle, twisted steel piercing the resinous head of the bottle, that is, a corkscrew" (Pushkin's letter to his brother) ...

More examples:

night light = moon

or

I love you, Peter's creation! =

I love you, St. Petersburg! "

"King of birds" instead of "eagle", "king of beasts" - instead of "lion","people in white coats" (doctors), "red cheat" (fox), "blue screen" (TV).

General linguistic periphrases usually become stable. Many of them are constantly used in the language of newspapers:people in white coats (doctors)... In stylistic terms, figurative and non-figurative paraphrases are distinguished, cf.:The sun of Russian poetry and the author of "Eugene Onegin" (VG Belinsky).

The most common paraphrases were at a time when they were strictly related to the selection of vocabulary and simple words were considered unpoetic. The use of periphrases was especially developed during the period of late classicism in the 18th century and was retained at the beginning of the 19th century.

The examples identified in colloquial speech and literary texts make it possible to classify the phenomenon into logical subgroups and figurative ones. In logical terms, the descriptive moment is built on explicit, visible, easily identifiable connections between objects, phenomena, events. And in the figurative - on the system of associations and hidden uniting links. What is a logical periphery? Examples in Russian are easy to find. This is "the author of" A Hero of Our Time "instead of" Lermontov ", and" green spaces "instead of" plants ". Their distinctive feature is wide distribution, transparency lexical meaning, stereotyped reproduction.

A somewhat different kind of figurative periphery. Examples from fiction help to reveal its essence as accurately as possible. If someone is called Oblomov, it will become clear that we mean such human qualities as laziness, lack of desire to do something, idle daydreaming. Plyushkin has long become synonymous with avarice in its highest manifestation, native speakers of the Russian language often call Moscow "Belokamennaya", and St. Petersburg - in the words of Pushkin: "Peter's creation." In this case, we are not dealing with a pure paraphrase, but with its fusion with other tropes: metaphor and comparison. Often they are realized (that is, they have lost their pronounced figurative meaning), developed or hidden. Two in one

What else is interesting about paraphrase? Examples from literature and colloquial speech prove its connection with another linguistic phenomenon - a euphemism, more precisely, the imposition of one concept on another. When does this happen? If you need a rude, stylistically reduced word, replace it with another, more "noble" one. For example, instead of "coughing" they say "clear your throat." The prostitute is called "a woman of easy virtue", "heterosexual", "a representative of the most ancient profession", "Messalina". The process of cleansing the sinuses - with the beautiful expression "use a handkerchief", etc. Euphemisms appeared and took root in the language at a time when its literary norms were actively forming, there was a struggle for purity and correctness.

Euphemism- a kind of periphraza. Euphemisms replace words, the use of which seems undesirable to the speaker or writer for some reason.

Even Lomonosov, with his theory of the "three calm", drew a sharp border between "high", "average" and "low" vocabulary. It was believed that sophisticated and educated nobles should not use rudeness in speech. And although the teachings of Lomonosov primarily concerned literature, families and genres, it found the most wide application in society.

There is one more reason for the emergence of euphemisms: periphrase is subjective in nature and is determined by religious and cult factors. For example, instead of “devil” in Russia, especially among the people, it was customary to say “unclean” or “crafty”. It was believed that such names would not attract too much attention from otherworldly forces to people, and they, in turn, would not annoy the “souls of God”. In the same way, the peasants did not pronounce the word "brownie" aloud, calling him "master", "grandfather", "helper." The word "Sam" was quite often encountered. They believed that otherwise the brownie would be offended and we would start playing dirty tricks on them. And if you call it "right", then in this way you can appease the spirit, which will certainly bring good luck to the house.

2. Find examples in fiction.

Examples of paraphrasefrom the works of A.S. Pushkin:

1 forgive me, Northern Orpheus

What's in my funny story

Now I'm flying after you. ("Ruslan and Ludmila")

2. She rested eternal sleep... ("Ruslan and Ludmila")

3. All of us let's go under the eternal vaults... ("Do I wander along noisy streets")

4. My path is dull. Promises me labor and sorrow

Coming thrilling sea... ("Elegy")

5 until Morpheus arrives ... ("Eugene Onegin")

6.A gloomy smile of nature

Meets through a dream morning of the year. ("Eugene Onegin")

7. Meanwhile, as we, Enemies of Hymen

V home life see one

A series of tedious pictures

8 really really

Without elegiac undertakings

The spring of my days has swept away.

9.O Romulov family , tell me, how long have you fallen?

10. I escaped the esculap

Thin, shaved - but alive;

His torturous paw

Doesn't weigh on me.

Answers: Northern Orpheus - Zhukovsky, rested as an eternal sleep - died, let us go down under the eternal vaults - we will die, the exciting sea of ​​the coming - future life, Morpheus will arrive - we will fall asleep, the morning of the year is spring, Hymen's enemies are convinced bachelors, the spring of my days is youth, Romulov family - the Romans: Romulus, according to legend, one of the founders of Rome), eluded the Aesculapius - recovered.

A. Tvardovsky.

1. And among the trees is covered,

Lined up decorously,

Amicably howls and hums

Bee town. (= beehive)

2.And suddenly find yourself in Siberia

At a semi-unknown point that

What's in for you sublunary world -(= on the ground)

From now on, the house and address is yours.

1. Tests of the Unified State Exam-2015.

Internet sources:

Literature5.narod.ru

- (Greek). 1) roundabout; a rhetorical figure replacing direct expression with another roundabout one, making the syllable heavy, incomprehensible; a descriptive form of expressing something. 2) expression of the same thought in other words. Dictionary of foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

periphrase- a, m. PERIFRASE s, g. périphrase f., c. periphrasis peri near + phrasis retelling, descriptive expression. An artistic trope, consisting in replacing the one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a description of essential, defining features ... ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms

Periphrase, trope, peripheral expression, peripheral circulation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. paraphrase n., number of synonyms: 4 paraphrase (7) ... Synonym dictionary

- (periphrasis) (from the Greek periphrasis allegory), the type of path, replacing the direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object not directly named: the king of beasts instead of a lion ... Modern encyclopedia

- (periphrasis) (from the Greek periphrasis allegory) paths, replacing the direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object not directly named: the king of animals instead of a lion ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Explanatory dictionary Ushakova

PERIPHRASE, paraphrase, male, and (more often) PERIPHRASE, paraphrase, female. (Greek periphrasis) (lit. and music). Same as paraphrase. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

PERIFRAZ, ah, husband. and PERIFRASE, s, wives. (specialist.). An expression that descriptively conveys the meaning of another expression or word, for example. "Writing these lines" instead of "I" in the author's speech. | adj. peripheral, oh, oh. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Periphrase- (periphrasis) (from the Greek periphrasis allegory), the type of path, replacing the direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object not directly named: "king of beasts" instead of "lion". ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

PERIPHRASE s; f .; PERIFRASE, but; m. [Greek. periphrasis] Spec. A descriptive expression that replaces a direct name and contains signs of an unnamed object (for example: the king of beasts instead of a lion). Periphrases are characteristic of poetic speech. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Six years that changed the world 1985-1991 the collapse of the Soviet empire, Carrer E., The title of a new book by the famous French historian E. Carrer d "Ancausse is a paraphrase of the title of one of the main bestsellers of the early XX century - the book of an American journalist ... Category:

Why is it so enjoyable and interesting to read fiction? Is it only because of the plot itself? Obviously not. The very style of the author and the way he transfers the story to paper attracts and makes you move from line to line. Writers and poets in their works use a variety of means of expression in order to attract readers to any details or convey a vivid image. One of these means is paraphrase. Let's find out what a paraphrase is, using examples from fiction and not only.

Definition

The term "paraphrase" itself originated from the ancient Greek word, which is translated as "allegory, descriptive expression."

In general, this translation conveys the essence of the use of this means of expression. Periphrase is a stylistic term for a descriptive expression of an object. Such a description arises on the basis of highlighting some bright and significant feature or quality. In Russian, an example of a paraphrase can be found even in ordinary colloquial speech. Very often, paraphrase is such a vivid expression that it becomes stable and is used by many people in everyday communication.

An example of paraphrasing as a catch phrase

Very often we use various catchwords, but we don't even know how they are called correctly. As a child, watching cartoons and reading books about different animals, every child heard the phrase "king of beasts" and knew that we were talking about a lion, because he looks so important and majestic, so strong and formidable.

Or many, watching films about the conquest of space, have heard how the Earth was called the blue planet. After all most its surface is occupied by a blue water surface.

And there are a lot of such examples of periphrases in the Russian language. They are used in various fields big amount of people. For example, the feeling of oversaturation after eating can be said to "fill your belly", or when it comes to Margaret Thatcher, someone will definitely exclaim: "Iron Lady!"

What is periphrase used for?

First of all, paraphrase is used as a means of artistic expression.

This is one of the ways to create a vivid and memorable image. Usually, poets resorted to using periphrasis, because poems are often full of figurative expressions in which nothing is said in direct text. The most popular was the use of periphrasis in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Most often, examples of periphery are found in the fiction of this particular period. It is worth opening any work and taking a closer look.

Examples of paraphrasing from literature

Most likely, there are only a few such people. After all, his poems are an obligatory part school curriculum from the first grade to the eleventh grade. And in his poems, you can find many examples of paraphrasing. Anyone who has read his poem about autumn is likely to remember the phrase "sad time." These words have also become a catch phrase. After all, it is immediately clear about what time the year is coming speech.

There are a lot of examples of periphery from fiction. This technique was also used by M. Yu. Lermontov when he called A. S. Pushkin in his poem a slave of honor. And other famous writers have resorted to using this means of expression.

Periphrase and journalism

Peripherals are very common in newspaper headlines or articles. After all, vivid images attract readers. Examples of paraphrasing can be found in articles by critics. For example, V.G.Belinsky once named A.S. Pushkin by the sun of Russian poetry. From the content of the article, it was immediately clear who was being discussed, and this expression is still used in relation to the great poet.

V Soviet time often one could come across phrases such as "the leader of the proletariat." And it was also clear who they were talking about. Various newspaper headlines and advertisements still use paraphrase as a means of expression to grab people's attention.

Classification

Having looked at various examples of periphery, you will notice that not all of them are similar and are used in the same way. In fact, there is a classification that divides the periphrase into two categories.

The second category is author's paraphrases. These include examples from various works. These are expressions that belong to writers and poets. The author once created a clear and memorable image, used it in his work, and then these words became a catch phrase.

Also, paraphrase can be divided into two more types.

The first type includes logical periphrases. They are united in one kind by the existence of a clear connection between descriptive properties. Hearing such a paraphrase, a person immediately guesses about the qualities that served as the basis for the formation of a paraphrase. Examples of logical species: king of beasts, four-legged friends.

The second type includes figurative periphrases. They are most often metaphorical in nature. Some researchers believe that only this species can be attributed to trails. Let's take a look at some examples. N.V. Gogol created a very bright character Plyushkin. This image turned out to be so memorable that even now a stingy person can be called a plushkin, and it will be clear what kind of personal qualities we are talking about. This is an example of a figurative periphery.

Who creates periphrases?

Where do these figurative expressions come from and why do they become so popular? Periphrases come into our speech in different ways. Most often, their authors are famous writers, publicists, poets, whose works and works are read, loved and discussed by many people. They come from flashy newspaper headlines, advertisements, media mass media, films, TV shows.

In fact, everyone can become an author of a periphery. It can be some kind of expression that conveys an image that is understandable in a narrow circle of family or among friends. It is unlikely that such a paraphrase will become popular and well-known, but nevertheless, it can be used with like-minded people.

Obviously, paraphrase occurs very often in our life. It's just that sometimes we don’t think about what this or that expression is. But now there is a reason to look at communication in a new way. Knowledge of the means of expression also allows you to more attentively and thoughtfully read various works and see something new, previously unnoticed by anyone. After reading this article, there may be a reason to re-discover the familiar poems of A. S. Pushkin or M. Yu. Lermontov, to look at them differently, with a fresh look. Note the means of expression and think about why the author used them, what effect he wanted to produce on the reader.